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and included student leaders and other civic leaders not connected with the coup attempts. In addition, freedom of expression was suspended for two months in the
February case and three weeks in the November case, with censorship of the media. A series of demonstrations in March/April calling for the resignation of President Pérez and the restoration of constitutional guarantees were met with state violence, including indiscriminate police firing into crowds, with a total of thirteen deaths. A number of members of the press covering the protests were severely injured by police.
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Venezuela to enjoy its oil income ... Fidel stole the show with his
Bolivarian allusions of the Latin American Union and a call to fight against Yankee imperialism ... the Cubans and their materials arrived at Caracas on a bus and the buses and trucks to the Eurobuilding hotel ... they were delivered three days before the arrival of Fidel to Cuban G2 officers who paid their rent in advance and made strange demands. ... After the "coronation", part of the Cuban contingent left the country ... sources reported from Maiquetía that fewer Cubans had left than those who had entered
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attacked by the palace guards who knew about the coup. The firefight then ended Chávez's attack and left 3 of Pérez's bodyguards dead while Pérez hid under an overcoat eluding capture. The president was then able to escape from the palace and then called
General Ochoa saying, "No negotiations. Give them bullets. I want to be back in soon". Pérez then used a local TV station to rally the rest of the military against his aggressors. Chávez's allies were also unable to broadcast Chávez's pre-recorded call for a planned mass civilian uprising against Pérez.
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804:(DGI), may have utilized Chávez to fulfill Cuban strategic dominance of Venezuela and its oil reserves. In Latell's view, the DGI may have either hired Chávez as an agent or provided critical aid to his coup plots. Latell claims Cuba had previously engaged in efforts to destabilize Venezuela by aiding guerrillas in the 1960s. According to General Carlos Julio Peñaloza in his book
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with the help of spontaneous civilian aid. Chávez's forces, however, had failed to take
Caracas since he remained inside the Military Museum. Chávez soon gave himself up to the government. He was then allowed to appear on national television to call for all remaining rebel detachments in Venezuela to
689:
offered assistance to
Venezuela with these debts, but on condition of Venezuela enacting budgetary and fiscal reforms to curtail the deficits. In 1989, President Pérez put these liberalization policies into effect, reducing social spending and many commodity subsidies, and removing longstanding price
662:
and occurred in a period marked by economic liberalization reforms, which were attempted in order to decrease the country's level of indebtedness and had caused major protests and social unrest. Despite their failure to depose the government of Carlos Andrés, the
February coup attempts brought Chávez
681:
However, in the 1980s, other oil producers (especially Saudi Arabia) raised their production, and oil prices dropped. Venezuela's oil revenues dropped substantially, and per capita income declined by about 25%. This imperiled economic and social stability in general. The government's overspending on
962:
In the process of resisting the coup attempts, government agents were reported to have killed 40 people, both civilians and surrendered rebels, either as extrajudicial executions or with disproportionate force. Arbitrary detentions numbered in the hundreds, continued for some time after the events,
907:
Comrades: Unfortunately, for the moment, the objectives that we had set for ourselves have not been achieved in the capital. That's to say that those of us here in
Caracas have not been able to seize power. Where you are, you have performed well, but now is the time for a rethink; new possibilities
788:
occurred in Soviet states, Castro had allegedly began to organize a coup in late 1989 that would indirectly use sleeper agents who participated in the
Caracazo. Castro, who was allegedly one of the main organizers according to Venezuelan Major Orlando Madriz Benítez, would instead use Chávez as the
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With Pérez's growing unpopularity due to liberalization reforms and the coup attempts, the bipartisanship system in the country weakened. The turmoil and failed coups were used by former president Rafael
Caldera, who according to some versions was supposed to take power following the coup. Caldera
885:
The betrayals, defections, errors, and other unforeseen circumstances left Chávez and only a small group of rebels completely cut off in the
Military Museum, without any means of conveying orders to their collaborators. Nevertheless, rebel forces in other parts of Venezuela made swift advances and
1466:
On February 5, 1989, the transmission of Lusinchi's command to Pérez was effected with a lavish ceremony unprecedented in a democracy. Fidel ... was pressured by the "perestroika" that threatened the existence of the Cuban communist regime. The Soviet economic problems made it urgent to control
677:
Venezuela had enjoyed democratic stability since 1958, and also a degree of prosperity. This prosperity was greatly enhanced in the 1970s, when oil prices increased substantially, and Venezuela, a large petroleum exporter, received large revenues, which increased per capita income by about 40%.
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where insurgents attempted to siege the palace and kill President Pérez. Those attempting to attack Miraflores were told that the doors would be opened by the palace guards that were supposedly part of the coup. However, when the attackers approached Miraflores in an armored vehicle, they were
829:
After an extended period of popular dissatisfaction and economic decline under administration of Carlos Andrés Pérez, Chávez made extensive preparations for a military-civilian coup d'état. Initially planned for December 1991, Chávez delayed the MBR-200 coup until the early twilight hours of 4
830:
February 1992. Chávez at the time held the loyalty of some 10% of Venezuela's military forces. On that date, five army units under Chávez's command moved into urban Caracas to seize key military and communications installations throughout the city, including the presidential residence (
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as their group's symbol. Their main complaint was the corruption of Carlos Andrés Pérez as well as Venezuela's ongoing economic difficulties and social turmoil. In the view of these two men, the entire political system had to be changed in order for social change to occur.
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If the USSR were to fall, we would still be surprised by the news that the USSR disintegrated, even in those circumstances Cuba and the Cuban revolution would continue to fight. And that moment Fidel had already made the decision to promote a coup in Venezuela in late
682:
programs caused massive levels of debt with poverty, inflation and unemployment rising while income declined. Corruption was also widespread with crime increasing yearly, making the Venezuelan public, primarily the poor who especially felt neglected, become outraged.
834:), the defense ministry, La Carlota military airport, and the Military Museum. Chávez's ultimate goal was to intercept Pérez, take custody of him and allegedly execute him before he returned to Miraflores from an overseas trip, planning to capture the president at
816:, knew of Chávez's coup plot. Castro allegedly provided agents to convince President Pérez that there was no threat of a coup. After the coup, Caldera, manipulated by Castro and Chávez, was then supposed to take power after Pérez was removed from the presidency.
946:. The group had contacts with Chávez in prison and had learned some lessons from the February coup's errors, including launching at 4:30 am instead of midnight, and obtaining communications equipment to ensure they would not be stranded without it.
858:. Since Pérez had knowledge of the coup, the president was then driven without the car lights on and his vehicle sped onto the highway. Torres, surprised, then ordered those under his command to fire at President Pérez's fleeing vehicle.
1995:
Freed, Kenneth; Long, William R. (15 December 1992). "Regional Outlook Recession, Corruption Fuel Latin Coup Jitters the Region has made Enormous Progress Toward Democracy. but Decades of Military-Dominated History are Hard to Erase".
854:, Switzerland. However, he refused after discovering that Rafael Caldera was to become head of the governing board following the coup. A second attempt to capture Pérez was then committed hours later by then Army captain,
849:
The coup attempt was originally supposed to be performed by Admiral Hernan Gruber Odreman, the highest-ranking officer among conspirators who was supposed to capture President Pérez when he returned to Venezuela from
916:
Despite Chávez's military failure, he was immediately catapulted into the national spotlight due to his action, with many poor Venezuelans seeing him as a figure who had stood up against government corruption and
978:
grounds for which they were criticised. The Court instead found that the President had neglected to suspend the relevant constitutional rights (right to a defense, right to be tried by one's natural judge).
720:, who after failing in an armed insurrection, sought to infiltrate the Venezuelan armed forces to reach power. Thus, preparation for the coup began more than ten years before Pérez was re-elected in 1988.
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In the ensuing violence, 18 soldiers were killed while 51 soldiers were injured, while the majority of those killed during the coup were civilians, with 49 killed and about 80 injured in the crossfire.
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was the head of the movement, behind the scenes the supreme director was Fidel Castro. Chavez was just the military leader of a civil-military conspiracy that would take face to avoid US reactions.
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Participants in the February coup attempt were tried under the regular military justice system. But in response to the November coup attempt, the government created
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Venezuela experienced modernization and had one of the highest GDP per capita in its history, while also having an exchange rate of 4 bolivares per 1 US dollar.
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with Caldera resulted in Pérez's ousting from the presidency on 20 May 1993, on charges of corruption. Swift political maneuvering allowed Caldera to win the
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1103:". As part of his campaign Caldera promised to pardon the coup plotters and later did so, which allowed Hugo Chávez to participate in (and win) the
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controls on many goods. These policies bore heavily on Venezuela's working class and lower class majority. The resultant discontent erupted in the "
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stated that the coup attempts could also be the efforts of corrupt Venezuelan officers seeking take over the government and make money from drugs.
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Coppedge, Michael. "Prospects for Democratic Governability in Venezuela". Journal of Latin American Studies and World Affairs. 36:2 (1994). 39–64.
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commented on the gradual deterioration of Venezuelan democracy and the conflation of poverty and corruption in the nation. Subsequent actions by
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into the national spotlight. Fighting during the coup resulted in the deaths of at least 143 people and possibly as many as several hundred.
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focused on the possible causes of the attempted coups in Venezuela, noting the recession in Latin America and corruption in the government.
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974:, drawn up twenty years before the transition to democracy. The Supreme Court ultimately ruled the courts unconstitutional but not on the
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Sylvia, Ronald D.; Danopoulos, Constantine P.; Danopoulos, C. P. (2003). "The Chávez Phenomenon: Political Change in Venezuela".
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On 27 November 1992, a second coup attempt was launched. It was led by officers from the air force and navy, including pilot
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While officially unconfirmed, Cuban involvement in and facilitation of the coup attempts was alleged by multiple sources.
160:
46:; government loyalist troops deploying to combat MBR-200; and MBR-200 troops arrested following the coup attempt's failure
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1122:, commandant in Maracaibo during February 4 coup d'état attempt, was the opposition candidate, challenging president
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1410:, 28 February 2011 Last updated at 00:03 GMT, Victims of Venezuela's Caracazo clashes reburied, By Sarah Grainger,
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Norden, Deborah L. (1998), "Democracy and Military Control in Venezuela: From Subordination to Insurrection",
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Conflict Encyclopedia, Venezuela, War and Minor Conflict, In depth, Hugo Chávez and the 1992 coup attempt,
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cease hostilities. When he did so, Chávez famously quipped on national television that he had only failed "
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The coup organizers rejected the ruling bipartisanship in Venezuela between the two political parties,
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The San Carlos military stockade, where Hugo Chávez was held after attempting a coup-d'état in 1992
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Some coup leaders later dominated the political scenario in Venezuela, most notable case was the
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1928:"Cómo era la Venezuela en la que triunfó Chávez hace 20 años (y en qué se parece a la actual)"
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The silence and the scorpion : the coup against Chávez and the making of modern Venezuela
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with a heterogeneous and non-traditional group of small independent political parties, named "
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face of a civil-military action in order to avoid retaliatory actions from the United States.
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http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=167®ionSelect=5-Southern_Americas#
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will arise again, and the country will be able to move definitively toward a better future.
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1754:"Building a Democratic, Humanist Socialism: The Political Challenge of the 21st century"
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Castro's Secrets: Cuban Intelligence, the CIA and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy
658:(MBR-200) that took place on 4 February 1992. The coup was directed against President
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who sought re-election. Both Cárdenas and Chávez monopolized 97% of all votes cast.
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1611:"Libro devela sangriento objetivo de la intentona golpista de Hugo Chávez"
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921:. Afterward, Chávez was imprisoned at the San Carlos military stockade.
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1383:, 1971. 1982, and 1994 editions, "Comparative International Statistics"
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was an attempt to seize control of the government of Venezuela by the
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1955:"Guerra sin cuartel entre las dos caras de la revolución bolivariana"
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1851:"El Supremo venezolano procesa por corrupción a Carlos Andrés Perez"
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The final attempt in the coup attempt occurred 30 minutes later at
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MBR-200 troops running outside of the walls of Miraflores Palace
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in Venezuela to create unrest. With Cuba recently entering its
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1312:, Thursday, 5 December 2002, 21:30 GMT, Profile: Hugo Chavez,
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Many of the participants in the coups had been members of the
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1512:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 197.
1483:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 196.
1454:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 185.
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Clifford C. Rohde, Jamie Fellner, Cynthia G. Brown (1993),
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Clifford C. Rohde, Jamie Fellner, Cynthia G. Brown (1993),
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El Delfín de Fidel: La historia oculta tras el golpe del 4F
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El Delfín de Fidel: La historia oculta tras el golpe del 4F
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El Delfín de Fidel: La historia oculta tras el golpe del 4F
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and experiencing economic difficulties as a result of the
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1357:(online ed.). New York: Nation Books. pp. 1–3.
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Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
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The coup attempts were condemned by the governments of:
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https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12593085
881:
Chávez speaking to media outlets following his arrest
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744:(MBR-200) was founded in 1982 by Lieutenant Colonel
1017:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Troops in the street to help defend President Pérez
1926:Olmo (@BBCgolmo), Guillermo D. (6 December 2018).
800:suggested that the Cuban intelligence agency, the
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4095:, and attempted coups in the Americas since 1900
2355:United States–Venezuela Maritime Boundary Treaty
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42:combatant seeking cover; an APC on the steps of
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712:(PRV) in the 1970s. The PRV was created by ex-
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752:. They used the Venezuelan independence hero
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2127:Health and Neoliberalism: Venezuela and Cuba
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931:November 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt
2971:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)
2165:Historieta de Venezuela: De Macuro a Maduro
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1609:Maria Delgado, Antonio (16 February 2015).
812:and the succeeding President of Venezuela,
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1889:"Caldera gana las elecciones en Venezuela"
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1381:Statistical Abstract of the United States
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741:Movimiento Bolivariano Revolucionario 200
3010:Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century
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1026:"February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt"
970:courts based on the 1938 legal code of
249:32 killed (officially) and 130 injured.
5179:
2882:2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election
2862:2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election
2852:Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003
2092:
1985:
1973:from the original on 23 September 2023
1934:from the original on 23 September 2023
1907:from the original on 23 September 2023
1869:from the original on 23 September 2023
1713:
1652:
1571:
1539:
1350:
1325:
1314:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1925236.stm
1278:
949:
588:Death and state funeral of Hugo Chávez
5222:February 1992 events in South America
4061:
3235:
3124:
2689:
2350:Netherlands–Venezuela Boundary Treaty
2224:
1667:"Venezuela Crushes Army Coup Attempt"
1617:from the original on 11 November 2019
1371:
886:took control of such large cities as
656:Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200
92:Hugo Chávez and participants arrested
5192:1990s coups d'état and coup attempts
5187:1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts
2039:
1953:Aznárez, Juan Jesús (28 July 2000).
1736:
1724:
1707:
1695:
1646:
1015:adding citations to reliable sources
986:
760:In February 1989 shortly before the
2816:United Socialist Party of Venezuela
2295:Petróleos de Venezuela subsidiaries
2278:Fundación Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho
2167:(1st ed.). Gráficas Pedrazas.
710:Partido de la Revolución Venezolana
379:American Confederation of Venezuela
24:1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt
13:
2372:Killing of Jorge Antonio Rodríguez
1677:from the original on 3 August 2014
731:, which they saw as a corrupt and
14:
5233:
3030:Hugo Chávez's cult of personality
2826:Constitutional referendum of 2009
2821:Constitutional referendum of 2007
1508:Peñaloza, General Carlos (2014).
1479:Peñaloza, General Carlos (2014).
1450:Peñaloza, General Carlos (2014).
802:Dirección General de Inteligencia
694:" beginning on 27 February 1989.
4041:
4040:
3269:, and attempted coups since 1991
3159:
3104:
3103:
2777:
2772:
2669:
2668:
2402:
2394:1978 Venezuelan general election
2384:Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra
1219:
1207:
1196:
1184:
1173:
1162:
991:
819:
603:
279:
217:
202:
188:
175:
149:
134:
110:
68:
29:
18:Coup d'état attempt in Venezuela
3885:Central African Republic (2021)
3779:Central African Republic (2013)
3593:Central African Republic (2003)
3573:Central African Republic (2001)
3279:List of coups and coup attempts
2715:
2153:
1946:
1919:
1895:(in Spanish). 6 December 1993.
1881:
1843:
1785:International Crisis Group 2007
1778:
1766:
1756:. Retrieved 11 November 2005.
1742:
1730:
1701:
1689:
1640:
1214:Organization of American States
1002:needs additional citations for
3017:El ocaso del socialismo mágico
2095:Latin American Research Review
1524:... although it was said that
1423:
1401:
1303:
1266:
1254:
1114:, in which Zulia governor and
704:Military career of Hugo Chávez
470:Restorative Liberal Revolution
1:
2943:Socialism of the 21st century
2831:Presidential election of 2012
2811:Presidential election of 2006
2759:Presidential election of 1998
2360:Kidnapping of William Niehous
2263:(1974–1979) & (1989-1993)
2075:"Don't Cry for Me, Venezuela"
2010:
1431:La revolución de la guerrilla
1288:Uppsala Conflict Data Program
666:
3950:São Tomé and Príncipe (2022)
3613:São Tomé and Príncipe (2003)
3452:São Tomé and Príncipe (1995)
3074:Venezuela Information Office
3064:The Silence and the Scorpion
2948:Venezuelan communal councils
2594:La rebelión de los náufragos
2163:; Sanabria, Eduardo (2018).
2124:Schuyler, George W. (2001),
1129:
982:
36:Top to bottom, left to right
7:
5217:Military coups in Venezuela
3047:Public image of Hugo Chávez
2542:1998 parliamentary election
1857:(in Spanish). 21 May 1993.
1261:Márquez & Sanabria 2018
1230:
10:
5238:
5016:Trinidad and Tobago (1990)
2601:Paper Tigers and Minotaurs
2448:November 1992 coup attempt
2443:February 1992 coup attempt
2181:
1784:
1772:
1273:Sylvia and Danopolous 2003
1272:
1112:2000 presidential election
1105:1998 presidential election
1097:1993 presidential election
928:
925:November 1992 coup attempt
825:February 1992 coup attempt
748:, who was later joined by
701:
670:
546:November 1992 coup attempt
541:February 1992 coup attempt
366:Viceroyalty of New Granada
5152:
5131:
5080:
5008:
4932:
4782:
4739:Dominican Republic (1963)
4696:
4580:
4438:
4286:
4245:
4161:
4100:
4008:
3872:
3716:
3530:
3299:
3274:
3222:
3169:
3082:
2989:
2956:
2890:
2857:Recall referendum of 2004
2839:
2786:
2770:
2736:
2723:
2631:
2610:
2571:
2554:
2534:
2513:
2487:
2480:
2411:
2400:
2268:
2258:
2108:10.1017/S0023879100038267
1832:23 September 2023 at the
1827:Human rights in Venezuela
1808:23 September 2023 at the
1803:Human rights in Venezuela
1351:Nelson, Brian A. (2009).
697:
673:Early life of Hugo Chávez
419:Revolution of the Reforms
248:
243:
230:
168:
102:
50:
28:
23:
3633:Equatorial Guinea (2004)
2806:General election of 2000
2079:New York Review of Books
1247:
1134:
1120:Francisco Arias Cárdenas
1093:intellectuals associated
750:Francisco Arias Cárdenas
449:Revindicating Revolution
2764:Death and state funeral
1773:Marcano and Tyszka 2007
1297:15 January 2014 at the
1153:International reactions
972:Eleazar López Contreras
856:Miguel Rodríguez Torres
125:Venezuelan Armed Forces
4047:Plots and conspiracies
3553:Solomon Islands (2000)
3042:¿Por qué no te callas?
2796:Cabinet of Hugo Chávez
2729:President of Venezuela
2644:Luis Herrera Campins →
2261:President of Venezuela
2040:Gott, Richard (2005),
2018:"Profile: Hugo Chávez"
1139:In December 1992, the
959:
910:
882:
866:
846:
716:and guerrilla fighter
578:2004 recall referendum
573:2002–03 general strike
169:Commanders and leaders
3417:Bophuthatswana (1994)
3004:Bolivarian propaganda
2918:Bolivarian Revolution
2737:Early life and career
2526:1988 general election
2521:1973 general election
2505:1963 general election
2500:1958 general election
2495:1947 general election
2185:Third World Quarterly
1760:31 March 2008 at the
1417:26 March 2022 at the
1319:26 March 2022 at the
1147:The Los Angeles Times
957:
905:
880:
864:
844:
702:Further information:
671:Further information:
555:Bolivarian Revolution
475:Liberating Revolution
361:Province of Venezuela
244:Casualties and losses
118:Venezuelan Government
84:Failed to depose the
3990:Guinea-Bissau (2023)
3945:Guinea-Bissau (2022)
3929:Burkina Faso (2022)
3764:Guinea-Bissau (2012)
3739:Guinea-Bissau (2011)
3608:Guinea-Bissau (2003)
3583:Côte d'Ivoire (2002)
3558:Côte d'Ivoire (2001)
3522:Côte d'Ivoire (1999)
3507:Guinea-Bissau (1998)
2847:Coup attempt of 2002
2754:Coup attempt of 1992
2389:Sierra Nevada affair
1636:Guillermoprieto 2005
1437:16 July 2011 at the
1101:National Convergence
1011:improve this article
610:Venezuela portal
490:Oil industry history
296:Pre-Columbian period
5202:Carlos Andrés Pérez
4572:Paraguay (Sep 1949)
3985:Sierra Leone (2023)
3980:Burkina Faso (2023)
3834:Burkina Faso (2016)
3824:Burkina Faso (2015)
3588:Burkina Faso (2003)
3367:Sierra Leone (1992)
3332:Georgia (1991–1992)
3322:Soviet Union (1991)
2913:Bolivarian missions
2488:Chamber of Deputies
2290:Oil nationalization
2252:Carlos Andrés Pérez
2060:on 13 December 2005
1748:O'Keefe, Derrick. (
1673:. 5 February 1992.
1613:. El Nuevo Herald.
950:Government response
786:Revolutions of 1989
660:Carlos Andrés Pérez
593:Crisis in Venezuela
454:Legalist Revolution
424:1848–1849 civil war
386:War of Independence
183:Carlos Andrés Pérez
86:Carlos Andrés Pérez
4919:El Salvador (1979)
4828:El Salvador (1972)
4709:El Salvador (1961)
4704:El Salvador (1960)
4534:El Salvador (1948)
4319:El Salvador (1931)
3683:Philippines (2007)
3603:Philippines (2003)
2908:Bolivarian Circles
2140:on 21 October 2005
2024:, 18 February 2013
1838:Human Rights Watch
1814:Human Rights Watch
1671:The New York Times
1574:, pp. 188–189
1551:. pp. 81–82.
1549:Palgrave Macmillan
1237:Night of the Tanks
1191:European Community
960:
883:
867:
847:
806:El Delfín de Fidel
764:, Cuban president
583:2007 RCTV protests
495:Generation of 1928
5207:Conflicts in 1992
5197:1992 in Venezuela
5174:
5173:
4985:Panama (Mar 1988)
4232:Costa Rica (1917)
4055:
4054:
3744:Bangladesh (2011)
3729:Madagascar (2010)
3703:Madagascar (2009)
3693:Mauritania (2008)
3673:Madagascar (2006)
3658:Mauritania (2005)
3598:Mauritania (2003)
3487:Bangladesh (1996)
3442:Azerbaijan (1995)
3387:Azerbaijan (1993)
3336:Venezuela (1992)
3229:
3228:
3118:
3117:
2966:Bank of the South
2938:Plan Bolívar 2000
2801:1999 Constitution
2683:
2682:
2550:
2549:
2481:Electoral history
2413:Second presidency
2198:10.1080/713701367
2174:978-1-7328777-1-9
2161:Márquez, Laureano
2053:978-1-84467-533-3
2046:, London: Verso,
2002:. No. pp. 6.
1999:Los Angeles Times
1752:, 9 March 2005).
1558:978-1-137-27841-8
1547:. New York City:
1142:Los Angeles Times
1087:
1086:
1079:
1061:
871:Miraflores Palace
836:Maiquetía airport
832:Miraflores Palace
768:allegedly placed
746:Hugo Chávez Frías
725:Democratic Action
644:
643:
568:2002 coup attempt
508:Democratic period
371:Captaincy General
253:
252:
98:
97:
58:4–5 February 1992
44:Miraflores Palace
5229:
5108:Venezuela (2002)
5067:Guatemala (1993)
4980:Haiti (Sep 1988)
4975:Haiti (Jun 1988)
4960:Guatemala (1983)
4955:Guatemala (1982)
4881:Argentina (1976)
4843:Chile (Sep 1973)
4838:Chile (Jun 1973)
4759:Argentina (1966)
4729:Guatemala (1963)
4719:Argentina (1962)
4668:Venezuela (1958)
4658:Guatemala (1957)
4633:Argentina (1955)
4628:Guatemala (1954)
4593:Argentina (1951)
4529:Venezuela (1948)
4519:Nicaragua (1947)
4499:Venezuela (1945)
4461:Argentina (1943)
4390:Nicaragua (1936)
4304:Argentina (1930)
4222:Haiti (Nov 1914)
4212:Haiti (Jan 1914)
4143:Venezuela (1908)
4082:
4075:
4068:
4059:
4058:
4044:
4043:
3578:Venezuela (2002)
3407:Lithuania (1993)
3382:Guatemala (1993)
3256:
3249:
3242:
3233:
3232:
3164:
3163:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3107:
3106:
3095:Nicolás Maduro →
3088:← Rafael Caldera
3069:Venezuelanalysis
3024:El pueblo soy yo
2840:Political events
2781:
2776:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2672:
2671:
2660:Rafael Caldera →
2653:← Jaime Lusinchi
2637:← Rafael Caldera
2562:Blanca Rodríguez
2485:
2484:
2473:
2461:
2453:Operation Orchid
2434:
2406:
2380:
2368:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2286:
2270:First presidency
2245:
2238:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2178:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2133:, archived from
2132:
2119:
2110:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2056:, archived from
2032:
2031:
2029:
2004:
2003:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1847:
1841:
1823:
1817:
1799:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1750:Z Communications
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1711:
1710:, pp. 66–67
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1663:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1606:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1447:
1441:
1427:
1421:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1384:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1348:
1323:
1307:
1301:
1285:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1019:
995:
987:
945:
937:Luis Reyes Reyes
636:
629:
622:
608:
607:
606:
500:El Trienio Adeco
480:1902–03 blockade
444:April Revolution
429:March Revolution
338:
324:
283:
273:
255:
254:
231:Military support
226:
222:
221:
220:
213:
207:
206:
205:
193:
192:
180:
179:
156:
154:
153:
145:
139:
138:
137:
115:
114:
73:
72:
71:
52:
51:
33:
21:
20:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5156:successful coup
5148:
5127:
5123:Honduras (2009)
5093:Paraguay (2000)
5076:
5072:Paraguay (1996)
5021:Suriname (1990)
5004:
5000:Paraguay (1989)
4950:Dominica (1981)
4940:Suriname (1980)
4928:
4891:Honduras (1978)
4871:Honduras (1975)
4818:Honduras (1972)
4778:
4744:Honduras (1963)
4692:
4653:Colombia (1957)
4648:Honduras (1956)
4623:Paraguay (1954)
4618:Colombia (1953)
4576:
4562:Colombia (1949)
4539:Paraguay (1948)
4446:Paraguay (1940)
4434:
4415:Paraguay (1937)
4385:Paraguay (1936)
4282:
4241:
4169:Paraguay (1911)
4157:
4138:Paraguay (1908)
4133:Paraguay (1905)
4123:Paraguay (1904)
4113:Paraguay (1902)
4108:Colombia (1900)
4096:
4086:
4056:
4051:
4038:
4004:
3868:
3864:Ethiopia (2019)
3844:Zimbabwe (2017)
3814:Yemen (2014–15)
3804:Thailand (2014)
3712:
3708:Honduras (2009)
3668:Thailand (2006)
3543:Paraguay (2000)
3526:
3517:Pakistan (1999)
3492:Cambodia (1997)
3462:Paraguay (1996)
3437:Cambodia (1994)
3317:Thailand (1991)
3295:
3270:
3260:
3230:
3225:
3224:successful coup
3218:
3165:
3158:
3149:
3119:
3114:
3078:
2985:
2952:
2933:Economic policy
2891:Domestic policy
2886:
2835:
2782:
2768:
2749:Military career
2732:
2719:
2714:
2684:
2679:
2627:
2623:Twelve Apostles
2606:
2567:
2546:
2530:
2509:
2476:
2467:
2455:
2428:
2407:
2398:
2374:
2362:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2280:
2264:
2254:
2249:
2175:
2156:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2083:
2081:
2063:
2061:
2054:
2027:
2025:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2007:
1993:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1834:Wayback Machine
1824:
1820:
1810:Wayback Machine
1800:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1762:Wayback Machine
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1665:
1664:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1607:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1538:
1534:
1520:
1506:
1502:
1491:
1477:
1473:
1462:
1448:
1444:
1439:Wayback Machine
1428:
1424:
1419:Wayback Machine
1406:
1402:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1349:
1326:
1321:Wayback Machine
1308:
1304:
1299:Wayback Machine
1286:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1233:
1220:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1174:
1172:
1163:
1161:
1155:
1137:
1132:
1089:
1083:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1020:
1018:
1008:
996:
985:
952:
939:
933:
927:
903:" ("for now"):
827:
822:
735:establishment.
706:
700:
675:
669:
640:
604:
602:
597:
551:
550:
521:Punto Fijo Pact
504:
463:Andean Hegemony
459:
458:
439:Blue Revolution
407:
396:Second Republic
375:
336:
320:
271:
264:
239:Military rebels
224:Francisco Arias
218:
216:
215:
214:
203:
201:
200:
196:Fernando Antich
187:
186:
174:
148:
147:
146:
135:
133:
132:
109:
75:
69:
67:
34:
19:
12:
11:
5:
5235:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5166:attempted coup
5162:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5144:Bolivia (2024)
5141:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5088:Ecuador (2000)
5084:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4970:Bolivia (1984)
4967:
4965:Grenada (1983)
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4945:Bolivia (1980)
4942:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4924:Bolivia (1979)
4921:
4916:
4914:Grenada (1979)
4911:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4893:
4888:
4886:Ecuador (1976)
4883:
4878:
4876:Ecuador (1975)
4873:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4850:
4848:Bolivia (1974)
4845:
4840:
4835:
4833:Uruguay (1973)
4830:
4825:
4823:Ecuador (1972)
4820:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4797:
4795:Bolivia (1970)
4792:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4774:Bolivia (1969)
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4749:Bolivia (1964)
4746:
4741:
4736:
4734:Ecuador (1963)
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4714:Ecuador (1961)
4711:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4678:Bolivia (1959)
4675:
4673:Bolivia (1958)
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4613:Bolivia (1952)
4610:
4605:
4603:Bolivia (1951)
4600:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4567:Bolivia (1949)
4564:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4514:Ecuador (1947)
4511:
4506:
4504:Bolivia (1946)
4501:
4496:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4468:
4466:Bolivia (1943)
4463:
4458:
4456:Uruguay (1942)
4453:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4405:Bolivia (1937)
4402:
4400:Ecuador (1936)
4397:
4395:Bolivia (1936)
4392:
4387:
4382:
4380:Ecuador (1935)
4377:
4375:Bolivia (1934)
4372:
4367:
4365:Uruguay (1933)
4362:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4294:Bolivia (1930)
4290:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4278:Ecuador (1925)
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4253:Bolivia (1920)
4249:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4085:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4062:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4026:
4018:
4016:or its attempt
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
4000:Bolivia (2024)
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3912:
3910:Tunisia (2021)
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3890:Myanmar (2021)
3887:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3819:Burundi (2015)
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3774:Eritrea (2013)
3771:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3563:Burundi (2001)
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3538:Ecuador (2000)
3534:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3472:Burundi (1996)
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3432:Liberia (1994)
3429:
3427:Lesotho (1994)
3424:
3419:
3414:
3412:Nigeria (1993)
3409:
3404:
3402:Burundi (1993)
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3372:Algeria (1992)
3369:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3312:Lesotho (1991)
3309:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3125:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3099:
3098:
3091:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3053:¿¡Revolución!?
3049:
3044:
3039:
3032:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2998:Aló Presidente
2993:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2958:Foreign policy
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2866:2007 protests
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2664:
2663:
2656:
2648:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2580:CAP 2 Intentos
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2426:El Gran Viraje
2423:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2369:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2292:
2287:
2274:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2179:
2173:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2121:
2101:(2): 143–165,
2090:
2070:
2052:
2037:
2034:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:
1984:
1961:(in Spanish).
1945:
1918:
1880:
1842:
1818:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1741:
1729:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1651:
1639:
1628:
1576:
1564:
1557:
1532:
1519:978-1505750331
1518:
1500:
1490:978-1505750331
1489:
1471:
1461:978-1505750331
1460:
1442:
1422:
1400:
1385:
1370:
1364:978-1568584188
1363:
1324:
1302:
1277:
1265:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1216:
1204:
1193:
1181:
1170:
1154:
1151:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1085:
1084:
999:
997:
990:
984:
981:
951:
948:
929:Main article:
926:
923:
826:
823:
821:
818:
814:Rafael Caldera
774:Special Period
770:sleeper agents
699:
696:
668:
665:
642:
641:
639:
638:
631:
624:
616:
613:
612:
599:
598:
596:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
563:Vargas tragedy
559:
549:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
512:
503:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
457:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
415:
406:
405:
404:
403:
401:Third Republic
398:
393:
391:First Republic
374:
373:
368:
363:
348:
347:
343:
342:
341:
340:
332:
327:
326:
325:
313:
308:
303:
298:
290:
289:
285:
284:
276:
275:
266:
265:
258:
251:
250:
246:
245:
241:
240:
237:
236:Army loyalists
233:
232:
228:
227:
198:
171:
170:
166:
165:
164:
163:
155:Cuba (alleged)
129:
128:
127:
105:
104:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:
93:
81:
77:
76:
66:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5234:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5167:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4995:Panama (1989)
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4764:Panama (1968)
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4754:Brazil (1964)
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4683:Brazil (1959)
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4643:Brazil (1956)
4641:
4639:
4638:Brazil (1955)
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4598:Panama (1951)
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4494:Brazil (1945)
4492:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4451:Panama (1941)
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4420:Brazil (1938)
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4410:Brazil (1937)
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4314:Panama (1931)
4312:
4310:
4309:Brazil (1930)
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4263:Brazil (1922)
4261:
4259:
4258:Mexico (1920)
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4207:Mexico (1913)
4205:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4179:Mexico (1911)
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4128:Brazil (1904)
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4078:
4076:
4071:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4048:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3960:Gambia (2022)
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3914:Sudan (2021)
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3905:Guinea (2021)
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:Turkey (2016)
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3809:Gambia (2014)
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:Guinea (2008)
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:Zambia (1997)
3500:
3498:
3497:Turkey (1997)
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3457:Guinea (1996)
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:Gambia (1994)
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:Russia (1993)
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3210:
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3036:Mi amigo Hugo
3033:
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2903:Bolivarianism
2901:
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2100:
2096:
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2080:
2076:
2071:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2001:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1906:
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1898:
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1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:Latell, Brian
1536:
1529:
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1409:
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1397:
1396:Schuyler 2001
1392:
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1296:
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1282:
1274:
1269:
1263:, p. 138
1262:
1257:
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1234:
1226:United States
1217:
1215:
1205:
1194:
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1171:
1160:
1159:
1158:
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1148:
1144:
1143:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:Radical Cause
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1081:
1078:
1070:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028: –
1027:
1023:
1022:Find sources:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1000:This article
998:
994:
989:
988:
980:
977:
973:
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964:
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897:
893:
889:
879:
875:
872:
863:
859:
857:
853:
843:
839:
837:
833:
820:Coup attempts
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
758:
755:
754:Simón Bolívar
751:
747:
743:
742:
736:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
718:Douglas Bravo
715:
711:
705:
695:
693:
688:
683:
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664:
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130:
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122:
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107:
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91:
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78:
65:
62:
61:
57:
54:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
16:
5165:
5164:no sign for
5113:Haiti (2004)
5103:Haiti (2001)
5036:
5026:Haiti (1991)
4990:Haiti (1989)
4790:Haiti (1970)
4663:Haiti (1958)
4588:Haiti (1950)
4509:Haiti (1946)
4430:Chile (1939)
4425:Chile (1938)
4273:Chile (1925)
4268:Chile (1924)
4227:Haiti (1915)
4174:Haiti (1911)
4148:Haiti (1908)
4118:Haiti (1902)
4028:
4020:
4012:
3975:Gabon (2023)
3970:Niger (2023)
3965:Sudan (2023)
3895:Niger (2021)
3859:Sudan (2019)
3854:Gabon (2019)
3849:Yemen (2018)
3839:Libya (2016)
3799:Libya (2014)
3794:Libya (2013)
3789:Egypt (2013)
3769:Sudan (2012)
3748:Mali (2012)
3734:Niger (2011)
3724:Niger (2010)
3688:Sudan (2008)
3648:Nepal (2005)
3628:Haiti (2004)
3623:Sudan (2004)
3568:Haiti (2001)
3512:Niger (1999)
3482:Qatar (1996)
3477:Niger (1996)
3447:Qatar (1995)
3397:Libya (1993)
3377:Sudan (1992)
3351:Peru (1992)
3339:
3327:Haiti (1991)
3102:
3093:
3086:
3051:
3034:
3022:
3015:
3008:
2996:
2753:
2667:
2658:
2651:
2642:
2635:
2618:Los Notables
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2514:Presidential
2442:
2421:Inauguration
2192:(1): 63–76.
2189:
2183:
2164:
2154:Bibliography
2142:, retrieved
2135:the original
2126:
2098:
2094:
2082:, retrieved
2078:
2062:, retrieved
2058:the original
2042:
2026:, retrieved
2021:
1997:
1975:. Retrieved
1958:
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1892:
1883:
1871:. Retrieved
1854:
1845:
1821:
1787:. pp. 04–05.
1780:
1775:. pp. 75–77.
1768:
1749:
1744:
1739:, p. 69
1732:
1727:, p. 67
1703:
1698:, p. 63
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1670:
1649:, p. 64
1642:
1631:
1619:. Retrieved
1567:
1544:
1535:
1523:
1509:
1503:
1494:
1480:
1474:
1465:
1451:
1445:
1430:
1425:
1403:
1398:, p. 10
1380:
1353:
1305:
1268:
1256:
1242:Los Notables
1156:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1109:
1088:
1073:
1064:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1021:
1009:Please help
1004:verification
1001:
967:
965:
961:
934:
915:
911:
906:
900:
884:
868:
848:
828:
810:Fidel Castro
805:
798:Brian Latell
791:
778:Soviet Union
766:Fidel Castro
759:
739:
737:
722:
709:
707:
684:
680:
676:
647:
645:
553:
552:
540:
506:
505:
461:
460:
409:
408:
377:
376:
352:
351:
208:
181:
140:
131:
116:
108:
103:Belligerents
88:government.
83:
35:
15:
5212:Hugo Chávez
5139:Peru (2022)
5118:Peru (2005)
5098:Peru (2000)
4769:Peru (1968)
4724:Peru (1962)
4688:Cuba (1959)
4608:Cuba (1952)
4524:Peru (1948)
4471:El Salvador
4370:Cuba (1933)
4299:Peru (1930)
4237:Peru (1919)
4217:Peru (1914)
4153:Peru (1909)
4029:Successful
3955:Peru (2022)
3900:Mali (2021)
3880:Mali (2020)
3784:Chad (2013)
3678:Fiji (2006)
3663:Chad (2006)
3653:Togo (2005)
3643:Peru (2005)
3618:Chad (2004)
3548:Fiji (2000)
3467:Iraq (1996)
3307:Mali (1991)
2981:Petrocaribe
2731:(1999–2013)
2717:Hugo Chávez
2587:CAP Inédito
2468: [
2465:Impeachment
2456: [
2429: [
2375: [
2363: [
2339: [
2327: [
2315: [
2303: [
2281: [
1621:17 February
1572:Latell 2012
976:due process
940: [
919:kleptocracy
782:Perestroika
733:clientelist
652:Hugo Chávez
434:Federal War
411:Caudillismo
270:History of
210:Hugo Chávez
5181:Categories
4093:self-coups
4039:See also:
3289:since 2010
3284:by country
3267:self-coups
2928:Colectivos
2875:Referendum
2788:Presidency
2744:Early life
2144:18 October
2084:21 January
2064:21 January
2011:References
1840:, pp. 71–2
1816:, pp. 61–5
1067:March 2015
1037:newspapers
667:Background
526:Carupanazo
288:Chronology
5160:self-coup
5031:Venezuela
4358:September
4335:September
4035:self-coup
4014:Self-coup
3938:September
3918:September
3156:Venezuela
2214:154551869
2117:151782423
1977:6 January
1967:1134-6582
1901:1134-6582
1863:1134-6582
1737:Gott 2005
1725:Gott 2005
1708:Gott 2005
1696:Gott 2005
1647:Gott 2005
1130:Reactions
983:Aftermath
901:por ahora
892:Maracaibo
714:Communist
531:Porteñazo
516:1958 coup
485:1908 coup
354:New Spain
311:1830–1908
301:1522–1821
272:Venezuela
74:Venezuela
5060:November
5042:November
5037:February
4907:November
4859:February
4555:February
4544:Paraguay
4340:December
4195:February
4184:Paraguay
3360:November
3345:November
3340:February
3202:November
3197:February
3109:Category
2923:Chavismo
2674:Category
2438:Caracazo
2312:Deltaven
2300:Corpoven
2028:24 March
2022:BBC News
1971:Archived
1932:Archived
1905:Archived
1867:Archived
1830:Archived
1806:Archived
1758:Archived
1675:Archived
1615:Archived
1543:(2012).
1435:Archived
1415:Archived
1317:Archived
1295:Archived
1275:. p. 66.
1231:See also
1118:leader,
888:Valencia
796:analyst
762:Caracazo
692:Caracazo
536:Caracazo
261:a series
259:Part of
63:Location
5051:(1992)
5033:(1992)
4898:(1978)
4896:Bolivia
4855:(1975)
4806:January
4802:(1971)
4800:Bolivia
4550:January
4546:(1949)
4487:October
4473:(1944)
4349:(1932)
4326:(1931)
4190:January
4186:(1912)
4024:attempt
3933:January
3923:October
3059:teleSUR
2611:Related
2336:Maraven
2324:Lagoven
2206:3993630
1959:El País
1938:20 June
1911:20 June
1893:El País
1873:20 June
1855:El País
1526:Douglas
1051:scholar
896:Maracay
808:, both
337:present
330:1953–99
322:1948–58
316:1908–58
306:1821–30
142:MBR-200
40:MBR-200
4864:August
4811:August
4045:
2564:(wife)
2555:Family
2535:Senate
2212:
2204:
2171:
2115:
2050:
1965:
1899:
1861:
1681:30 May
1555:
1516:
1487:
1458:
1361:
1224:
1203:Mexico
1201:
1178:
1169:Brazil
1167:
1124:Chávez
1053:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1024:
968:ad hoc
894:, and
698:Origin
346:Topics
263:on the
80:Result
5132:2020s
5081:2000s
5055:April
5009:1990s
4933:1980s
4783:1970s
4697:1960s
4581:1950s
4477:April
4439:1940s
4347:Chile
4324:Chile
4287:1930s
4246:1920s
4200:March
4162:1910s
4101:1900s
4089:Coups
3873:2020s
3757:April
3752:March
3717:2010s
3531:2000s
3355:April
3300:1990s
3263:Coups
3193:1992
3152:Coups
2990:Image
2572:Image
2472:]
2460:]
2433:]
2379:]
2367:]
2343:]
2331:]
2319:]
2307:]
2285:]
2210:S2CID
2202:JSTOR
2138:(PDF)
2131:(PDF)
2113:S2CID
1496:1989.
1248:Notes
1135:Media
1058:JSTOR
1044:books
944:]
852:Davos
729:COPEI
654:-led
335:1999–
194:Gen.
5049:Peru
4902:July
4853:Peru
4353:June
4330:July
4031:coup
4022:Coup
3214:2019
3209:2002
3189:1958
3184:1948
3179:1945
3174:1908
2870:RCTV
2726:45th
2169:ISBN
2146:2005
2086:2006
2066:2006
2048:ISBN
2030:2015
1979:2022
1963:ISSN
1940:2019
1913:2019
1897:ISSN
1875:2019
1859:ISSN
1683:2014
1623:2015
1553:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1180:Cuba
1030:news
738:The
727:and
685:The
646:The
55:Date
4482:May
4033:or
3154:in
2194:doi
2103:doi
1408:BBC
1310:BBC
1013:by
794:CIA
780:'s
687:IMF
161:DGI
5183::
4091:,
3265:,
2470:es
2458:es
2431:es
2377:es
2365:es
2341:es
2329:es
2317:es
2305:es
2283:es
2208:.
2200:.
2190:24
2188:.
2111:,
2099:33
2097:,
2077:,
2020:,
1987:^
1969:.
1957:.
1930:.
1903:.
1891:.
1865:.
1853:.
1836:,
1812:,
1792:^
1715:^
1669:.
1654:^
1579:^
1522:.
1493:.
1464:.
1388:^
1373:^
1327:^
1280:^
1107:.
942:es
890:,
838:.
38::
4081:e
4074:t
4067:v
3255:e
3248:t
3241:v
3144:e
3137:t
3130:v
2709:e
2702:t
2695:v
2244:e
2237:t
2230:v
2216:.
2196::
2177:.
2149:.
2120:.
2105::
2089:.
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