1169:
1577:
1057:
152:
164:
120:
106:
131:
43:
1781:
1181:
Nine Type IX U-boats were dispatched from Norway to patrol off Canada and the United States in March 1945 and attack shipping. The purpose of this deployment was to divert Allied anti-submarine forces away from the coastal waters of the United
Kingdom. These waters were the main operational area for
1118:
and Army units, which were responsible for shooting down attacking aircraft and missiles. The centerpiece of the plan was the formation of two large naval task forces to operate in the mid-Atlantic as a barrier against submarines approaching the east coast. These task forces were formed from several
1000:
were captured, and specialists among them were interrogated under torture. One destroyer escort was sunk, with the loss of most of her crew. The war ended shortly afterwards and all surviving U-boats surrendered. Interrogation of their crews found that missile launching equipment was never fitted to
1678:
Just provided brief information on Group
Seewolf's composition and mission following a second interview in which he collapsed unconscious. The information provided by Just and the other specialists did not mention whether the submarines were equipped with missiles. The eight men were transferred to
1277:
on 11 April. Twelve of the destroyer escorts deployed into a line 120 miles (190 km) long while the two carriers, each protected by four destroyer escorts, sailed to the west of the line. The carriers' air operations were, however, greatly hindered by heavy seas. The rough weather also forced
1843:
were inferior to grouping ships in assigned patrol areas. Nevertheless, Philip K. Lundeberg has assessed the operation as "a classic demonstration not only of coordinated hunter tactics, derived in part from
British experience, but also of the profound impact of communications intelligence in the
1838:
were evaluated by U.S. Navy officers after the war. The escort carriers' air wings were disappointed with their experience, as their ability to detect submarines was hampered by severe weather throughout the operation. Despite this, the aircraft were successful in forcing the U-boats to remain
1145:
was used to trial small and short-ranged artillery rockets which could be fired while submerged. Development of this system ended in early 1943, as it was found to decrease the U-boats' seaworthiness. The German military also began the development of a U-boat-towed launch canister for the
1138:
made a propaganda broadcast in which he claimed that V-1 and V-2s "would fall on New York by
February 1, 1945", increasing the U.S. Government's concern over the threat of attack. However, the Germans had no ability to fire missiles from their submarines, as both attempts to develop
1367:
sinking her with no survivors at 04:04. Both submarines suffered huge explosions after being struck by
Hedgehog projectiles. This further raised the fear that they were carrying rockets and motivated the First Barrier Force to intensify its efforts to destroy the remaining U-boats.
1113:
prepared a plan to defend the east coast from attacks by aerial raiders and missiles. This plan was originally code-named
Operation Bumblebee, and later renamed Operation Teardrop. Completed on 6 January 1945, the plan involved U.S. Navy anti-submarine forces as well as
1844:
interdiction of U-boat transit and operating areas." Similarly, the
British official history of the role intelligence played in World War II noted that information obtained from decrypted German radio transmissions contributed to "virtually all" of the sinkings during
1289:
on 8 April. U-boat
Command assigned Group Seewolf 12 different scouting lines between 2 and 19 April. The radio signals directing these deployments were decrypted by the Allies, providing them with accurate information on where the boats were operating.
1839:
submerged, thereby greatly slowing their speed. Other after action reports stressed the importance of teamwork between destroyer escorts when attacking submarines and argued that single barrier lines such as those used throughout most of
1715:
made radar contact with a submarine on the night of 24 April, but it escaped during the resulting search. After a week of searching south of the
Newfoundland Banks, the barrier force was split on 2 May to provide greater depth. The
1670:, the survivors were transferred to the U.S. base at Argentia. Upon arrival on 27 April, the prisoners were screened for interrogation, with eight specialists being separated from the other 25 survivors, who were then sent to
1328:
quickly gained sonar contact with the submarine and made three more
Hedgehog attacks. The third attack, which was conducted at 00:33 on 16 April, sank the submarine with the loss of her entire crew. Shortly afterwards
1094:, publicly warned that Germany was considering an attack on New York with long-range rockets. La Guardia's warning and the claims made by the captured spies received considerable media coverage. Despite this, the
1154:
was contracted to build a prototype in March or April 1945, but little work took place before Germany's final collapse. It is unlikely that the system would have been successful if it had been completed.
1067:
Despite the Tenth Fleet and Admiralty assessments, the U.S. military and government remained concerned that Germany would conduct vengeance attacks against East Coast cities. In early November 1944, the
1285:. The boats found no targets, however, as the Allies had routed convoys to the south to avoid the submarines and severe weather. The German submarines began to reach their initial stations east of the
1873:. The U.S. Navy's success in adapting a variant of the V-1 to be launched from submarines also demonstrated that it would have been technically feasible for the German navy to have done the same.
1634:
was not effective, and the torpedo struck her forward engine room at 0835. She sank five minutes later with the loss of 126 of her 192 crewmen. Eight American destroyer escorts subsequently
1131:, gave a press conference on 8 January in which he warned there was a threat of missile attack and announced that a large force had been assembled to counter seaborne missile launchers.
1106:
on 11 December that the threat of missile attack was so low that it did not justify the diversion of resources from other tasks. This assessment was not supported by the U.S. Navy.
967:
Operation Teardrop was planned during late 1944 in response to intelligence reports which indicated that Germany was preparing a force of missile-armed submarines. Two large U.S. Navy
2644:
1666:
s survivors were harshly treated in an attempt to force them to divulge whether the submarines bound for the U.S. east coast were carrying missiles. After brief interviews on board
1045:, but concluded that they were wooden tracks used to load torpedoes. Further rumors of missile-armed submarines emerged later that year, including one from Sweden passed on by the
1150:
ballistic missile in November 1944. Once complete, these canisters were to be towed to a position off the United States east coast and be used to attack New York. Vulkan Docks in
1053:
discounted these reports, and assessed that while V-1s could be potentially mounted on Type IX submarines, the Germans were unlikely to devote scarce resources to such a project.
1023:
launched from submarines to attack cities on the east coast of the United States. In September of that year, Oskar Mantel, a spy captured by the U.S. Navy when the submarine (
1523:
in a patrol line 105 miles (169 km) long, and sailed towards the east. This line was made up of 14 destroyer escorts sailing at 5 mi (8.0 km) intervals, with
2659:
2494:
1674:
camps. The specialists were held in solitary confinement and subjected to "shock interrogation" techniques, exhausting physical exercise and beatings. On 30 April,
2639:
2557:
2192:
1554:. Radio signals directing these deployments were decrypted by Allied code breakers and increased fears that the submarines were trying to attack American cities.
276:
1737:
shortly before daybreak. The destroyer escort immediately turned to starboard and dropped depth charges, which sank the submarine with no survivors at 0616.
1123:, as their forward operating base. As well as guarding against missile attacks, these large forces were tasked with countering the new and high-performance
1168:
1569:
just after noon. The aircraft dropped depth charges but did not seriously damage the submarine. This was the first attack made by an aircraft during
332:
994:
Five of the seven submarines in the group stationed off the United States were sunk, four with their entire crews. Thirty-three crew members from
1046:
1470:(RCN) at any stage of the engagement. Moreover, Ingram did not provide the Canadian military with a situation report until after the sinking of
1399:
and her escorts, but was not attacked as the aircraft could not confirm whether she was hostile before she submerged. On the night of 20 April,
1851:
A variant of the V-1 was used by the U.S. Navy to test the feasibility of launching missiles from submarines in the years after World War II.
305:
1705:
s survivors was a "singular atrocity" motivated by the interrogators' need to promptly extract information on potential missile attacks.
1478:(RCAF) flew offensive patrols in support of the American effort, and the RCN and RCAF intensified their patrols of inshore waters around
269:
1720:
group reinforced the Second Barrier Force during this period, bringing its strength to three escort carriers and 31 destroyer escorts.
1466:
was undertaken in the part of the North Atlantic for which Canada had primary responsibility, Ingram did not seek assistance from the
1182:
German submarines in early 1945, but heavy casualties had forced the German navy to break off operations in late March. On 12 April,
2413:
A Blue Water Navy: The Official Operational History of the Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War, 1943â1945. Volume II, Part 2
1459:
with no survivors. By this time, the First Barrier Force was returning to Argentia, after the Second Barrier Force had relieved it.
1794:
After the German surrender the U.S. Navy continued its efforts to determine whether the U-boats had carried missiles. The crews of
1249:
decrypts. Vice Admiral Ingram and the U.S. Tenth Fleet concluded that the boats in Group Seewolf were carrying V-1s and launched
2294:
1042:
262:
2420:
1072:
mounted an intensive search for submarines within 250 miles (400 km) of New York City. In late December 1944, the spies
1635:
1869:
in a series of tests which began on February 12, 1947. These tests were successful, and led to the development of further
876:
1086:
in Maine, told their interrogators that Germany was preparing a group of rocket-equipped submarines. On 10 December, the
327:
1870:
1110:
2584:
2546:
2525:
2502:
2479:
2460:
2441:
2401:
2602:
2453:
British Intelligence in the Second World War : Its Influence on Strategy and Operations. Volume Three, Part II
671:
2634:
1342:
1095:
953:
300:
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and maneuvered to attack the escort carrier. She attempted to pass through the barrier line but was detected by
1831:
shortly afterwards. It is not known if the Allies were aware of Steinhoff's involvement in the rocket trials.
1607:
at 08:30, which immediately prepared to attack the submarine. After realizing that his boat had been detected
1823:
s crew. An official Navy investigation was held into this interrogation after Steinhoff committed suicide at
1749:
1538:
and directed the three surviving boats to take up stations between New York and Halifax. Shortly afterwards,
1115:
1395:
on the surface during the nights of 18â19 April. The submarine was only 50 nautical miles (93 km) from
889:
482:
2470:
Lundeberg, Philip K. (1994). "Operation Teardrop Revisited". In Runyan, Timothy J.; Copes, Jan M (eds.).
1384:
1286:
1061:
923:
918:
852:
431:
2649:
2629:
2558:"The Wartime Diversion of U.S. Navy Forces in Response to Public Demands for Augmented Coastal Defense"
1852:
315:
1230:" ("Group Seawolf") and ordered to attack shipping from New York southwards. The remaining two boats,
1708:
The Second Barrier Force slowly moved south west from 24 April, searching for the remaining U-boats.
1038:
345:
1433:
The First Barrier Force scored its final success on the night of 21â22 April. Just before midnight,
1338:
2654:
1802:
were interrogated and confirmed that their boats were not fitted with missile launching equipment.
1475:
1282:
1278:
the cancellation of planned memorial services for President Roosevelt after his death on 12 April.
988:
972:
1245:
The Allies were aware of this force's departure and destination through information gathered from
2603:"U-546 sunk by aircraft from USS Bogue and Core and numerous destroyer escorts on April 25, 1945"
1767:
1337:
by radar as she attempted to flee the area on the surface. After illuminating the submarine with
1219:
1081:
1024:
871:
577:
487:
310:
475:
1811:
1753:
1730:
on 5 May. The boat was detected while attempting to pass submerged through the barrier line by
1601:
1591:
1545:
1539:
1363:
s sonar operators. The two American ships made several Hedgehog attacks on the submarine, with
1310:
1237:
1231:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1140:
1120:
1087:
1010:
995:
968:
913:
460:
286:
48:
30:
1648:
severely damaged her with a Hedgehog salvo. The submarine immediately surfaced but sank after
1127:
if they began operating in the central Atlantic. The Atlantic Fleet's commander, Vice Admiral
820:
1731:
1684:
1103:
815:
805:
763:
639:
599:
587:
402:
1550:, which had been operating separately, were also ordered to positions between New York and
1479:
1264:
1172:
1069:
840:
835:
830:
543:
8:
1824:
1695:
1680:
1558:
1467:
1091:
845:
1745:
1520:
1425:
1124:
1099:
975:
put to sea from Norway bound for North America. While severe weather conditions in the
941:
1687:, where they continued to be harshly treated until Just agreed to write an account of
1616:
2580:
2542:
2521:
2498:
2475:
2456:
2437:
2416:
2397:
1445:
1314:
1226:
1073:
1050:
676:
565:
550:
984:
773:
654:
367:
322:
1451:
joined her and made the initial Hedgehog attack on the submarine. Following this,
1056:
728:
2574:
2536:
2514:
2431:
1816:, was subjected to an abusive interrogation at Portsmouth by the interviewers of
1671:
1257:
1128:
957:
168:
2516:
The Rocket and the Reich. PeenemĂŒnde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era
964:. After the war, it was determined the submarines had not been carrying either.
1741:
was the last German submarine to be sunk by the U.S. Navy during World War II.
1403:
attempted to torpedo a U.S. destroyer escort, but missed. The following night,
1371:
The First Barrier Force maneuvered south westward following the destruction of
1273:
between 25 and 27 March, proceeded to Argentia to refuel and assembled east of
1254:
1246:
980:
976:
866:
78:
2538:
Cold War submarines: the design and construction of U.S. and Soviet submarines
2623:
1863:
1551:
1508:
1270:
961:
884:
825:
810:
793:
788:
783:
768:
753:
748:
738:
733:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
666:
649:
634:
624:
619:
555:
526:
496:
470:
465:
455:
450:
438:
156:
1709:
1642:
1621:
1135:
1077:
1015:
971:
task forces were set up. The plan was executed in April 1945 after several
945:
800:
778:
661:
644:
629:
614:
609:
604:
594:
582:
560:
531:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
445:
426:
421:
409:
397:
392:
382:
372:
362:
357:
34:
1557:
The Second Barrier Force encountered its first U-boat on 23 April when a
1380:
1299:
1041:
analysts subsequently examined photos of unusual mountings on U-boats at
723:
387:
377:
2610:
1656:
Just and 32 other crewmen survived the sinking and were taken prisoner.
1037:
interrogators that several missile-equipped U-boats were being readied.
1434:
1408:
894:
758:
743:
1744:
The Second Barrier Force established its final barrier line along the
1576:
960:. Germany had threatened to attack New York with V-1 flying bombs and
2126:
1986:
1810:
during her rocket trials and was captured at sea when he surrendered
1491:
1318:
1274:
2295:"The Treatment of Survivors and Prisoners of War, at Sea and Ashore"
987:
detected and engaged most of the German submarines. Aircraft of the
254:
1856:
1785:
1780:
1498:
1419:
1281:
As it sailed west, Group Seewolf was ordered to attack shipping by
1253:
in response. The ships of the First Barrier Force, which comprised
2495:
History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 10
2345:
42:
2576:
Hunter-killer: U.S. escort carriers in the Battle of the Atlantic
1519:
and other locations. The force was initially stationed along the
1516:
1151:
1134:
In January 1945, German Minister of Armaments and War Production
1624:
at the destroyer escort from a range of 650 yards (590 m).
1828:
1080:, who had been captured in New York City after being landed by
949:
2193:"H-047-1: The Last Battle of the AtlanticâOperation Teardrop"
1631:
1388:
1341:
and spotlights, the destroyer escort opened fire on her with
1030:
1013:
received intelligence reports which suggested that Germany's
572:
2233:
2221:
2209:
2097:
1534:
On the night of 22â23 April, U-boat Command dissolved Group
2276:
2274:
2272:
2116:
2114:
2112:
1962:
1938:
1899:
1139:
submarine-launched rockets ended in failure. In June 1942,
2579:(illustrated ed.). Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
2257:
2645:
Naval battles of World War II involving the United States
2433:
Target America: Hitler's plan to attack the United States
2411:
Douglas, W. A. B.; Sarty, Roger; Whitby, Michael (2007).
2357:
2158:
2156:
2143:
2141:
1772:
at sea before returning to bases on the U.S. east coast.
1147:
1034:
2451:
Hinsley, F. H.; Ransom, C. F. G.; Knight, R. C. (1988).
2333:
2321:
2309:
2269:
2245:
2109:
2085:
2061:
2049:
2025:
1998:
1001:
the U-boats, which was further confirmed after the war.
979:
greatly reduced the effectiveness of the four U.S. Navy
2175:
2173:
2171:
2015:
2013:
1926:
1652:
and three or four other destroyer escorts fired at it.
1317:, but the submarine submerged and escaped. Assisted by
948:, conducted between April and May 1945, to sink German
2153:
2138:
2073:
2037:
1916:
1914:
1345:
guns from a range of 650 yards (590 m) at 02:09.
1974:
1309:
at a position about 500 miles (800 km) north of
2168:
2010:
1726:
became the fifth and final U-boat to be sunk during
1565:
about 74 nautical miles (137 km) north west of
2660:
War crimes by the United States during World War II
2450:
2396:(Modern Library ed.). New York: Random House.
2369:
2351:
1992:
1950:
1911:
1887:
1490:The Second Barrier Force comprised escort carriers
2513:
2472:To Die Gallantly : The Battle of the Atlantic
2410:
2132:
1313:. She immediately attacked the submarine with her
2621:
2640:Naval battles of World War II involving Germany
2497:(Castle Books ed.). Edison: Castle Books.
2415:. St. Catherine's, Canada: Vanwell Publishing.
1485:
1047:Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force
1293:
1527:and her four escorts at its northern end and
270:
2541:(Illustrated ed.). Herndon: Brassey's.
1698:has written that the beating and torture of
16:1945 US Navy operation in the North Atlantic
2572:
2534:
2455:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
2363:
2263:
1414:, but escaped after being depth charged by
2535:Polmar, Norman; Moore, Kenneth J. (2004).
2491:The Atlantic Battle Won May 1943â May 1945
2394:Hitler's U-Boat War. The Hunted, 1942â1945
1531:and her four escorts at the southern end.
1177:anchored off New York City in October 1945
277:
263:
2469:
2339:
2327:
2292:
2280:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2215:
2120:
2103:
2091:
2067:
2055:
2031:
1968:
1944:
1932:
1905:
1507:and 10 destroyer escorts had sailed from
1119:existing escort carrier groups, and used
1109:In response to the perceived threat, the
1779:
1575:
1167:
1055:
2511:
2488:
2162:
2147:
2079:
2043:
1980:
1752:that day, it accepted the surrender of
1269:and 20 destroyer escorts, sortied from
2622:
2555:
2299:International Journal of Naval History
1920:
1455:made her own Hedgehog run, which sank
1163:
2429:
2391:
2375:
2315:
2179:
2019:
2004:
1956:
1893:
1515:and 12 destroyer escorts sailed from
1349:quickly submerged but was tracked by
284:
258:
1242:, were directed to Canadian waters.
1121:Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland
956:that were believed to be armed with
1855:"Loon" missiles were launched from
1806:Fritz Steinhoff, who had commanded
57:destroyer escorts on April 24, 1945
13:
2197:Naval History and Heritage Command
1871:submarine-launched cruise missiles
1298:Just before midnight on 15 April,
14:
2671:
2595:
162:
150:
129:
118:
104:
41:
2489:Morison, Samuel Eliot (2001) .
2286:
2185:
1694:s history on 12 May. Historian
983:involved, long patrol lines of
1315:Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar
1:
2293:Lundeberg, Philip K. (2016).
1876:
1750:end of World War II in Europe
1116:United States Army Air Forces
1098:, which was dominated by the
1004:
2573:Y'Blood, William T. (2004).
2520:. New York: The Free Press.
2512:Neufeld, Michael J. (1995).
2436:. Santa Barbara: Greenwood.
1881:
1775:
1641:for almost 10 hours, before
1486:Second Barrier Force actions
1385:Consolidated B-24 Liberators
7:
2474:. Boulder: Westview Press.
1474:. However, aircraft of the
1294:First Barrier Force actions
1287:Grand Banks of Newfoundland
1062:Imperial War Museum Duxford
10:
2676:
2384:
1503:and 22 destroyer escorts.
53:survivors in the midst of
1158:
1039:United States Tenth Fleet
296:
196:
174:
143:
97:
61:
40:
28:
23:
2556:Siegel, Adam B. (1989).
2430:Duffy, James P. (2004).
1748:on 7 May. Following the
1476:Royal Canadian Air Force
1305:made radar contact with
1074:William Curtis Colepaugh
989:Royal Canadian Air Force
2364:Polmar & Moore 2004
1784:A "Loon" is fired from
1029:) transporting him to
991:supported this effort.
2635:Battle of the Atlantic
1791:
1587:
1178:
1088:Mayor of New York City
1064:
969:anti-submarine warfare
144:Commanders and leaders
2613:on September 5, 2009.
1783:
1579:
1171:
1104:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1059:
197:Casualties and losses
47:A life raft carrying
2392:Blair, Clay (1998).
1834:The tactics used in
1622:T-5 acoustic torpedo
1102:, advised President
1070:Eastern Sea Frontier
1019:was planning to use
977:North Atlantic Ocean
79:North Atlantic Ocean
2352:Hinsley et al. 1988
2318:, pp. 689â690.
2242:, pp. 225â226.
2230:, pp. 224â225.
2218:, pp. 221â222.
2135:, pp. 447â448.
2133:Douglas et al. 2007
2106:, pp. 219â220.
2007:, pp. 686â687.
1995:, pp. 625â626.
1993:Hinsley et al. 1988
1971:, pp. 213â214.
1947:, pp. 215â216.
1908:, pp. 213â215.
1825:Charles Street Jail
1696:Philip K. Lundeberg
1681:Fort Hunt, Virginia
1620:Paul Just, fired a
1561:from VC-19 sighted
1559:Grumman TBF Avenger
1511:on 16 April, while
1468:Royal Canadian Navy
1164:Initial deployments
1125:Type XXI submarines
1111:U.S. Atlantic Fleet
1092:Fiorello La Guardia
1033:was sunk, told his
328:Blockade of Germany
2560:. HyperWar Project
1853:RepublicâFord JBâ2
1792:
1626:Frederick C. Davis
1604:Frederick C. Davis
1588:
1179:
1100:United States Army
1065:
1009:In late 1944, the
973:Type IX submarines
942:United States Navy
938:Operation Teardrop
24:Operation Teardrop
2650:April 1945 events
2630:Conflicts in 1945
2422:978-1-55125-069-4
1224:were designated "
1096:Department of War
1051:British Admiralty
985:destroyer escorts
944:operation during
932:
931:
288:Atlantic campaign
253:
252:
221:5 submarines sunk
189:4 escort carriers
93:
92:
31:Atlantic Campaign
2667:
2614:
2609:. Archived from
2590:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2552:
2531:
2519:
2508:
2485:
2466:
2447:
2426:
2407:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2166:
2160:
2151:
2145:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1822:
1704:
1693:
1665:
1630:
1613:
1407:was detected by
1362:
1355:
1022:
1021:V-1 flying bombs
958:V-1 flying bombs
954:Eastern Seaboard
952:approaching the
323:Northern Barrage
291:
289:
279:
272:
265:
256:
255:
246:1 destroyer sunk
167:
166:
165:
155:
154:
153:
135:
133:
132:
124:
122:
121:
110:
108:
107:
63:
62:
56:
45:
21:
20:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2655:May 1945 events
2620:
2619:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2563:
2561:
2549:
2528:
2505:
2482:
2463:
2444:
2423:
2404:
2387:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2169:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1820:
1804:KapitÀnleutnant
1778:
1702:
1691:
1676:KapitÀnleutnant
1672:prisoner of war
1663:
1654:KapitÀnleutnant
1628:
1617:KapitÀnleutnant
1611:
1581:KapitÀnleutnant
1488:
1430:for two hours.
1360:
1353:
1296:
1255:escort carriers
1166:
1161:
1129:Jonas H. Ingram
1043:bases in Norway
1020:
1007:
981:escort carriers
935:
934:
933:
928:
335:
292:
287:
285:
283:
249:
224:
192:
169:Jonas H. Ingram
163:
161:
151:
149:
139:
130:
128:
119:
117:
105:
103:
81:
54:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2673:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2616:
2615:
2607:U-boat Archive
2597:
2596:External links
2594:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2570:
2553:
2547:
2532:
2526:
2509:
2503:
2486:
2480:
2467:
2461:
2448:
2442:
2427:
2421:
2408:
2402:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2354:, p. 626.
2344:
2342:, p. 230.
2340:Lundeberg 1994
2332:
2330:, p. 229.
2328:Lundeberg 1994
2320:
2308:
2285:
2283:, p. 227.
2281:Lundeberg 1994
2268:
2266:, p. 272.
2256:
2254:, p. 226.
2252:Lundeberg 1994
2244:
2240:Lundeberg 1994
2232:
2228:Lundeberg 1994
2220:
2216:Lundeberg 1994
2208:
2184:
2182:, p. 687.
2167:
2165:, p. 351.
2152:
2150:, p. 350.
2137:
2125:
2123:, p. 220.
2121:Lundeberg 1994
2108:
2104:Lundeberg 1994
2096:
2094:, p. 219.
2092:Lundeberg 1994
2084:
2082:, p. 349.
2072:
2070:, p. 218.
2068:Lundeberg 1994
2060:
2058:, p. 217.
2056:Lundeberg 1994
2048:
2046:, p. 346.
2036:
2034:, p. 216.
2032:Lundeberg 1994
2024:
2022:, p. 686.
2009:
1997:
1985:
1983:, p. 255.
1973:
1969:Lundeberg 1994
1961:
1959:, p. 683.
1949:
1945:Lundeberg 1994
1937:
1935:, p. 215.
1933:Lundeberg 1994
1925:
1910:
1906:Lundeberg 1994
1898:
1896:, p. 688.
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1777:
1774:
1683:shortly after
1590:The next day,
1487:
1484:
1427:J.R.Y. Blakely
1295:
1292:
1283:U-boat Command
1227:Gruppe Seewolf
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1006:
1003:
962:rocket U-boats
930:
929:
927:
926:
921:
916:
911:
898:
897:
892:
887:
882:
874:
869:
858:
857:
856:
855:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
797:
796:
791:
786:
781:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
715:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
585:
580:
575:
570:
563:
558:
553:
551:2nd Happy Time
548:
535:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
493:
492:
485:
483:Denmark Strait
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
442:
441:
429:
424:
413:
412:
407:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
368:1st Happy Time
365:
360:
349:
348:
337:
336:
330:
325:
320:
319:
318:
313:
308:
297:
294:
293:
282:
281:
274:
267:
259:
251:
250:
248:
247:
244:
239:
236:
233:
227:
225:
223:
222:
219:
214:
211:
208:
202:
199:
198:
194:
193:
191:
190:
187:
183:
181:
177:
176:
172:
171:
159:
146:
145:
141:
140:
138:
137:
126:
114:
112:
100:
99:
95:
94:
91:
90:
89:Allied victory
87:
83:
82:
77:
75:
71:
70:
69:AprilâMay 1945
67:
59:
58:
38:
37:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2672:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2588:
2586:1-59114-995-9
2582:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2548:1-57488-594-4
2544:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2527:0-02-922895-6
2523:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2506:
2504:0-7858-1311-X
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2481:0-8133-8815-5
2477:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2462:0-11-630940-7
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2443:0-275-96684-4
2439:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2403:0-679-64033-9
2399:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2378:, p. 72.
2377:
2372:
2366:, p. 87.
2365:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2260:
2253:
2248:
2241:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1923:, p. 33.
1922:
1917:
1915:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1746:60th meridian
1742:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1614:s commander,
1610:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1552:Cape Hatteras
1549:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1521:45th meridian
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1448:Neal A. Scott
1443:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1311:Flores Island
1308:
1304:
1303:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1271:Hampton Roads
1268:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1002:
999:
998:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
909:
905:
904:
903:
902:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
880:
875:
873:
872:26 April 1944
870:
868:
865:
864:
863:
862:
854:
853:Bay of Biscay
851:
850:
849:
848:
844:
842:
841:SL 140/MKS 31
839:
837:
836:SL 139/MKS 30
834:
832:
831:SL 138/MKS 28
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
816:ONS 20/ON 206
814:
812:
809:
807:
806:ONS 18/ON 202
804:
802:
799:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
764:HX 229/SC 122
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
720:
719:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
657:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
590:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
568:
564:
562:
559:
557:
556:Torpedo Alley
554:
552:
549:
547:
546:
542:
541:
540:
539:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
491:
490:
486:
484:
481:
480:
479:
478:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
440:
437:
436:
435:
434:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
418:
417:
411:
408:
406:
405:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
354:
353:
347:
344:
343:
342:
341:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
306:United States
304:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
290:
280:
275:
273:
268:
266:
261:
260:
257:
245:
243:
240:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
226:
220:
218:
215:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
201:
200:
195:
188:
186:42 destroyers
185:
184:
182:
179:
178:
173:
170:
160:
158:
157:Eberhard Godt
148:
147:
142:
127:
125:United States
116:
115:
113:
102:
101:
96:
88:
85:
84:
80:
76:
73:
72:
68:
65:
64:
60:
52:
51:
44:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
2617:
2611:the original
2606:
2575:
2562:. Retrieved
2537:
2515:
2490:
2471:
2452:
2432:
2412:
2393:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2264:Y'Blood 2004
2259:
2247:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2200:. Retrieved
2196:
2187:
2163:Morison 1956
2148:Morison 1956
2128:
2099:
2087:
2080:Morison 1956
2075:
2063:
2051:
2044:Morison 1956
2039:
2027:
2000:
1988:
1981:Neufeld 1995
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1928:
1901:
1889:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1786:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1688:
1675:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1625:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1583:Just aboard
1580:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1546:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1512:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1471:
1463:
1462:Even though
1461:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1444:with sonar.
1441:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1346:
1343:Bofors 40 mm
1334:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1280:
1265:
1259:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1141:
1136:Albert Speer
1133:
1108:
1082:
1078:Erich Gimpel
1066:
1025:
1016:Kriegsmarine
1014:
1008:
996:
993:
966:
946:World War II
937:
936:
924:7â8 May 1945
919:5â6 May 1945
914:Point Judith
907:
906:
900:
899:
878:
860:
859:
846:
717:
716:
672:27 September
655:
588:
566:
544:
537:
536:
488:
476:
432:
415:
414:
403:
351:
350:
339:
338:
316:St. Lawrence
241:
230:
216:
205:
180:7 submarines
111:Nazi Germany
98:Belligerents
49:
35:World War II
29:Part of the
1921:Siegel 1989
1718:Mission Bay
1632:Foxer decoy
1397:Mission Bay
1381:Leigh Light
1260:Mission Bay
877:Capture of
640:Bell Island
589:Connecticut
404:Nordseetour
346:River Plate
231:Casualties:
213:33 captured
206:Casualties:
2624:Categories
2376:Duffy 2004
2316:Blair 1998
2202:2020-12-27
2180:Blair 1998
2020:Blair 1998
2005:Blair 1998
1957:Blair 1998
1894:Blair 1998
1877:References
1383:-equipped
1339:star shell
1005:Background
545:Postmaster
477:RheinĂŒbung
235:126 killed
210:218 killed
1882:Footnotes
1866:Carbonero
1864:USS
1857:USS
1776:Aftermath
1732:USS
1710:USS
1643:USS
1602:USS
1492:USS
1446:USS
1440:detected
1435:USS
1409:USS
1333:detected
1319:USS
1300:USS
1275:Cape Race
1258:USS
847:Stonewall
821:Sept-Ăles
774:Black May
677:SG 6/LN 6
333:Gibraltar
311:Caribbean
55:U.S. Navy
1846:Teardrop
1841:Teardrop
1836:Teardrop
1734:Farquhar
1728:Teardrop
1712:Swenning
1659:Some of
1650:Flaherty
1645:Flaherty
1596:sighted
1571:Teardrop
1464:Teardrop
1391:spotted
1251:Teardrop
908:Teardrop
867:Lyme Bay
578:27 March
489:Bismarck
301:Americas
175:Strength
74:Location
2564:May 10,
2385:Sources
1790:in 1951
1636:hunted
1536:Seewolf
1517:Bermuda
1509:Quonset
1480:Halifax
1389:VPB-114
1365:Stanton
1351:Stanton
1326:Stanton
1302:Stanton
1266:Croatan
1174:Croatan
1152:Stettin
1060:V-1 at
950:U-boats
656:Laconia
567:Neuland
461:4 April
242:Losses:
217:Losses:
2583:
2545:
2524:
2501:
2478:
2459:
2440:
2419:
2400:
1829:Boston
1769:U-1228
1685:VE Day
1544:, and
1453:Carter
1437:Carter
1416:Mosley
1411:Mosley
1373:U-1235
1356:s and
1307:U-1235
1247:Enigma
1221:U-1235
1159:Battle
1083:U-1230
1049:. The
1026:U-1229
1011:Allies
940:was a
895:BX 141
885:HX 300
826:ON 207
811:SC 143
794:SC 130
789:SC 129
784:HX 237
769:HX 231
754:HX 228
749:SC 121
739:ON 166
734:SC 118
712:ON 154
707:ON 153
702:ON 144
697:SC 107
692:SL 125
687:HX 212
682:SC 104
667:SC 100
650:ON 127
635:ON 122
625:ON 115
620:ON 113
600:6 June
527:HX 156
497:HX 133
471:HX 126
466:OB 318
456:HX 112
451:OB 293
439:HX 106
433:Berlin
238:
136:Canada
134:
123:
109:
86:Result
1821:'
1818:U-546
1813:U-873
1808:U-511
1800:U-858
1796:U-805
1764:U-858
1760:U-805
1755:U-234
1739:U-881
1724:U-881
1703:'
1700:U-546
1692:'
1689:U-546
1668:Bogue
1664:'
1661:U-546
1638:U-546
1629:'
1612:'
1609:U-546
1593:U-546
1585:Bogue
1567:Bogue
1563:U-881
1547:U-889
1541:U-881
1529:Bogue
1505:Bogue
1494:Bogue
1472:U-518
1457:U-518
1442:U-518
1405:U-805
1401:U-546
1393:U-805
1387:from
1377:U-880
1361:'
1358:Frost
1354:'
1347:U-880
1335:U-880
1331:Frost
1321:Frost
1239:U-548
1233:U-530
1215:U-881
1209:U-880
1203:U-858
1197:U-805
1191:U-546
1185:U-518
1142:U-511
1031:Maine
997:U-546
890:WEP 3
879:U-505
801:Faith
779:ONS 5
759:UGS 6
729:SG 19
662:SQ 36
645:QS 33
630:SC 94
615:QS 15
610:SL 78
605:HG 84
595:ON 92
583:OG 82
573:ON 67
561:SC 67
532:HG 76
522:SC 48
517:HG 73
512:SC 42
507:OG 71
502:OG 69
446:HG 53
427:SC 20
422:SC 19
410:HX 90
398:HX 84
393:HX 79
383:HX 72
373:HX 65
363:HX 49
358:HX 47
50:U-546
2581:ISBN
2566:2013
2543:ISBN
2522:ISBN
2499:ISBN
2476:ISBN
2457:ISBN
2438:ISBN
2417:ISBN
2398:ISBN
2305:(1).
1862:and
1859:Cusk
1798:and
1787:Cusk
1766:and
1598:Core
1525:Core
1513:Core
1500:Core
1497:and
1424:and
1421:Lowe
1375:and
1263:and
1236:and
1218:and
1076:and
901:1945
861:1944
744:UC 1
724:TM 1
718:1943
538:1942
416:1941
388:SC 7
378:SC 2
352:1940
340:1939
66:Date
1827:in
1148:V-2
1035:FBI
33:of
2626::
2605:.
2493:.
2303:16
2301:.
2297:.
2271:^
2195:.
2170:^
2155:^
2140:^
2111:^
2012:^
1913:^
1848:.
1762:,
1758:,
1573:.
1482:.
1418:,
1379:.
1324:,
1212:,
1206:,
1200:,
1194:,
1188:,
1090:,
2589:.
2568:.
2551:.
2530:.
2507:.
2484:.
2465:.
2446:.
2425:.
2406:.
2205:.
278:e
271:t
264:v
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