Venezuelan opposition

294:, president of the Constituent Assembly warned them that "the people would shut them down" if they tried to do so. On 27 August, opposition congressmen tried to enter the Congress but were repelled by Chavista sympathizers, who injured thirty of the first ones when they tried to jump over the fence surrounding the building. The Catholic Church mediated between the Constituent Assembly and the Congress, but although they managed to reach an agreement, the Congress continued to be reduced to its new role of delegated commission, sharing the building with the Constituent. At the time, public opinion interpreted the congressional protests as vain attempts by the discredited traditional political class to stop the changes. At the same time that the Constituent Assembly minimized the Congress, it also created an "emergency commission" to reorganize the Judicial Power. Due to a sentence issued by the Supreme Court at the beginning of the year, the Constituent Assembly could do so as the "original power". The decision was challenged, but when 1095:) was created, formed by the political parties A New Era (UNT), Justice First (PJ), Democratic Action (AD), Copei, Movement For Socialism (MAS), Radical Cause, Project Venezuela (PRVZL), Fearless People's Alliance (ABP) and Popular Vanguard (VP), reached an agreement committing to present joint candidates in all the states and municipalities of the country. Other political parties representing the more radical opposition such as Alianza Popular, Comando Nacional de la Resistencia and Frente Patriótico denounced at the beginning that they were excluded from the agreement. With the document, called National Unity Agreement, they expected to seek unitary candidacies for the regional elections, besides proposing ten national objectives of their "vision of the country". The agreement also created a set of rules regarding decisions, including decisions being made by a majority of 3/5ths of members or 70% of the popular vote during election processes, the process to determine a joint candidate either through majority or a 755: 949:). Democratic Action withdrew from the election on 28 November, six days before the electoral process, showing its distrust of the electoral body, the National Electoral Council (CNE). According to Ramos Allup, the fingerprint scanners allowed the electoral agencies to know which was the choice made by the voter, as demonstrated by computer technicians in the last few days before the CNE and international observers. He also denounced that the access to the software that registers the votes and the electoral roll was restricted to opponents and observers. On 30 November, COPEI, Project Venezuela, Justice First, A New Era and Movement for Socialism all withdrew from the elections too. The government did not postpone the elections and they were held on 4 December. The opposition managed that most of the voters abstained from voting in the process, which had a turnout of 25%. The ruling party took the majority of the parliament, achieving an 976:, opposition leaders debated on how they could choose a single candidate. Julio Borges, of Justice First, proposed holding primary elections for August 2006. Among the candidates were: Manuel Rosales (A New Era), Teodoro Petkoff (independent), Sergio Omar Calderón (Copei), Wiliam Ojeda (Un Solo Pueblo), Cecilia Sosa (Federal Republican Party), Enrique Tejera París (independent) and Vicente Brito (Republican Movement). The main candidates, Julio Borges and Teodoro Petkoff, agreed to withdraw from the pre-candidacy to endorse Manuel Rosales, based on his opinion polling support. More than thirty political and civil organizations publicly expressed their support to Rosales. The trade union bureau of Democratic Actions, as well as its regional components and many party leaders, announced that they would support the single opposition candidate in the December elections. Rosales received 36.91% of the vote in the presidential election. 825:. Most of the national media broadcast closely what was happening on a daily basis regarding the oil strike and other derived events, as well as other media such as newspapers or radio stations, although many ceased their broadcasting and others were censored. The government called in former PDVSA employees and technicians from universities and the Armed Forces in order to get the oil company working again. By the end of December, the objective was practically achieved, which was a hard blow for the promoters of the strike, and the strike weakened as the days went by. In mid-January 2003, the government managed to regain full control of PDVSA. The State decided to dismiss 15,000 employees for uncertain reasons, one of which was that they had been missing work for a long period of time. On 21 December 21, the tanker Pilín León was recovered and taken to a safe port through the navigation channel of Lake Maracaibo and under the 772:, eastern Caracas, declaring the square a "liberated zone" and inviting their fellow soldiers to join them with the aim of achieving Chávez's resignation. The group was widely supported by civil society, and during the course of the protest at least 102 more military personnel joined the group, as well as thousands of opposition demonstrators. On 6 December, waiter João de Gouveia, fired into the crowd gathered in the square, killing three people and wounding 25 others. João was subdued and handed over to the authorities moments later. On 20 February 2003, four other people participating in the rally, including three military personnel, were found dead, after apparently being abducted days earlier in the square. 2339: 1630:, announced his rejection of the results, considering them "clearly flawed" and supporting the complaints by candidates Henri Falcón and Javier Bertucci, among which he highlighted the ruling party "red points" near voting centers, the advantageism that prevailed since the calling of the process in January and the use of Sstate resources to benefit the winning option in the national system of public media. Rondón offered the candidates office of the Commission of Political Participation and Financing so that they could present the irregularities they announced in order to "organize the claims corresponding to the clarification of all these aspects that tarnish the electoral process". 1801: 456:), whose text partially modified the Regulations for the Exercise of the Teaching Profession by creating a new administrative figure, that of itinerant supervisors, which partially modified the Regulations for the Exercise of the Teaching Profession and created the figure of National Itinerant Supervisors in educational institutions, who could be appointed directly by the Minister of Education, Culture and Sports. Their authorities and functions included reporting, accountability directly to the Minister of Education and even the appointment and removal of their directors. The decree also allowed Cuban teachers to participate in literacy plans in Venezuela. 1280: 1034:'s (RCTV) concession, which was due to expire on 27 May 2007, and therefore the signal had to stop programming on that day. The government argued that the refusal to renew was due to the position taken by RCTV during the 2002 coup d'état. RCTV's directors declared that the channel's concession did not expire until 2021, calling the measure an abuse by the government, and demonstrations in support of the channel took place. Supreme Tribunal of Justice rejected an appeal that argued that the license revocation was illegal. On 19 May, over 30,000 people gathered in Caracas to protest the decision, while there were also marches in 376: 31: 1007: 1669: 1507: 3823: 999: 2134: 1346: 510:

become dissident and it was unlikely that Chávez would be able to obtain another enabling law, reason for which Chávez approved the laws the day before his special power expired. The laws included the Organic Hydrocarbons Law, the Fishing Law, the Special Law of Cooperative Associations and the General Ports Law, among others, but the Land and Agrarian Development Law was the most controversial. Under the last law, the Venezuelan government gained the power to take private lands if they exceeded the size limit imposed by law and were classified as

3050: 1185: 679: 1925: 1019: 166: 1895: 466:, he asked how the groups would react to the Education Law "if they scream for a decree" which establishes the supervision of schools. He declared that "he who does not owe it does not fear it" and therefore questioned the opposition of those "very small sectors" that participate in mobilizations such as the one carried out on 31 March in Caracas. Despite the insistence with the implementation of the decree, it could not be put into practice due to the opposition and the criticism of the civil society. 1123:

electoral issues. The MUD proposes to strengthen the Venezuelan democratic system, guarantee human rights, consolidate national sovereignty, achieve a productive, just and free society, and the highest level of well-being for its citizens, all based on the precepts of the Venezuelan Constitution. On 22 April 2010, they presented the programmatic proposals of the Unity Table, under the name of "100 solutions for the people", which broadened the political and social content of the opposition coalition.

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the official announcement, other opposition parties such as Acción Democrática (AD), Primero Justicia (PJ), Copei, Podemos and MAS, rejected the proposal as well. Leaders of Radical Cause rejected the intention of reelection, considering it unconstitutional, although they also expressed that the best way to defeat it would be through the vote and demonstrations. On 6 December 2008, they announced the formation of the "National Command for the No", but some of the opposition leaders such as

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companies, public land and air transportation, water, electricity and telephone services, and both the public and private media continued to work, although the latter decided to suspend their regular programming and the broadcasting of advertising, replacing it with political and informative programming 24 hours a day. Political spots were broadcast supporting the continuation or not of the strike and the holding of protests and marches in different parts of the country, promoted by the

2250: 1865: 560: 2282: 2024: 1483: 266:, a dissident Chavista who soon rejoined the ruling party. Political parties and civil associations were marginalized from the constituent process, and the role of opposition then fell on the state institutions, where the Congress and the Supreme Court stand out. After the elections, Democratic Action and Copei experienced internal crises: the former announced new base elections to renew the party, and the directive of the latter resigned immediately. 2429: 2179: 274: 875: 725:, the removal of the Attorney General, the Comptroller, and the Ombudsman, all governors, mayors and councilmen, and all diplomatic officials. The act also repealed all of the 49 enabling laws and changed the Constitution, by renaming the country as the Republic of Venezuela, taking away the Bolivarian qualifier. Part of the agenda left by Carmona Estanga in the Miraflores office included a new ministerial cabinet and the controversial 604: 806: 2974: 1534:"in contempt, and on 20 October the signatures collection to summon a recall referendum was suspended by the National Electoral Council. In response, the National Assembly declared the "rupture of constitutional order" in Venezuela in an extraordinary session. The suspension of the referendum was condemned by the OAS Secretary General and eleven OAS member states published an open letter expressing their concern. 1076:

referendum, stating "We are going on the offensive again. (...) We launched the first offensive for the great constitutional reform, but do not think it is over. Get ready, because a second offensive towards the constitutional reform will come", and that "If signatures are collected, this reform can be submitted to referendum again under other conditions, at another time, in this same place called Venezuela".

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the minimum number of signatures needed to call the referendum. During these days of signature validation, thousands of fake ID cards and equipment for their manufacture were confiscated in the course of police raids. The opposition argued that the equipment had been maliciously planted, while Chávez supporters argued that it was proof that the opposition had used the equipment to falsify signatures.

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participate, and if no agreement was reached, the MUD would rule out going to the presidential elections. On 21 February, the MUD coalition parties, except Avanzada Progresista, reached an agreement not to participate in the elections, declaring in a statement that "The premature event without guarantees (...) is only a show by the government to pretend a legitimacy it does not have".

3036: 1684:. The United States, European allies and Latin American countries recognized Guiadó as president as well. Guaidó laid down three objectives: "Cessation of usurpation, transitional government, and free elections". Establishing a government in Venezuela required three crucial elements: "the people, the international community, and the armed forces." Guaidó led an 490:. At the meeting, Carmona proposes to Chávez a plan to lower unemployment, at that time at 17%, improving conditions in order to increase private investment up to 20% of the GDP in five years, while the latter responds with a plan to strengthen the public sector. A dialogue table was then created between Fedecámaras and the government, the latter represented by 1603:) later signed an electoral guarantees agreement that included the elimination of the "red points" of control of Chavismo, international observation and the return of the voting centers changed during the election of the Constituent Assembly and the 2017 regional elections. The agreement was questioned and rejected by the non-government organizations such as 249:

proportional representation system in the selection of the members of the National Constituent Assembly was then discarded, and in its place a personalized uninominal direct representation system was established, which divided the country into two great national circuits and one electoral circuit for each state, a system in disuse since the dictatorship of

1619:, Maduro delivered eight boats, nine ambulances and reopened the Tucupita airport "Antonio Diaz", among other announcements, violating the electoral law, which prohibits the use of public resources for campaigning, and one of the prerogatives included in the electoral guarantees agreement. On 8 May he violated the regulation again in a campaign act in 353:

to have overcome the 1998 defeat, did not allow them to assume an enthusiastic campaign for the "No", the opposition experienced an increase of 142% with respect to the last referendum. However, the majority of Venezuelans continued to show disinterest in the struggle between pro-government and opposition, even when the constitution was at stake.

286:, suspended the sessions of the Congress, reduced its commissions to a minimum and created a delegated commission made up of 23 congressmen who could legislate, but always subject to the veto of the Constituent Assembly in important matters. Congressmen from Democratic Action, Copei and Project Venezuela protested the measure, which they called a 1428:

the Venezuelan government officials shared four different birthplaces of Maduro. Opposition followers argued that Maduro cited Article 227 of the Venezuelan constitution, which states that "To be chosen as president of the Republic it is required to be Venezuelan by birth, not having another nationality." The pro-government

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discarded by the Constituent Assembly, and which were only admitted under direct pressure from the President. Among the main ones were the inclusion of the term "Bolivarian" in the official name of Venezuela, the suppression of the voting "second round" or ballot, and the restriction of the taxing powers of the states.

1564:, one of the CNE rectors, declared that the MUD could not participate in the process for having open judicial proceedings in seven states. In the same month, the main parties of the MUD, Democratic Action, Popular Will and Progressive Advance, as well their spokespersons, announced that they would participate in the 900:(Democratic Block), a radical sector of the opposition which rejected the recall referendum as "a trap of the regime". The opposition and government held negotiations and the demonstrations lasted for five days. Nine people were killed during the protests, hundreds were injured and at least 300 were arrested. 864:(CNE), filled with Chávez allies, calling it flawed, stating that the signatures had been collected prematurely (before the middle of the presidential term), and that the petition had to be redone. In September 2003, the government used a rapid mobilization squad to raid the Electoral Council offices. 1828:

briefly provided leadership for the opposition, and Henrique Capriles served as its leader during his candidacies in the 2012 and 2013 presidential elections. Following the opposition winning the majority in the 2015 parliamentary election, the National Assembly of Venezuela assumed leadership of the

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The CNE ruled that it would allow a remediation process, which consisted of allowing a five-day period in May 2004 for those whose signatures were being questioned to confirm that they were authentic. At the end of this period, the number of signatures validated by the CNE reached 2,436,830, reaching

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Chavez's next electoral challenge was the "2000 mega-elections", these were aimed at electing those who would occupy all popularly elected positions, which numbered more than six thousand. Venezuela was going through economic problems: although the price of oil had tripled since Chávez's arrival, the

92:, The first reaction of the traditional political parties was channeled in the Venezuelan Congress, through a document of condemnation, approved unanimously and without discussion, of the actions of Chávez and his companions, as well as an endorsement to democracy as a form of government. Congressman 1614:

Presidential candidates Henri Falcón, Javier Bertucci and Luis Alejandro Ratti warned about the violation of the guarantees foreseen in the document. However, Tibisay Lucena, the president of the CNE, assured on 2 May that the Agreement of Electoral Guarantees was fully complied with. During a visit

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The opposition discussed the possibility of participating in the election with a single electoral card in order to avoid the dispersion of the vote. Among the main proponents of this idea were Copei, MAS, Causa R, Democratic Action and Fearless People Alliance; while A New Era and Justice First, the

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In early January 2008, some opposition political parties expressed their willingness to sign a unitary agreement to run in the regional elections of November of that year. On 23 January, in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the return of democracy to Venezuela, the coalition of National Unity

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and 5 of the 7 members of the board of directors, mocking each one in national television by name and blowing a referee whistle, as if to expel them from a football match. Chávez accused them of committing serious misconduct and sabotaging the state oil company, and also warned "I have no problem in

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in the CTV elections. The opposition political parties became divided in their opinions on how to overcome the political crisis: Democratic Action insisted in the Assembly on appointing a medical board to prove the President's mental incapacity; Francisco Arias Cárdenas and his deputies called for a

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On 15 March Arias Cárdenas, supported by Urdaneta and Acosta Chirinos, registered his candidacy for the presidential election. Upon learning of this, Ledezma withdrew his, but Fermin did not. Miquilena's response was to qualify as "trash" those who abandoned Chávez to support Arias Cárdenas. The new

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took place under the same climate of apathy as the one held in April, although the turnout rose to 44.37%. The new votes were endorsed to the opposition to the new constitution, as the Chavismo suffered marginal losses. Although the state of fragmentation of the partisan opposition, which seemed not

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Chávez was declared the winner of the 1998 presidential elections and the opposition electoral front, the Polo Democrático, dissolved afterwards. However, despite losing the presidential elections, the non-Chavista political forces held a majority in Congress and represented an obstacle for Chávez's

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López joined forces with Caracas metropolitan mayor Antonio Ledezma of the Courageous People Alliance (ABP) and independent congresswoman María Corina Machado in early 2014 in 'La Salida' to demand a change of government. This move was frowned on by the moderates in the MUD. Capriles, whose ability

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In 2020, twenty seven opposition parties informed that they will not participate in the parliamentary elections through a public statement and said that such elections would be fraudulent. The Supreme Tribunal of Justice appointed ad-hoc boards through judicial decisions, intervening the Democratic

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through a decree, whereas the presidential elections were originally scheduled for December 2018. In the following days, the pre-candidates requested the postponement of the elections as provided in the constitution. Opposition leaders asked the government to ensure electoral guarantees in order to

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The following year, the opposition started a project to summon a referendum to recall Maduro. In September 2016, the Constitutional Chamber of said Supreme Tribunal of Justice declared null and void all acts emanating from the National Assembly, including any laws enacted, and declared the Assembly

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ruled in October 2016 that Maduro was born in Venezuela The ruling did not reproduce Maduro's birth certificate but it quoted the Colombian Vice minister of foreign affairs, Patti Londoño Jaramillo, who stated that "no related information was found, nor civil registry of birth, nor citizenship card

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was declared winner by a narrow margin. The opposition denounced irregularities during the process, and Capriles' campaign command said that they detected at least 3,500 irregularities had been detected during the voting process. The opposition demanded for a total vote recount, a request also made

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On 8 June 2009, the National Unity Agreement was restructured to form the Democratic Unity Roundtable (MUD), which is organized into 11 work units: relations with civil society, strategy, programs, human rights, decentralization, social affairs, international affairs, organization, mobilization and

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episode 180, Chávez announced that he had signed a document asking the CNE to provide copies of all the signatures of the petitioners for the referendum, in order to expose the opposition's "mega fraud". The Electoral Council announced that the signatures presented had to be examined a second time,

514:, or if it considered that they were being exploited below their potential. Additionally, the State now had to approve the owner's use of the land, and all owners were obliged to prove the ownership of their lands before 18 December, under the risk of losing them if they did not do so. According to 425:

Originally scheduled for 28 May, the directors of the National Electoral Council, appointed by the Chavista majority of the Constituent Assembly, proved to be inefficient, and only two days before the elections were to be held, the Supreme Court of Justice suspended them since the Electoral Council

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The clashes at the Federal Legislative Palace (pictured) was one of the first conflicts between Chavistas and opponents, which took place on 27 August 1999, after the National Constituent Assembly, controlled by the ruling party, occupied the building, seat of the Venezuelan Congress, controlled by

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Maduro did not have the charisma of his predecessor and as a result, began to lose support among his base. Some opposition groups questioned that Maduro was born in Venezuela, saying that this would disqualify him from holding the presidential office in Venezuela. By 2014, official declarations by

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During the 30 April parliamentary session, Diosdado Cabello ordered the removal of the microphones from the seats of the opposition deputies. Upon arriving at the floor, the opposition legislators had to wait for the pro-government deputies to take their seats. After almost three hours of delay in

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The then leader of the opposition party, Manuel Rosales, said that it was an insult to call for another election because "the collectivity is overwhelmed by so many problems and also by the high cost of living and inflation" and also because the proposal had already been rejected a year ago. After

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at first demanded a consultative referendum, which was characterized for not being binding. Chávez affirmed that he would only accept the referendum foreseen in the constitution, but the opposition was initially against the option accepted by Chávez, arguing that it had to be held in the middle of

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called for a strike on 2 December. Its duration was initially 24 hours, but it was extended day by day until it became an indefinite strike in the middle of the Christmas commercial season. Merchants, businessmen, employees and workers were promised that the strike would only last a few days until

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The decree was very controversial and generated the first opposition movement to the government of Hugo Chávez, which mobilized tens of thousands of people from civil society during the rest of the year 2000 to protest against the decree under the slogan "don't mess with my children". Civil groups

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said that the doors of the chamber were closed and that independent media outlets had no access to the Assembly hall. The fight lasted several minutes and was reconstructed by amateur videos taken by the opposition legislators. At the beginning, the pro-government deputies snatched the banner and

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The referendum results rejected the constitutional reforms. After the results were known, members of the A New Era party pointed out the need for national reconciliation, Manuel Rosales said that a dialogue process with Hugo Chávez should be initiated and also proposed that the aspects considered

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The reform was rejected by the majority of the opposition leadership and the opposition started the campaign for the "NO". At first, Democratic Action called for abstention, called to vote for the "NO" at the end five days before the proposal. The political parties that registered in favor of the

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At the beginning, the strike only involved the companies of the employers' association and the unions affiliated to the Workers Federation, but soon PDVSA's directors and employees at the management level decided to support it. As such, the country was practically paralyzed. Only some state-owned

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Pedro Carmona suspends the dialogue with the national government and calls for an extraordinary assembly on 28 November. On that date he then proposes that a twelve-hour national strike be held on 10 December, and obtains the majority support of the business sector, although also the rejection of

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From then until 2003, the opposition parties were eclipsed in their struggle against the government, and ceded political protagonism to various sectors of civil society. Being directly affected by the government's actions, the business community, the unions, the media and even the Catholic clergy

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was held under a climate of electoral apathy. The abstention was 62.4%, and the result was overwhelmingly in favor of the proponents of the Constituent, who obtained a vote of 87.8%. The bases proposed by Chávez and revised by the CNE were also approved, although with a slightly lower support. A

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If it walks like a coup and quacks like a coup, then it sure looks a coup – backed by the Trump administration. ... Juan Guaido, flanked by his political mentor Leopoldo Lopez and a handful of soldiers who had broken ranks, issued a message to Venezuela and the world: The time to topple Nicolas

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In 2022, one of the main projects of the opposition was a recall referendum against the Maduro government. The National Electoral Council ordered the collection of the required signatures, 20% of the electoral registry, to be carried out in a single day, the equivalent of having to collect four

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Hugo Chávez reacted by calling the results a "shit victory" for the opposition, saying "Know how to manage your victory, because you are already filling it with shit. It's a shitty victory and ours, call it a defeat, but it's one of courage." He also said that it was possible to summon a second

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granted to him by the National Assembly in November 2000, a legal instrument which allowed him to legislate without the approval of the legislative power. Although originally two thirds of the Assembly were controlled by Chavismo, the situation had changed due to the fact that some deputies had

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The result of the election of constituents was the over-representation of Chavismo in the Constituent Assembly and a crushing defeat for the opposition, which had once again gone to the polls divided. With 65% of the votes, Chavismo obtained more than 95% of the constituents. Although the great

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Although Chávez promised to seek the support of the opposition-dominated Congress before starting the Constituent process, on his first day as President, Chávez decreed a call for a referendum to determine whether a new Constitution should be drafted using a method proposed by him. According to

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and a unified policy framework. Many For Social Democracy (Podemos) leaders expressed their support to the presentation of joint candidacies with the Unity, such as Ricardo Gutiérrez and Ernesto Paraqueima, announcing that they would support the candidacies of the above mentioned agreement for

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Although the Chavismo obtained near absolute control of the Constituent Assembly, this did not mean that Chávez did not find opposition within his own supporters to several of his proposals for the new Constitution. There were several important changes pushed by Chávez which had initially been

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Capriles formally presented his request on 17 April, with all the corresponding complaints and the petition for the total verification of the tally sheets. The CNE accepted the verification "in second phase" of 46% of the voting boxes not randomly audited at first. However, this audit was not

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I believe that by complying with the decree of the National Constituent Assembly that establishes the judicial emergency, the Supreme Court dissolves itself (...) Simply put, the Supreme Court of Justice of Venezuela committed suicide to avoid being assassinated. The result is the same, it is

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The opposition grouped within the National Unity coalition, as in the 2007 referendum process, maintained a position totally opposed to the approval of an amendment on the extension of the presidential term or immediate reelection. One of the first opponents to refer to the possibility of a

1104:, secretary general of Podemos and deputy for Aragua, announced on 29 April the support of his party to opposition candidates in the states of Lara and Miranda as well as in the Metropolitan District of Caracas for the regional elections. The elections were held on 28 November 2008. The 1537:

By 25 October, the National Assembly debated the possibility of impeaching Maduro for suspending recall referendum, although the Venezuela constitution does not grant this power to the legislative branch. Maduro would later bypass the opposition-led National Assembly by creating the

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positive of the project be approved, including a social fund for the workers of the informal economy. Leopoldo López referred that it was the moment to end with the division of Venezuelans and that from the moment of the results, work for inclusion, peace and tolerance should begin.

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constitutional amendment was Henry Ramos Allup, who assured that four constitutional changes would be attempted: the first one referring to reelection, another one to create the figure of regional vice presidents, in addition to a third amendment to give constitutional rank to the

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A birther debate is heating up in Venezuela as President Nicolas Maduro's opponents seek to push the embattled socialist leader from office at any cost. Like the birther controversy surrounding Barack Obama in the U.S., the lack of any evidence hasn't stopped his opponents from

6055:'The real genesis for the plan, Alonso says, is an 88-page booklet, From Dictatorship to Democracy'; 'In December 2002, Alonso began feverishly e-mailing alertas criticizing Chávez and describing future action. His contact list swelled to more than two million e-mail addresses.' 1050:

Protests continued in the following days and thousands of demonstrators protested outside the CONATEL headquarters on May 28 and 29. Around twenty students had to be hospitalized in Caracas due to tear gas inhalation, and on May 28 four people were shot and wounded in Valencia.

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the presidential term, mid-2004, and that they would not be willing to wait that long since the country could be plunged into civil unrest. Protests continued between January 2003, and in the following months the government accepted the request and prepared its "No" campaign.

585:; Juan Fernández, manager of financial planning and control; Horacio Medina, manager of negotiation strategy; Gonzalo Feijoo, senior advisor of refining strategy; Edgar Quijano and Alfredo Gómez, human resources labor advisors, and Carmen Elisa Hernández, project analyst of 3243: 1334:

the beginning of the session, the microphones were returned and less than half an hour of the agenda was completed, Cabello prevented the opposition legislators from participating again in the debate and silenced William Dávila. Opposition deputies responded by sounding

1307:. Nicolás Maduro accepted the audit proposed by the opposition but was rejected by the CNE, which declared that the process was automated and that the proposed audit could not be carried out in the proposed terms, arguing that it was not foreseen in the legal system. 1054:

On 15 August 2007, Chávez presented 33 articles before the National Assembly, which was in charge of discussing the constitutional reform and once sanctioned, it was to be sent to the National Electoral Council (CNE). The proposals included turning Venezuela into a

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nation and indefinite re-election of the officeholders. The CNE received the project on 2 November, which in turn was presented to the Venezuelan public in two blocks of articles, each one with the options "YES" and "NO" to either accept or reject the request.

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and other main cities in the country. A march in favor of the freedom of expression was organized on 21 May in Caracas, led by students and journalists. The Supreme Tribunal later reaffirmed Chávez's decision that RCTV had to end its transmissions by 27 May.

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endorsed by Capriles, arguing that the same "should have been carried out together with a review of the voting notebooks", and proceeded to challenge the electoral process for which reason the process was challenged before the Supreme Tribunal of Justice.

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reported that the government was punishing citizens who signed the referendum petition. Likewise, the government and some signers denounced threats of dismissal against workers of private businesses that did not prove that they signed against Chávez.

1318:, announced that he would withhold the salaries of those deputies who questioned the legitimacy of Nicolás Maduro as President, and in the 16 April parliamentary session he prevented said deputies from speaking. During the session, opposition deputy 547:(MAS) asked for calling another Constituent Assembly; Justice First and the Catholic Church asked the government for a change of course. The strike was observed by 90% of the country, becoming Pedro Carmona and Carlos Ortega the opposition leaders. 494:, Minister of Planning. The meetings did not bring results, despite the fact that they took place once a week and that Chávez was present in one of them. The government continued to elaborate 49 controversial laws without sharing their content with 8666:

In January 2014, in a context of economic decline, inflation and widespread insecurity in the country, a group of opposition leaders initiated a campaign to remove President Nicolás Maduro from office. The effort was referred to as "The Exit" ("La

4835: 4571: 340:, who argued that power was being centralized and that a military estate was going to be formed. A referendum was then called for 15 December in order to approve or reject the text. Democratic Action, Copei, Justice First, Project Venezuela and 394:, both former members of Democratic Action and former mayors of the Libertador Municipality of Caracas, made public their intentions to run against the President, both independently. Unexpectedly, in mid-February 2000, Chávez's other partners: 1778:

as their candidate for the 2024 presidential elections. She was disqualified from holding office in Venezuela in June 2023. Venezuelan NGOs and political parties have denounced the use of disinformation, death threats, and physical attacks by

1464:, campaign whose objective was to "find a peaceful, democratic and constitutional solution to the government of Nicolás Maduro". The government issued an arrest warrant against López, who turned himself in on 18 February and was imprisoned. 232:

in January 1999 paved the way for this proposal. The Supreme Court even ratified Chávez's opinion that since the Constituent Power was an "original power", it should not be subject to the powers established in the current Magna Carta. The

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party, then part of the ruling party, considered he idea of removing three opposition governors using the constituent power. For his part, Chávez did not oppose to be ratified by the body, and was sworn in again before the Constituent.

1212:(PSUV) ruling party, decided not to join the MUD coalition but to run its own independent candidates, becoming the third political force in the country with two elected deputies after receiving a total of 3.14% of the national vote. 418:

opposition leader received support from La Causa R and a handful of small leftist parties, although not from Democratic Action and Copei. Even though some analysts considered Arias Cardenas more pragmatic than Chávez, others such as

1242:

two opposition parties with the highest vote in the last elections, did not support the proposal. However, on 30 July, 2011 they announced that they had unanimously agreed to use a unitary card, only for the presidential election.

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campaigned against the approval of the Constitution. Although these forces agreed that a new Magna Carta was necessary in general, they were in complete disagreement with the result, where their representation had been symbolic.

8016: 5643: 1357:, the Assembly official television channel of the, focused the camera shots on the roof of the chamber and broadcast the audio of the Assembly Secretary, Iván Zerpa, when he was reading the approval of new additional credits. 406:; made a public statement giving Chávez an ultimatum to imprison some members of his government, since they assured that they had irrefutable evidence proving their corruption, including the President of the legislative power, 372:

economy had sunk 7%, unemployment had increased, and foreign investors had moved away from the country. However, in spite of these problems and with the traditional political parties weakened, Chavez's reelection was imminent.

1741:, a coalition of leftist parties and movements critical of the government's policies. During the electoral campaign, coalition leaders and candidates were victims of arrests, physical attacks and even received death threats. 1756:

million signatures in twelve hours, which resulted in not reaching the required signatures, the referendum being declared inadmissible and making it impossible to summon for another recall for Nicolás Maduro's second term.

1633:

The opposition National Assembly approved a statement "to disavow the alleged results (...) and especially the alleged election of Nicolás Maduro Moros as President of the Republic, who must be considered as a usurper" The

460:

and private sectors filed nullity actions before the Supreme Court of Justice against the creation of official supervisors; such legal actions were dismissed by the Supreme Court. On 1 April 2001, in the television program

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members, outside the political parties, the lack of unity atomized their efforts. As such, 33% of the forces that voted for candidates unrelated to the Chavismo, only managed to bring seven constituents, one of them being

8600: 9542: 3082:. The old flag has been used as a sign of opposition and has been used as a dividing symbol by the government and opposition, with some in the opposition viewing the eight-star flag as a representation of oppression. 5739: 957:

released a report expressing concern about the Venezuelans distrust towards the electoral authorities. Chavez accused the OAS of stigmatizing the results of the elections and called the report as a "dirty document".

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decreed the 2013 presidential elections null after reportedly obtaining evidence that Nicolás Maduro was ineligible to be elected and to hold the office of the presidency, citing that he was born in Colombia.

712:

The same day, Pedro Carmona swore himself in as president of Venezuela, establishing a transitional government that would call for elections in December 2002. His first official act was the dissolution of the

1611:, the director of Cepaz, declared that "the electoral guarantees agreement is a deceit to the citizenry, since it contemplates points already established in the Law and which the CNE has not complied with". 10346:

Hemos tenido algo que pasó de ser provisional a convertirse en algo perpetuo. Y no se celebraron las elecciones, de manera que el artículo 233 perdió su razón de ser para justificar el gobierno interino.

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The government announced in 2005 the parliamentary elections scheduled for the end of the same year. Since its announcement, the process was highly criticized by Henry Ramos Allup (secretary general of

914:, containing personal data and signatures of those who supported the recall, was subsequently disseminated. People who were on the list were denied government benefits and jobs in the following years. 1200:, among others. Most of them presented unitary candidacies, except for the parties Fuerza Liberal, Democracia Renovadora, Movimiento Laborista and Venezuela de Primera, which despite belonging to the 9393: 1204:(MUD) did not support all the candidacies. Contrary to the case were the parties PANA, Conde, PMV, which although they are not formal members of the coalition, did support all their candidacies. The 298:, the president of the high court, resigned after realizing that her colleagues were going to ratify the January decision, as she considered that the rule of law was being violated with the decision: 8630: 9369: 8215: 1833:

was the leader of the opposition during the presidential crisis, though he lost support as the opposition failed to achieve its objectives under his mandate. Into the 2024 presidential elections,

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to appeal to disaffected chavistas had helped broaden the opposition's voter base, saw his leadership challenged by a faction whose message seemed intended to polarise, not unite, the electorate.

4778: 486:, where the anniversary of the National Guard was being celebrated. According to Carmona, Chávez told he no longer wanted conflicts with Fedecámaras, and they plan a meeting on 22 August at the 7566: 2386: 9987:

Foreign outlets, dutifully supporting Trump administration calls for regime change, reported that a widespread uprising was underway, even though Juan Guaidó's coup attempt had little support.

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22 April 2002 Monday, "Rapid-Fire Coup Caught Chavez Foes Off Guard", BYLINE: HECTOR TOBAR, PATRICK J. McDONNELL, PAUL RICHTER, TIMES STAFF WRITERS, SECTION: PART A; Part 1; Foreign Desk; p. 1

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On 25 August, the conflict between the Constituent Assembly and the Congress openly broke out. Taking advantage of a parliamentary recess, the pro-government constituent majority occupied the

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So far, Venezuela's birther movement also has found no evidence to back their claims, much like their American counterparts. But, in another similarity, they stubbornly refuse to back down.

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and Julio Borges, from UNT and PJ, respectively, indicated that they would try legal actions for considering the constitutional amendment initiative as unconstitutional and antidemocratic.

4421: 10358: 9462: 9347: 3892: 3849: 3693: 3615: 3539: 9799: 6824: 4675: 2632: 1154:

The official results indicated that the "Yes" option (to approve the amendment) obtained 54% of the votes, and that the "No" option (to reject the amendment) obtained 45% of the votes.

659:

with chavista sympathizers to make it appear that the strike has not been effective. On 11 April, the third day of the strike, a rally was called for at PDVSA's headquarters in Chuao,

7536: 8513: 8112: 3078:, also known as the seven-star flag. The eight-star design altered Venezuela's 200-year-old flag to feature a left-facing horse rather than right, and to add a star to represent the 1711:) backed and approved a reform to dissolve the interim government and create a commission of five members to manage foreign assets, as deputies sought a united strategy ahead of the 9855: 7245: 8542: 4930: 1303:

by National Electoral Council (CNE) rector Vicente Díaz and which was supported by the governments of Spain, United States, France, Paraguay, and the Secretary General of the OAS,

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On 22 October 2002, a group of fourteen military officers, both active and retired (including some who had been involved in the April coup), spoke out against the government in a

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Although in theory the Constituent Assembly also had the power to intervene the executive branch, the presidential powers, governors and mayors were left untouched, although the

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On 13 April and 14, troops loyal to Chavez succeeded in taking over the Miraflores Palace, and several of his ministers headed a temporary government until Chávez was released.

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to demand Hugo Chávez to resign from the presidency. While the march was taking place, President Chavez ordered the military to activate Plan Ávila. When the march reached the

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parliamentary group, Chavismo's main ally in Congress, apparently even they had not been informed of this step beforehand. Once again, the opposition was caught divided: the

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was named president of the National Assembly and began to form a transitional government. Guaidó was declared interim president of Venezuela on 23 January 2019, beginning a

740:

took over the presidency for less than 24 hours, and in the early morning of April 14, Chávez was released from Orchila Island and was reinstated as President of Venezuela.

672: 616: 7120:"Globovision.com - Propuesta de Un Acuerdo de Unidad Nacional "La Alternativa para el Cambio", firmado por las organizaciones políticas de oposición el 23 de enero de 2008" 6413: 4705: 7510: 5127: 663:, led by Pedro Carmona, Carlos Ortega and Guaicaipuro Lameda, the rally finally turned into a march, with numbers estimated to be up to one million people, heading to the 10409: 9925: 8430: 5328: 8254: 648: 8891: 8487: 5936: 6906: 4369: 1730:

Action, Popular Will and Justice First parties, although the judicial decision applied to the latter was removed. The opposition rejected the judicial interventions.

9484: 7960: 10219: 9747: 5713: 1401: 337: 9113: 826: 8941: 419: 9324: 1626:

Maduro was declared winner in the election results. Candidate Henri Falcón rejected the election before the official announcement of the results. The CNE rector

581:

scraping (firing) all of them, all of them, if all of them have to be scraped". The dismissed executives were Eddie Ramírez, managing director of the subsidiary

1627: 754: 1108:

ruling party obtained 17 of the 22 governorships, representing 52% of the votes, while the opposition obtained 5 governorships, representing 41% of the votes.

775:

The government decided to let the protest continue, without repressing it. After several months, the rally lost momentum and failed to achieve its objectives.

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where he was imprisoned for a few hours, there he wrote a letter saying that he had not resigned, after which he was taken by helicopter to the prison in the

523: 9194: 4589: 3943: 3457: 214: 93: 9401: 8863: 3149: 907:

The referendum was held on 15 August 2004 and included centers abroad, such as in the United States and Spain, which resulted in Chávez not being recalled.

10120: 6199: 1417: 9379: 8622: 5042:

On April 11, 2002, by radio, Chavez communicates with several high ranking military officers in order to coordinate the displacement of troops in Caracas.

1215:

The MUD obtained 47.22% of the votes, but did not obtain the majority with 65 seats. The PSUV obtained 98 seats after received 48.13% of the votes due to

655:, of paying a bonus of one and a half million bolivars to the oil workers who did not join the strike, and even of simulating a traffic congestion on the 9432: 8041: 6040: 6015: 5160: 3079: 1561: 9634: 9512: 7306: 1421: 1319: 399: 10542: 5505: 5414: 4786: 349: 160: 6667: 6561: 5536:"MEMORIA HISTÓRICA | 02/12/2002: CTV, Fedecámaras y la Coordinadora Democrática (MUD) inician sabotaje petrolero como "ensayo" de la Guerra Económica" 1409: 263: 9041: 8806: 7823: 6530: 4900: 2804: 2039: 1560:(MUD) from the ballot validation process, making it impossible for the participation of the ballot card in the presidential elections. Hours before, 1434: 1158:

and several opposition parties acknowledged the results of the CNE, but denounced the advantageism of the forces supporting the "Yes". Omar Barboza,

479: 10384: 6832: 5176: 9299:"La MUD anuncia que no participará en las presidenciales de Venezuela y Maduro dice que quiere "megaelección" que incluya parlamentarias y locales" 7670: 7567:"Patria Para Todos considera necesario "buscar una dirección" para los partidos afectos al gobierno de cara a las elecciones | COMUNICAS Venezuela" 5691: 4619: 2705: 1608: 1413: 1370: 620: 7592: 5591: 3938: 426:

was not ready yet. Arias Cárdenas called his supporters to gather in front of the CNE to protest, but they were repelled by a group of Chavistas.

9587: 9355: 4808: 4429: 3144: 2395: 2359: 2297: 2270: 1539: 1311: 527: 245: 241:, from Democratic Action, criticized then the behavior of the bodies, saying that they presented an "obsequious attitude" towards the President. 152: 10486: 10301: 9567: 4391: 3912: 3869: 3713: 3635: 3559: 860:

In August 2003, 3.2 million signatures were submitted to summon the referendum. Based on a legal technicality, the petition was rejected by the

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The sessions hemicycle of the Venezuelan National Assembly, where a brawl between deputies over the election results broke out on 30 April 2013

324:

After over three months of work, the Constituent presented its draft constitution on 19 November, which was only opposed by four constituents:

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went up to complain to Diosdado Cabello when she was pulled by the hair, thrown to the floor and kicked in the face by pro-government deputy

341: 156: 10068:"A timeline of the political crisis in Venezuela, which began with claims of election rigging and has now led to an attempted military coup" 9067:"Por qué la Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela no puede hacer al presidente Nicolás Maduro un "impeachment" como el de Dilma Rousseff en Brasil" 7544: 7359: 1978: 896:

and on 27 February demonstrations to protest against the decision took place in Caracas and fifteen other cities, initially promoted by the

10274: 10015: 9167: 8509: 8120: 5644:"Como "lacra" se refiere Chávez a ex empleados de Pdvsa y Eddie Ramírez le responde. + Video cuando reconoció generar la crisis en el 2002" 2444: 1771: 10681: 10516: 9272: 7256: 6168: 5769: 10190: 9016: 8538: 6668:"Justia Venezuela :: Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela > Título IX > Capítulo II :: Ley de Venezuela" 4938: 4000: 3351: 3319: 615:

and other civil, political and religious associations called for an indefinite general strike. That same day, Chávez meets with generals

586: 10088: 9662: 8452: 6738: 10067: 3346: 3314: 2880: 1983: 1972: 1392:, had to be hospitalized after being hit by five pro-government supporters and falling down stairs. Opposition deputies Ismael García, 784: 582: 499: 8835: 4052: 3505: 7880: 5257: 2069: 1750: 1477: 1117: 993: 10328: 9091: 8719: 7644: 3965: 697:, that Chávez had been asked to resign as President of Venezuela, with Rincón declaring that he accepted. Chávez was transferred to 10900: 10568: 8966: 7911: 4645: 675:, between 2:30 p.m. and 3:45 p.m. Several people were shot and killed, both opposition and pro-government demonstrators. 482:, a businessman close to Chavism, in the elections for President of Fedecámaras. On August 4, Carmona coincides with Chavez at the 10971: 9962:

Venezuelan military personnel who had participated in the coup attempt had since sought asylum in the Brazilian Embassy in Caracas

8652: 705:. By that date, Chavez' sympathizers had gone out to protest in front of the Miraflores Palace and in the Paratroopers Brigade in 10961: 9697: 6914: 1527: 1429: 1132: 718: 9607: 8752:"La historia detrás de la detención de Leopoldo López: sus horas previas, por qué se entregó y la sorprendente oferta de Maduro" 6125: 4731: 853: 815: 7145: 5884: 5618:"Chávez despide a ejecutivos disidentes de Petróleos de Venezuela - ABR. 07, 2002 - Internacionales - Históricos - EL UNIVERSO" 4126: 4093: 3166: 2637: 2265: 2079: 2012: 1724: 1519: 1473: 1193: 1179: 923: 861: 722: 234: 17: 9883: 8426: 7991: 5795:

Cooper, Andrew F.; Legler, Thomas (3 August 2005). "A Tale of Two Mesas: The OAS Defense of Democracy in Peru and Venezuela".

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Chávez firing PDVSA executives in national television and blowing a referee whistle, as if to expel them from a football match

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Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro sought to rally the military on Thursday in the wake of an unsuccessful coup against him.

7684: 4884: 3225: 2457: 2325: 2195: 2161: 2122: 2109: 1880: 1765: 1712: 1565: 1551: 1433:

that allows to infer that president Nicolás Maduro Moros is a Colombian national". In January 2018, the opposition-appointed

1424:. However, amateur videos taken by the opposition recorded that the same deputies promoted the attack against the opponents. 1295: 1268: 1251: 1236: 973: 967: 821:

On 5 December, the crew of the oil tanker Pilín León declared rebellion and anchored the vessel in the navigation channel of

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Bellaviti, Sean (May 2021). "La Hora de la Salsa : Nicolás Maduro and the Political Dimensions of Salsa in Venezuela".

8483: 7170: 10976: 7119: 6989: 6880: 1274: 544: 178: 10041: 8299: 7970: 7416: 6277: 1140: 10850: 10654:"Urgente: ELN amenaza de muerte a María Corina Machado en Venezuela: le exigen que se aparte de las elecciones primarias" 9246: 8660: 7781: 7222: 5669: 1784: 1405: 1209: 1105: 989: 10459: 9943: 9117: 8053: 6936: 6798: 414:. Chávez's responded by criticizing his former colleagues, whom he reproached for "not having washed the rags at home". 9332: 7400: 7345: 6854: 5027: 4530: 3488: 3171: 2957: 2414: 2062: 1155: 1085: 938: 8396: 8042:

http://www.antena3.com/noticias/mundo/rector-cne-solicita-auditoria-100-papeletas-que-maduro-acepta_2013041500020.html

7041: 7015: 5617: 5432: 5382: 237:(CNE) gave its approval after reviewing the bases proposed by the President, and the referendum was set for 25 April. 10092: 9827: 9731: 8681: 7756: 7093: 5868: 5565: 4998: 4451: 3017: 1999: 1738: 882: 841: 2999: 1373:, who minutes before had attacked her. Machado stated that Cabello laughed while the opponents were being attacked. 10359:"27 partidos de oposición de Venezuela descartan competir en elecciones parlamentaria y denuncian fraude electoral" 8325: 7331: 6225: 5104: 4597: 2922: 2848: 2229: 1910: 1685: 612: 531: 362: 225: 7196: 7067: 6504: 5911: 106:

Chávez became a presidential candidate in April 1997, after obtaining the approval of his political movement, the

9856:"Guaidó: El cese de la usurpación, gobierno de transición y elecciones libres sigue siendo nuestra bandera #2Ago" 8653:"Detailed findings of the independent international fact-finding mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela" 7511:"Los pasos de Podemos con el chavismo por Venezuela y los 3,2 millones de dólares que se metieron en el bolsillo" 4478: 2696: 1639: 1556:

On 25 January 2018, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice ordered the CNE to exclude the

1128: 954: 790: 10873: 8374: 8348: 8190: 8168: 8079: 7443: 6765: 6694: 6330: 1354: 2984: 2809: 2399: 2390: 2371: 2366: 1681: 1663: 6050: 6025: 5156: 5051: 2338: 10818: 8240: 4779:"Hace 14 años Fedecámaras convocó a un paro patronal para desestabilizar al gobierno de Chávez | El Abrelata" 4620:"ATTORNEY GENERAL'S OFFICE ADMITS THAT VENEZUELAN GOVERNMENT EXCEEDED ITS AUTHORITY IN ENACTING ENABLING LAW" 2774: 2260: 2223: 2057: 1704: 1515: 985: 930: 714: 483: 202: 9800:""Me habría gustado escuchar a presidentes como Lula y Petro ponerse del lado de las víctimas": Juan Guaidó" 7477: 6633: 6599: 6482: 6460: 5513: 5350: 5298: 5205: 213:

were cautious as they did not know the details of the country's project proposed by the President. Only the

10841: 3139: 2692: 1938: 1734: 1136: 687: 598: 205:(AD) criticized the manner in which Chávez was leading the process, arguing that it excluded the Congress. 10434: 10162: 9775:"Qué significa el fin del "gobierno" de Juan Guaidó y cómo queda ahora la oposición a Maduro en Venezuela" 7620:"Chávez sólo logra mayoría simple en el Parlamento tras el éxito de la oposición | Venezuela | elmundo.es" 6962: 6540: 4908: 4342: 4314: 4258:"Los compañeros golpistas de Chávez amenazan con retirarle el apoyo si no encarcela a varios altos cargos" 4257: 4195: 1800: 9969: 5062: 4284: 4152: 2233: 2199: 2165: 1689: 1620: 1557: 1201: 1092: 1065: 671:. Opposition groups and Chavez supporters began to confront each other and were mostly controlled by the 283: 8143:"Lucena: Es imposible realizar la auditoría en los términos planteados - Elecciones 2013 - EL UNIVERSAL" 7774:"As Clear as MUD: Characteristics, Objectives, and Strategies of the Opposition in Bolivarian Venezuela" 7372: 4623: 3995: 1900: 832:

Finally, the opposition stopped the strike. Movements to start a recall referendum started years later.

395: 379: 7724: 3129: 693:

In the early morning of 12 April, the Military High Command announced through the Minister of Defense,

577: 10924: 9921: 6067: 5740:"A 11 años del referendo revocatorio del 2004: la ratificación inédita del gobierno de Chávez - Fotos" 3194: 7619: 4399: 3273: 1279: 656: 506: 7688: 4225: 3582: 1715:

scheduled for 2024, stating that the interim government had failed to achieve the goals it had set.

6726: 5885:"Mira las trabas que puso el CNE en 2004 para que no hubiera revocatorio contra Chávez - NotiTotal" 5457: 5235: 5177:"13 de abril de 2002: Chavistas retoman el poder y una carta escrita por su líder anima el rescate" 4761: 2354: 2312: 2237: 2203: 2169: 2154: 1967: 1825: 1447: 1006: 847: 535: 218: 30: 10710: 10517:"María Corina Machado is winner of Venezuela opposition primary that the government has denounced" 3075: 3071: 534:(CTV in Spanish), the main labor union of the country, joined Fedecámaras. Its general secretary, 375: 10686: 10625: 8593:"¿Dónde nació Nicolás Maduro? El Supremo de Venezuela contradice la autobiografía del mandatario" 5987: 3087: 2995: 2727: 2591: 2554: 1023: 769: 749: 668: 539: 291: 115: 10600:[Comptroller's Office disqualifies María Corina Machado for 15 years, says José Brito]. 7773: 5860: 5853: 4370:"El DECRETO 1011 LOS SUPERVISORES ITINERANTES EN LA PERSPECTIVA DE LOS ADVERSARIOS Y DEFENSORES" 3356: 3074:, the opposition refused to recognize the new symbol, saying that they would continue using the 2868: 2831: 2434: 2184: 1870: 1834: 1809: 1775: 1668: 1366: 1291: 194: 10385:"El Supremo venezolano suspende la intervención judicial de Primero Justicia | DW | 04.09.2020" 9914: 6176: 4504: 3274:"¿Modernización autoritaria o actualización del populismo? La transición política en Venezuela" 3251: 2991: 789:

On 2 December 2002, days after the creation of a dialogue and agreement table sponsored by the

98: 10304:[2015 NA approves its extension for one more year and eliminates interim government]. 10220:"Leopoldo López y su familia ingresaron como huéspedes a la residencia del embajador de Chile" 4653: 3154: 1486:

Opposition members celebrate their win in the in 2015 parliamentary elections (left to right:

1304: 694: 639:

and Cilia Flores. Also present were several Chavista Ministers, governors and mayors, general

411: 9774: 9298: 9066: 6305:"Chávez califica de "documento sucio" el informe de la OEA sobre las elecciones de diciembre" 5963: 5714:"Algunas lecciones para no olvidar del referendo revocatorio de 2004, por Carlos García Soto" 4347: 4319: 4262: 4230: 4200: 4118: 4085: 3800: 3769: 3741: 3285: 3239: 3124: 2615: 1573: 628: 77: 9543:"Unión Europea prepara nuevas sanciones contra la dictadura en Venezuela y la estatal PDVSA" 9455:"Asamblea Nacional aprobó un acuerdo para "reiterar el desconocimiento de la farsa" del 20M" 6093: 4343:"El Tribunal Supremo de Venezuela suspende las elecciones por falta de condiciones técnicas" 4028: 3765:"El Congreso venezolano insiste en discutir hoy su futuro, pese al veto de la Constituyente" 3414: 3324: 1064:"NO" were Primero Justicia, A New Era, For Social Democracy, COPEI, Movement For Socialism, 474:

Between 2001 and 2003, multiple chavistas started opposing Chávez as well. On 28 July 2001,

250: 10571:[José Brito: Comptroller's Office disqualified María Corina Machado for 15 years]. 9485:"Parlamento Europeo rechaza las elecciones presidenciales por considerarlas "fraudulentas"" 7938: 4060: 3934: 3657: 3513: 3448: 3383: 2762: 2687: 1523: 1506: 210: 10874:"Yon Goicoechea: "Espero recuperar mi libertad pronto, junto al resto de los venezolanos"" 8707:

Dubbed 'La Salida' (The Exit) by members of the opposition who called for Maduro's ousting

7933: 5479: 3035: 1737:

broke its ties of support to the government of Nicolás Maduro and then became part of the

733:

opposed Carmona's government and began to actively seek a way to restore Chávez to power.

189:

and former candidate Irene Sáez, who had just formed an alliance with the Chavismo in the

8: 9999: 7648: 5132: 4023: 3973: 3409: 3095: 2875: 2742: 1326:) was hit with a microphone by a pro-government deputy, for which he needed 16 stitches. 998: 127: 10141: 7417:"Oposición reconoce triunfo del "sí" en referendo sobre reelección ilimitada | Emol.com" 6695:"Venezuela convoca el referéndum sobre la reforma constitucional para el 2 de diciembre" 5410: 5231: 4872: 4590:"Desde la distancia: LIBRO: "MI TESTIMONIO ANTE LA HISTORIA", por Pedro Carmona E. 2005" 1345: 10768: 10167: 9948: 9906: 9513:"Eurocámara pide la suspensión inmediata del proceso ilegítimo del #20May en Venezuela" 9370:"Maduro promete ser el "protector" de Amazonas y "golpear" a las mafias de la gasolina" 8784: 8724: 8698: 7798: 6395: 4523:

Dragon in the tropics: Hugo Chávez and the political economy of revolution in Venezuela

3481:

Dragon in the tropics: Hugo Chávez and the political economy of revolution in Venezuela

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Students that participated in the 2007 protests adopted the white hands as a symbol of

3091: 3083: 2682: 1569: 1220: 1205: 329: 317: 123: 9689: 1672:

Juan Guaidó surrounded by members of the opposition during the public assembly in 2019

1495: 1389: 333: 10772: 10626:"Alerta: hay una operación de influencia en contra de @MariaCorinaYA en curso. (...)" 10172: 9910: 9727: 8702: 8234: 8087: 7794: 7752: 7485: 7451: 7233: 6773: 6702: 6643: 6634:"Chávez presenta la reforma constitucional que le permitirá gobernar indefinidamente" 6607: 6600:"Chávez presenta la reforma constitucional que le permitirá gobernar indefinidamente" 6399: 6338: 6122: 5864: 5358: 5023: 4994: 4880: 4739: 4526: 4164: 3904: 3861: 3705: 3627: 3551: 3484: 3289: 3161: 3108: 3049: 2710: 2667: 2512: 2255: 2133: 2099: 1875: 1581: 1243: 702: 664: 487: 238: 198: 34: 8738:

a nationwide effort called 'la Salida' or 'the Exit,' aimed at ending Maduro's rule.

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competition. Venezuelan opposition protesters and some individuals belonging to the

2578: 2139: 1924: 1805: 1693: 1577: 1457: 1323: 1299: 891: 678: 640: 632: 518:, at that time 95% of Venezuelan landowners did not have firm titles at the moment. 462: 391: 325: 287: 57: 10928: 10878: 10758: 10125: 10072: 9898: 9724:

Things are never so bad that they can't get worse: inside the collapse of Venezuela

8690: 8457: 7790: 7749:

Things are never so bad that they can't get worse: inside the collapse of Venezuela

6990:"Globovision.com - UNT propuso la unión y el consenso para las próximas elecciones" 6967: 6385: 6226:"La oposición se retira de las elecciones legislativas en Venezuela - Wikinoticias" 5804: 5596: 5151: 3827: 3198: 2549: 1315: 1184: 1096: 1018: 737: 515: 449: 10790: 9902: 7593:"Los escenarios del país: Elecciones parlamentarias del 2010 vs 2015 - El Impulso" 6438: 6143: 4706:"Chávez destacó que el gobierno aprobó 49 leyes en el marco de la Ley Habilitante" 1361: 1159: 1101: 636: 10826: 10715: 7965: 7174: 6881:"Globovision.com - Manuel Rosales exhortó a la comunión de todos los venezolanos" 6505:"Artistas en la "marcha por la libertad de expresión" en Caracas - El Carabobeño" 6129: 6045: 6020: 5164: 5146: 2789: 2620: 2218: 1600: 1196:, a new block of parties joined the coalition, including Podemos, MIN Unidad and 1167: 934: 764: 387: 165: 9995:"Maduro vows retaliation for coup attempt as he denies attempts to flee to Cuba" 9884:"Venezuelan military: a political and ideological model in Chavista governments" 8564: 7123: 6993: 6884: 2757: 1894: 1585: 624: 10410:"La oposición venezolana rechaza las intervenciones judiciales de sus partidos" 10046: 2910: 2544: 2439: 2189: 2093: 2029: 1635: 1491: 1487: 1216: 1197: 1163: 1039: 1011: 942: 822: 726: 491: 407: 138:

Constituent Assembly, as he promised to seek their support to push it forward.

9608:"Solo el 29% de los venezolanos planea votar en las elecciones presidenciales" 8694: 8326:"Una pelea en la Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela deja varios diputados heridos" 7849:"Capriles solicita formalmente al CNE que recuente el 100 % de los votos" 7223:

Bolívar, espejo de la revolución: los comicios regionales de 2008 en Venezuela

5808: 5797:

Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations

5692:"La oposición venezolana cesa paro de dos meses - Edición Impresa - ABC Color" 4546: 3347:"El partido Copei acordó retirar apoyo a Irene Sáez y respaldar a Salas Römer" 2344: 1830: 1677: 911: 798: 730: 563: 502:, which its critics argued violated Articles 206 and 211 of the Constitution. 495: 441: 169: 53: 10950: 10602: 10306: 10176: 9748:"Guaidó aboga por un gobierno de transición y elecciones libres en Venezuela" 9425:"Rector Luis Emilio Rondón desconoce resultados de elecciones presidenciales" 9374: 9348:"Lucena contradice a candidatos y asegura que acuerdo de garantías se cumple" 9195:"ANC adelanta elecciones presidenciales mientras oposición llama a la unidad" 8091: 7489: 7455: 7347:

Rosales exhorta a no caer en el juego "diabólico" de la reelección indefinida

6777: 6706: 6647: 6611: 6562:«Noticias Flash - Heridos en protestas contra el cierre de RCTV en Venezuela» 6390: 6373: 6342: 5823:"Venezuela: Con 3 millones de firmas oposición pide referéndum contra Chávez" 5362: 5019: 4168: 3908: 3865: 3709: 3631: 3555: 3293: 2943: 2600: 2583: 2497: 2292: 2249: 2104: 1930: 1905: 1821: 1700: 1651: 1616: 1592: 1247: 1224: 950: 866: 794: 683: 644: 475: 258: 206: 190: 186: 72:

used to describe political, social and religious movements that have opposed

69: 10763: 10742: 10598:"Contraloría inhabilita a María Corina Machado por 15 años, dice José Brito" 9635:"Seis países reunidos por G-20 desconocen el proceso ilegítimo de Venezuela" 7714: 7712: 1864: 1599:

Three of the five presidential candidates (Nicolás Maduro, Henri Falcón and

652: 119: 10249:"Venezuela's Guaido calls on troops to join him in uprising against Maduro" 10089:"May Day street clashes in Paris fuelled by widening anti-Macron coalition" 9752: 7852: 6374:"Contesting Autocracy: Repression and Opposition Coordination in Venezuela" 5484: 5052:

http://brianandrewnelson.com/Venezuela/Video_Clips/Killing_of_Jesus_A_2.mov

3112: 3060: 2563: 2381: 2349: 2287: 2281: 2212: 2144: 1499: 1467: 1453: 1381: 1148: 38: 10302:"AN de 2015 aprueba su extensión por otro año y elimina gobierno interino" 6251: 4963: 4479:"Sistema Educativo Bolivariano: Chávez y el Sistema Educativo Bolivariano" 3662: 1286:

protesting the Electoral Council results of the 2013 presidential election

1254:. During his campaign, he also appealed to disillusioned chavista voters. 1131:

and to grant the power to the executive to appoint the magistrates of the

805: 651:. Among other things, there was talk of applying the military contingency 10543:"Venezuela opposition candidate Machado barred from holding office-gov't" 9588:"La OEA insta a Maduro a cancelar las elecciones presidenciales de abril" 9568:"Estos países votaron a favor de la resolución de la OEA sobre Venezuela" 7709: 7537:"Análisis AP: Patria Para Todos se distancia de Chávez en Noticias24.com" 5351:"La oposición apoya a 14 altos mandos militares sublevados contra Chávez" 3102: 1588:

announced their candidacy by calling for a primary within the coalition.

511: 445: 435: 10709:

Fray, Keith; Daniels, Joe; Silva, Vanessa; Stott, Michael (2023-03-05).

9042:"En qué consiste el control político a Maduro, aprobado por la Asamblea" 8836:"Suspenden recolección de firmas para convocar a referendo en Venezuela" 8623:"TSJ en el exilio decreta nulidad de elección de Maduro como presidente" 7171:"El Nuevo Día - Podemos dispuesto a apoyar candidato opositor demócrata" 6907:"Líder opositor afirma que 'gana la democracia' y llama a la reconcili…" 6825:"La oposición venezolana reitera sus llamamientos a la 'reconciliación'" 5321:"Diosdado Cabello: Yo ya fui presidente en el 2002 gracias a la derecha" 4422:"Leonardo Carvajal: Resolución 058 pretende implementar el decreto 1011" 1376:

Among the most badly injured were Julio Borges, who was hit in the left

10754: 10569:"José Brito: Contraloría inhabilitó a María Corina Machado por 15 años" 10224: 10191:"Russian army helping Venezuela amid US 'threats': Moscow's ambassador" 9974: 9860: 9639: 9517: 9489: 8992:"Colombia y 11 países muestran preocupación por la crisis en Venezuela" 8278:"Elecciones 2013 TSJ desechó las impugnaciones contra comicios del 14A" 7992:"Gobierno pide recuento de votos en Venezuela - Nacionales - ABC Color" 5258:"12 de abril de 2002: Carmona, disolución de poderes y caos en el país" 3041:

A white hand, symbol of Movimiento Estudiantil during the 2007 protests

2428: 2178: 2023: 1787:(ELN), a far-left Colombian guerrilla group, on opposition candidates. 1699:

In December 2022, three of the four main opposition political parties (

1643: 1604: 1482: 1283: 698: 10491: 7961:"EEUU considera 'prudente y necesario' recuento de votos en Venezuela" 6638: 5063:

http://brianandrewnelson.com/Venezuela/Video_Clips/Malvina_Tortoza.mov

4931:"Toro Hardy: Despidos tras paro petrolero en 2002 destruyeron a Pdvsa" 1342:

as a protest and displayed a banner reading "Coup to the Parliament".

37:, the presidential opposition candidate in 2012 and 2013, wearing the 10195: 8222:(in Spanish). 2022-06-27. Archived from the original on 22 April 2013 8216:"CNE: Se hará auditoría de verificación al 46% de cajas no auditadas" 7885: 5937:"Venezuela: Oposición lista para recolección de firmas contra Chávez" 4836:"11 de abril de 2002: El Golpe de Estado y la resistencia del pueblo" 4315:"Guerra sin cuartel entre las dos caras de la revolución bolivariana" 3056: 2893:

Movement for a Responsible, Sustainable and Entrepreneurial Venezuela

2529: 2149: 2034: 1813: 1708: 1647: 1461: 1377: 1056: 1035: 946: 802:

Chávez's resignation was achieved, but said resignation did not come.

273: 45: 6963:"Chávez califica de 'victoria de mierda' el triunfo de la oposición" 6573: 6200:"Venezuela: Partidos opositores se retiran de elecciones | Emol.com" 3002:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 874: 603: 10682:"La Fiscalía investigará amenazas de muerte contra Delsa Solórzano" 10573: 10333: 10146: 10020: 9832: 9220:"Oposición venezolana pide postergar las elecciones presidenciales" 9141:"Ramos Allup se medirá en las elecciones primarias de la oposición" 8539:"TSJ contradice a Maduro y resuelve el misterio de su nacionalidad" 6252:"Partidos de oposición se retiran de las elecciones parlamentarias" 6147: 3115:

among the Venezuelan opposition during his presidential campaigns.

2897:

Movimiento por una Venezuela Responsable, Sostenible y Emprendedora

2517: 1780: 1607:, Cepaz and the Global Observatory on Communication and Democracy. 1339: 1335: 1043: 73: 49: 8917:"Con suspensión de referendo, Nicolás Maduro instala 'autocracia'" 8892:"Asamblea declara 'ruptura del orden constitucional' en Venezuela" 7645:"Divulgación Elecciones Parlamentarias - 26 de septiembre de 2010" 7281: 10630: 10329:"Mayoría de la AN-2015 ratifica disolución del Gobierno interino" 10279: 10252: 10246: 9017:"Asamblea venezolana debate llevar a Maduro a un juicio político" 8807:"Venezuela's Lame-Duck Congress Names New Supreme Court Justices" 8756: 8569: 7388:

Dirigentes de la oposición anuncian creación de comando por el No

4525:. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. pp. 21–24. 4119:"Resultados electorales referendo consultivo nacional 25/04/1999" 3583:"El sistema electoral en la Ley Orgánica de Procesos Electorales" 3483:. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. pp. 18–19. 3315:"Irene Sáez cae 30% en el término de tres meses en las encuestas" 878: 706: 660: 10016:"Here's what Barr left out in his summary of Mueller's findings" 8453:"Venezuela: Pres. Maduro opponents fan flames of birther debate" 6727:

http://cdn.eluniversal.com/2007/08/16/reformaconstitucional2.pdf

5964:"Chávez espera copia de planillas para mostrar fraude en cadena" 5016:

The Quest: energy, security and the remaking of the modern world

3996:"Constituyentes de la provincia emboscaron la descentralización" 1961: 1623:

by promising to supply fuel to the state in exchange for votes.

10658: 8113:"CNE rechaza realizar la auditoría en los términos de Capriles" 8080:"Venezuela rechaza el recuento de votos que exige la oposición" 6531:"Court: Venezuelan TV station must stop broadcasting - CNN.com" 5983: 10487:"La inviable activación del revocatorio contra Nicolás Maduro" 10435:"El Partido Comunista de Venezuela rompe con Maduro | Ex-Ante" 9944:"Venezuela Crisis: Guaidó Calls for Uprising as Clashes Erupt" 8967:"Luis Almagro denuncia 'rompimiento democrático' en Venezuela" 8780:"Venezuela Muzzles Legislature, Moving Closer to One-Man Rule" 7881:"Why is Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro so controversial?" 7307:"Mesa de la Unidad Democrática define estructura organizativa" 3796:"La Constituyente y el Congreso compartirán sede en Venezuela" 3090:

used the seven-star flag while walking down the runway at the

1250:, was chosen as the opposition presidential candidate for the 9804: 9690:"Isolation greets Maduro's new term as Venezuela's president" 8942:"'En Venezuela se dio un golpe de Estado': Henrique Capriles" 8255:"Capriles: Rectores del CNE se pagaron y se dieron el vuelto" 7361:

Oposición rechaza anuncio de Chávez de tramitar su reelección

5855:

Comandante : myth and reality in Hugo Chávez's Venezuela

4153:"Cambios en la participación electoral venezolana: 1998-2000" 1030:

On 28 December 2006, Chávez informed that he would not renew

758:

Altamira Square, place where the military protest took place.

573: 382:

was one of the main opposition leaders between 2000 and 2002.

290:, and called for an emergency session in the Federal Palace. 182: 131: 10901:"De las boinas azules, a las capuchas y a las manos blancas" 10042:"Maduro rallies troops against 'traitors' – DW – 05/02/2019" 9394:"Henri Falcón: Hay que hacer nuevas elecciones en Venezuela" 4993:(1st publ. ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. 4991:

Venezuela's Chavismo and populism in comparative perspective

1170:, among other opposition figures, acknowledged the results. 809:

Long lines of vehicles at a gas station on 10 December 2002.

9116:. Tribunal Supremo de Justicia de Venezuela. Archived from 8375:"La violencia irrumpe en la Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela" 8169:"La violencia irrumpe en la Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela" 1452:

In February 2014, amid an economic decline and high crime,

1031: 130:, but she lost popularity after receiving the backing from 10121:"Venezuelans take to streets as uprising attempt sputters" 9663:"Asamblea Nacional arranca proceso para Ley de Transicion" 9273:"MUD no participará en elecciones presidenciales del 22-A" 9168:"Ramos Allup: Las primarias son la forma más democrática" 9070: 8510:"Machado: Ya van 4 parroquias donde nació Nicolás Maduro" 8401: 8300:"Pelea de diputados en la Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela" 7934:"Francia y España esperan reconteo de votos en Venezuela" 7402:

Oposición anuncia puesta en marcha de comando por el "No"

7246:"Mesa de la Unidad Democrática: Propuestas Programáticas" 6535: 6331:"Las controvertidas primarias de la oposición venezolana" 5788: 4964:"11 de abril de 2002: Esa marcha no llegará a Miraflores" 10813: 10811: 9970:"Once Again, Mainstream Media Get It Wrong on Venezuela" 5157:"Lessons of the April Coup: Harnecker interviews Chávez" 4676:"Chávez ha dictado 143 leyes vía Habilitante desde 2001" 4547:"Venezuela: Hugo Chávez otro populista.-10 las 49 leyes" 3284:(131). Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Jurídicas de la 3272:

Gómez Calcaño, Luis; Arenas, Nelly (January–June 2001).

1468:

2015 legislative elections and recall referendum project

224:

The process promoted by Chávez was not set forth in the

10275:"Venezuela opposition removes interim President Guaido" 9092:"TSJ ordenó excluir a la MUD del proceso de validación" 5220: 4785:(in European Spanish). 20 December 2017. Archived from 1790: 1002:

Demonstration in front of the RCTV building in Caracas.

611:

On 9 April 2002, the organizations of Fedecámaras, the

592: 10747:

Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics

10105:

Defiant Maduro claims victory over Guaido coup attempt

10066:

Christofaro, Beatrice; Baker, Sinéad (30 April 2019).

9726:. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. pp. 211–217. 7751:. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. pp. 204–205. 5542:(in European Spanish). 2 December 2016. Archived from 5506:"A 10 años del paro de 2002 - Economía - EL UNIVERSAL" 3966:"Copei ratificó su rechazo al proyecto constitucional" 1162:(leader of Justice First), Ismael García for PODEMOS, 10808: 10708: 8349:"La violencia se apodera del Parlamento de Venezuela" 8191:"La violencia se apodera del Parlamento de Venezuela" 5912:"Igadi na Rede / Venezuela: A batalla polo Referendo" 3244:"Críticas a Uslar Pietri por 'anunciar' la intentona" 505:

On 13 November, Chavez decrees the 49 laws under the

103:

specifically exlaimed "Death to the coup plotters!".

10743:"Banal Nationalism Disputes in Venezuela: 1999–2019" 9325:"Las 10 irregularidades de los comicios del #20Mayo" 8269: 6739:"Oposición rechaza la reforma de Chávez - La Prensa" 5383:"Un mes de rebeldía en la Plaza Altamira de Caracas" 4875:; Sanabria, Eduardo (2018). "Llegó la dictablanda". 3933: 3893:"El proceso constituyente y la Constitución de 1999" 3850:"El proceso constituyente y la Constitución de 1999" 3694:"El proceso constituyente y la Constitución de 1999" 3616:"El proceso constituyente y la Constitución de 1999" 3540:"El proceso constituyente y la Constitución de 1999" 3447: 1380:, and María Corina Machado, who suffered a deviated 1135:, as well as the members of the Citizen Power, (the 979: 10514: 10510: 10508: 10485:Moleiro, Alonso; Singer, Florantonia (2022-01-25). 10460:"Candidata de la APR en Mérida amenazada de muerte" 10247:Sequera, Vivian and Angus Berwick (30 April 2019). 8778:Casey, Nicholas; Torres, Patricia (30 March 2017). 8484:"Afirman tener pruebas de que Maduro es colombiano" 7820:""El miércoles voy al CNE", dijo Capriles Radonski" 7703:"MUD usará tarjeta unitaria en presidenciales 2012" 7374:

Andrés Velásquez: La reelección es inconstitucional

6123:

Chávez Ratificado Con el 58 Por Ciento de los votos

5287:(Primera ed.). La Hoja del Norte. p. 217. 5140: 3271: 1744: 1696:fled house arrest. The uprising ultimately failed. 10711:"How Venezuela's Nicolás Maduro outfoxed the west" 9993:Riley-Smith, Ben; Herbert, Samantha (1 May 2019). 9992: 9828:"Juan Guaidó: momentos que marcaron su interinato" 9717: 9715: 7234:http://www.cne.gob.ve/divulgacion_regionales_2008/ 6278:"Venezolanos despojan a Chávez del poder absoluto" 5852: 5592:"Chavez insists Venezuela oil industry rebounding" 161:December 1999 Venezuelan constitutional referendum 7822:. Caracas: Últimas Noticias. 2013. Archived from 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6359: 4901:"ABRIL 2002 CRONOLOGÍA DE LOS HECHOS – El Jojoto" 1526:chavista National Assembly proceeded to pack the 1435:Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile 10948: 10736: 10734: 10732: 10505: 10163:"Photos From Venezuela: A Protest Turns Violent" 10065: 8864:"Se agrava la crisis entre poderes en Venezuela" 7742: 7740: 7738: 7478:"La oposición de Venezuela se une contra Chávez" 4879:(1st ed.). Gráficas Pedrazas. p. 155. 3238: 607:Rally at PDVSA's headquarters in Chuao, Caracas. 572:Tensions worsened on 7 April, when Chávez fired 10541:Armas, Mayela; Sequera, Vivian (30 June 2023). 9712: 9422: 9322: 8712: 8054:"Maduro aceptó auditoría del 100% de las urnas" 7874: 7872: 7870: 6414:"Manuel Rosales, proclamado candidato opositor" 5409: 4871: 4809:"Empresarios venezolanos respaldan paro cívico" 4520: 4514: 4285:"Comentarios: Nubarrones en las Megaelecciones" 4251: 4249: 4220: 4218: 4189: 4187: 4185: 3478: 3224:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCaballero1998 ( 3145:Interventions of political parties in Venezuela 2396:President of the National Assembly of Venezuela 2360:President of the National Assembly of Venezuela 2298:President of the National Assembly of Venezuela 2271:President of the National Assembly of Venezuela 1718: 1591:The National Constituent Assembly called for a 1173: 917: 246:April 1999 Venezuelan constitutional referendum 177:statements made at the time by the head of the 153:April 1999 Venezuelan constitutional referendum 10382: 7671:"MUD se debate entre tarjeta única o unitaria" 7333:Ramos Allup alerta sobre 4 enmiendas de Chávez 6356: 5283:Meza, Alfredo; Lafuente, Sandra (April 2012). 5075:"Caso Llaguno: Dos muertos, once sentenciados" 4682:(in Spanish). 28 December 2011. Archived from 4050: 3824:"Venezuela:President of Supreme Court Resings" 3503: 2470: 1759: 1545: 1262: 1230: 1166:(metropolitan councilman), and student leader 961: 10729: 10484: 8427:"Estudio concluye que Maduro nació en Bogotá" 7735: 6483:"Venezuela: marcha por libertad de expresión" 5081:(in Spanish). 7 November 2018. Archived from 4505:""Chávez y el Sistema Educativo Bolivariano"" 4086:"Resultados electorales referendo 15/12/1999" 3472: 311:, president of the Supreme Court of Venezuela 157:1999 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election 10540: 9687: 8372: 8275: 8166: 8077: 7867: 7765: 6098:Radio y Televisión Martí | Martinoticias.com 6094:"COMENZÓ EL "REPARO" DE FIRMAS EN VENEZUELA" 5794: 5282: 5018:(revised & updated ed.). New York: 4652:(in Spanish). 7 October 2018. Archived from 4334: 4306: 4246: 4215: 4182: 4150: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3609: 3607: 2445:2023 Unitary Platform presidential primaries 1772:2023 Unitary Platform presidential primaries 889:In February 2004, on the television program 422:declared that they were basically the same. 146: 27:Opposition to Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro 10784: 10782: 10240: 10142:"Venezuela arrests over 'uprising attempt'" 10035:Maduro's authoritarian regime was right now 8777: 7444:"Chávez consigue vía libre a la reelección" 5566:"Hace diez años sonó el Pito de la Infamia" 5419:Historieta de Venezuela: De Macuro a Maduro 5119: 4877:Historieta de Venezuela: De Macuro a Maduro 4588:Estanga, Pedro F. Carmona (21 March 2011). 4521:Corrales, Javier; Penfold, Michael (2011). 4477:Olivero, Ana Maria Siso (7 December 2008). 4255: 4151:Pérez Baralt, Carmen (July–December 2000). 4053:"Constituyente: Henrique Capriles Radonsky" 3793: 3533: 3531: 3506:"Constituyente: Henrique Capriles Radonsky" 3479:Corrales, Javier; Penfold, Michael (2011). 1010:Members of the student movement, including 818:opposition coalition or by the government. 778: 10534: 8771: 8749: 8720:"Venezuela protest death toll rises to 13" 6141: 3794:Vinogradoff, Ludmila (11 September 1999). 3789: 3787: 3070:When the Chávez government introduced the 1676:In December 2018, Popular Will politician 1079: 743: 172:presidential inauguration in February 1999 118:party. At the moment, the frontrunner was 10762: 10595: 10112: 9296: 8750:Kobelinsky, Fernanda (18 February 2017). 8678: 8591:Peñaloza, Pedro Pablo (29 October 2016). 8397:"A 'birther' movement rises in Venezuela" 8110: 6389: 6328: 6142:Malinarich, Nathalie (27 November 2006). 5846: 5844: 5128:"Leader of Venezuela Is Forced To Resign" 4256:Vinogradoff, Ludmila (17 February 2000). 4146: 4144: 4113: 4111: 4080: 4078: 3890: 3884: 3847: 3841: 3691: 3678: 3613: 3604: 3580: 3537: 3219: 3213: 3018:Learn how and when to remove this message 1751:2022 Venezuelan recall referendum project 1478:2016 Venezuelan recall referendum project 1365:attacked the opposition deputies. Deputy 1118:2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum 994:2007 Venezuelan constitutional referendum 835: 80:political process since 2 February 1999. 10788: 10779: 10299: 9935: 9825: 9323:Rodríguez Rosas, Ronny (24 April 2018). 9193:NEDERR, SOFÍA NEDERR (24 January 2018). 8590: 8425:Delgado, Antonio María (20 March 2014). 8394: 7476:País, Ediciones El (13 September 2010). 7415:S.A.P., El Mercurio (16 February 2009). 6937:"Propuesta de cambios a la Constitución" 6855:"Propuesta de cambios a la Constitución" 6799:"Propuesta de cambios a la Constitución" 6763: 6198:S.A.P., El Mercurio (29 November 2005). 6169:"¿ES DICTADURA O NO? | ABC DE LA SEMANA" 5478:Caracas, Owain Johnson in (2003-02-20). 4572:"EL PRIMER CHAVEZ EN LA PRENSA ESPAÑOLA" 3528: 3404: 3402: 3371: 3063:, a symbol of the Venezuelan opposition. 1837:was chosen as leader of the opposition. 1804:Prominent Venezuelan opposition leaders 1799: 1667: 1654:rejected the electoral process as well. 1505: 1481: 1344: 1294:, Capriles was also a candidate for the 1278: 1208:party, after breaking alliance with the 1183: 1017: 1005: 997: 873: 804: 753: 677: 602: 374: 272: 164: 29: 10871: 10740: 10566: 10515:Garcia Cano, Regina (26 October 2023). 9931:from the original on 30 September 2023. 9721: 9247:"MUD pide postergar las presidenciales" 8886: 8884: 8565:"Maduro is Venezuelan, top court rules" 8533: 8531: 8424: 7746: 7573:(in European Spanish). 24 February 2010 6371: 6068:":: Consejo Nacional Electoral ::" 6038: 6013: 5978: 5976: 5850: 5770:"Masiva marcha en apoyo de Hugo Chávez" 5477: 4988: 4712:(in European Spanish). 14 November 2001 4587: 4476: 4340: 4312: 4277: 4193: 3784: 3762: 3756: 3734: 3581:Rachadell, Manuel (January–June 2010). 1188:Seats distribution after the elections. 1026:newspaper after the referendum results. 350:December 1999 constitutional referendum 221:was completely opposed to the measure. 14: 10949: 9853: 9540: 9493:(in European Spanish). 8 February 2018 9423:Rodríguez Rosas, Ronny (20 May 2018). 9192: 8858: 8856: 8830: 8828: 7878: 7843: 7841: 7814: 7812: 7771: 7414: 7377:Cadena Global. 3 de diciembre de 2008. 7313:(in European Spanish). 26 January 2011 6631: 6329:HERNÁNDEZ, CLODOVALDO (10 July 2006). 6197: 5982: 5841: 5650:(in European Spanish). 23 January 2010 5405: 5403: 5125: 5013: 5007: 4141: 4127:Consejo Nacional Electoral (Venezuela) 4108: 4094:Consejo Nacional Electoral (Venezuela) 4075: 3763:Aznárez, Juan Jesús (27 August 1999). 3735:Aznárez, Juan Jesús (27 August 1999). 3167:Opposition to Vladimir Putin in Russia 1725:2020 Venezuelan parliamentary election 1657: 1474:2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election 1180:2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election 924:2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election 785:Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003 356: 10272: 10212: 9881: 9826:Arellano, María Angela (2022-12-31). 9566:Web, El Nacional (23 February 2018). 9447: 9386: 9271:Web, El Nacional (21 February 2018). 8340: 8292: 8182: 8160: 7441: 7405:El Universal. 6 de diciembre de 2008. 7350:El Universal. 1 de diciembre de 2008. 6745:(in European Spanish). 17 August 2007 6632:Alonso, Juan Francisco (2007-08-16). 6598:País, Ediciones El (16 August 2007). 6302: 6175:(in European Spanish). Archived from 6032: 5961: 5891:(in European Spanish). 12 August 2016 5589: 5200: 5198: 4958: 4956: 4937:(in European Spanish). Archived from 4907:(in European Spanish). Archived from 4194:Aznárez, Juan Jesús (19 March 2000). 4044: 3399: 3379:"Hugo Chávez, imparable en Venezuela" 3098:continue to use the seven-star flag. 2408: 2306: 2051: 1993: 1774:, the Venezuelan opposition selected 1766:2024 Venezuelan presidential election 1713:next Venezuelan presidential election 1552:2018 Venezuelan presidential election 1514:The opposition won a majority in the 1298:, where the pro-government candidate 1269:2013 Venezuelan presidential election 1237:2012 Venezuelan presidential election 1022:A Venezuelan reads the front page of 968:2006 Venezuelan presidential election 228:, but two favorable decisions of the 10957:Prisoners and detainees of Venezuela 10741:Andrade, Gabriel (1 December 2020). 10478: 10228:(in European Spanish). 30 April 2019 9700:from the original on 11 January 2019 9627: 9605: 9505: 9477: 9362: 9345: 9316: 9166:WEB, EL NACIONAL (23 January 2018). 9139:WEB, EL NACIONAL (18 January 2018). 8881: 8528: 8366: 8346: 8318: 8188: 7617: 7475: 7391:El Nacional. 6 de diciembre de 2008. 6597: 6007: 5973: 5859:. Penguin Press: New York. pp. 5299:"Venezuela investiga el "Carmonazo"" 4982: 4313:Aznarez, Juan Jesús (29 July 2000). 4051:Valente, Jesús (22 September 1999). 3821: 3574: 3504:Valente, Jesús (22 September 1999). 3497: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 2967: 1791:Opposition parties and organizations 1404:also suffered minor contusions. The 1275:National Assembly of Venezuela fight 1257: 623:, as well as with PDVSA's President 593:April 2002 protests and coup attempt 141: 10791:"New Venezuela flag divides nation" 9967: 9669:from the original on 9 January 2019 9585: 9565: 9541:Martín, Sabrina (8 February 2018). 9533: 9270: 9165: 9138: 9094:. EFE. El Nacional. 25 January 2018 8853: 8825: 8661:United Nations Human Rights Council 7838: 7809: 7782:Latin American Politics and Society 7721:Crisis Group Latin America Briefing 6692: 6574:"Latest news from around the world" 6439:"Chávez to shut down opposition TV" 6039:Zeitlin, Janine (11 October 2007). 6014:Zeitlin, Janine (11 October 2007). 5590:Olson, Alexandra (6 January 2003). 5417:(2018). "Llegó la dictablanda...". 5400: 5375: 5343: 5228:"Círculos bolivarianos protestaron" 4865: 4853: 4833: 4502: 4458:(in European Spanish). 1 April 2001 4341:Aznárez, Juan Jesús (26 May 2000). 3972:. 1–8 December 1998. Archived from 3927: 3891:Combellas, Ricardo (January 2003). 3848:Combellas, Ricardo (January 2003). 3692:Combellas, Ricardo (January 2003). 3614:Combellas, Ricardo (January 2003). 3538:Combellas, Ricardo (January 2003). 2644:Movimiento Progresista de Venezuela 1406:United Socialist Party of Venezuela 1219:. However, this time it obtained a 1210:United Socialist Party of Venezuela 990:2007 Venezuelan referendum protests 953:to legislate. In February 2006 the 24: 10843:El movimiento de las manos blancas 9643:(in European Spanish). 21 May 2018 8373:Scharfenberg, Ewald (1 May 2013). 8167:Scharfenberg, Ewald (1 May 2013). 8078:Scharfenberg, Ewald (2013-04-28). 7599:(in European Spanish). 18 May 2015 7336:El Universal. 30 de junio de 2008. 6883:. 27 December 2007. Archived from 6511:(in European Spanish). 27 May 2017 6372:Jiménez, Maryhen (February 2023). 5471: 5450: 5425: 5195: 4953: 3265: 3172:United National Movement (Georgia) 2415:2021 Venezuelan regional elections 2194:Presidential pre-candidate in the 2160:Presidential pre-candidate in the 1540:2017 Constituent National Assembly 1312:President of the National Assembly 1111: 1086:2008 Venezuelan regional elections 686:swearing in as president amid the 368:took an attitude opposed to them. 25: 10988: 10789:Morsbach, Greg (March 13, 2006). 10596:Rodríguez, Ronny (30 June 2023). 10093:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 9521:(in European Spanish). 3 May 2018 8682:Journal of Latin American Studies 8664:. 15 September 2020. p. 14. 7879:Trejos, Amanda (23 August 2017). 7647:. 6 December 2010. Archived from 7442:ORDAZ, PABLO (16 February 2009). 7122:. 27 January 2008. Archived from 6992:. 6 December 2008. Archived from 6461:"Venezuela: otra marcha por RCTV" 6303:Press, Europa (7 February 2006). 5480:"Anti-Chavez protesters murdered" 5458:"Condena por muertos en protesta" 5421:. Gráficas Pedrazas. p. 158. 5105:"Cronología de un vacío de poder" 3658:"El huracán Hugo arrasó con todo" 3430: 3355:. 1 December 1998. Archived from 3323:. 19 January 1998. Archived from 2951: 2927:Movimiento Ecológico de Venezuela 2633:Progressive Movement of Venezuela 1739:Popular Revolutionary Alternative 1408:reported as injured its deputies 980:2007 RCTV and referendum protests 842:2004 Venezuelan recall referendum 10917: 10893: 10872:Itriago, Andreina (2017-05-29). 10865: 10834: 10830:. 20 September 2010. p. 14. 10702: 10674: 10646: 10618: 10589: 10560: 10452: 10427: 10402: 10376: 10351: 10321: 10293: 10266: 9875: 9847: 9819: 9792: 9767: 9740: 9688:Smith, Scott (10 January 2019). 9681: 9655: 9416: 9339: 9290: 9264: 9238: 9212: 9186: 9159: 9132: 9106: 9084: 9059: 9034: 9009: 8984: 8959: 8934: 8909: 8799: 8743: 8672: 8645: 8615: 8603:from the original on 11 May 2018 8584: 8557: 8545:from the original on 11 May 2018 8541:. El Nacional. 28 October 2016. 8516:from the original on 11 May 2018 8502: 8490:from the original on 11 May 2018 8476: 8445: 8433:from the original on 11 May 2018 8418: 8395:Castillo, Mariano (2013-07-27). 8388: 8247: 8208: 8135: 8104: 8071: 8046: 8035: 8009: 7984: 7953: 7926: 7900: 7795:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2014.00248.x 7695: 7677: 7663: 7637: 7611: 7585: 7559: 7529: 7503: 7469: 7435: 7408: 7394: 7380: 7366: 7353: 7339: 7325: 7299: 7274: 7238: 7227: 7215: 7189: 7163: 7138: 7112: 7086: 7060: 7034: 7008: 6982: 6955: 6929: 6899: 6873: 6847: 6817: 6791: 6766:"Opinión | Abstenerse es elegir" 6757: 6731: 6720: 6686: 6660: 6625: 6591: 6566: 6555: 6523: 6497: 6475: 6453: 6431: 6406: 6322: 6296: 6270: 6244: 6218: 6191: 6161: 6135: 6112: 6086: 6060: 5955: 5670:"Venezuela: firmas y más firmas" 5433:"Venezuela, 60 días de rebeldía" 4646:"GOBIERNO VIOLÓ LA CONSTITUCIÓN" 3939:"Se inicia campaña en Venezuela" 3048: 3034: 2972: 2923:Ecological Movement of Venezuela 2427: 2337: 2280: 2248: 2230:Metropolitan District of Caracas 2211: 2177: 2132: 2092: 2022: 1979:Venezuelan Workers Confederation 1960: 1923: 1893: 1863: 1745:Second recall referendum project 1441: 613:Venezuelan Workers Confederation 558: 532:Venezuelan Workers Confederation 363:2000 Venezuelan general election 257:majority of the candidates were 52:governments of former President 9244: 8633:from the original on 9 May 2019 7685:"ABP respalda tarjeta unitaria" 7255:. 22 April 2010. Archived from 6764:Martínez, Ibsen (22 May 2018). 5989:Contexto y Balance de Situación 5929: 5909: 5903: 5877: 5815: 5762: 5732: 5706: 5684: 5662: 5636: 5610: 5583: 5558: 5528: 5498: 5313: 5291: 5276: 5250: 5234:. 13 April 2002. Archived from 5169: 5126:Wilson, Scott (13 April 2002). 5097: 5067: 5056: 5045: 5036: 4923: 4893: 4827: 4801: 4771: 4754: 4724: 4698: 4668: 4638: 4612: 4581: 4564: 4539: 4496: 4470: 4444: 4414: 4384: 4362: 4016: 3988: 3958: 3815: 3728: 3650: 3453:"Ante referéndum constituyente" 3059:. Several demonstrators wear a 1692:on 30 April 2019, during which 1688:against Maduro with a group of 1640:Organization of American States 955:Organization of American States 791:Organization of American States 410:, and foreign affairs minister 10962:Democracy movements by country 10567:Perdomo, Luna (30 June 2023). 10383:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. 10300:Martínez, Deisy (2022-12-30). 9854:Suarez, Enrique (2021-08-02). 9297:Redacción (21 February 2018). 8512:. Informe21. 10 October 2013. 8486:. Noticias RCN. 29 July 2013. 8276:El Universal (7 August 2013). 6913:. 29 June 2012. Archived from 6831:. 29 June 2012. Archived from 5943:(in Spanish). 27 November 2003 5159:. Retrieved 7 September 2010. 4815:(in Spanish). 19 November 2001 3339: 3307: 3232: 3187: 2560: 2367:Venezuelan presidential crisis 2070:2007 constitutional referendum 1664:Venezuelan presidential crisis 1568:. The same month, politicians 1223:, unlike 2005 when it held an 1143:and the Comptroller General). 1100:governorships and mayorships. 488:Miraflores Presidential Palace 469: 429: 60:, commonly referred to as the 13: 1: 9903:10.1080/14702436.2021.1976061 9882:Villa, Rafael Duarte (2022). 9606:Wyss, Jim (7 February 2018). 9461:. 22 May 2018. Archived from 7687:. 10 May 2011. Archived from 6539:. 26 May 2007. Archived from 6144:"Venezuela: A nation divided" 4483:Sistema Educativo Bolivariano 3180: 2919: 2889: 2400:Acting President of Venezuela 2372:Acting President of Venezuela 1795: 1510:Opposition protestors in 2016 986:2007 Venezuelan RCTV protests 543:consultative referendum, the 193:state, supported the decree; 83: 10972:Opposition to Nicolás Maduro 10466:(in Spanish). 2 October 2020 10273:Armas, Mayela (2022-12-31). 9378:. 8 May 2018. Archived from 8347:Meza, Alfredo (1 May 2013). 8189:Meza, Alfredo (1 May 2013). 8119:(in Spanish). Archived from 7969:. 2013-04-18. Archived from 7719:"Venezuela: Tipping Point". 7618:Internet, Unidad Editorial. 7173:. 7 May 2008. Archived from 6118:Consejo Nacional Electoral. 5829:(in Spanish). 20 August 2003 5746:(in Spanish). Archived from 5512:(in Spanish). Archived from 5327:(in Spanish). Archived from 4452:"Chávez: El Decreto 1011 va" 3737:"Una institución de florero" 3140:Hong Kong democracy movement 2931: 2901: 2857: 2820: 2783: 2751: 2721: 2676: 2648: 2609: 2572: 2538: 2506: 2266:2015 parliamentary elections 2080:2010 parliamentary elections 2013:2005 parliamentary elections 1735:Communist Party of Venezuela 1719:2020 parliamentary elections 1174:2010 parliamentary elections 918:2005 parliamentary elections 643:, the mayor of West Caracas 599:2002 Venezuelan coup attempt 538:, had defeated the chavista 498:or its agrarian equivalent, 226:1961 Venezuelan Constitution 7: 10977:Anti-communism in Venezuela 9968:Fox, Michael (2 May 2019). 4392:"Con mis hijos no te metas" 3410:"Chávez modera su discurso" 3118: 3111:popularized the use of the 2998:the claims made and adding 2490:International Associations 2471:Democratic Unity Roundtable 2326:2018 presidential elections 2123:2013 presidential elections 2110:2012 presidential elections 1881:1998 presidential elections 1760:2024 presidential elections 1566:2018 presidential elections 1558:Democratic Unity Roundtable 1546:2018 presidential elections 1528:Supreme Tribunal of Justice 1520:2015 parliamentary election 1430:Supreme Tribunal of Justice 1263:2013 presidential elections 1231:2012 presidential elections 1202:Democratic Unity Roundtable 1133:Supreme Tribunal of Justice 1093:Democratic Unity Roundtable 1066:Democratic Republican Union 974:2006 presidential elections 962:2006 presidential elections 719:Supreme Tribunal of Justice 647:, and the former guerrilla 484:Venezuelan Military Academy 10: 10993: 10905:Observatorio Hannah Arendt 10662:(in Spanish). 22 July 2023 10634:(in Spanish). 10 July 2023 7725:International Crisis Group 7203:(in Spanish). 22 July 2018 7100:(in Spanish). 21 July 2018 7074:(in Spanish). 21 July 2018 7048:(in Spanish). 21 July 2018 7022:(in Spanish). 21 July 2018 6943:(in Spanish). 16 July 2018 6861:(in Spanish). 16 July 2018 6805:(in Spanish). 16 July 2018 5357:(in Spanish). 2002-10-24. 3130:Chinese democracy movement 3080:disputed Guayana territory 2963: 2775:Fearless People's Alliance 2513:Henrique Capriles Radonski 2465: 2458:2024 presidential election 2410:Without defined leadership 2387:2020 national consultation 2308:Without defined leadership 2224:Fearless People's Alliance 2196:2013 presidential election 2162:2013 presidential election 2053:Without defined leadership 1995:Without defined leadership 1763: 1748: 1722: 1661: 1549: 1471: 1445: 1296:2013 presidential election 1272: 1266: 1252:2012 presidential election 1234: 1194:2010 legislative elections 1177: 1115: 1083: 983: 965: 921: 862:National Electoral Council 845: 839: 782: 747: 723:National Electoral Council 596: 578:Guaicaipuro Lameda Montero 433: 360: 284:Federal Legislative Palace 235:National Electoral Council 150: 90:February 1992 coup attempt 10967:Opposition to Hugo Chávez 10925:"La gorra de la polémica" 9722:Neumann, William (2022). 9346:León, Ibis (2 May 2018). 8695:10.1017/S0022216X21000237 8239:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7747:Neumann, William (2022). 5809:10.1163/19426720-01104003 4989:Hawkins, Kirk A. (2010). 3242:, ed. (5 February 1992). 3195:"La gorra de la polémica" 3055:2014 opposition rally in 2477: 2448: 2438: 2433: 2426: 2418: 2348: 2343: 2336: 2333: 2264: 2148: 2128: 2113: 2103: 2098: 2091: 2061: 2048: 2003: 1934: 1845: 1530:prior to its departure. 910:After the referendum the 885:campaign to recall Chávez 657:Francisco Fajardo Highway 557: 552: 147:1999 Constituent Assembly 10441:(in Spanish). 2020-11-19 10365:(in Spanish). 2020-08-03 10337:(in Spanish). 2022-12-30 9756:(in Spanish). 2019-01-25 9586:EFE (23 February 2018). 7942:(in Spanish). 2013-04-15 7146:"Plataforma Bolivariana" 6391:10.1177/0032321721999975 5570:www.noticierodigital.com 5439:(in Spanish). 2002-12-22 5206:"¿Quién es Raúl Baduel?" 5163:21 February 2014 at the 4426:www.noticierodigital.com 4396:www.noticierodigital.com 4024:"Empresarios, por el No" 2355:2019 Venezuelan protests 2313:2017 Venezuelan protests 2238:2014 Venezuelan protests 2204:2014 Venezuelan protests 2170:2014 Venezuelan protests 2155:2014 Venezuelan protests 1984:2002-2003 general strike 1973:2002-2003 general strike 1951:President of Venezuela 1901:Francisco Arias Cárdenas 1816:. Juan Guaidó is behind. 1785:National Liberation Army 1448:2014 Venezuelan protests 1032:Radio Caracas Televisión 854:Coordinadora Democrática 848:2004 Venezuelan protests 816:Coordinadora Democrática 779:2002-2003 general strike 446:Presidential Decree 1011 396:Francisco Arias Cárdenas 380:Francisco Arias Cárdenas 230:Supreme Court of Justice 110:, to participate in the 10764:10.2478/jnmlp-2020-0007 7286:www.unidadvenezuela.org 6693:EFE (3 November 2007). 5962:Rojas, Alfredo (2004), 5774:La Nación, Grupo Nación 5510:archivo.eluniversal.com 5014:Yergin, Daniel (2012). 4840:cucuta.consulado.gob.ve 3822:APTN (25 August 1999). 2592:Socialist International 2555:Socialist International 2449:Presidential candidate 2114:Presidential candidate 2044:Presidential candidate 1915:Presidential candidate 1885:Presidential candidate 1080:2008 regional elections 1014:, in the "NO" campaign. 750:Plaza Altamira military 744:Plaza Altamira Military 116:Fifth Republic Movement 7772:Cannon, Barry (2014). 5851:Carroll, Rory (2013). 5460:. BBC News. 2003-04-15 4196:"Duelo de comandantes" 3252:Santa Cruz de Tenerife 3072:2006 flag of Venezuela 2958:Movimiento Estudiantil 2063:Movimiento estudiantil 2040:Presidenciales de 2006 2000:2004 recall referendum 1911:2000 general elections 1817: 1783:supporters and by the 1673: 1646:and nations including 1511: 1503: 1350: 1287: 1189: 1156:Movimiento Estudiantil 1027: 1015: 1003: 939:Movement for Socialism 886: 836:2004 recall referendum 827:Rafael Urdaneta bridge 810: 759: 690: 649:Guillermo García Ponce 617:Efraín Vásquez Velazco 608: 545:Movement for Socialism 453: 386:Only two politicians, 383: 314: 279: 179:Movement for Socialism 173: 56:and current President 42: 18:Opposition to Chavismo 10521:Associated Press News 10391:(in European Spanish) 8328:. Público. 1 May 2013 7515:diariolasamericas.com 7197:"Nacional y Política" 7094:"Nacional y Política" 7068:"Nacional y Política" 7042:"Nacional y Política" 7016:"Nacional y Política" 6173:www.abcdelasemana.com 6074:(in European Spanish) 5694:(in European Spanish) 5648:El Weblog de Infragon 5264:(in European Spanish) 3286:Universidad del Zulia 3125:Belarusian opposition 2853:Convergencia Nacional 1803: 1671: 1509: 1485: 1348: 1282: 1187: 1021: 1009: 1001: 877: 808: 757: 681: 606: 378: 300: 276: 168: 78:Bolivarian Revolution 76:, and the associated 62:Venezuelan opposition 33: 10851:Los Andes University 8257:. El Universal. 2013 6672:venezuela.justia.com 6041:"War on Hugo Chávez" 6016:"War on Hugo Chávez" 5285:El Acertijo de Abril 4736:www.ventanalegal.com 4157:Cuestiones Políticas 3937:(22 November 1999). 3935:Agence France-Presse 3449:Agence France-Presse 3384:El Tiempo (Colombia) 3278:Cuestiones políticas 2849:National Convergence 2779:Alianza Bravo Pueblo 2763:Democratic socialism 2747:Avanzada Progresista 2688:Liberal conservatism 2435:Maria Corina Machado 2185:María Corina Machado 1871:Henrique Salas Römer 1835:María Corina Machado 1810:María Corina Machado 1776:María Corina Machado 1402:Eduardo Gómez Sigala 1367:María Corina Machado 1322:(Democratic Action, 1292:death of Hugo Chávez 1091:(later known as the 404:Joel Acosta Chirinos 338:Virgilio Ávila Vivas 217:of former President 195:Henrique Salas Römer 126:and Mayoress of the 10464:La Izquierda Diario 10118: • 10000:The Daily Telegraph 9539: • 8629:. 11 January 2018. 8627:Diario las Américas 8429:. El Nuevo Herald. 8147:www.eluniversal.com 8058:DiarioRepublica.com 7914:on 19 November 2015 7727:: 10. 21 May 2014. 7221:LF Angosto (2009), 6887:on 27 December 2007 6128:27 May 2010 at the 5133:The Washington Post 4834:Palacio, Mayerlin. 4226:"Deriva venezolana" 3451:(4 February 1999). 3096:Venezuelan diaspora 2876:Christian democracy 2743:Progressive Advance 1682:presidential crisis 1658:Presidential crisis 1305:José Miguel Insulza 695:Lucas Rincón Romero 673:Metropolitan Police 627:, Attorney General 420:Eleazar Díaz Rangel 412:José Vicente Rangel 357:2000 mega-elections 219:Carlos Andrés Pérez 215:Movimiento Apertura 128:Chacao Municipality 94:David Morales Bello 10168:The New York Times 9949:The New York Times 9941: • 9245:web, Chenoticias. 8813:. 23 December 2015 8785:The New York Times 8728:. 24 February 2014 8597:Univisión Noticias 7651:on 6 December 2010 7541:www.noticias24.com 7282:"Unidad Venezuela" 7126:on 27 January 2008 6996:on 6 December 2008 6441:. 29 December 2006 5986:(September 2004). 5744:www.noticias24.com 5672:. 24 December 2003 5622:www.eluniverso.com 5238:on 2 November 2003 5155:, 9 January 2003). 4594:Desde la distancia 4503:Herrera, Mariano. 4234:. 22 February 2000 4032:. 24 November 1999 4029:Clarín (Argentina) 3976:on 31 October 2005 3415:Clarín (Argentina) 3135:Generation of 1928 3092:Miss Universe 2010 3088:Stefanía Fernández 3084:Miss Universe 2009 2983:possibly contains 2683:Henrique Salas Feo 2672:Proyecto Venezuela 2236:leader during the 2202:leader during the 2168:leader during the 2058:2007 RCTV protests 1818: 1690:military defectors 1674: 1628:Luis Emilio Rondón 1570:Juan Pablo Guanipa 1512: 1504: 1418:Maigualida Barrera 1360:Opposition deputy 1351: 1288: 1206:Fatherland For All 1190: 1129:Bolivarian Militia 1028: 1016: 1004: 972:With the upcoming 898:Bloque Democrático 887: 811: 760: 731:Raúl Isaías Baduel 691: 609: 540:Aristóbulo Istúriz 384: 330:Alberto Franceschi 318:Fatherland For All 292:Aristóbulo Istúriz 280: 251:Juan Vicente Gómez 174: 124:Miss Universe 1981 48:opposition to the 43: 9553:on 4 January 2019 9335:on 25 April 2018. 9226:. 28 January 2018 8017:"Copia archivada" 7908:"Copia archivada" 7826:on 4 October 2013 7262:on 26 August 2014 6971:. 6 December 2007 6378:Political Studies 6132:, 16 August 2004. 6053:on 20 July 2008. 5995:. pp. 11, 16 5415:Sanabria, Eduardo 5411:Márquez, Laureano 5208:. 6 November 2007 4886:978-1-7328777-1-9 4873:Márquez, Laureano 4860:Los Angeles Times 4063:on 4 October 2011 4004:. 1 December 1999 3970:Analítica semanal 3516:on 4 October 2011 3418:. 3 December 1998 3162:Kazakh opposition 3109:Henrique Capriles 3028: 3027: 3020: 2985:original research 2949: 2948: 2885: 2864:Juan José Caldera 2838:Social democracy 2827:Julio César Reyes 2794:Social democracy 2668:Project Venezuela 2654:Simón Calzadilla 2587:Social democracy 2463: 2462: 2391:COVID-19 pandemic 2261:Democratic Action 2256:Henry Ramos Allup 2100:Henrique Capriles 1977:President of the 1939:2002 coup attempt 1876:Project Venezuela 1705:Democratic Action 1582:Henry Ramos Allup 1516:National Assembly 1388:, deputy for the 1386:Américo de Grazia 1353:A brawl started; 1258:Maduro presidency 1244:Henrique Capriles 1225:absolute majority 951:absolute majority 931:Democratic Action 881:rally during the 715:National Assembly 688:2002 coup attempt 665:Miraflores Palace 570: 569: 524:Miguel Pérez Abad 440:In October 2000, 239:Henry Ramos Allup 203:Democratic Action 199:Project Venezuela 142:Chávez presidency 68:, is a political 35:Henrique Capriles 16:(Redirected from 10984: 10941: 10940: 10938: 10936: 10931:. 3 October 2012 10921: 10915: 10914: 10912: 10911: 10897: 10891: 10890: 10888: 10887: 10869: 10863: 10862: 10860: 10858: 10848: 10838: 10832: 10831: 10823: 10815: 10806: 10805: 10803: 10801: 10786: 10777: 10776: 10766: 10738: 10727: 10726: 10724: 10723: 10706: 10700: 10699: 10697: 10695: 10690:. 14 August 2023 10678: 10672: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10650: 10644: 10643: 10641: 10639: 10622: 10616: 10615: 10613: 10611: 10593: 10587: 10586: 10584: 10582: 10564: 10558: 10557: 10555: 10553: 10538: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10527: 10512: 10503: 10502: 10500: 10499: 10482: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10456: 10450: 10449: 10447: 10446: 10431: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10421: 10406: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10396: 10380: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10370: 10355: 10349: 10348: 10343: 10342: 10325: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10315: 10297: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10287: 10270: 10264: 10263: 10261: 10259: 10244: 10238: 10237: 10235: 10233: 10216: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10204: 10186: 10184: 10183: 10158: 10156: 10155: 10137: 10135: 10134: 10126:Associated Press 10116: 10110: 10107: 10102: 10100: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10073:Business Insider 10062: 10057: 10055: 10037: 10031: 10029: 10011: 10009: 10007: 9989: 9984: 9982: 9964: 9959: 9957: 9939: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9888: 9879: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9869: 9851: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9841: 9823: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9813: 9796: 9790: 9789: 9787: 9786: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9761: 9744: 9738: 9737: 9719: 9710: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9685: 9679: 9678: 9676: 9674: 9659: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9631: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9582: 9580: 9578: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9549:. 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On May 4, the 516:The Miami Herald 312: 102: 64:, or sometimes, 21: 10992: 10991: 10987: 10986: 10985: 10983: 10982: 10981: 10947: 10946: 10945: 10944: 10934: 10932: 10923: 10922: 10918: 10909: 10907: 10899: 10898: 10894: 10885: 10883: 10870: 10866: 10856: 10854: 10846: 10840: 10839: 10835: 10827:National Review 10821: 10817: 10816: 10809: 10799: 10797: 10787: 10780: 10739: 10730: 10721: 10719: 10716:Financial Times 10707: 10703: 10693: 10691: 10680: 10679: 10675: 10665: 10663: 10652: 10651: 10647: 10637: 10635: 10624: 10623: 10619: 10609: 10607: 10594: 10590: 10580: 10578: 10565: 10561: 10551: 10549: 10539: 10535: 10525: 10523: 10513: 10506: 10497: 10495: 10483: 10479: 10469: 10467: 10458: 10457: 10453: 10444: 10442: 10433: 10432: 10428: 10419: 10417: 10408: 10407: 10403: 10394: 10392: 10381: 10377: 10368: 10366: 10357: 10356: 10352: 10340: 10338: 10327: 10326: 10322: 10313: 10311: 10298: 10294: 10285: 10283: 10271: 10267: 10257: 10255: 10245: 10241: 10231: 10229: 10218: 10217: 10213: 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8149: 8141: 8140: 8136: 8126: 8124: 8123:on 5 March 2016 8117:urbeguayana.com 8111:Administrator. 8109: 8105: 8096: 8094: 8076: 8072: 8063: 8061: 8052: 8051: 8047: 8040: 8036: 8026: 8024: 8023:on 27 June 2013 8015: 8014: 8010: 8001: 7999: 7990: 7989: 7985: 7976: 7974: 7966:El Nuevo Herald 7959: 7958: 7954: 7945: 7943: 7932: 7931: 7927: 7917: 7915: 7906: 7905: 7901: 7891: 7889: 7877: 7868: 7858: 7856: 7855:. 18 April 2013 7847: 7846: 7839: 7829: 7827: 7818: 7817: 7810: 7776: 7770: 7766: 7759: 7745: 7736: 7718: 7717: 7710: 7705:. 30 July 2011. 7701: 7700: 7696: 7691:on 3 June 2013. 7683: 7682: 7678: 7673:. 12 July 2011. 7669: 7668: 7664: 7654: 7652: 7643: 7642: 7638: 7628: 7626: 7616: 7612: 7602: 7600: 7591: 7590: 7586: 7576: 7574: 7565: 7564: 7560: 7550: 7548: 7547:on 30 July 2018 7535: 7534: 7530: 7520: 7518: 7509: 7508: 7504: 7494: 7492: 7474: 7470: 7460: 7458: 7440: 7436: 7426: 7424: 7413: 7409: 7399: 7395: 7385: 7381: 7371: 7367: 7358: 7354: 7344: 7340: 7330: 7326: 7316: 7314: 7305: 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5519: 5517: 5516:on 11 July 2018 5504: 5503: 5499: 5490: 5488: 5476: 5472: 5463: 5461: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5442: 5440: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5408: 5401: 5392: 5390: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5367: 5365: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5331:on 11 July 2018 5319: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5265: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5204: 5203: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5165:Wayback Machine 5145: 5141: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5057: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4987: 4983: 4973: 4971: 4962: 4961: 4954: 4944: 4942: 4941:on 11 July 2018 4929: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4844: 4842: 4832: 4828: 4818: 4816: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4792: 4790: 4789:on 11 July 2018 4777: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4745: 4743: 4742:on 11 July 2018 4730: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4686:on 17 June 2015 4674: 4673: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4629: 4627: 4626:on 4 April 2008 4618: 4617: 4613: 4603: 4601: 4586: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4519: 4515: 4507: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4475: 4471: 4461: 4459: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4432:on 17 June 2018 4420: 4419: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4402:on 16 June 2018 4390: 4389: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4339: 4335: 4325: 4323: 4311: 4307: 4297: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4254: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4224: 4223: 4216: 4206: 4204: 4192: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4149: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4109: 4099: 4097: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4049: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4007: 4005: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3915:on 27 July 2014 3903:(30): 100–113. 3889: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3872:on 27 July 2014 3860:(30): 100–113. 3846: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3820: 3816: 3806: 3804: 3792: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3717: 3716:on 27 July 2014 3704:(30): 100–113. 3690: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3638:on 27 July 2014 3626:(30): 100–113. 3612: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3562:on 27 July 2014 3550:(30): 100–113. 3536: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3446: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3408: 3407: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3387:. 1 August 1998 3377: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3177: 3152: 3121: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3053: 3044: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3024: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2989: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2954: 2940:Green politics 2866: 2829: 2816:Gente Emergente 2807: 2805:Emergent People 2790:Antonio Ledezma 2708: 2635: 2534:Un Nuevo Tiempo 2473: 2468: 2219:Antonio Ledezma 1852:Event/Election 1798: 1793: 1768: 1762: 1753: 1747: 1727: 1721: 1666: 1660: 1601:Javier Bertucci 1554: 1548: 1496:Jesús Torrealba 1480: 1472:Main articles: 1470: 1450: 1444: 1277: 1271: 1265: 1260: 1239: 1233: 1221:simple majority 1182: 1176: 1168:David Smolansky 1120: 1114: 1112:2009 referendum 1088: 1082: 996: 984:Main articles: 982: 970: 964: 935:Teodoro Petkoff 926: 920: 883:2004 referendum 850: 844: 838: 787: 781: 770:Altamira Square 765:pronunciamiento 752: 746: 601: 595: 559: 553:External videos 526:, president of 480:Alberto Cudemus 472: 438: 432: 388:Antonio Ledezma 365: 359: 334:Jorge Olavarría 313: 307: 278:the opposition. 163: 149: 144: 114:, founding the 96: 86: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10990: 10980: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10943: 10942: 10927:(in Spanish). 10916: 10892: 10864: 10833: 10807: 10778: 10728: 10701: 10673: 10645: 10617: 10588: 10559: 10533: 10504: 10477: 10451: 10439:www.ex-ante.cl 10426: 10401: 10375: 10350: 10320: 10292: 10265: 10239: 10211: 10209: 10208: 10187: 10171:. 2019-04-30. 10159: 10111: 10109: 10108: 10085: 10063: 10047:Deutsche Welle 10038: 10012: 9990: 9934: 9874: 9846: 9818: 9791: 9779:BBC News Mundo 9766: 9739: 9732: 9711: 9680: 9654: 9626: 9624: 9623: 9603: 9583: 9532: 9504: 9476: 9465:on 25 May 2018 9446: 9435:on 27 May 2018 9415: 9404:on 21 May 2018 9385: 9382:on 8 May 2018. 9361: 9358:on 3 May 2018. 9338: 9315: 9289: 9263: 9237: 9211: 9185: 9158: 9131: 9105: 9083: 9058: 9033: 9008: 8983: 8958: 8933: 8908: 8880: 8852: 8824: 8798: 8770: 8742: 8711: 8689:(2): 373–396. 8671: 8644: 8614: 8583: 8556: 8527: 8501: 8475: 8444: 8417: 8387: 8365: 8339: 8317: 8291: 8268: 8246: 8207: 8181: 8159: 8134: 8103: 8086:(in Spanish). 8070: 8045: 8034: 8008: 7996:ABC (Paraguay) 7983: 7952: 7925: 7899: 7866: 7837: 7808: 7764: 7757: 7734: 7708: 7694: 7676: 7662: 7636: 7624:www.elmundo.es 7610: 7584: 7558: 7528: 7502: 7484:(in Spanish). 7468: 7450:(in Spanish). 7434: 7407: 7393: 7379: 7365: 7352: 7338: 7324: 7298: 7273: 7237: 7226: 7214: 7188: 7162: 7150:www.nodo50.org 7137: 7111: 7085: 7059: 7033: 7007: 6981: 6954: 6928: 6898: 6872: 6846: 6816: 6790: 6772:(in Spanish). 6756: 6730: 6719: 6701:(in Spanish). 6685: 6659: 6642:(in Spanish). 6624: 6606:(in Spanish). 6590: 6565: 6554: 6543:on 26 May 2007 6522: 6496: 6474: 6452: 6430: 6405: 6355: 6337:(in Spanish). 6321: 6309:europapress.es 6295: 6269: 6243: 6217: 6190: 6160: 6134: 6111: 6085: 6072:www.cne.gov.ve 6059: 6031: 6006: 5972: 5954: 5928: 5902: 5876: 5869: 5840: 5814: 5803:(4): 425–444. 5787: 5761: 5731: 5720:. 29 June 2016 5705: 5683: 5661: 5635: 5624:. 7 April 2002 5609: 5582: 5557: 5527: 5497: 5470: 5449: 5424: 5399: 5374: 5342: 5312: 5290: 5275: 5249: 5230:(in Spanish). 5219: 5194: 5168: 5139: 5118: 5107:. 5 April 2007 5096: 5066: 5055: 5044: 5035: 5029:978-0143121947 5028: 5006: 4999: 4981: 4952: 4922: 4892: 4885: 4864: 4852: 4826: 4800: 4783:elabrelata.com 4770: 4753: 4723: 4697: 4667: 4637: 4611: 4600:on 11 May 2013 4580: 4563: 4551:www.nodo50.org 4538: 4532:978-0815704973 4531: 4513: 4495: 4469: 4443: 4413: 4383: 4361: 4333: 4305: 4276: 4245: 4214: 4181: 4140: 4107: 4074: 4043: 4015: 3987: 3957: 3944:Panamá América 3926: 3883: 3840: 3814: 3783: 3755: 3727: 3677: 3666:. 28 July 1999 3649: 3603: 3573: 3527: 3496: 3490:978-0815704973 3489: 3471: 3458:Panamá América 3429: 3398: 3370: 3338: 3306: 3264: 3231: 3222:, p. 182. 3220:Caballero 1998 3212: 3197:(in Spanish). 3185: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3120: 3117: 3054: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3033: 3032: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3025: 2980: 2978: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2960: 2953: 2952:Student groups 2950: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2930: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2913: 2911:Green politics 2908: 2907:Alexis Romero 2905: 2900: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2878: 2873: 2861: 2856: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2824: 2819: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2733: 2732:Progressivism 2730: 2725: 2720: 2717:Cuentas Claras 2706:Clear Accounts 2703: 2700: 2699: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2657:Progressivism 2655: 2652: 2647: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2581: 2579:Leopoldo López 2576: 2571: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2545:Manuel Rosales 2542: 2537: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2488: 2487:Main ideology 2485: 2482: 2479: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2447: 2442: 2440:Come Venezuela 2437: 2432: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2393: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2246: 2242: 2241: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2208: 2207: 2192: 2190:Come Venezuela 2187: 2182: 2174: 2173: 2158: 2147: 2142: 2140:Leopoldo López 2137: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2030:Manuel Rosales 2027: 2020: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2005: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1982:Leader of the 1975: 1970: 1965: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1941: 1936: 1933: 1928: 1921: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1806:Leopoldo López 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1764:Main article: 1761: 1758: 1749:Main article: 1746: 1743: 1723:Main article: 1720: 1717: 1694:Leopoldo López 1662:Main article: 1659: 1656: 1636:European Union 1621:Amazonas state 1609:Beatriz Borges 1578:Claudio Fermín 1562:Tania D'Amelio 1550:Main article: 1547: 1544: 1492:Freddy Guevara 1488:Lilian Tintori 1469: 1466: 1458:Leopoldo López 1446:Main article: 1443: 1440: 1422:Claudio Farías 1414:Nancy Ascencio 1371:Nancy Ascencio 1320:William Dávila 1300:Nicolás Maduro 1290:Following the 1267:Main article: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1235:Main article: 1232: 1229: 1217:gerrymandering 1178:Main article: 1175: 1172: 1164:Freddy Guevara 1116:Main article: 1113: 1110: 1084:Main article: 1081: 1078: 1068:among others. 1040:Puerto La Cruz 1012:Freddy Guevara 981: 978: 966:Main article: 963: 960: 943:Manuel Rosales 922:Main article: 919: 916: 892:Aló Presidente 840:Main article: 837: 834: 823:Lake Maracaibo 783:Main article: 780: 777: 748:Main article: 745: 742: 727:Carmona Decree 703:Orchila Island 641:Francisco Usón 633:Nicolás Maduro 621:Manuel Rosendo 597:Main article: 594: 591: 568: 567: 566:, 7 April 2002 555: 554: 492:Jorge Giordani 471: 468: 463:Aló Presidente 434:Main article: 431: 428: 408:Luis Miquilena 400:Jesús Urdaneta 392:Claudio Fermín 361:Main article: 358: 355: 326:Claudio Fermín 305: 148: 145: 143: 140: 112:1998 elections 85: 82: 58:Nicolás Maduro 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10989: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10954: 10952: 10930: 10926: 10920: 10906: 10902: 10896: 10881: 10880: 10875: 10868: 10852: 10845: 10844: 10837: 10829: 10828: 10820: 10814: 10812: 10800:September 19, 10796: 10792: 10785: 10783: 10774: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10737: 10735: 10733: 10718: 10717: 10712: 10705: 10689: 10688: 10683: 10677: 10661: 10660: 10655: 10649: 10633: 10632: 10627: 10621: 10605: 10604: 10603:Efecto Cocuyo 10599: 10592: 10576: 10575: 10570: 10563: 10548: 10544: 10537: 10522: 10518: 10511: 10509: 10494: 10493: 10488: 10481: 10465: 10461: 10455: 10440: 10436: 10430: 10415: 10411: 10405: 10390: 10386: 10379: 10364: 10360: 10354: 10347: 10336: 10335: 10330: 10324: 10309: 10308: 10307:Efecto Cocuyo 10303: 10296: 10282: 10281: 10276: 10269: 10254: 10250: 10243: 10227: 10226: 10221: 10215: 10198: 10197: 10192: 10188: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10169: 10164: 10160: 10149: 10148: 10143: 10139: 10138: 10128: 10127: 10122: 10115: 10106: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10075: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10061: 10049: 10048: 10043: 10039: 10036: 10023: 10022: 10017: 10013: 10002: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9988: 9977: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9951: 9950: 9945: 9938: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9918: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9892: 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