136:, and some water-laid deposits. Single Quartz OSL ages can be determined typically from 100 to 350,000 years BP, and can be reliable when suitable methods are used and proper checks are done. Feldspar IRSL techniques have the potential to extend the datable range out to a million years as feldspars typically have significantly higher dose saturation levels than quartz, though issues regarding anomalous fading will need to be dealt with first. Ages can be obtained outside these ranges, but they should be regarded with caution. The uncertainty of an OSL date is typically 5-10% of the age of the sample.
140:
operator does not know the individual figures that are being averaged, and so if there are partially prebleached grains in the sample it can give an exaggerated age. In contrast to the multiple-aliquot method, the SAR method tests the burial ages of individual grains of sand which are then plotted. Mixed deposits can be identified and taken into consideration when determining the age.
157:
transfer of electrons from one trap, to holes located elsewhere in the lattice â necessarily requiring two defects to be in nearby proximity, and hence it is a destructive technique. The problem is that nearby electron/hole trapping centres suffer from localized tunneling, eradicating their signal over time; it is this issue that currently defines the upper age-limit for OSL dating
237:, luminescence dating methods do not require a contemporary organic component of the sediment to be dated; just quartz, potassium feldspar, or certain other mineral grains that have been fully bleached during the event being dated. These methods also do not suffer from overestimation of dates when the sediment in question has been mixed with âold carbonâ, or
119:. The radiation causes charge to remain within the grains in structurally unstable "electron traps". The trapped charge accumulates over time at a rate determined by the amount of background radiation at the location where the sample was buried. Stimulating these mineral grains using either light (blue or green for OSL;
212:. A sample in which the mineral grains have all been exposed to sufficient daylight (seconds for quartz; hundreds of seconds for potassium feldspar) can be said to be of zero age; when excited it will not emit any such photons. The older the sample is, the more light it emits, up to a saturation limit.
278:
carbonate rocks, a process that is also active today. This reworked carbon changed the measured isotopic ratios, giving a false older age. However, the wind-blown origin of these sediments were ideal for OSL dating, as most of the grains would have been completely bleached by sunlight exposure during
152:
In 1963, Aitken et al. noted that TL traps in calcite could be bleached by sunlight as well as heat, and in 1965 Shelkoplyas and
Morozov were the first to use TL to date unheated sediments. Throughout the 70s and early 80s TL dating of light-sensitive traps in geological sediments of both terrestrial
148:
The concept of using luminescence dating in archaeological contexts was first suggested in 1953 by
Farrington Daniels, Charles A. Boyd, and Donald F. Saunders, who thought the thermoluminescence response of pottery shards could date the last incidence of heating. Experimental tests on archaeological
127:
Most luminescence dating methods rely on the assumption that the mineral grains were sufficiently "bleached" at the time of the event being dated. For example, in quartz a short daylight exposure in the range of 1â100 seconds before burial is sufficient to effectively âresetâ the OSL dating clock.
156:
Optical dating using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) was developed in 1984 by David J. Huntley and colleagues. HĂŒtt et al. laid the groundwork for the infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) dating of potassium feldspars in 1988. The traditional OSL method relies on optical stimulation and
139:
There are two different methods of OSL dating: multiple-aliquot-dose and single-aliquot-regenerative-dose (SAR). In multiple-aliquot testing, a number of grains of sand are stimulated at the same time and the resulting luminescence signature is averaged. The problem with this technique is that the
970:
Liritzis, Ioannis; Singhvi, Ashok Kumar; Feathers, James K.; Wagner, Gunther A.; Kadereit, Annette; Zacharias, Nikolaos; Li, Sheng-Hua (2013), Liritzis, Ioannis; Singhvi, Ashok Kumar; Feathers, James K.; Wagner, Gunther A. (eds.), "Luminescence-Based
Authenticity Testing",
220:
The minerals that are measured are usually either quartz or potassium feldspar sand-sized grains, or unseparated silt-sized grains. There are advantages and disadvantages to using each. For quartz, blue or green excitation frequencies are normally used and the near
279:
transport and burial. Lee et al. concluded that when aeolian sediment transport is suspected, especially in lakes of arid environments, the OSL dating method is superior to the radiocarbon dating method, as it eliminates a common âold-carbonâ error problem.
149:
ceramics followed a few years later in 1960 by Grögler et al. Over the next few decades, thermoluminescence research was focused on heated pottery and ceramics, burnt flints, baked hearth sediments, oven stones from burnt mounds and other heated objects.
123:
for IRSL) or heat (for TL) causes a luminescence signal to be emitted as the stored unstable electron energy is released, the intensity of which varies depending on the amount of radiation absorbed during burial and specific properties of the mineral.
913:
Lee, M.K., Lee, Y.I., Lim, H.S., Lee, J.I., Choi, J.H., & Yoon, H.I. (2011). "Comparison of radiocarbon and OSL dating methods for a Late
Quaternary sediment core from Lake Ulaan, Mongolia".
287:
One of the benefits of luminescence dating is that it can be used to confirm the authenticity of an artifact. Under proper low light conditions a sample in the tens of milligrams can be used.
883:
Liritzis, I. (2010). "Strofilas (Andros Island, Greece): new evidence for the cycladic final neolithic period through novel dating methods using luminescence and obsidian hydration".
1340:
Wintle A. G., Murray A. S. (2006). "A review of quartz optically stimulated luminescence characteristics and their relevance in single-aliquot regeneration dating protocols".
1167:
Liritzis I., Sideris C., Vafiadou A., Mitsis J. (2008). "Mineralogical, petrological and radioactivity aspects of some building material from
Egyptian Old Kingdom monuments".
64:(TL). "Optical dating" typically refers to OSL and IRSL, but not TL. The age range of luminescence dating methods extends from a few years to over one million years.
17:
1146:
Liritzis I (2010). "Strofilas (Andros Island, Greece): New evidence of
Cycladic Final Neolithic dated by novel luminescence and Obsidian Hydration methods".
225:
emission is measured. For potassium feldspar or silt-sized grains, near infrared excitation (IRSL) is normally used and violet emissions are measured.
842:
Liritzis, I., Polymeris, S.G., and
Zacharias, N. (2010). "Surface Luminescence Dating of 'Dragon Houses' and Armena Gate at Styra (Euboea, Greece)".
458:
Jacobs, Z and
Roberts, R (2007). "Advances in Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dating of Individual Grains of Quartz from Archaeological Deposits".
1395:
1332:
1297:
1229:
1194:
1138:
1090:
1047:
956:
869:
792:
743:
636:
595:
550:
493:
439:
260:, Lee et al. discovered that OSL and radiocarbon dates agreed in some samples, but the radiocarbon dates were up to 5800 years older in others.
2295:
1998:
1674:
1111:
Liritzis I., Guibert P., Foti F., Schvoerer M. (1997). "The temple of Apollo (Delphi) strengthens novel thermoluminescence dating method".
650:
Shelkoplyas, V.N. & Morozov, G.V. (1965). "Some results of an investigation of
Quaternary deposits by the thermoluminescence method".
1305:
Theocaris P. S., Liritzis I., Galloway R. B. (1997). "Dating of two
Hellenic pyramids by a novel application of thermoluminescence".
1124:
164:
were extended to include surfaces made of granite, basalt and sandstone, such as carved rock from ancient monuments and artifacts.
2290:
263:
The sediments with disagreeing ages were determined to be deposited by aeolian processes. Westerly winds delivered an influx of
1202:
Morgenstein M. E., Luo S., Ku T. L., Feathers J. (2003). "Uranium-series and luminescence dating of volcanic lithic artefacts".
988:
1445:
407:
1403:
Fattahi M., Stokes S. (2001). "Extending the time range of luminescence dating using red TL (RTL) from volcanic quartz".
1792:
1993:
1589:
1014:
208:
of the emitted light must have higher energies than the excitation photons in order to avoid measurement of ordinary
57:
1629:
1265:
1055:
Habermann J., Schilles T., Kalchgruber R., Wagner G. A. (2000). "Steps towards surface dating using luminescence".
248:-deficient carbon that is not the same isotopic ratio as the atmosphere. In a study of the chronology of arid-zone
1007:
An introduction to optical dating: the dating of Quaternary sediments by the use of photon-stimulated luminescence
253:
757:
HĂŒtt, G., Jaek, I. & Tchonka, J. (1988). "Optical dating: K-feldspars optical response stimulation spectra".
196:/1000 years. The total absorbed radiation dose is determined by exciting, with light, specific minerals (usually
168:, the initiator of ancient buildings luminescence dating, has shown this in several cases of various monuments.
1267:
409:
373:"Precision and accuracy in the optically stimulated luminescence dating of sedimentary quartz: a status review"
2039:
1787:
1782:
336:
Rhodes, E. J. (2011). "Optically stimulated luminescence dating of sediments over the past 250,000 years".
1237:
Rhodes E. J. (2011). "Optically stimulated luminescence dating of sediments over the past 200,000 years".
975:, SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences, Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing, pp. 41â43,
1972:
1842:
912:
2182:
2162:
2172:
2144:
1977:
1756:
700:
Huntley, D. J., Godfrey-Smith, D. I., & Thewalt, M. L. W. (1985). "Optical dating of sediments".
161:
61:
1098:
Liritzis I (1994). "A new dating method by thermoluminescence of carved megalithic stone building".
408:
Roberts, R.G., Jacobs, Z., Li, B., Jankowski, N.R., Cunningham, A.C., & Rosenfeld, A.B. (2015).
2239:
1438:
188:
elements (K, U, Th and Rb) within the sample and its surroundings and the radiation dose rate from
2177:
2127:
1914:
1761:
1370:
1020:
Greilich S., Glasmacher U. A., Wagner G. A. (2005). "Optical dating of granitic stone surfaces".
2077:
1878:
1624:
1523:
1268:"Optical dating in archaeology: thirty years in retrospect and grand challenges for the future"
507:
Daniels, F., Boyd, C.A., & Saunders, D.F. (1953). "Thermoluminescence as a research tool".
410:"Optical dating in archaeology: thirty years in retrospect and grand challenges for the future"
49:
who want to know when such an event occurred. It uses various methods to stimulate and measure
565:
1679:
1389:
1326:
1291:
1223:
1188:
1132:
1084:
1041:
950:
863:
786:
737:
699:
630:
609:
Aitken, M.J., Tite, M.S. & Reid, J. (1963). "Thermoluminescent dating: progress report".
589:
544:
487:
433:
1266:
Roberts R. G., Jacobs Z., Li B., Jankowski N. R., Cunningham A. C., Rosenfeld A. B. (2015).
2112:
2053:
2029:
2024:
1349:
1246:
1064:
922:
851:
766:
709:
674:
516:
345:
176:
Luminescence dating is one of several techniques in which an age is calculated as follows:
34:
8:
1952:
1942:
1717:
1634:
1614:
1604:
1431:
1353:
1258:
1250:
1068:
926:
855:
770:
713:
678:
520:
372:
357:
349:
204:) extracted from the sample, and measuring the amount of light emitted as a result. The
2264:
2244:
2122:
2107:
2092:
2014:
1813:
1777:
1579:
1054:
938:
725:
622:
475:
296:
234:
201:
116:
108:
27:
Form of dating how long ago mineral grains had been last exposed to sunlight or heating
1416:
1076:
2072:
1868:
1863:
1707:
1543:
1033:
1010:
984:
942:
778:
686:
532:
209:
129:
104:
479:
2269:
2218:
2134:
2082:
1858:
1836:
1702:
1599:
1412:
1357:
1314:
1279:
1254:
1211:
1176:
1155:
1120:
1072:
1029:
976:
930:
892:
822:
774:
729:
717:
682:
665:
Wintle, A.G. & Huntley, D.J. (1982). "Thermoluminescence dating of sediments".
618:
524:
467:
421:
353:
165:
1361:
2202:
2167:
2154:
2117:
2064:
1922:
1817:
1751:
1712:
1549:
1180:
973:
Luminescence Dating in Archaeology, Anthropology, and Geoarchaeology: An Overview
563:
528:
1201:
980:
841:
2300:
2102:
1900:
1888:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1746:
1669:
1594:
1166:
1283:
1159:
1110:
934:
896:
827:
810:
425:
2284:
2019:
1937:
1932:
1883:
1873:
1513:
506:
46:
1304:
1215:
41:
grains were last exposed to sunlight or sufficient heating. It is useful to
2097:
1895:
1609:
1584:
1569:
1535:
1495:
1318:
1019:
536:
222:
50:
1797:
1694:
1656:
1639:
1574:
1555:
1488:
1468:
193:
185:
81:
1125:
10.1002/(sici)1520-6548(199708)12:5<479::aid-gea3>3.0.co;2-x
1564:
1559:
1454:
608:
471:
189:
2254:
2234:
1967:
1927:
1664:
1473:
721:
275:
88:
42:
756:
111:
they produce is absorbed by mineral grains in the sediments such as
2249:
2087:
1731:
1644:
1368:
566:"Ăber die datierung von keramik und ziegel durch thermolumineszenz"
257:
120:
100:
73:
2259:
1483:
1478:
654:. 7th International Quaternary Association Congress, Kiev: 83â90.
96:
92:
84:
38:
205:
197:
184:
The radiation dose rate is calculated from measurements of the
112:
649:
180:
age = (total absorbed radiation dose) / (radiation dose rate)
1684:
1423:
969:
133:
1618:
1500:
249:
77:
1339:
564:
Grögler, N., Houtermans, F.G., & Stauffer, H. (1960).
1518:
664:
370:
457:
1402:
1371:"TL dating in the Holocene using red TL from quartz"
60:(OSL), infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL), and
1999:
Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)
1100:
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série II
228:
652:Materials on the Quaternary Period of the Ukraine
2282:
192:. The dose rate is usually in the range 0.5 - 5
128:This is usually, but not always, the case with
403:
401:
1439:
1239:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
811:"Surface Dating by Luminescence: An Overview"
338:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
335:
331:
329:
1394:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1369:Montret, M., Fain, J., Miallier, D. (1992).
1331:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1296:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1236:
1228:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1193:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1137:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1089:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1046:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
955:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
882:
868:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
808:
791:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
742:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
635:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
594:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
549:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
492:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
438:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
908:
906:
398:
160:In 1994, the principles behind optical and
1446:
1432:
1145:
1097:
844:Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry
602:
326:
274:-deficient carbon from adjacent soils and
153:and marine origin became more widespread.
67:
826:
371:Murray, A. S. & Olley, J. M. (2002).
1994:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
903:
18:Optically stimulated luminescence dating
14:
2283:
1427:
804:
802:
453:
451:
449:
37:methods of determining how long ago
2296:Dating methodologies in archaeology
1259:10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133425
358:10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133425
24:
1793:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
799:
623:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1963.tb00581.x
25:
2312:
1307:Journal of Archaeological Science
1272:Journal of Archaeological Science
1148:Journal of Archaeological Science
885:Journal of Archaeological Science
446:
414:Journal of Archaeological Science
132:deposits, such as sand dunes and
58:optically stimulated luminescence
1034:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00224.x
229:Comparison to radiocarbon dating
2291:Geochronological dating methods
1675:English and British regnal year
963:
876:
835:
750:
693:
658:
643:
56:It includes techniques such as
1453:
557:
500:
364:
317:
308:
13:
1:
1788:Old Style and New Style dates
1417:10.1016/S1350-4487(00)00105-0
1362:10.1016/j.radmeas.2005.11.001
1077:10.1016/s1350-4487(00)00066-4
999:
282:
1740:Pre-Julian / Julian
1181:10.1016/j.culher.2007.03.009
1169:Journal of Cultural Heritage
779:10.1016/0277-3791(88)90033-9
687:10.1016/0277-3791(82)90018-X
529:10.1126/science.117.3040.343
7:
1973:Geological history of Earth
1843:Astronomical year numbering
1009:. Oxford University Press.
981:10.1007/978-3-319-00170-8_5
323:Fattahi M., Stokes S., 2001
290:
215:
10:
2317:
759:Quaternary Science Reviews
667:Quaternary Science Reviews
171:
143:
2227:
2211:
2195:
2153:
2145:Thermoluminescence dating
2063:
2052:
2040:Samariumâneodymium dating
2007:
1986:
1960:
1951:
1913:
1851:
1806:
1770:
1739:
1730:
1693:
1655:
1534:
1509:
1461:
1284:10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.028
1160:10.1016/j.jas.2009.12.041
935:10.1007/s10933-010-9484-7
915:Journal of Paleolimnology
897:10.1016/j.jas.2009.12.041
828:10.2478/s13386-011-0032-7
460:Evolutionary Anthropology
426:10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.028
162:thermoluminescence dating
80:contain trace amounts of
62:thermoluminescence dating
1859:Chinese sexagenary cycle
302:
2073:Amino acid racemisation
1216:10.1111/1475-4754.00124
68:Conditions and accuracy
2078:Archaeomagnetic dating
1590:Era of Caesar (Iberia)
1405:Radiation Measurements
1342:Radiation Measurements
1319:10.1006/jasc.1996.0124
1057:Radiation Measurements
1005:Aitken, M. J. (1998).
570:Helvetica Physica Acta
182:
1978:Geological time units
809:Liritzis, I. (2011).
178:
33:refers to a group of
2030:Law of superposition
2025:Isotope geochemistry
314:Montret et al., 1992
87:of elements such as
35:chronological dating
2163:Fluorine absorption
2140:Luminescence dating
2035:Luminescence dating
1943:Milankovitch cycles
1783:Proleptic Gregorian
1615:Hindu units of time
1354:2006RadM...41..369W
1251:2011AREPS..39..461R
1069:2000RadM...32..847H
927:2011JPall..45..127L
856:2010MAA....10...65L
771:1988QSRv....7..381H
714:1985Natur.313..105H
679:1982QSRv....1...31W
521:1953Sci...117..343D
350:2011AREPS..39..461R
31:Luminescence dating
2265:Terminus post quem
2245:Synchronoptic view
2212:Linguistic methods
2173:Obsidian hydration
2108:Radiometric dating
2093:Incremental dating
2015:Chronostratigraphy
472:10.1002/evan.20150
297:Radiometric dating
202:potassium feldspar
117:potassium feldspar
109:ionizing radiation
107:over time and the
2278:
2277:
2191:
2190:
2048:
2047:
1909:
1908:
1864:Geologic Calendar
1726:
1725:
990:978-3-319-00170-8
708:(5998): 105â107.
515:(3040): 343â349.
210:photoluminescence
16:(Redirected from
2308:
2270:ASPRO chronology
2219:Glottochronology
2135:Tephrochronology
2083:Dendrochronology
2061:
2060:
1958:
1957:
1757:Proleptic Julian
1747:Pre-Julian Roman
1737:
1736:
1532:
1531:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1411:(5â6): 479â485.
1399:
1393:
1385:
1375:
1365:
1336:
1330:
1322:
1301:
1295:
1287:
1262:
1233:
1227:
1219:
1198:
1192:
1184:
1163:
1142:
1136:
1128:
1107:
1094:
1088:
1080:
1051:
1045:
1037:
994:
993:
967:
961:
960:
954:
946:
910:
901:
900:
891:(6): 1367â1377.
880:
874:
873:
867:
859:
839:
833:
832:
830:
806:
797:
796:
790:
782:
765:(3â4): 381â385.
754:
748:
747:
741:
733:
722:10.1038/313105a0
697:
691:
690:
662:
656:
655:
647:
641:
640:
634:
626:
606:
600:
599:
593:
585:
583:
581:
561:
555:
554:
548:
540:
504:
498:
497:
491:
483:
455:
444:
443:
437:
429:
405:
396:
395:
393:
391:
377:
368:
362:
361:
333:
324:
321:
315:
312:
273:
271:
270:
247:
245:
244:
235:carbon-14 dating
166:Ioannis Liritzis
21:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2223:
2207:
2203:Molecular clock
2196:Genetic methods
2187:
2168:Nitrogen dating
2155:Relative dating
2149:
2118:Potassiumâargon
2065:Absolute dating
2055:
2044:
2003:
1982:
1947:
1923:Cosmic Calendar
1915:Astronomic time
1905:
1847:
1802:
1766:
1752:Original Julian
1722:
1689:
1651:
1550:Ab urbe condita
1528:
1505:
1457:
1452:
1387:
1386:
1373:
1324:
1323:
1289:
1288:
1221:
1220:
1186:
1185:
1130:
1129:
1082:
1081:
1039:
1038:
1002:
997:
991:
968:
964:
948:
947:
911:
904:
881:
877:
861:
860:
840:
836:
815:Geochronometria
807:
800:
784:
783:
755:
751:
735:
734:
698:
694:
663:
659:
648:
644:
628:
627:
607:
603:
587:
586:
579:
577:
562:
558:
542:
541:
505:
501:
485:
484:
456:
447:
431:
430:
406:
399:
389:
387:
380:Geochronometria
375:
369:
365:
334:
327:
322:
318:
313:
309:
305:
293:
285:
269:
267:
266:
265:
264:
252:sediments from
243:
241:
240:
239:
238:
231:
218:
174:
146:
103:. These slowly
70:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2314:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2240:New Chronology
2237:
2231:
2229:
2228:Related topics
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2105:
2103:Paleomagnetism
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1901:New Earth Time
1898:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1830:
1825:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1762:Revised Julian
1759:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1680:Lists of kings
1677:
1672:
1670:Canon of Kings
1667:
1661:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1622:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1595:Before present
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1553:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1400:
1366:
1348:(4): 369â391.
1337:
1313:(5): 399â405.
1302:
1263:
1234:
1210:(3): 503â518.
1199:
1164:
1143:
1119:(5): 479â496.
1113:Geoarchaeology
1108:
1095:
1063:(5): 847â851.
1052:
1028:(3): 645â665.
1017:
1001:
998:
996:
995:
989:
962:
921:(2): 127â135.
902:
875:
834:
821:(3): 292â302.
798:
749:
692:
657:
642:
601:
556:
499:
445:
397:
363:
325:
316:
306:
304:
301:
300:
299:
292:
289:
284:
281:
268:
242:
230:
227:
217:
214:
173:
170:
145:
142:
69:
66:
47:archaeologists
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2313:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:Chronological
2051:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:Geochronology
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:Geologic time
1950:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:Metonic cycle
1936:
1934:
1933:Galactic year
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1874:ISO week date
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:Byzantine era
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1536:Calendar eras
1533:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1378:Ancient TL 10
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:: 1367â1377.
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1106:(5): 603â610.
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1015:0-19-854092-2
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:
992:
986:
982:
978:
974:
966:
958:
952:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
909:
907:
898:
894:
890:
886:
879:
871:
865:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
803:
794:
788:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
753:
745:
739:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
696:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
661:
653:
646:
638:
632:
624:
620:
616:
612:
605:
597:
591:
575:
571:
567:
560:
552:
546:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
503:
495:
489:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
454:
452:
450:
441:
435:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
404:
402:
385:
381:
374:
367:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
332:
330:
320:
311:
307:
298:
295:
294:
288:
280:
277:
261:
259:
255:
251:
236:
226:
224:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
181:
177:
169:
167:
163:
158:
154:
150:
141:
137:
135:
131:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
79:
75:
65:
63:
59:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2183:Stratigraphy
2139:
2128:Uraniumâlead
2098:Lichenometry
2034:
1896:Winter count
1879:Mesoamerican
1807:Astronomical
1625:Mesoamerican
1610:Sothic cycle
1585:Seleucid era
1570:Bosporan era
1558: /
1548:
1496:Paleontology
1408:
1404:
1390:cite journal
1381:
1377:
1345:
1341:
1327:cite journal
1310:
1306:
1292:cite journal
1275:
1271:
1242:
1238:
1224:cite journal
1207:
1204:Archaeometry
1203:
1189:cite journal
1172:
1168:
1151:
1147:
1133:cite journal
1116:
1112:
1103:
1099:
1085:cite journal
1060:
1056:
1042:cite journal
1025:
1022:Archaeometry
1021:
1006:
972:
965:
951:cite journal
918:
914:
888:
884:
878:
864:cite journal
850:(3): 65â81.
847:
843:
837:
818:
814:
787:cite journal
762:
758:
752:
738:cite journal
705:
701:
695:
673:(1): 31â53.
670:
666:
660:
651:
645:
631:cite journal
614:
611:Archaeometry
610:
604:
590:cite journal
580:February 16,
578:. Retrieved
573:
569:
559:
545:cite journal
512:
508:
502:
488:cite journal
463:
459:
434:cite journal
417:
413:
388:. Retrieved
383:
379:
366:
341:
337:
319:
310:
286:
262:
256:in southern
232:
223:ultra-violet
219:
183:
179:
175:
159:
155:
151:
147:
138:
126:
71:
55:
51:luminescence
30:
29:
2123:Radiocarbon
1798:Dual dating
1657:Regnal year
1635:Short Count
1575:Bostran era
1556:Anno Domini
1489:Big History
1469:Archaeology
1245:: 461â488.
1175:(1): 1â13.
390:February 8,
344:: 461â488.
190:cosmic rays
186:radioactive
82:radioactive
2285:Categories
1718:Vietnamese
1630:Long Count
1565:Anno Mundi
1560:Common Era
1462:Key topics
1455:Chronology
1000:References
466:(6): 218.
283:Other uses
254:Lake Ulaan
250:lacustrine
43:geologists
2255:Year zero
2235:Chronicle
2178:Seriation
2113:Leadâlead
1987:Standards
1968:Deep time
1928:Ephemeris
1814:Lunisolar
1778:Gregorian
1771:Gregorian
1732:Calendars
1695:Era names
1665:Anka year
1544:Human Era
1474:Astronomy
1278:: 41â60.
943:128511753
617:: 65â75.
576:: 595â596
420:: 41â60.
276:Paleozoic
89:potassium
74:sediments
2250:Timeline
2088:Ice core
1961:Concepts
1708:Japanese
1640:Tzolk'in
1605:Egyptian
1384:: 33â36.
537:17756578
480:84231863
291:See also
258:Mongolia
216:Minerals
121:infrared
101:rubidium
85:isotopes
2260:Floruit
2008:Methods
1869:Iranian
1837:Islamic
1703:Chinese
1514:Periods
1484:History
1479:Geology
1350:Bibcode
1247:Bibcode
1065:Bibcode
923:Bibcode
852:Bibcode
767:Bibcode
730:4258671
710:Bibcode
675:Bibcode
517:Bibcode
509:Science
346:Bibcode
233:Unlike
206:photons
172:Physics
144:History
130:aeolian
97:thorium
93:uranium
39:mineral
2056:dating
1852:Others
1818:Hebrew
1713:Korean
1524:Epochs
1013:
987:
941:
728:
702:Nature
535:
478:
386:: 1â16
198:quartz
113:quartz
99:, and
2301:Light
1889:Aztec
1833:Lunar
1828:Solar
1822:Hindu
1685:Limmu
1645:Haab'
1600:Hijri
1374:(PDF)
939:S2CID
726:S2CID
476:S2CID
376:(PDF)
303:Notes
194:grays
134:loess
105:decay
78:soils
1884:Maya
1619:Yuga
1519:Eras
1501:Time
1396:link
1333:link
1298:link
1230:link
1195:link
1139:link
1091:link
1048:link
1011:ISBN
985:ISBN
957:link
870:link
793:link
744:link
637:link
596:link
582:2016
551:link
533:PMID
494:link
440:link
392:2016
115:and
76:and
72:All
45:and
1413:doi
1358:doi
1315:doi
1280:doi
1255:doi
1212:doi
1177:doi
1156:doi
1121:doi
1104:319
1073:doi
1030:doi
977:doi
931:doi
893:doi
823:doi
775:doi
718:doi
706:313
683:doi
619:doi
525:doi
513:117
468:doi
422:doi
354:doi
200:or
2287::
1820:,
1409:32
1407:.
1392:}}
1388:{{
1382:10
1380:.
1376:.
1356:.
1346:41
1344:.
1329:}}
1325:{{
1311:24
1309:.
1294:}}
1290:{{
1276:56
1274:.
1270:.
1253:.
1243:39
1241:.
1226:}}
1222:{{
1208:45
1206:.
1191:}}
1187:{{
1171:.
1152:37
1150:.
1135:}}
1131:{{
1117:12
1115:.
1102:.
1087:}}
1083:{{
1071:.
1061:32
1059:.
1044:}}
1040:{{
1026:47
1024:.
983:,
953:}}
949:{{
937:.
929:.
919:45
917:.
905:^
889:37
887:.
866:}}
862:{{
848:10
846:.
819:38
817:.
813:.
801:^
789:}}
785:{{
773:.
761:.
740:}}
736:{{
724:.
716:.
704:.
681:.
669:.
633:}}
629:{{
613:.
592:}}
588:{{
574:33
572:.
568:.
547:}}
543:{{
531:.
523:.
511:.
490:}}
486:{{
474:.
464:16
462:.
448:^
436:}}
432:{{
418:56
416:.
412:.
400:^
384:21
382:.
378:.
352:.
342:39
340:.
328:^
95:,
91:,
53:.
1839:)
1835:(
1824:)
1816:(
1621:)
1617:(
1447:e
1440:t
1433:v
1419:.
1415::
1398:)
1364:.
1360::
1352::
1335:)
1321:.
1317::
1300:)
1286:.
1282::
1261:.
1257::
1249::
1232:)
1218:.
1214::
1197:)
1183:.
1179::
1173:9
1162:.
1158::
1141:)
1127:.
1123::
1093:)
1079:.
1075::
1067::
1050:)
1036:.
1032::
979::
959:)
945:.
933::
925::
899:.
895::
872:)
858:.
854::
831:.
825::
795:)
781:.
777::
769::
763:7
746:)
732:.
720::
712::
689:.
685::
677::
671:1
639:)
625:.
621::
615:6
598:)
584:.
553:)
539:.
527::
519::
496:)
482:.
470::
442:)
428:.
424::
394:.
360:.
356::
348::
272:C
246:C
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.