891:. Traditionally poll workers had been provided by the parties, but in this election "a lottery was set up to draft 300,000 registered voters as poll workers". The elections also saw "the world's first automated voting system, which featured a single integrated electronic network that was supposed to transmit the results from the polling stations to central headquarters within minutes." Whilst Venezuela had traditionally provided election observers to other Latin American countries, the uncertainty of the new system and the possibility of handover to a non-traditional party raised the stakes in terms of demonstrating that the elections would be fair, and Venezuela invited international election observers for the first time. The
161:
859:, urged him to reconsider his scepticism of the elections, arguing that Chávez could potentially win so convincingly that the establishment would not be able to deny him victory. To find out whether this was the case, Chávez set up teams of psychologists, sociologists, university professors and students to carry out a survey. With their support, grassroots members of the Bolivarian movement polled tens of thousands of people across the country. The results showed that 70% of respondents supported Chávez running for the presidency – and 57% said they would vote for him. Support for the electoral route was strengthened when Arias Cárdenas, as a candidate for
1739:
27:
992:
Democratic Action now sought to endorse Salas Römer (he was reluctant to accept). COPEI persuaded its candidate (Sáez) to resign, but
Democratic Action's candidate, Alfaro Ucero, refused to do so, triggering an electoral crisis as the National Electoral Council had to rule on whether the Democratic Action ballot slot belonged to the party or the candidate. Salas Römer agreed to accept the endorsement of COPEI and Democratic Action regional and local parties, and sought to maintain a distance to the parties' national leadership. In the end, it was not enough, and Chávez won a substantial majority, and won 17 of 23 states.
2013:
2008:
1734:
227:
80:
2388:
2339:
1904:
676:
871:. Despite this, the MBR-200 remained divided over electoral participation, and spent a year debating the issue in local, regional and national assemblies. A national congress on 19 April 1997 took from 9 am until 2 am the next day to reach a conclusion, ultimately deciding to launch Chávez' candidacy. Some members of the movement resigned in protest, holding too much at stake. In July 1997 Chávez registered the new
935:, reached almost 70% as an independent candidate. However, despite spending millions of dollars on publicity, she fell below 15% within six months, as the public became increasingly sceptical of her readiness for the presidency, and as she lost credibility as an anti-establishment candidate after accepting the endorsement of COPEI. The other early leading candidate, the former Democratic Action leader
1001:
87:
830:'s victory in 1993 was the first time in Venezuela's democratic history that a President had been elected without the support of either of the two major parties. It was symptomatic that Caldera's election platform included pardoning those who had participated in the coup attempts, and he did so in 1994.
946:
and leader of the new
Project Venezuela party, appeared a credible candidate as Sáez lost ground, and reached 21% in the polls in August 1998. However at the same time, Chávez's own campaign gained ground as he established himself with the electorate. From around 5% in September 1997 to over 10% in
991:
would give them a boost, a month ahead of 8 December presidential elections, but the poll remained a two-horse race. At this point polls generally showed Chávez with a 6–12-point lead over Salas Römer's approximately 38% poll numbers, though in some polls he exceeded that margin. Both COPEI and
960:, and opening up political power to independent and third parties. Second, to end corruption. Third, to eradicate poverty in Venezuela. In working to gain the trust of voters, Chávez drafted an agenda that drew heavily on his interpretation of
846:
For a number of years after his 1994 release from prison, Chávez maintained a position against participation in elections, believing them a fixed game which merely legitimated the established order. This led to a split with his colleague
910:
The automated vote system enabled the
Electoral Council to announce the results within 2.5 hours of the polls closing. After corroborating the results with the Carter Center, the losing candidate conceded several hours later.
766:
platform, condemning the two major parties that had dominated
Venezuelan politics since 1958; and began to gain ground in the polls after the previous front runners faded. Despite the fact that the major parties
2921:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
786:, the result meant the end of the bipartisanship that had dominated the political atmosphere of the country in the last 40 years, and the beginning of the dominance of the new MVR party (later merged into the
837:
By 1998, the economic crisis had grown even worse. Per capita GDP was at the same level as 1963, down a third from its 1978 peak; the purchasing power of the average salary was a third of its 1978 level.
1078:
2611:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
1374:
would not be created. Salas Römer reacted to the results stating "I not only accept the victory of my adversary but wish him luck, lots of luck, because his luck will be that of
Venezuela". Some
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
1132:
919:
The campaign was dominated by independent candidates, as the electorate completed the turn against the establishment parties begun in 1993. In the final poll of the year in
December 1997
868:
988:
1765:
2606:
2601:
1256:
750:. Both candidates represented newly formed parties, a first in a country where the main candidates always represented the parties of the bipartisanship. Chávez represented the
1398:
stating that "With respect to what we know about Mr. Chavez's platform, we will have to see what his policies are, in fact, and see whom he will appoint to key positions".
2987:
1154:
1181:
1120:
1851:
2354:
855:. In the early years after his release, Chávez considered the possibility of another coup attempt, but with the prospects appearing slim, some advisers, notably
2166:
1093:
2957:
1268:
2962:
1438:
Kelly, Janet, and Palma, Pedro (2006), "The
Syndrome of Economic Decline and the Quest for Change", in McCoy, Jennifer and Myers, David (eds, 2006),
616:
612:
2209:
2952:
1713:
713:
373:
2191:
662:
3038:
2376:
2931:
2926:
2916:
2911:
530:
525:
3013:
942:
During 1998, it then became increasingly clear that the campaign was a race between Salas Römer and Chávez. Salas Römer, the governor of
2085:
803:
735:
384:
2977:
2972:
2059:
2054:
649:
576:
2080:
3018:
2243:
1678:
631:
627:
2384:
1941:
606:
405:
2263:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2661:
2115:
2095:
1599:
1525:
984:
888:
513:
508:
477:
686:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2064:
2044:
1987:
494:
489:
440:
418:
261:
1421:
McCoy, Jennifer (2006), "From
Representative to Participatory Democracy?", in McCoy, Jennifer and Myers, David (eds, 2006),
445:
1770:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2772:
2108:
2049:
1747:
787:
706:
564:
559:
2795:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2369:
1705:
1137:
904:
547:
542:
2967:
2090:
1755:
457:
2250:
1982:
2666:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2458:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2039:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1723:
823:
51:
41:
1959:
892:
324:
300:
875:
with the
National Electoral Council (the name had to be changed as Venezuelan law did not permit parties to use
3033:
1443:
1426:
1105:
950:
The Chávez platform comprised three basic pledges. First to begin his presidency by abolishing
Venezuela's old
699:
599:
2280:
802:
In the early 1990s the Venezuelan government's economic strength and political legitimacy was declining, with
2493:
2362:
2176:
2103:
815:
772:
367:
160:
1186:
1125:
879:'s name). The international media took little interest, citing opinion polls showing 8% support for Chávez.
2307:
2297:
2275:
2181:
1671:
2021:
1977:
1934:
2764:
450:
435:
337:
947:
late February 1998, Chávez registered 30% in polls taken in May 1998; by August he was registering 39%.
848:
3023:
2992:
2982:
2947:
639:
581:
295:
2034:
268:
254:
2029:
1222:
1886:
1877:
807:
739:
654:
273:
1907:
1738:
1664:
1038:
1005:
872:
751:
200:
116:
3028:
2342:
2286:
1997:
1927:
1053:
747:
104:
2400:
2392:
1962:
1696:
776:
470:
320:
1273:
2237:
2161:
2151:
1760:
1348:
965:
791:
783:
290:
285:
217:
2701:
1520:
1098:
759:
425:
349:
185:
2171:
1718:
8:
2146:
1642:
1261:
932:
644:
430:
2141:
1367:
876:
834:, imprisoned for his role in the February 1992 coup attempt, was among those released.
2007:
342:
86:
2199:
2012:
1371:
1058:
976:
manner—on the campaign trail to help win the trust and favor of a primarily poor and
755:
121:
2328:
2231:
936:
330:
2302:
2257:
1159:
680:
280:
2131:
1733:
1631:
1542:
377:
2321:
1856:
1687:
980:
following. On one occasion, he threatened to "fry" the heads of his opponents.
896:
856:
827:
811:
181:
1950:
1893:
1033:
831:
731:
196:
98:
3007:
2269:
2136:
1834:
1391:
1379:
1166:
977:
969:
961:
924:
900:
860:
794:, system that still holds political power in Venezuela as of September 2024.
1870:
1073:
920:
226:
1604:
1506:
McCoy, Jennifer (1999), "Chavez and the End of "Partyarchy" in Venezuela",
952:
79:
1382:
government under Chávez if he decided to utilize such form of government.
2214:
1395:
1559:
887:
The 1998 elections were the first to be carried out with a non-partisan
2387:
1366:
Following his victory, Chávez promised that he would not devalue the
957:
727:
2156:
1375:
973:
943:
743:
775:) endorsed Salas Römer, Chávez was elected into his first term as
2292:
1656:
928:
852:
763:
1539:
Hugo! The Hugo Chavez Story from Mud Hut to Perpetual Revolution
968:
and flamboyant public speaking style—noted for its abundance of
1919:
939:, reached 35% in December 1997, but fell to 6% by April 1998.
864:
819:
768:
1378:
reacted to his election by saying that they would accept an
2204:
1000:
2210:
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
1440:
The Unraveling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela
1423:
The Unraveling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela
983:
The two traditional main parties hoped that 8 November
1570:
758:. Initially weak in the polls, Chávez ran on an anti-
1630:
Trinkunas, Harold; McCoy, Jennifer (February 1999).
3005:
1557:
810:. The result was a turn against the traditional
806:and the impeachment for corruption of President
172:
1629:
1576:
2370:
1935:
1672:
1394:reacted cautiously, with American Ambassador
730:on 6 December 1998. The main candidates were
707:
1632:Observation of the 1998 Venezuelan Elections
1526:Miss Venezuela Chosen World's Most Beautiful
2205:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)
1553:
1551:
2377:
2363:
1942:
1928:
1679:
1665:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
714:
700:
1558:Guillermo Prieto, Alma (6 October 2005).
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
841:
2244:Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century
1548:
1079:Integration, Representation and New Hope
999:
1597:
1449:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
3006:
2393:Elections and referendums in Venezuela
2116:2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election
2096:2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election
2086:Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003
1473:
734:, a career military officer who led a
3039:December 1998 events in South America
2358:
1923:
1660:
1335:
1324:
1313:
1302:
1016:
754:(MVR), while Salas Römer represented
19:1998 Venezuelan presidential election
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1531:
1408:
882:
726:Presidential elections were held in
3014:Presidential elections in Venezuela
2050:United Socialist Party of Venezuela
788:United Socialist Party of Venezuela
13:
1686:
1623:
1133:Opening for National Participation
905:International Republican Institute
14:
3050:
2264:Hugo Chávez's cult of personality
2060:Constitutional referendum of 2009
2055:Constitutional referendum of 2007
1756:Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
1582:
2386:
2338:
2337:
2011:
2006:
1903:
1902:
1737:
1732:
1598:Johnson, Tim (6 December 1998).
1385:
869:December 1995 regional elections
674:
225:
159:
85:
78:
25:
3019:1998 elections in South America
1949:
1641:(Report). Atlanta, GA. p.
1600:"Coup Leader Elected President"
893:Organization of American States
2251:El ocaso del socialismo mágico
1766:Caso de los banqueros prófugos
1513:
1444:Johns Hopkins University Press
1432:
1427:Johns Hopkins University Press
1106:Authentic Renewal Organization
956:political system of two-party
1:
2177:Socialism of the 21st century
2065:Presidential election of 2012
2045:Presidential election of 2006
1993:Presidential election of 1998
1560:"Don't Cry for Me, Venezuela"
1401:
797:
2308:Venezuela Information Office
2298:The Silence and the Scorpion
2182:Venezuelan communal councils
1356:
7:
2281:Public image of Hugo Chávez
1361:
1243:Complementary Participation
964:. Chávez also utilized his
914:
607:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
406:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
10:
3055:
1778:1998 presidential election
1577:McCoy & Trinkunas 1999
995:
889:National Electoral Council
863:, won the Governorship of
2940:
2804:
2763:
2700:
2492:
2399:
2316:
2223:
2190:
2124:
2091:Recall referendum of 2004
2073:
2020:
2004:
1970:
1957:
1865:
1844:
1827:
1786:
1746:
1730:
1704:
1694:
1346:
1336:Registered voters/turnout
1298:
1287:
1025:
1022:
1019:
923:, a former beauty queen (
804:two coup attempts in 1992
177:President before election
170:
157:
70:
62:
35:
23:
2040:General election of 2000
1564:New York Review of Books
849:Francisco Arias Cárdenas
2494:Parliamentary elections
1998:Death and state funeral
1227:Venezuelan Labour Party
1121:Miguel Rodríguez Fandeo
1039:Fifth Republic Movement
1006:Fifth Republic Movement
927:1981) and mayor of the
873:Fifth Republic Movement
752:Fifth Republic Movement
738:against then-president
663:Chávez's foreign policy
262:Constitutions of States
2805:Constituent Assemblies
2401:Presidential elections
2276:¿Por qué no te callas?
2030:Cabinet of Hugo Chávez
1963:President of Venezuela
1852:Labor Law of Venezuela
1714:Guerrilla pacification
1699:(1964–1969; 1994–1999)
1697:President of Venezuela
1223:Alejandro Peña Esclusa
1009:
907:all sent delegations.
842:Chávez's participation
777:President of Venezuela
628:Diplomatic missions of
3034:Bolivarian Revolution
2238:Bolivarian propaganda
2152:Bolivarian Revolution
1971:Early life and career
1887:← Carlos Andrés Pérez
1878:Carlos Andrés Pérez →
1819:1993 general election
1814:1983 general election
1809:1968 general election
1804:1963 general election
1799:1958 general election
1794:1947 general election
1761:Pardon of Hugo Chávez
1724:1973 general election
1003:
792:Bolivarian Revolution
784:political realignment
218:Politics of Venezuela
2081:Coup attempt of 2002
1988:Coup attempt of 1992
1537:Jones, Bart (2008),
1521:St. Petersburg Times
1508:Journal of Democracy
1054:Henrique Salas Römer
748:Henrique Salas Römer
742:in 1992; and former
681:Venezuela portal
387:since 5 January 2021
105:Henrique Salas Römer
2765:Municipal elections
2147:Bolivarian missions
1314:Invalid/blank votes
1013:
808:Carlos Andrés Pérez
740:Carlos Andrés Pérez
20:
2702:Regional elections
2142:Bolivarian Circles
1510:, 10(3), pp. 64–77
1470:Jones (2008:202-4)
1206:Oswaldo Sujú Raffo
1182:Radamés Muñoz León
1012:
1010:
989:regional elections
301:Capital punishment
128:Popular vote
18:
3024:1998 in Venezuela
3001:
3000:
2352:
2351:
2200:Bank of the South
2172:Plan Bolívar 2000
2035:1999 Constitution
1917:
1916:
1787:Electoral history
1748:Second presidency
1719:Operación Canguro
1639:The Carter Center
1524:, 21 July 1981, "
1376:Chávez supporters
1372:currency controls
1354:
1353:
1094:Luis Alfaro Ucero
1059:Project Venezuela
883:Electoral process
816:Democratic Action
773:Democratic Action
756:Project Venezuela
724:
723:
650:Visa requirements
600:Foreign relations
482:Recent elections
478:Political parties
419:Federal divisions
368:National Assembly
211:
210:
207:
206:
192:Elected President
153:
152:
122:Project Venezuela
58:
57:
3046:
2391:
2390:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2341:
2340:
2329:Nicolás Maduro →
2322:← Rafael Caldera
2303:Venezuelanalysis
2258:El pueblo soy yo
2074:Political events
2015:
2010:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1921:
1920:
1906:
1905:
1774:
1741:
1736:
1706:First presidency
1681:
1674:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1636:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1595:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1555:
1546:
1535:
1529:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1471:
1468:
1447:
1436:
1430:
1419:
1277:
1269:National Opinion
1265:
1257:Ignacio Quintana
1190:
1163:
1141:
1129:
1102:
1014:
1011:
716:
709:
702:
679:
678:
677:
380:
229:
213:
212:
173:
165:Results by state
163:
89:
82:
72:
71:
37:
36:
30:
29:
28:
21:
17:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2936:
2800:
2759:
2696:
2488:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2353:
2348:
2312:
2219:
2186:
2167:Economic policy
2125:Domestic policy
2120:
2069:
2016:
2002:
1983:Military career
1966:
1953:
1948:
1918:
1913:
1861:
1840:
1823:
1782:
1768:
1742:
1728:
1700:
1690:
1685:
1647:
1645:
1634:
1626:
1624:Further reading
1621:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1596:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1556:
1549:
1543:The Bodley Head
1536:
1532:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1474:
1469:
1450:
1437:
1433:
1420:
1409:
1404:
1388:
1364:
1359:
1271:
1259:
1209:Sovereign Front
1184:
1157:
1135:
1123:
1096:
998:
917:
885:
851:, who left the
844:
800:
720:
691:
687:Other countries
675:
673:
668:
667:
659:
640:Nationality law
636:
624:
613:Felix Plasencia
602:
592:
591:
586:
569:
552:
535:
518:
507:Parliamentary:
501:
473:
463:
462:
421:
411:
410:
401:
393:
392:
385:Jorge Rodríguez
378:Dinorah Figuera
372:
363:
355:
354:
343:Delcy Rodríguez
316:
308:
307:
250:
249:
220:
199:
194:
184:
179:
171:
166:
158:
47:6 December 1998
31:
26:
24:
12:
11:
5:
3052:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2359:
2350:
2349:
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2287:¿¡Revolución!?
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2232:Aló Presidente
2227:
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2100:2007 protests
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1857:Puntofijo Pact
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1688:Rafael Caldera
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1240:Domenico Tanzi
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970:colloquialisms
937:Claudio Fermín
916:
913:
897:European Union
884:
881:
857:Luis Miquilena
843:
840:
828:Rafael Caldera
824:1993 elections
812:Puntofijo Pact
799:
796:
722:
721:
719:
718:
711:
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383:Disputed with
381:
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338:Vice President
335:
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331:Nicolás Maduro
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182:Rafael Caldera
168:
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155:
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117:Fifth Republic
114:
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95:
91:
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68:
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64:
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33:
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9:
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3:
2:
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2270:Mi amigo Hugo
2267:
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2155:
2153:
2150:
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2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:Bolivarianism
2135:
2133:
2132:Boliburguesía
2130:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2105:
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2033:
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2019:
2014:
2009:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:Hugo Chávez →
1891:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1864:
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1835:Alicia Pietri
1833:
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1594:
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1588:
1586:
1579:, p. 49.
1578:
1573:
1565:
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1554:
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1428:
1424:
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1407:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1392:United States
1386:International
1383:
1381:
1380:authoritarian
1377:
1373:
1369:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
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1297:
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1198:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1167:Radical Cause
1165:
1161:
1156:
1155:Alfredo Ramos
1153:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1127:
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1119:
1117:
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1055:
1052:
1050:
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1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1015:
1007:
1002:
993:
990:
986:
985:parliamentary
981:
979:
978:working class
975:
971:
967:
963:
962:Bolivarianism
959:
955:
954:
948:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:Miss Universe
922:
912:
908:
906:
902:
901:Carter Center
898:
894:
890:
880:
878:
877:Simón Bolívar
874:
870:
867:State in the
866:
862:
861:Radical Cause
858:
854:
850:
839:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
795:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
765:
761:
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749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
717:
712:
710:
705:
703:
698:
697:
695:
694:
688:
685:
684:
682:
672:
671:
664:
661:
660:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
633:
629:
626:
625:
618:
614:
610:
609:
608:
605:
604:
601:
596:
595:
583:
580:
578:
575:Referendums:
574:
573:
571:
566:
563:
561:
557:
556:
554:
549:
546:
544:
540:
539:
537:
532:
529:
527:
524:Constituent:
523:
522:
520:
515:
512:
510:
506:
505:
503:
498:
497:
493:
491:
487:
486:
484:
483:
481:
479:
476:
475:
472:
467:
466:
459:
456:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
441:Constitutions
439:
437:
434:
433:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
420:
415:
414:
407:
404:
403:
397:
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371:
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359:
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332:
329:
328:
326:
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318:
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311:
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297:
294:
292:
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279:
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272:
270:
267:
263:
260:
259:
258:
257:
256:
253:
252:
245:
242:
241:
237:
236:
233:
232:
228:
224:
223:
219:
215:
214:
203:
202:
198:
193:
190:
188:
187:
183:
178:
175:
174:
169:
162:
156:
148:
146:
143:
140:
139:
135:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
100:
96:
93:
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
73:
69:
65:
61:
54: →
53:
50:
48:
45:
43:
40:←
39:
38:
34:
22:
16:
2691:
2453:
2336:
2327:
2320:
2285:
2268:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2230:
1992:
1901:
1892:
1885:
1876:
1871:← Raúl Leoni
1869:
1777:
1646:. Retrieved
1638:
1609:. Retrieved
1605:Miami Herald
1603:
1572:
1563:
1538:
1533:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1439:
1434:
1422:
1389:
1365:
982:
953:puntofijismo
951:
949:
941:
931:district of
918:
909:
886:
845:
836:
801:
781:
725:
632:in Venezuela
495:
458:Dependencies
446:Legislatures
269:Human rights
255:Constitution
243:Constitution
195:
191:
180:
176:
144:
131:
97:
46:
15:
3029:Hugo Chávez
2941:Referendums
2215:Petrocaribe
1965:(1999–2013)
1951:Hugo Chávez
1769: [
1611:10 December
1396:John Maisto
1325:Total votes
1303:Valid votes
1272: [
1260: [
1185: [
1158: [
1136: [
1124: [
1097: [
1034:Hugo Chávez
832:Hugo Chávez
736:coup d'état
732:Hugo Chávez
655:Visa policy
558:Municipal:
362:Legislature
296:Nationality
274:LGBT rights
197:Hugo Chávez
141:Percentage
99:Hugo Chávez
3008:Categories
2958:1999 (Dec)
2953:1999 (Apr)
2162:Colectivos
2109:Referendum
2022:Presidency
1978:Early life
1541:, London:
1402:References
1339:11,013,020
1074:Irene Sáez
1008:(MVR) logo
921:Irene Sáez
798:Background
790:) and the
760:corruption
611:Minister:
541:Regional:
136:2,613,161
1648:8 January
1370:and that
1357:Reactions
1328:6,988,291
1306:6,537,304
1291:6,537,304
1063:2,613,161
1043:3,673,685
1017:Candidate
1004:Mural of
958:patronage
822:) in the
814:parties (
762:and anti-
746:Governor
728:Venezuela
471:Elections
436:Governors
400:Judiciary
374:President
321:President
315:Executive
132:3,673,685
2343:Category
2157:Chavismo
1908:Category
1545:, p. 215
1446:. p. 207
1429:. p. 276
1362:Domestic
1347:Source:
966:charisma
944:Carabobo
915:Campaign
744:Carabobo
645:Passport
286:Abortion
94:Nominee
2293:teleSUR
1845:Related
1368:bolivar
1317:450,987
1193:New Way
1083:184,568
996:Results
929:Caracas
853:MBR-200
764:poverty
426:Regions
350:Cabinet
149:39.97%
75:
63:Turnout
1837:(wife)
1828:Family
1528:", p3A
1331:100.00
1294:100.00
1144:19,629
1110:27,586
974:ribald
933:Chacao
431:States
291:Labour
145:56.20%
113:Party
66:63.45%
2224:Image
1773:]
1635:(PDF)
1342:63.45
1309:93.55
1288:Total
1280:1,256
1276:]
1264:]
1246:1,900
1230:2,424
1212:2,901
1196:2,919
1189:]
1171:7,275
1162:]
1140:]
1128:]
1101:]
1066:39.97
1046:56.20
1023:Votes
1020:Party
865:Zulia
820:Copei
769:Copei
2993:2023
2988:2020
2983:2017
2978:2009
2973:2007
2968:2004
2963:2000
2948:1957
2932:2017
2927:1999
2922:1961
2917:1952
2912:1946
2907:1936
2902:1931
2897:1928
2892:1925
2887:1922
2882:1914
2877:1909
2872:1904
2867:1901
2862:1893
2857:1891
2852:1881
2847:1874
2842:1864
2837:1858
2832:1857
2827:1830
2822:1821
2817:1819
2812:1811
2796:2021
2791:2018
2786:2017
2781:2013
2773:1948
2755:2021
2750:2017
2745:2012
2740:2008
2735:2004
2730:2000
2725:1998
2720:1995
2715:1992
2710:1989
2692:2025
2687:2020
2682:2015
2677:2010
2672:2005
2667:2000
2662:1998
2657:1993
2652:1988
2647:1983
2642:1978
2637:1973
2632:1968
2627:1963
2622:1958
2617:1947
2612:1941
2607:1936
2602:1931
2597:1929
2592:1922
2587:1898
2582:1894
2577:1890
2572:1888
2567:1882
2562:1877
2557:1873
2552:1863
2547:1859
2542:1856
2537:1853
2532:1850
2527:1847
2522:1844
2517:1841
2512:1838
2507:1835
2502:1832
2484:2024
2479:2018
2474:2013
2469:2012
2464:2006
2459:2000
2454:1998
2449:1993
2444:1988
2439:1983
2434:1978
2429:1973
2424:1968
2419:1963
2414:1958
2409:1947
2104:RCTV
1960:45th
1650:2021
1613:2018
1390:The
1320:6.45
1283:0.02
1249:0.03
1233:0.04
1215:0.04
1199:0.04
1174:0.11
1147:0.30
1113:0.42
1086:2.82
987:and
972:and
903:and
818:and
771:and
617:list
582:2017
577:2009
565:2018
560:2017
548:2021
543:2017
531:2017
526:1999
514:2020
509:2015
496:2024
490:2018
325:list
186:CVGC
52:2000
42:1993
2777:...
1349:CNE
281:Law
246:Law
201:MVR
3010::
1771:es
1643:49
1637:.
1602:.
1584:^
1562:.
1550:^
1475:^
1451:^
1442:,
1425:,
1410:^
1274:es
1262:es
1187:es
1160:es
1138:es
1126:es
1099:es
899:,
895:,
826::
782:A
779:.
630:/
376::
327:)
2378:e
2371:t
2364:v
1943:e
1936:t
1929:v
1680:e
1673:t
1666:v
1652:.
1615:.
1566:.
1026:%
767:(
715:e
708:t
701:v
619:)
615:(
323:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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