Opera - Knowledge

1489: 4730: 59: 3751: 1007: 770: 207: 1642: 3233: 3804:(incomplete at his death in 1935) share many of the same characteristics as described above, though Berg combined his highly personal interpretation of Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique with melodic passages of a more traditionally tonal nature (quite Mahlerian in character) which perhaps partially explains why his operas have remained in standard repertory, despite their controversial music and plots. Schoenberg's theories have influenced (either directly or indirectly) significant numbers of opera composers ever since, even if they themselves did not compose using his techniques. 221: 2042: 1130: 196: 3417: 2309: 1872: 1225: 959: 5056: 2563: 1851: 4990: 4501: 2887: 3284: 480: 3808: 8951: 3522: 8961: 628: 8941: 2521: 1556:, chose to write most of their operas in foreign languages, especially Italian. In contrast to Italian opera, which was generally composed for the aristocratic class, German opera was generally composed for the masses and tended to feature simple folk-like melodies, and it was not until the arrival of Mozart that German opera was able to match its Italian counterpart in musical sophistication. The theatre company of 8971: 1564: 2296: 8997: 759: 748: 4904:, and a podium was used to make it easier for all the musicians to see him or her. By the time Wagnerian operas were introduced, the complexity of the works and the huge orchestras used to play them gave the conductor an increasingly important role. Modern opera conductors have a challenging role: they have to direct both the orchestra in the 2645:(following the efforts of a number of young English composers beginning about 1876), but he claimed that even his light operas constituted part of a school of "English" opera, intended to supplant the French operettas (usually performed in bad translations) that had dominated the London stage from the mid-19th century into the 1870s. London's 833:. Before such elements were forced out of opera seria, many libretti had featured a separately unfolding comic plot as sort of an "opera-within-an-opera". One reason for this was an attempt to attract members of the growing merchant class, newly wealthy, but still not as cultured as the nobility, to the public 4888:. In Wagner and the work of subsequent composers, such as Benjamin Britten, the orchestra "often communicates facts about the story that exceed the levels of awareness of the characters therein. As a result, critics began to regard the orchestra as performing a role analogous to that of a literary narrator." 1893: 1894: 5085:

was broadcast live from its original Roman settings and times of the day: the first act came from the 16th-century Church of Sant'Andrea della Valle at noon on Saturday; the 16th-century Palazzo Farnese was the setting for the second at 8:15 pm; and on Sunday at 6 am, the third act was broadcast from

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accounted for 22% of the funds in the Arts Council's national portfolio. During that period, the Council undertook an analysis of its funding for large-scale opera and ballet companies, setting recommendations and targets for the companies to meet prior to the 2015–2018 funding decisions. In February

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A common trend throughout the 20th century, in both opera and general orchestral repertoire, is the use of smaller orchestras as a cost-cutting measure; the grand Romantic-era orchestras with huge string sections, multiple harps, extra horns, and exotic percussion instruments were no longer feasible.

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Smaller companies in the US have a more fragile existence, and they usually depend on a "patchwork quilt" of support from state and local governments, local businesses, and fundraisers. Nevertheless, some smaller companies have found ways of drawing new audiences. In addition to radio and television

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in English and was a huge success, holding the stage until the 1830s. Although Arne imitated many elements of Italian opera, he was perhaps the only English composer at that time who was able to move beyond the Italian influences and create his own unique and distinctly English voice. His modernized

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Until the mid-1950s, it was acceptable to produce operas in translations even if these had not been authorized by the composer or the original librettists. For example, opera houses in Italy routinely staged Wagner in Italian. After World War II, opera scholarship improved, artists refocused on the

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Outside the US, and especially in Europe, most opera houses receive public subsidies from taxpayers. In Milan, Italy, 60% of La Scala's annual budget of €115 million is from ticket sales and private donations, with the remaining 40% coming from public funds. In 2005, La Scala received 25% of

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is used in some modern concert halls and theatres where operas are performed. Although none of the major opera houses "...use traditional, Broadway-style sound reinforcement, in which most if not all singers are equipped with radio microphones mixed to a series of unsightly loudspeakers scattered

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original versions, and translations fell out of favor. Knowledge of European languages, especially Italian, French, and German, is today an important part of the training for professional singers. "The biggest chunk of operatic training is in linguistics and musicianship", explains mezzo-soprano

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The role of the orchestra in accompanying the singers changed over the 19th century, as the Classical style transitioned to the Romantic era. In general, orchestras got bigger, new instruments were added, such as additional percussion instruments (e.g., bass drum, cymbals, snare drum, etc.). The

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broadcast of an Italian opera). These subtitles target not only the hard of hearing but the audience generally, since a sung discourse is much harder to understand than a spoken one—even in the ears of native speakers. Subtitles in one or more languages have become standard in opera broadcasts,

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As the role of the orchestra and other instrumental ensembles changed over the history of opera, so did the role of leading the musicians. In the Baroque era, the musicians were usually directed by the harpsichord player, although the French composer Lully is known to have conducted with a long

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Gluck's reforms have had resonance throughout operatic history. Weber, Mozart, and Wagner, in particular, were influenced by his ideals. Mozart, in many ways Gluck's successor, combined a superb sense of drama, harmony, melody, and counterpoint to write a series of comic operas with libretti by

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stated, "The accompaniments... are delightful to hear, and especially does the treatment of the woodwind compel admiring attention. Schubert himself could hardly have handled those instruments more deftly. ...we have a genuine English opera, forerunner of many others, let us hope, and possibly

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termed "the unprecedented step" of threatening to withdraw public funding if the council's concerns were not met by 2017. European public funding to opera has led to a disparity between the number of year-round opera houses in Europe and the United States. For example, "Germany has about 80

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contains many little motifs and mottos, that, rather than being expanded upon, are introduced and subsequently dropped, only to be brought up again later. These motifs never are expanded upon, and just as the audience expects a character to launch into a long melody, a new character speaks,

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Since the days of Handel and Mozart, many composers have favored Italian as the language for the libretto of their operas. From the Bel Canto era to Verdi, composers would sometimes supervise versions of their operas in both Italian and French. Because of this, operas such as

977: 3893:(1918: "to be read, played, and danced"; in both cases the descriptions and instructions are those of the composer). In the latter, the actors declaim portions of speech to a specified rhythm over instrumental accompaniment, peculiarly similar to the older German genre of 2657:

as "a genuine English opera, forerunner of many others, let us hope, and possibly significant of an advance towards a national lyric stage". Sullivan produced a few light operas in the 1890s that were of a more serious nature than those in the G&S series, including

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and a bass instrument. The string orchestra typically only played when the singer was not singing, such as during a singer's "...entrances and exits, between vocal numbers, for dancing". Another role for the orchestra during this period was playing an orchestral

4431:(these are both roles sometimes sung by sopranos; there is quite a lot of movement between these two voice-types). For the true contralto, the range of parts is more limited, which has given rise to the insider joke that contraltos only sing "witches, bitches, and 1327:. This opera, and the ones that would follow in Verdi's career, revolutionized Italian opera, changing it from merely a display of vocal fireworks, with Rossini's and Donizetti's works, to dramatic story-telling. Verdi's operas resonated with the growing spirit of 4518:

Early performances of opera were too infrequent for singers to make a living exclusively from the style, but with the birth of commercial opera in the mid-17th century, professional performers began to emerge. The role of the male hero was usually entrusted to a

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had gained the upper hand, the orchestra played a much bigger role, and Wagner revolutionized opera by abolishing almost all distinction between aria and recitative in his quest for what Wagner termed "endless melody". Subsequent composers have tended to follow

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became known to much wider audiences that went beyond the circle of opera fans. Since the invention of radio and television, operas were also performed on (and written for) these media. Beginning in 2006, a number of major opera houses began to present live

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Though opera patronage has decreased in the last century in favor of other arts and media (such as musicals, cinema, radio, television and recordings), mass media and the advent of recording have supported the popularity of many famous singers including

3356:, which had two separate flowerings: one from the mid-17th century through the mid-18th century, and another beginning around 1850. During the late 18th century up until the mid-19th century, Italian opera was immensely popular in Spain, supplanting the 3595:

In Iran, opera gained more attention after the introduction of Western classical music in the late 19th century. However, it took until mid 20th century for Iranian composers to start experiencing with the field, especially as the construction of the

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Another feature of late 20th-century opera is the emergence of contemporary historical operas, in contrast to the tradition of basing operas on more distant history, the re-telling of contemporary fictional stories or plays, or on myth or legend.

7165: 4844:(literally, the "symphony before the opera") was "an early term for a sinfonia used to begin an opera, that is, as an overture as opposed to one serving to begin a later section of the work". In 19th-century opera, in some operas, the overture, 2534:, both for his own compositions and for alerting Handel to the commercial possibilities of large-scale works in English. Arne was the first English composer to experiment with Italian-style all-sung comic opera, with his greatest success being 4821:: fast–slow–fast. The opening movement was normally in duple metre and in a major key; the slow movement in earlier examples was short, and could be in a contrasting key; the concluding movement was dance-like, most often with rhythms of the 522:(an "air" or formal song) in which the characters express their emotions in a more structured melodic style. Vocal duets, trios and other ensembles often occur, and choruses are used to comment on the action. In some forms of opera, such as 4704:

to mark the end of a singer's solo. During the early 1700s, some composers began to use the string orchestra to mark certain aria or recitatives "...as special"; by 1720, most arias were accompanied by an orchestra. Opera composers such as

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opera derives from the Italian stylistic singing school of the same name. Bel canto lines are typically florid and intricate, requiring supreme agility and pitch control. Examples of famous operas in the bel canto style include Rossini's

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As government and private patronage of the arts decreased throughout the 20th century, new works were often commissioned and performed with smaller budgets, very often resulting in chamber-sized works, and short, one-act operas. Many of

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or "realistic" opera, because rather than featuring great kings and figures from literature, it focuses on the tragedies of ordinary life and society. After these, he continued to develop his style, composing perhaps the greatest French

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helped spread opera throughout Italy. In these early Baroque operas, broad comedy was blended with tragic elements in a mix that jarred some educated sensibilities, sparking the first of opera's many reform movements, sponsored by the

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pushed Wagnerian harmony further with a more extreme use of chromaticism and greater use of dissonance. Another aspect of modernist opera is the shift away from long, suspended melodies, to short quick mottos, as first illustrated by

2513:(1696). The main characters of the play tend not to be involved in the musical scenes, which means that Purcell was rarely able to develop his characters through song. Despite these hindrances, his aim (and that of his collaborator 1980:

throughout much of Europe during the Baroque period, Italian opera never gained much of a foothold in France, where its own national operatic tradition was more popular instead. After Rameau's death, the Bohemian-Austrian composer

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was felt as a challenge to the French tradition. Many French critics angrily rejected Wagner's music dramas while many French composers closely imitated them with variable success. Perhaps the most interesting response came from

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Operatic vocal technique evolved, in a time before electronic amplification, to allow singers to produce enough volume to be heard over an orchestra, without the instrumentalists having to substantially compromise their volume.

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added new instruments to the opera orchestra and gave the instruments new roles. They added wind instruments to the strings and used orchestral instruments to play instrumental solos, as a way to mark certain arias as special.

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The soprano voice has typically been used as the voice of choice for the female protagonist of the opera since the latter half of the 18th century. Earlier, it was common for that part to be sung by any female voice, or even a

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gained international recognition in the 20th century for his innovative works. His later, mature works incorporate his earlier studies of national folk music in a modern, highly original synthesis, first evident in the opera

1891: 2031:, who were followers of Gluck, brought a new seriousness to the genre, which had never been wholly "comic" in any case. Another phenomenon of this period was the 'propaganda opera' celebrating revolutionary successes, e.g. 1722:, he abolished the distinction between aria and recitative in favour of a seamless flow of "endless melody". Wagner also brought a new philosophical dimension to opera in his works, which were usually based on stories from 1243: 2491:(1689), in which the action is furthered by the use of Italian-style recitative, much of Purcell's best work was not involved in the composing of typical opera, but instead, he usually worked within the constraints of the 4464:

in supporting roles, and sometimes for comic relief (as well as providing a contrast to the preponderance of high voices in this genre). The bass repertoire is wide and varied, stretching from the comedy of Leporello in

1892: 1392:, which reveal how far Italian opera had grown in sophistication since the early 19th century. These final two works showed Verdi at his most masterfully orchestrated, and are both incredibly influential, and modern. In 902:

ruled the stage in every country except France. Farinelli was one of the most famous singers of the 18th century. Italian opera set the Baroque standard. Italian libretti were the norm, even when a German composer like

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in 1627, but the music score has not survived. Italian opera held a great sway over German-speaking countries until the late 18th century. Nevertheless, native forms would develop in spite of this influence. In 1644,

975: 692:. The members of the Camerata considered that the "chorus" parts of Greek dramas were originally sung, and possibly even the entire text of all roles; opera was thus conceived as a way of "restoring" this situation. 2327: 6776: 5172:

web platform. Savonlinna Opera Festival provided professional soloists, an 80-member choir, a symphony orchestra, and the stage machinery. It was performed live at the festival and streamed live on the internet.

3881:(1927). Stravinsky had already turned away from the modernist trends of his early ballets to produce small-scale works that do not fully qualify as opera, yet certainly contain many operatic elements, including 1284: 7090: 5431:

Comparable art forms from various other parts of the world, many of them ancient in origin, are also sometimes called "opera" by analogy, usually prefaced with an adjective indicating the region (for example,

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arch, or individual seat screens where spectators can choose from more than one language. TV broadcasts typically include subtitles even if intended for an audience who knows well the language (for example, a

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in the US (often known as the Met) reported in 2011 that the average age of its audience was 60. Many opera companies attempted to attract a younger audience to halt the larger trend of greying audiences for

829:, which became the leading form of Italian opera until the end of the 18th century. Once the Metastasian ideal had been firmly established, comedy in Baroque-era opera was reserved for what came to be called 276:

in England all helped to establish their national traditions in the 17th century. In the 18th century, Italian opera continued to dominate most of Europe (except France), attracting foreign composers such as

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in the 1770s. They show the influence of Rameau, but simplified and with greater focus on the drama. At the same time, by the middle of the 18th century another genre was gaining popularity in France:

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Opera seria had its weaknesses and critics. The taste for embellishment on behalf of the superbly trained singers, and the use of spectacle as a replacement for dramatic purity and unity drew attacks.

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began prerecorded video transmissions in March 2008. As of June 2008, approximately 125 theaters in 117 U.S. cities carry the showings. The HD video opera transmissions are presented via the same

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and scandalous and consisted in the main of dialogue set to music arranged from popular tunes. In this respect, jigs anticipate the ballad operas of the 18th century. At the same time, the French

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The tenor voice, from the Classical era onwards, has traditionally been assigned the role of male protagonist. Many of the most challenging tenor roles in the repertory were written during the

4423:(his lower range was also extraordinary, extending to tenor C). The mezzo-soprano, a term of comparatively recent origin, also has a large repertoire, ranging from the female lead in Purcell's 4316:

A particular singer's voice may change drastically over his or her lifetime, rarely reaching vocal maturity until the third decade, and sometimes not until middle age. Two French voice types,

3246:'s nine operas, except his first, have librettos in Czech and were intended to convey the Czech national spirit, as were some of his choral works. By far the most successful of the operas is 4944:) began to appear. Although supertitles were first almost universally condemned as a distraction, today many opera houses provide either supertitles, generally projected above the theatre's 1881: 1357:, proved the most daring and revolutionary. In it, Verdi blurs the distinction between the aria and recitative as it never before was, leading the opera to be "an unending string of duets". 5938: 4852:, Introduction, or whatever else it may be called, was the portion of the music which takes place before the curtain rises; a specific, rigid form was no longer required for the overture. 1282: 7271: 6805: 4036:

broadcasts of opera performances, which have had some success in gaining new audiences, broadcasts of live performances to movie theatres have shown the potential to reach new audiences.

2635:, all of which types of musical entertainments frequently spoofed operatic conventions; these genres contributed significantly to the emergence of the separate but closely related art of 2325: 7049: 4274:—men neutered at a young age specifically to give them a higher singing range.) Singers are then further classified by size—for instance, a soprano can be described as a lyric soprano, 3229:

is performed regularly outside the composer's homeland. After reaching Vienna in 1892 and London in 1895 it rapidly became part of the repertory of every major opera company worldwide.

6849:"Opera South East's past productions back to 1980... OSE has always sung its operatic productions in English, fully staged and with orchestra (the acclaimed Sussex Concert Orchestra)." 2559:

wrote that Arne introduced "a light, airy, original, and pleasing melody, wholly different from that of Purcell or Handel, whom all English composers had either pillaged or imitated".

5168:, it was created by members of the Internet group Opera By You. Its 400 members from 43 countries wrote the libretto, composed the music, and designed the sets and costumes using the 4435:" roles. In recent years many of the "trouser roles" from the Baroque era, originally written for women, and those originally sung by castrati, have been reassigned to countertenors. 4829:, and returned to the key of the opening section. As the form evolved, the first movement may incorporate fanfare-like elements and took on the pattern of so-called "sonatina form" ( 4286:, or dramatic soprano. These terms, although not fully describing a singing voice, associate the singer's voice with the roles most suitable to the singer's vocal characteristics. 7133: 5408:); "any dramatic work that can be sung (or at times declaimed or spoken) in a place for performance, set to original music for singers (usually in costume) and instrumentalists" ( 851:

in the 1710s and 1720s, were initially staged during the intermissions of opera seria. They became so popular, however, that they were soon being offered as separate productions.

657:, the Italian word was first used in the sense "composition in which poetry, dance, and music are combined" in 1639; the first recorded English usage in this sense dates to 1648. 1242: 6874: 2326: 2372:

became the quintessential designer of these productions, and this style was to dominate the English stage for three centuries. These masques contained songs and dances. In

1283: 968: 841:, a long-flourishing improvisatory stage tradition of Italy. Just as intermedi had once been performed in between the acts of stage plays, operas in the new comic genre of 506:(meaning "small book"). Some composers, notably Wagner, have written their own libretti; others have worked in close collaboration with their librettists, e.g. Mozart with 6765: 2411: 6368: 4860:

of orchestra parts also developed over the 19th century. In Wagnerian operas, the forefronting of the orchestra went beyond the overture. In Wagnerian operas such as the

1528:, a popular form of German-language opera in which singing alternates with spoken dialogue. In the late 17th century and early 18th century, the Theater am Gänsemarkt in 702:, dating from 1600, is the first opera score to have survived until the present day. However, the honour of being the first opera still to be regularly performed goes to 4539:, dates to the mid-17th century. In the 18th century, a number of Italian sopranos gained international renown and often engaged in fierce rivalry, as was the case with 7732: 7081: 538:, the recitative is mostly replaced by spoken dialogue. Melodic or semi-melodic passages occurring in the midst of, or instead of, recitative, are also referred to as 6444: 5089:

Major opera companies have begun presenting their performances in local cinemas throughout the United States and many other countries. The Metropolitan Opera began a

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is generally regarded as the most outstanding Brazilian composer, having a relative success in Italy with its Brazilian-themed operas with Italian librettos, such as

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Following Purcell, the popularity of opera in England dwindled for several decades. A revived interest in opera occurred in the 1730s which is largely attributed to

4896:, would lead the orchestra while sitting. Over time, some directors began to stand up and use hand and arm gestures to lead the performers. Eventually this role of 4789:

style. The overture was frequently followed by a series of dance tunes before the curtain rose. This overture style was also used in English opera, most notably in

1668:(a "complete work of art"), a fusion of music, poetry and painting. He greatly increased the role and power of the orchestra, creating scores with a complex web of 4002:

exemplify the dramatisation onstage of events in recent living memory, where characters portrayed in the opera were alive at the time of the premiere performance.

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accepted Wagnerian ideas but took them in wholly new directions, along with incorporating the new form introduced by Verdi. He first won fame with the scandalous

4547:, who started a fistfight with one another during a performance of a Handel opera. The French disliked castrati, preferring their male heroes to be sung by an 1396:, Verdi sets the pre-eminent standard for the form and style that would dominate opera throughout the twentieth century. Rather than long, suspended melodies, 6278: 1488: 669:

was the earliest composition considered opera, as understood today. It was written around 1597, largely under the inspiration of an elite circle of literate

6406: 2591:, and the operas of the great Italian composers, as well as those of Mozart, Beethoven, and Meyerbeer, continued to dominate the musical stage in England. 6959: 6466: 5661: 4969:, and Opera South East, which favor English translations. Another exception are opera productions intended for a young audience, such as Humperdinck's 3537: 6904: 4523:, and by the 18th century, when Italian opera was performed throughout Europe, leading castrati who possessed extraordinary vocal virtuosity, such as 4048:

began to be written with a more operatic structure. These works include complex polyphonic ensembles and reflect musical developments of their times.

2697:, who in a series of works that remain in standard repertory today, revealed an excellent flair for the dramatic and superb musicality. More recently 5047:

year-round opera houses , while the U.S., with more than three times the population, does not have any. Even the Met only has a seven-month season."

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which contains the well-known aria "Měsíčku na nebi hlubokém" ("Song to the Moon"); it is played on contemporary opera stages frequently outside the

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era, and he quickly became an icon of the patriotic movement for a unified Italy. In the early 1850s, Verdi produced his three most popular operas:

160:, and Italian tradition in particular. Originally understood as an entirely sung piece, in contrast to a play with songs, opera has come to include 6507: 579:) in which the orchestra provided accompaniment. Over the 18th century, arias were increasingly accompanied by the orchestra. By the 19th century, 1590:(1791) were an important breakthrough in achieving international recognition for German opera. The tradition was developed in the 19th century by 7618: 6797: 6743: 6648: 6583: 4014:

since the last decades of the 20th century. Efforts resulted in lowering the average age of the Met's audience to 58 in 2018, the average age at

3925:(1951). His resistance to serialism (an attitude he reversed following Schoenberg's death) proved to be an inspiration for many other composers. 3647:, was the first opera written from a composer born in Latin America (music now lost). The first Brazilian opera for a libretto in Portuguese was 1771:

became as important an influence as Wagner. Strauss continued to produce a highly varied body of operatic works, often with libretti by the poet

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Western-style opera (also known as High Opera) exists alongside the many Beijing Opera groups. ... Operas of note by Chinese composers include

4814:, and spread throughout Europe, supplanting the French form as the standard operatic overture by the mid-18th century. It uses three generally 4187:

for acoustic enhancement and for subtle boosting of offstage voices, child singers, onstage dialogue, and sound effects (e.g., church bells in

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2015, concerns over English National Opera's business plan led to the Arts Council placing it "under special funding arrangements" in what

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in 1916 gave Janáček access to the world's great opera stages. Janáček's later works are his most celebrated. They include operas such as

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Some definitions of opera: "dramatic performance or composition of which music is an essential part, branch of art concerned with this" (

3586:. The libretto was written by Joomart Bokonbaev, Jusup Turusbekov, and Kybanychbek Malikov. The opera is based on the Kyrgyz heroic epic 6851: 402:

in the early 20th century. During the 19th century, parallel operatic traditions emerged in central and eastern Europe, particularly in

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John Spitzer. (2009). Orchestra and voice in eighteenth-century Italian opera. In: Anthony R. DelDonna and Pierpaolo Polzonetti (eds.)

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in Florence have also transmitted their productions to theaters in cities around the world since 2006, including 90 cities in the U.S.

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was gaining a firm hold at the English Court, with even more lavish splendour and highly realistic scenery than had been seen before.

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introducing a new phrase. This fashion of opera directed opera from Verdi, onward, exercising tremendous influence on his successors

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began to contribute English-language operas infused with touches of popular musical styles. They were followed by composers such as

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transmissions to cinemas around the world in 2006. In 2007, Met performances were shown in over 424 theaters in 350 U.S. cities.

4108: 1958:, a form in which dance music and choral writing were particularly prominent. Lully's operas also show a concern for expressive 1930:

In rivalry with imported Italian opera productions, a separate French tradition was founded by the Italian-born French composer

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reacted against its artificiality with his "reform" operas in the 1760s. The most renowned figure of late 18th-century opera is

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often associated with the characters and concepts of the drama, of which prototypes can be heard in his earlier operas such as

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In Latin America, opera started as a result of European colonisation. The first opera ever written in the Americas was 1701's

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has suggested that "companies inordinately beholden to standard repertory" are not reaching younger, more curious audiences.

837:. These separate plots were almost immediately resurrected in a separately developing tradition that partly derived from the 7112: 6622: 6003: 4937:. " not only what I'm singing, but what everyone else is singing. I sing Italian, Czech, Russian, French, German, English." 2587:, who wrote using Italian models. This situation continued throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, including in the work of 6434: 4734: 3611: 2420: 2384:

closed theatres and halted any developments that may have led to the establishment of English opera. However, in 1656, the

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In Italy, a distinct form called "overture" arose in the 1680s, and became established particularly through the operas of

3679:, being heavily influenced by the Italian tradition, due to immigration. Other important composers from Argentina include 3216: 2238:(1902) and there are no real arias, only recitative. But the drama is understated, enigmatic and completely un-Wagnerian. 1006: 8750: 5722: 1654:

Wagner was one of the most revolutionary and controversial composers in musical history. Starting under the influence of

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means "work", both in the sense of the labour done and the result produced. The Italian word derives from the Latin word

8085: 7744: 8815: 7702: 7289:"With new pricing and more streaming the Glyndebourne Festival is making its shows available to an ever wider audience" 3095: 1745:

Opera would never be the same after Wagner and for many composers his legacy proved a heavy burden. On the other hand,

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pioneered serious German-language opera in the 1770s, marking a break with the previous simpler musical entertainment.

1079:, where his non-virtuosic vocal melodies are supported by simple harmonies and a richer orchestra presence throughout. 484: 8876: 8760: 7553: 7501: 7488: 7471: 7454: 7450: 7437: 7402: 7371: 7348: 7320: 6723: 6687: 6674: 6119: 5404: 4729: 4102: 2234: 1706: 720:, employers of Monteverdi, played a significant role in the origin of opera employing not only court singers of the 58: 7206: 6320: 6270: 4403:. Before that, the vocal virtuosity, not range, was the priority, with soprano parts rarely extending above a high 3634: 2426: 798: 7710: 3211:

Czech composers also developed a thriving national opera movement of their own in the 19th century, starting with

1580: 557:, recitative could appear in two basic forms, each of which was accompanied by a different instrumental ensemble: 321: 9027: 6416: 5876: 5532:, 2001, p. 65: "From 1587–1600 a Jewish singer cited only as Madama Europa was in the pay of the Duke of Mantua," 4484:. In between the bass and the tenor is the baritone, which also varies in weight from say, Guglielmo in Mozart's 4112:

and others tell dramatic stories through complex music and in the 2010s they are sometimes seen in opera houses.

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in 1967, made possible staging of a large variety of works for stage. Perhaps, the most famous Iranian opera is

3183: 2517:) was to establish serious opera in England, but these hopes ended with Purcell's early death at the age of 36. 5821: 3373:(A Cossack Beyond the Danube) is regularly performed around the world. Other Ukrainian opera composers include 3002: 2318: 1275: 5936:

Hayes, Jeremy; Brown, Bruce Alan; Loppert, Max; Dean, Winton (2022). "Gluck, Christoph Willibald Ritter von".

5142:

The emergence of the Internet has also affected the way in which audiences consume opera. In 2009 the British

4452:. With Wagner came an emphasis on vocal heft for his protagonist roles, with this vocal category described as 8765: 7391: 6970: 6569: 6470: 5869: 5301: 5090: 3256:. This is attributable to their uneven invention and libretti, and perhaps also their staging requirements – 1962:

which matched the contours of the French language. In the 18th century, Lully's most important successor was

788:

Opera did not remain confined to court audiences for long. In 1637, the idea of a "season" (often during the

518:, the plot-driving passages sung in a style designed to imitate and emphasize the inflections of speech, and 98:. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically a collaboration between a 7189: 5669: 5065:

A milestone for opera broadcasting in the U.S. was achieved on 24 December 1951, with the live broadcast of

2277: 1939: 8727: 7109:"Marketplace of Ideas: But First, The Bill A Personal Commentary on American and European Cultural Funding" 6896: 5067: 4962: 804: 2128:, the culmination of the Gluckian tradition, was not given a full performance for almost a hundred years. 1622:(1821) shows his genius for creating a supernatural atmosphere. Other opera composers of the time include 9032: 8974: 8775: 7416: 6657: 6592: 6158:

Rubin, Don; Chua, Soo Pong; Chaturvedi, Ravi; Majundar, Ramendu; Tanokura, Minoru, eds. (2001). "China".

5143: 5112: 4966: 3433: 3044: 2990: 2267: 6996: 6493: 6036:

significant of an advance towards a national lyric stage." (quoted at p. 312 in Allen, Reginald (1975).

4687:, but it rarely played to accompany the singers. Opera solos during this period were accompanied by the 4270:

or countertenor. The countertenor is commonly encountered in opera, sometimes singing parts written for

4140: 3747:. Composers such as Strauss, Britten, Shostakovich and Stravinsky adopted and expanded upon this style. 2339:. The witches' messenger, in the form of Mercury himself, attempts to convince Aeneas to leave Carthage. 8987: 8850: 8820: 8810: 7787: 7758: 7363: 5610: 5136: 4785:'s operas consist of a slow introduction in a marked "dotted rhythm", followed by a lively movement in 4289:

Yet another sub-classification can be made according to acting skills or requirements, for example the

4184: 4152: 3449: 3335: 3139: 2994:(1842). After him, during the 19th century in Russia, there were written such operatic masterpieces as 2495:

format, where isolated scenes and masques are contained within the structure of a spoken play, such as

2195: 1832:. Nevertheless, rather than copying the style of Offenbach, the operettas of Strauss II had distinctly 8149: 7656: 6739: 1775:. Other composers who made individual contributions to German opera in the early 20th century include 1678: 866:

the singer really became the star. The role of the hero was usually written for the high-pitched male

378:(German Romantic Opera). The mid-to-late 19th century was a golden age of opera, led and dominated by 8840: 8805: 7445:(1992), 5,448 pages, is the best, and by far the largest, general reference in the English language. 6538: 5441: 5436:). These independent traditions are not derivative of Western opera but are rather distinct forms of 5161: 5076: 4971: 3769:, both composers and advocates of atonality and its later development (as worked out by Schoenberg), 3615: 3601: 3363:

In Russian Eastern Europe, several national operas began to emerge. Ukrainian opera was developed by

2000: 1553: 1070: 1028: 769: 654: 286: 68: 8080: 7630: 5416:); "musical work for the stage with singing characters, originated in early years of 17th century" ( 3785:

display heavy use of chromatic harmony and dissonance in general. Schoenberg also occasionally used

2380:(1617), "the whole masque was sung after the Italian manner, stilo recitativo". The approach of the 2032: 8780: 8755: 8745: 8740: 7844: 5294: 5185: 4400: 3976: 3954: 3531: 3385: 3330: 3151: 3049: 2865: 2802: 2474: 2415: 2407: 2147: 924: 561:(dry) recitative, sung with a free rhythm dictated by the accent of the words, accompanied only by 554: 17: 3629: 2398:. Since his theatre was not licensed to produce drama, he asked several of the leading composers ( 1976:, all notable for their rich orchestration and harmonic daring. Despite the popularity of Italian 206: 8845: 8790: 8785: 8206: 7737: 7651: 7561: 7288: 7251: 5943: 5116: 5032: 5028: 4862: 4472: 4325: 3901: 3889: 3145: 3133: 3105: 3065: 2807: 2653: 1780: 1776: 1761:, in which tonality was pushed to the limits. Then Strauss changed tack in his greatest success, 1712: 1571: 1513: 1105:, which remain among the most-loved, popular and well-known operas. But Mozart's contribution to 290: 7578: 7570: 5951: 5905: 4448: 3656: 1503: 9022: 8906: 8825: 8770: 7874: 7463: 6166: 5409: 5252: 5146:

offered for the first time an online digital video download of its complete 2007 production of

5024: 4958: 4800: 4714: 4408: 4163: 4134: 3921: 3369: 3364: 3123: 3007: 2996: 2703: 2690: 2676:(which ran for 155 consecutive performances, using alternating casts—a record until Broadway's 2576: 2403: 1999:, where arias alternated with spoken dialogue. Notable examples in this style were produced by 1731: 1641: 1541: 1537: 1208: 1035:

had to return to basics and that all the various elements—music (both instrumental and vocal),

904: 594:

have bucked the trend. The changing role of the orchestra in opera is described in more detail

590: 299: 278: 35: 8251: 7379: 7308: 6346: 6132: 6102: 5635: 5604: 5577: 5444:

featured singing and instrumental accompaniment; and in modern times, other forms such as the

3781: 3456: 3243: 2180: 1954: 8835: 8548: 8241: 7780: 6848: 6235: 6197: 5418: 5212: 5094: 4870:, a role which gave a prominence to the orchestra which "...elevated its status to that of a 3971: 3839: 3700:

Perhaps the most obvious stylistic manifestation of modernism in opera is the development of

3620: 3431:, whose works mostly dealt with historical themes. Among his most often performed operas are 3225:. Smetana's eight operas created the bedrock of the Czech opera repertory, but of these only 3157: 3038: 3012: 2811: 2788: 2701:

has emerged as one of Britain's most significant contemporary composers from his first opera

2604: 2588: 2583:

filled the London operatic stages for decades and influenced most home-grown composers, like

2187:

all composed works which are still part of the standard repertory, examples being Massenet's

2045: 1861: 1772: 1172: 838: 777: 460: 443: 427: 161: 6929: 6825: 5334: 4600: 4456:; this heroic voice had its more Italianate counterpart in such roles as Calaf in Puccini's 3875:(1913), Stravinsky turned to neoclassicism, a development culminating in his opera-oratorio 3652: 3324: 1684: 9047: 8830: 8800: 8795: 8473: 7604:

The Book of 101 Opera Librettos: Complete Original Language Texts with English Translations

7541: 7054: 6213:, vol. 2, p. 145, Lily Xiao Hong Lee, A. D. Stefanowska, Sue Wiles (2003) "... of the PRC, 6172: 5712: 5554: 5338: 5020: 5008: 4811: 4179: 4114: 4060:(1956), with its sweeping, lyrical passages and farcical parodies of opera, both opened on 3991: 3944: 3490: 3402: 3264: 2708: 2584: 2381: 2217:

and grand opera. It is less grandiose than grand opera, but without the spoken dialogue of

1963: 1739: 1655: 1647: 1605: 1591: 1544:. Yet most of the major German composers of the time, including Handel himself, as well as 1426: 936: 862:

arias. These afforded great opportunity for virtuosic singing and during the golden age of

721: 371: 72: 5342: 5330: 3296: 3236: 3232: 2141: 1256: 8: 8871: 8866: 8558: 8538: 8463: 7839: 7138: 5326: 5104: 4919: 4892:

staff. In the 1800s, during the Classical period, the first violinist, also known as the

4782: 4722: 4656: 4644: 4572: 4119: 3883: 3877: 3824: 3397:. At the turn of the century, a distinct national opera movement also began to emerge in 3379: 3162: 3117: 3084: 2984: 2959:(1755). The development of Russian-language opera was supported by the Russian composers 2917:

and soon it became an important part of entertainment for the Russian Imperial Court and

2903: 2698: 2660: 2609: 2453: 2435: 2394: 2265:

is one of the very few post-war composers of any nationality whose operas (which include

1931: 1549: 1545: 1431: 1377: 1328: 1291: 1202: 1117: 1020: 677: 269: 31: 2937:(as well as various others) were invited to Russia to compose new operas, mostly in the 2711:. In the first decade of the 21st century, the librettist of an early Birtwistle opera, 2111: 1145:

opera movement flourished in the early 19th century and is exemplified by the operas of

1069:, attempted to put these ideals into practice. The first to succeed however, was Gluck. 1062: 8358: 8284: 7899: 7514: 7019: 6945: 6439: 6411: 6373: 6252: 5898: 5743: 5272: 5148: 5072: 5059: 4833:

without a development section), and the slow section became more extended and lyrical.

4760: 4334: 4128: 4056: 4015: 4006: 3871: 3865: 3851: 3639: 3605: 3289: 3221: 3193: 3089: 2946: 2926: 2922: 2771: 2766: 2542: 2020: 1944: 1700: 1623: 1609: 1162: 1089: 1073:

strove to achieve a "beautiful simplicity". This is evident in his first reform opera,

763: 703: 631: 255: 242: 224: 220: 154: 115: 6572:. pp. 112–139. . Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4668: 4343: 3838:

However, operatic modernism's use of atonality also sparked a backlash in the form of

3550: 3212: 2041: 1586: 1508: 1494: 1317:

Following the bel canto era, a more direct, forceful style was rapidly popularized by

265: 8960: 8503: 8453: 8385: 8181: 8124: 7607: 7592: 7574: 7566: 7549: 7528: 7497: 7484: 7467: 7446: 7398: 7367: 7344: 7343:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 7316: 6925: 6867: 6821: 6719: 6683: 6612: 6430: 6217:

was active in his work as a composer; he wrote the music for the Western-style opera

6138: 6115: 6065: 5955: 5909: 5817: 5641: 5614: 5583: 5128: 5016: 5007:

Italy's total state subsidy of €464 million for the performing arts. In the UK,

4999: 4664: 4544: 4378: 4231: 4090: 4029: 3820: 3762: 3684: 3579: 3515: 3506: 3480: 3461: 3398: 3390: 3033: 3023: 2968: 2960: 2934: 2849: 2761: 2723: 2232:. As in Wagner's works, the orchestra plays a leading role in Debussy's unique opera 2132: 2089: 2071: 2059: 2012: 2008: 1949: 1823: 1811: 1800: 1763: 1723: 1690: 1659: 1601: 1154: 1146: 1129: 1075: 1012: 809: 488: 419: 367: 351: 347: 150:

is closely related to opera, the two are considered to be distinct from one another.

5440:. Opera is also not the only type of Western musical theatre: in the ancient world, 4874:". Wagner's operas were scored with unprecedented scope and complexity, adding more 4624: 2689:

In the 20th century, English opera began to assert more independence, with works of

1618: 1101: 854:

Opera seria was elevated in tone and highly stylised in form, usually consisting of

315: 9052: 9042: 8944: 8707: 8533: 8513: 8498: 8438: 8363: 8309: 8231: 8211: 8007: 7920: 7894: 7849: 7824: 7819: 7634: 7408: 7050:"Arts Council England's analysis of its investment in large-scale opera and ballet" 6760: 6244: 5982:(10th ed., 1968); more specific references from the individual composer entries in 5947: 5893: 5352: 5232: 5157: 5086:

Castel Sant'Angelo. The production was transmitted via satellite to 105 countries.

4875: 4818: 4684: 4660: 4636: 4628: 4580: 4576: 4540: 4420: 4412: 4404: 4061: 3935: 3860: 3843: 3832: 3816: 3743: 3729: 3644: 3559: 3526: 3444: 3416: 3276: 3188: 3167: 3128: 2964: 2951: 2942: 2938: 2890: 2886: 2869: 2694: 2666: 2536: 2457: 2389: 2290: 2272: 2028: 1796: 1458: 1410: 1388: 1150: 1134: 1084: 895: 814: 773: 717: 618: 607: 507: 375: 355: 230: 195: 139: 8075: 8070: 7697: 6214: 4672: 4640: 4329: 4266:. (Men sometimes sing in the "female" vocal ranges, in which case they are termed 2949:

were sent abroad to learn to write operas. The first opera written in Russian was

1991: 1109:

was more mixed; by his time it was dying away, and in spite of such fine works as

527: 172: 8735: 8508: 8289: 8191: 8040: 8002: 7864: 7859: 7714: 7295: 7275: 7264: 7238: 7193: 7108: 7094: 7085: 6940: 6878: 6855: 6832: 6809: 6747: 6606: 6111: 6011: 6007: 6000: 5880: 5718: 5500: 5445: 5437: 5322: 5267: 5262: 5193: 5120: 5042: 5036: 4977: 4795: 4778: 4751: 4632: 4620: 4604: 4492:; the actual designation "baritone" was not standard until the mid-19th century. 4096: 4072: 4045: 4011: 3856: 3721: 3713: 3575: 3571: 3518:

in 1868 and partially performed in 1873. It was fully staged in 1945 in Armenia.

3340: 3248: 3100: 3054: 2956: 2853: 2845: 2797: 2741: 2672: 2647: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2555:(1762), began a vogue for pastiche opera that lasted well into the 19th century. 2501: 2487: 2439: 2431: 2335: 2262: 2254: 2024: 2016: 1815: 1757: 1746: 1664: 1631: 1533: 1483: 1441: 1421: 1406: 1402: 1158: 1066: 940: 909: 751: 698: 542:. The terminology of the various kinds of operatic voices is described in detail 447: 431: 399: 395: 331: 189: 157: 147: 107: 63: 8176: 8065: 5055: 4588: 3666: 2821: 2066:

By the 1820s, Gluckian influence in France had given way to a taste for Italian

1972: 1050: 935:

near the century's close. Leading Italian-born composers of opera seria include

496: 467:

all over the world. Since 2009, complete performances can be downloaded and are

9037: 9017: 8954: 8702: 8627: 8523: 8478: 8458: 8448: 8390: 8304: 8134: 8119: 7977: 7950: 7940: 7834: 7829: 7668: 7520: 6771: 5386: 5108: 4957:

Today, operas are only rarely performed in translation. Exceptions include the

4897: 4710: 4706: 4688: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4399:. The current emphasis on a wide vocal range was primarily an invention of the 4357:

The following is only intended as a brief overview. For the main articles, see

4146: 4050: 4024: 3999: 3960: 3738: 3725: 3717: 3705: 3676: 3671: 3501: 3410: 3374: 3253: 3178: 2979: 2930: 2898: 2816: 2779: 2746: 2556: 2444: 2258: 2250: 2229: 2224: 2176: 2152: 2119: 2080: 2049: 1900: 1856: 1828: 1788: 1784: 1751: 1635: 1627: 1318: 1260: 1178: 1040: 944: 585: 563: 468: 383: 379: 210: 3521: 2734: 2562: 2184: 1850: 479: 214: 9011: 8901: 8896: 8657: 8574: 8488: 8468: 8443: 8418: 8380: 8316: 8299: 8144: 8045: 7889: 7884: 7869: 7647: 7596: 7584: 7510: 7442: 6964: 6679: 6653: 6588: 6328: 6073: 5832: 5477: 5433: 5282: 5153: 4934: 4905: 4893: 4880: 4857: 4804: 4790: 4648: 4616: 4592: 4568: 4560: 4552: 4432: 4362: 4259: 4235: 4064:

but became accepted as part of the opera repertory. Popular musicals such as

3966: 3733: 3709: 3665:. Opera in Argentina developed in the 20th century after the inauguration of 3588: 3583: 3439: 3357: 3283: 3270: 3060: 3018: 2975: 2911: 2881: 2861: 2857: 2829: 2775: 2712: 2628: 2617: 2482: 2299: 2242: 2162: 2157: 2094: 1904: 1673: 1463: 1361:

was also novel. It tells the story of courtesan, and it includes elements of

1252: 1190: 1184: 915: 796:. Monteverdi had moved to the city from Mantua and composed his last operas, 737: 725: 464: 451: 403: 273: 4989: 4531:, became international stars. The career of the first major female star (or 1742:, exclusively dedicated to performing his own works in the style he wanted. 643: 9001: 8964: 8911: 8712: 8672: 8553: 8423: 8341: 8331: 8226: 8171: 8055: 7945: 7879: 7854: 7627:

The Victrola Book of the Opera. Stories of The Operas with Illustrations...

7480: 7386: 6502: 6219: 5390: 4994: 4718: 4612: 4564: 4548: 4500: 4467: 4382: 4251: 4219: 4123: 3847: 3828: 3800: 3786: 3755: 3680: 3597: 3545: 3470: 3428: 3420: 3394: 3073: 2894: 2783: 2751: 2595: 2575:

Besides Arne, the other dominating force in English opera at this time was

2360:. This was an afterpiece that came at the end of a play. It was frequently 2115: 2107: 1845: 1826:, composed several German-language operettas, the most famous of which was 1343: 1214: 1095: 1054: 985: 511: 455: 439: 391: 363: 309: 177: 6248: 5873: 5099: 4328:(Mme. Dugazon). Other terms originating in the star casting system of the 2678: 2103: 1446: 1440:

that came to dominate the world's opera stages with such popular works as

649: 8891: 8881: 8697: 8622: 8607: 8543: 8518: 8493: 8274: 8216: 8196: 8139: 8097: 8060: 8050: 5792: 5694: 5579:

Music and the Origins of Language: Theories from the French Enlightenment

5357: 5237: 5169: 5012: 4871: 4830: 4803:

also uses the French overture form in some of his Italian operas such as

4746: 4692: 4652: 4532: 4305:

system of German speaking countries, where historically opera and spoken

4296: 4291: 4227: 4019: 3986: 3981: 3807: 3770: 3473:. In the 20th century, other operas created by Polish composers included 3258: 3069: 3028: 2918: 2837: 2825: 2756: 2729: 2717: 2683: 2624: 2620: 2547: 2531: 2524: 2514: 2496: 2465: 2399: 2369: 2172: 2124: 2085: 1977: 1557: 1367: 1349: 834: 830: 826: 689: 666: 568: 359: 294: 282: 238: 131: 50: 46: 5472:

General information in this section comes from the relevant articles in

3831:

also makes use of atonality, though his style is generally described as

3761:

Operatic modernism truly began in the operas of two Viennese composers,

2914: 2520: 8717: 8667: 8647: 8642: 8612: 8433: 8428: 8408: 8266: 8246: 8186: 8154: 8019: 8014: 7707: 7336: 7210: 5493: 5227: 5202: 4945: 4925: 4901: 4765: 4756: 4701: 4536: 4480: 4275: 4211: 3939: 3766: 3661: 3614:, a Chinese language form of Western style opera that is distinct from 3563: 3555: 3475: 2833: 2793: 2567: 2492: 2373: 2348: 2246: 2098:, emphasised virtuoso singing and extraordinary stage effects. Lighter 1959: 1922: 1792: 1694:; and he was prepared to violate accepted musical conventions, such as 1467: 1372: 1309: 1196: 998: 871: 842: 818: 708: 535: 515: 435: 423: 260: 181: 143: 76: 42: 8579: 7722: 7698:

StageAgent – synopses and character descriptions for most major operas

6798:"For Opera Powerhouse Dolora Zajick, 'Singing Is Connected To The Body 6256: 4929:

are today deemed canonical in both their French and Italian versions.

4836:

In Italian opera after about 1800, the "overture" became known as the

2828:. Many contemporary 21st century opera composers have emerged such as 2449: 2448:, patterned on the 1671 'comédie-ballet' of the same name produced by 358:

all creating signature works of that style. It also saw the advent of

27:

Art form combining sung text and musical score in a theatrical setting

8926: 8916: 8886: 8682: 8662: 8616: 8602: 8597: 8528: 8370: 8336: 8321: 8294: 8221: 8201: 8159: 8107: 8102: 7992: 7982: 7955: 7935: 7930: 7750: 7686: 6991: 6581:

Waterman, George Gow, and James R. Anthony. 2001. "French Overture".

5814:

E. T. A. Hoffmann, Cosmopolitanism, and the Struggle for German Opera

5132: 4941: 4867: 4815: 4528: 4443: 4416: 4366: 4310: 4279: 4267: 4255: 4243: 4215: 4167: 4078: 4066: 3912: 3895: 3775: 3701: 3406: 3080: 2841: 2469: 2438:, foreign (especially French) musicians were welcomed back. In 1673, 2385: 2067: 1996: 1935: 1727: 1698:, in his quest for greater expressivity. In his mature music dramas, 1669: 1613: 1518: 1471: 1436: 1337: 1296: 1265: 1142: 883: 808:, for the Venetian theatre in the 1640s. His most important follower 627: 523: 415: 411: 343: 166: 135: 30:

This article is about the Western art form. For the web browser, see

7682: 7665:

Hitos de la Música Universal y Retratos de sus Grandes Protagonistas

7231: 3302: 1121:, he would not succeed in bringing the art form back to life again. 410:. The 20th century saw many experiments with modern styles, such as 8921: 8637: 8483: 8375: 8346: 8256: 8164: 8112: 8092: 7997: 7987: 7972: 7023: 5856:; more specific references from the individual composer entries in 5257: 5124: 5027:. Between 2012 and 2015, these four opera companies along with the 4742: 4524: 4520: 4505: 4396: 4386: 4374: 4271: 4239: 3916: 3855:(first performed in 1917). Also among the vanguard was the Russian 3427:

The key figure of Hungarian national opera in the 19th century was

3353: 2613: 2599: 2136: 1819: 1735: 1718: 1695: 1524: 1332: 1111: 1058: 1039:, and staging—must be subservient to the overriding drama. In 1765 920: 887: 867: 822: 792:) of publicly attended operas supported by ticket sales emerged in 789: 673: 670: 531: 503: 492: 251: 199: 103: 99: 8024: 5835:, "New directions: the Seyler Company" (pp. 91–131), in 3704:. The move away from traditional tonality in opera had begun with 2201: 1645:

Brünnhilde throws herself on Siegfried's funeral pyre in Wagner's

8692: 8677: 8279: 8236: 7967: 7186: 5799:, pp. 58–63, 98–103. Articles on Hasse, Graun and Hiller in 5277: 4774: 4770: 4358: 4339: 4263: 3794: 3511: 3485: 3315: 1596: 1529: 1417: 1362: 1323: 891: 875: 685: 647:, a singular noun meaning "work" and also the plural of the noun 550: 407: 387: 119: 95: 87: 6564: 6562: 6560: 3352:

Spain also produced its own distinctive form of opera, known as

2295: 1563: 293:, who began with opera seria but is most famous for his Italian 8687: 8652: 7962: 7925: 7727: 5207: 4826: 4786: 4299:

as well as a comic actor. This is carried out in detail in the

4283: 4223: 3497: 3319: 2639:

in the late 19th century. Sullivan wrote only one grand opera,

2418:) to set sections of it to music. This success was followed by 2365: 2167: 2054: 1909: 1833: 1382: 1036: 932: 928: 879: 848: 793: 781: 724:(till 1598), but also one of the first actual "opera singers", 713: 688:, part of the wider revival of antiquity characteristic of the 539: 127: 111: 7419:. "7. Russian, Czech, Polish and Hungarian Opera to 1900". In 6858:(Opera South East website's history of ProAm past productions) 6718:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 89. 342:

The first third of the 19th century saw the high point of the

8413: 8353: 8129: 6557: 6195:, 2007, p. 227: "Written in the early 1940s, for a long time 5242: 5222: 5217: 5081: 5079:

in America. Another milestone occurred in Italy in 1992 when

4866:, the orchestra often played the recurrent musical themes or 4822: 4370: 4306: 4247: 4189: 3907: 3690: 3574:

on 26 May 1939, during Kyrgyz Art Decade. It was composed by

3111: 2478:, often thought of as the first true English-language opera. 2361: 2189: 2075: 1986: 1982: 1768: 1452: 1010:

Illustration for the score of the original Vienna version of

758: 661: 246: 234: 123: 91: 8996: 7691: 6766:"Whose language is opera: the audience's or the composer's?" 6201:

was considered a model of new western-style opera in China."

3637:, a Peruvian composer born in Spain; a decade later, 1711's 3083:

of Russian opera were developed by many composers including

2464:

in the same year, which was the first musical adaption of a

2175:

and realism, became the most popular of all opéra comiques.

8632: 8325: 7915: 7145: 6157: 5156:

all six of its productions online. In July 2012, the first

4885: 4696: 4460:. Basses have a long history in opera, having been used in 4301: 3835:, usually thought of as another 20th-century development.) 3307: 2088:, a form whose most famous exponent was another foreigner, 519: 185: 94:

is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by

7309:"Supporting Collaboration in Changing Cultural Landscapes" 7082:"English National Opera's public funding may be withdrawn" 3072:

across the artistic spectrum, as part of the more general

2118:. In this climate, the operas of the French-born composer 747: 386:

in Germany. The popularity of opera continued through the

6233:

Scott, Derek B. (1998). "Orientalism and Musical Style".

6160:

World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre – Asia/Pacific

5744:"Strauss and Wagner – Various articles – Richard Strauss" 4950: 2271:) have gained a foothold in the international repertory. 1492:

The Queen of the Night in an 1815 production of Mozart's

7772: 6545: 5714:

Elements of Verismo in Selected Operas of Giuseppe Verdi

5535: 3938:'s operas are scored for as few as 13 instrumentalists; 2122:

struggled to gain a hearing. Berlioz's epic masterpiece

4411:, for example, only wrote one role extending to a high 4178:

A subtle type of sound electronic reinforcement called

3915:

and eventually wrote a full-fledged 18th-century-style

2171:, which, once audiences learned to accept its blend of 1938:. Despite his foreign birthplace, Lully established an 142:, which since the early 19th century has been led by a 7629:. Camden, New Jersey: Victor Talking Machine Company. 7602:

MacMurray, Jessica M. and Allison Brewster Franzetti:

6083: 5050: 4324:, were named after successive stages in the career of 3846:, who in 1913 wrote the libretto for his neoclassical 3548:

saw the emergence of new national operas, such as the

1942:

and monopolised French opera from 1672. Starting with

1416:

After Verdi, the sentimental "realistic" melodrama of

285:

was the most prestigious form of Italian opera, until

164:, including some that include spoken dialogue such as 8985: 5935: 5874:

A History of The Musical: European Operetta 1850–1880

4118:(1952) is quasi-operatic and has been revived by the 3280:

need stages large enough to portray invading armies.

7313:

Collaborative Creative Thought and Practice in Music

4162:(2012) employ various operatic conventions, such as 3469:) (1861–64) represents a nineteenth-century peak of 3068:. These developments mirrored the growth of Russian 2356:

In England, opera's antecedent was the 17th-century

1810:

During the late 19th century, the Austrian composer

882:

from being transformed at puberty. Castrati such as

6872:"Opera in Translation Refuses to Give Up the Ghost" 6742:(Seen and Heard International, 24 September 2013). 6740:"Don Carlo or Don Carlos? In Italian or in French?" 6570:

The Cambridge Companion to Eighteenth-Century Opera

4226:of their voices. Male singers can be classified by 4039: 2715:, has been focusing on composing operas, including 1803:and his successors are discussed in the section on 1662:, he gradually evolved a new concept of opera as a 595: 588:'s example, though some, such as Stravinsky in his 7390: 7360:The Cambridge Companion to Twentieth-Century Opera 6969: 6764: 6104:Culture and Customs of the Central Asian Republics 5897: 5697:(Macmillan, 1989); entries on Gluck and Mozart in 4911: 4427:to such heavyweight roles as Brangäne in Wagner's 4210:Singers and the roles they play are classified by 3538:Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater 2740:Also in the 20th century, American composers like 2468:play (composed by Locke and Johnson). About 1683, 1970:as well as numerous works in other genres such as 1634:, but the most significant figure was undoubtedly 1420:appeared in Italy. This was a style introduced by 188:. The 19th century saw the rise of the continuous 7599:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 19–34. 6407:"An Unlikely Youth Revolution at the Paris Opera" 4745:before the singers come onstage since the 1600s. 4678: 3815:Composers thus influenced include the Englishman 3792:The two operas of Schoenberg's pupil Alban Berg, 2546:(1762) was the first attempt to set a full-blown 9009: 7589:United and Diversity in European Culture c. 1800 7581:(electronic). Discusses the aesthetics of opera. 7397:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 6759: 6435:"Classical Music Attracts Older Audiences. Good" 6369:"Met Backtracks on Drop in Average Audience Age" 4741:The orchestra has also provided an instrumental 4350: 4173: 3899:. Well after his Rimsky-Korsakov-inspired works 2910:Opera was brought to Russia in the 1730s by the 2481:Blow's immediate successor was the better known 2281:(1983) has also attracted widespread attention. 2102:also enjoyed tremendous success in the hands of 1612:opera in opposition to the dominance of Italian 1165:and many others. Literally "beautiful singing", 7619:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 6649:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 6584:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 6137:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 163. 1124: 184:, a speech-inflected style, and self-contained 7606:, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 1996. 7496:, by Matthew Boyden et al. (1997), 672 pages, 6642: 6640: 6469:. The Metropolitan Opera. 2007. Archived from 5996: 5994: 5992: 5456: 5454: 4878:and huge ensemble sizes: indeed, his score to 4683:Before the 1700s, Italian operas used a small 3514:opera composed by an ethnic Armenian composer 2941:. Simultaneously some domestic musicians like 2434:because they were critical of Spain. With the 1903:'s 1911 rendition of the Toréador's song from 898:, became in great demand throughout Europe as 264:, and soon spread through the rest of Europe: 7788: 7723:OperaGlass, a resource at Stanford University 7694:, opera and aria guides, biographies, history 7127: 6646:Fisher, Stephen C. 2001. "Italian Overture." 6344: 6319:articles on Schoenberg, Berg and Stravinsky; 5892: 5393:are notable creators who combined both roles. 5302: 4159:Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812 1061:. Several composers of the period, including 950: 7151: 7142:, 2 February 2007. Accessed 11 December 2008 6193:A History of Contemporary Chinese Literature 5515:, ch. 1; articles on Peri and Monteverdi in 5348:List of fictional literature featuring opera 4940:In the 1980s, supertitles (sometimes called 4478:, to the conflicted King Phillip of Verdi's 3887:(1916: "a burlesque in song and dance") and 3773:. Schoenberg's early musico-dramatic works, 3443:. The most famous modern Hungarian opera is 2218: 2212: 2206: 1985:was persuaded to produce six operas for the 1044: 817:, which came to be associated with the poet 7559:Dorschel, Andreas, 'The Paradox of Opera', 6637: 6114:, pp. 144–145. Greenwood Publishing Group, 5989: 5582:. Cambridge University Press. p. 148. 5451: 510:. Traditional opera, often referred to as " 130:. The performance is typically given in an 7795: 7781: 7311:, pp. 208–209 in Margaret S Barrett (ed.) 6987:"Is it curtains for Italy's opera houses?" 5309: 5295: 5077:opera specifically composed for television 4446:'s sequence of 9 Cs above middle C during 3691:Contemporary, recent, and modernist trends 696:, however, is lost. A later work by Peri, 7683:Comprehensive opera performances database 7587:, "The Idea of National Opera, c. 1800", 6716:Storytelling in Opera and Musical Theater 6429: 5952:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O007318 5795:(Macmillan, 1989), pp. 242–247, 258–260; 4193:or thunder effects in Wagnerian operas). 2737:continue to export English opera abroad. 2284: 2241:Other notable 20th-century names include 2205:. Their operas formed another genre, the 7728:HistoricOpera – historic operatic images 6960:"Special report: Hands in their pockets" 6611:. Oxford University Press. p. 178. 6491: 6211:Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women 5054: 4988: 4728: 4499: 4205: 3806: 3749: 3520: 3415: 3347: 3282: 3231: 2885: 2561: 2519: 2485:. Despite the success of his masterwork 2430:(1659). These pieces were encouraged by 2294: 2131:In the second half of the 19th century, 2040: 1995:. This was the equivalent of the German 1849: 1640: 1562: 1487: 1477: 1128: 1005: 768: 757: 746: 626: 478: 219: 205: 194: 180:, singers employ two styles of singing: 57: 7703:What's it about? – Opera plot summaries 7415: 7393:The Oxford Illustrated History of Opera 7106: 6668: 6666: 6604: 6398: 6299:Chris Walton, "Neo-classical opera" in 6089: 5839:, Cambridge University Press, 1985 5837:North German Opera in the Age of Goethe 5637:A History of Western Musical Aesthetics 5634:Lippman, Edward A. (26 November 1992). 5633: 5363:Chronological list of operatic sopranos 4054:(1935), influenced by jazz styles, and 3911:(1922), Stravinsky continued to ignore 3842:. An early leader of this movement was 3754:Arnold Schoenberg in 1917; portrait by 2707:to his most recent critical success in 1600:(1805), inspired by the climate of the 1027:(1755) proved to be an inspiration for 684:was an attempt to revive the classical 502:The words of an opera are known as the 474: 463:transmissions of their performances in 14: 9010: 7420: 7385: 7287:Rhinegold Publishing (28 April 2013). 7030:from the original on 12 September 2017 7017: 6713: 6698: 6551: 6528: 6392: 6312: 6077: 6056:articles on Blow, Purcell and Britten. 6049: 5975: 5974:General outline for this section from 5849: 5848:General outline for this section from 5796: 5772: 5710: 5575: 5541: 5512: 4166:, recitative instead of dialogue, and 3219:including the internationally popular 927:as well, for example in the operas of 339:), landmarks in the German tradition. 7776: 7644:, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1946. 7357: 7209:. Thebiggerpicture.us. Archived from 6779:from the original on 31 December 2017 6682:. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc. 6672:Fisher, Stephen C. 1998. "Sinfonia". 6492:Clements, Andrew (17 December 2003). 6447:from the original on 30 November 2022 6367:Wakin, Daniel J. (17 February 2011). 6366: 6300: 6281:from the original on 13 February 2020 6232: 6130: 5904:. Columbia University Press. p. 5603:Heyer, John Hajdu (7 December 2000). 5602: 3608:premiered not until the early 2000s. 2223:. At the same time, the influence of 2139:with witty and cynical works such as 907:found himself composing the likes of 514:", consists of two modes of singing: 237:at the end of the 16th century (with 7565:30 (2001), no. 4, pp. 283–306. 7335: 7249:"Where to See Opera at the Movies", 7152:O'Connor, John J. (1 January 1993). 7115:from the original on 25 October 2016 7111:. William Osborne and Abbie Conant. 6984: 6703:. Taylor & Francis. p. 772. 6663: 6404: 6391:General reference for this section: 6038:The First Night Gilbert and Sullivan 5460: 4735:National Opera and Ballet of Belarus 4183:throughout the theatre", many use a 3612:Chinese contemporary classical opera 3174:Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District 2505:(1692) and Beaumont and Fletcher in 2421:The Cruelty of the Spaniards in Peru 1321:, beginning with his biblical opera 623:List of operas by Claudio Monteverdi 543: 8970: 7196:high-definition live broadcast page 7168:from the original on 25 August 2014 7020:"Italy facing opera funding crisis" 6040:. London: Chappell & Co. Ltd.). 5896:; Williams, Hermine Weigel (2003). 5723:University of North Texas Libraries 5662:"King's College London – Seminar 1" 5152:. In the 2013 season, the festival 5103:went out to 671 screens worldwide. 5051:Television, cinema and the Internet 4773:, in this case a fanfare for muted 4555:(1739–1793) was a leading example. 3948:is scored for 18 instrumentalists. 3367:(1813–1873) whose most famous work 1462:. Later Italian composers, such as 24: 7671:). Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores. 7430: 7255:, 21–22 June 2008, sidebar p. W10. 7107:Osborne, William (11 March 2004). 6907:from the original on 17 April 2014 6894: 6826:"So That's What the Fat Lady Sang" 6271:"Minimalist music: where to start" 5711:Morgan, Ann Shands (August 1968). 5576:Thomas, Downing A (15 June 1995). 5565:from the original on 7 April 2014. 4295:who often must be a specialist in 4196: 2307: 2070:, especially after the arrival of 1870: 1308:Problems playing these files? See 1223: 1049:", an influential article for the 957: 858:recitative interspersed with long 254:in 1598) especially from works by 25: 9064: 8877:Cross-dressing in music and opera 7676: 7483:and Ewan West (1992), 782 pages, 7438:The New Grove Dictionary of Opera 7018:Willey, David (27 October 2005). 6999:from the original on 12 July 2020 6804:(Fresh Air, NPR, 19 March 2014). 6699:Murray, Christopher John (2004). 6675:The New Grove Dictionary of Opera 6405:Grey, Tobias (19 February 2018). 6347:"A Dutch Take on a Cultural Icon" 6070:The New Grove Dictionary of Opera 5754:from the original on 14 July 2016 5405:Concise Oxford English Dictionary 4975:and some productions of Mozart's 4495: 3306:, which was premiered in 1904 in 2921:. Many foreign composers such as 1376:, and ending his career with two 716:in 1607. The Mantua court of the 106:and incorporates a number of the 8995: 8969: 8959: 8950: 8949: 8939: 7080:Clark, Nick (15 February 2015). 6968:. 16 August 2001. Archived from 6701:Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era 6625:from the original on 3 July 2023 6510:from the original on 10 May 2017 5852:, chapters 1–3, 6, 8 and 9, and 5816:, p. 32, BRILL, 2015, 5789:Man and Music: the Classical Era 5691:Man and Music: the Classical Era 4755:opens with a brief instrumental 4695:, "plucked instruments" such as 4040:From musicals back towards opera 3859:. After composing music for the 3618:, has had operas dating back to 2875: 2427:The History of Sir Francis Drake 2347:Problems playing this file? See 2323: 1921:Problems playing this file? See 1889: 1738:with part of the patronage from 1280: 1239: 997:Problems playing this file? See 973: 825:helped crystallize the genre of 731: 8940: 7622:. 2001. Oxford University Press 7301: 7281: 7258: 7243: 7225: 7199: 7180: 7100: 7074: 7042: 7011: 6978: 6952: 6919: 6888: 6861: 6842: 6815: 6791: 6753: 6732: 6707: 6692: 6660:. London: Macmillan Publishers. 6598: 6595:. London: Macmillan Publishers. 6575: 6522: 6485: 6459: 6423: 6385: 6360: 6338: 6306: 6293: 6263: 6226: 6204: 6185: 6151: 6124: 6095: 6059: 6043: 6018: 5968: 5929: 5886: 5863: 5842: 5826: 5806: 5782: 5766: 5736: 5704: 5684: 5654: 5627: 5596: 5569: 5547: 4912:Language and translation issues 4022:reported an average age of 48. 3928: 3669:in Buenos Aires—with the opera 3423:, the father of Hungarian opera 1854:A performance of Lully's opera 1839: 327:The Abduction from the Seraglio 7477:The Oxford Dictionary of Opera 6345:George Loomis (12 June 2012). 6134:Speaking Soviet with an Accent 5559:Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne 5522: 5506: 5483: 5466: 5425: 5396: 5380: 4954:simulcasts, and DVD editions. 4691:group, which consisted of the 4679:Changing role of the orchestra 4309:were often put on by the same 3779:(1909, premiered in 1924) and 3409:and stories with 19th-century 3206: 3200:Historia von D. Johann Fausten 2155:scored a massive success with 2084:helped found the new genre of 1804: 1799:. The operatic innovations of 1730:legend. Finally, Wagner built 1707:Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg 1031:'s reforms. He advocated that 919:for London audiences. Italian 742: 390:era in Italy and contemporary 13: 1: 7663:Valls, María Antonia (1989). 7625:Rous, Samuel Holland (1919). 7616:Howard Mayer Brown, "Opera", 7158:performed on actual location" 6985:Owen, Richard (26 May 2010). 6531:"Opera's Dirty Little Secret" 5980:The Oxford Companion to Music 5978:, chapters 1–4, 8 and 9; and 5854:The Oxford Companion to Music 5474:The Oxford Companion to Music 5368: 4840:. Fisher also notes the term 4509: 4419:was alleged to possess a top 4351:Historical use of voice parts 4174:Acoustic enhancement in opera 3570:, premiered in Moscow at the 2092:. Meyerbeer's works, such as 1581:Die Entführung aus dem Serail 870:voice, which was produced by 847:, which developed largely in 799:Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria 485:Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens 322:Die Entführung aus dem Serail 7745:Opera~Opera article archives 7134:Obituary: Gian Carlo Menotti 6652:, second edition, edited by 6587:, second edition, edited by 6529:Harada, Kai (1 March 2001). 6498:, Royal Opera House, London" 6162:. Vol. 5. p. 111. 5115:. European opera houses and 5109:HD digital cinema projectors 5068:Amahl and the Night Visitors 4963:Opera Theatre of Saint Louis 4471:to the nobility of Wotan in 3695: 2036:Le triomphe de la République 1767:, where Mozart and Viennese 1300:. Performed by Enrico Caruso 1125:Bel canto, Verdi and verismo 712:, composed for the court of 7: 8751:Historical opera characters 7341:Harvard Dictionary of Music 5176: 5160:opera was premiered at the 5144:Glyndebourne Festival Opera 4967:Opera Theater of Pittsburgh 3635:Tomás de Torrejón y Velasco 3496:The first known opera from 2974:However, the real birth of 1948:, Lully and his librettist 1532:presented German operas by 1501:The first German opera was 762:Private baroque theatre in 10: 9069: 8816:Operas set in the Crusades 7759:Victoria and Albert Museum 7546:An Invitation to the Opera 7364:Cambridge University Press 6678:, four volumes, edited by 5611:Cambridge University Press 4984: 4908:and the singers on stage. 4185:sound reinforcement system 3942:'s two-act realization of 3140:The Love for Three Oranges 2879: 2733:. Today composers such as 2288: 2019:period, composers such as 1843: 1481: 951:Gluck's reforms and Mozart 878:, which prevented a boy's 735: 616: 612: 605: 601: 374:'s introduction of German 40: 29: 8935: 8859: 8761:Azerbaijani opera singers 8726: 8588: 8567: 8401: 8265: 8033: 7908: 7810: 7802: 7642:A Treasury of Grand Opera 7548:, Anchor Books, 1986/91. 6006:27 September 2007 at the 5650:– via Google Books. 5623:– via Google Books. 5555:"Melchior baron de Grimm" 5490:Oxford English Dictionary 5162:Savonlinna Opera Festival 5071:, an opera in one act by 4551:(a high tenor), of which 3616:traditional Chinese opera 3079:In the 20th century, the 2982:and his two great operas 2594:The only exceptions were 1470:, have experimented with 1029:Christoph Willibald Gluck 923:remained dominant in the 805:L'incoronazione di Poppea 655:Oxford English Dictionary 362:typified by the works of 287:Christoph Willibald Gluck 69:Savonlinna Opera Festival 8524:Special effects director 8086:Comédie mêlée d'ariettes 7845:Western opera in Chinese 7741:, July/August 2007 Issue 7713:28 February 2009 at the 7650:, Herbert Weinstock and 7527:. New York: W W Norton. 7523:; Parker, Roger (2012). 7507:Opera: A Concise History 7298:. Retrieved 21 May 2016. 7278:. Retrieved 21 May 2016. 6605:Burrows, Donald (2012). 5900:A Short History of Opera 5721:thesis). Denton, Texas: 5373: 4254:, and female singers as 4124:rock-influenced musicals 4109:The Phantom of the Opera 4044:By the late 1930s, some 4018:was reported as 54, and 3955:The Death of Klinghoffer 3708:, and in particular the 3331:The Cunning Little Vixen 3152:Betrothal in a Monastery 2955:by the Italian composer 2803:The Ghosts of Versailles 2275:'s lengthy sacred drama 2268:Dialogues des Carmélites 495:; caricature of 1860 by 41:Not to be confused with 7755:Theatre and Performance 7657:Encyclopædia Britannica 7652:Barbara Russano Hanning 7562:The Cambridge Quarterly 7269:"Download Glyndebourne" 7252:The Wall Street Journal 7097:. Retrieved 5 May 2015. 6934:? Mozart Would Approve" 6746:21 October 2017 at the 5944:Oxford University Press 5640:. U of Nebraska Press. 5033:Birmingham Royal Ballet 5029:English National Ballet 4842:Sinfonia avanti l'opera 4415:), though the castrato 4326:Louise-Rosalie Lefebvre 4103:The Light in the Piazza 3996:Waiting for Miss Monroe 3544:The first years of the 3450:Duke Bluebeard's Castle 3066:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov 2699:Sir Harrison Birtwistle 2682:) survives as his only 2654:The Yeomen of the Guard 2278:Saint François d'Assise 2145:, as well as the opera 1777:Alexander von Zemlinsky 1713:Der Ring des Nibelungen 1679:Der fliegende Holländer 1182:, as well as Bellini's 1173:Il barbiere di Siviglia 291:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 153:Opera is a key part of 9028:Classical music styles 8907:Orchestral enhancement 8544:Supporting role singer 8081:Comédie en vaudevilles 7875:Opera in Latin America 7733:"America's Opera Boom" 7708:Vocabulaire de l'Opéra 7509:, by Leslie Orrey and 7494:Opera, the Rough Guide 7460:The Viking Opera Guide 7378:See also Google Books 7358:Cooke, Mervyn (2005). 7315:. Ashgate Publishing. 7307:Partii, Heidi (2014). 7192:5 January 2009 at the 7093:29 August 2017 at the 7058:. 2015. Archived from 6467:"On Air & On Line" 6317:The Viking Opera Guide 6170:written in the 1940s, 6167:A Girl With White Hair 6131:Igmen, Ali F. (2012). 6101:Abazov, Rafis (2007). 6054:The Viking Opera Guide 5984:The Viking Opera Guide 5858:The Viking Opera Guide 5699:The Viking Opera Guide 5517:The Viking Opera Guide 5253:Professional wrestling 5062: 5025:English National Opera 5003: 4959:English National Opera 4738: 4715:Giambattista Pergolesi 4515: 4135:Jesus Christ Superstar 3812: 3758: 3541: 3424: 3370:Zaporozhets za Dunayem 3365:Semen Hulak-Artemovsky 3293: 3240: 3008:Alexander Dargomyzhsky 2907: 2691:Ralph Vaughan Williams 2577:George Frideric Handel 2572: 2527: 2312: 2302: 2285:English-language opera 2219: 2213: 2207: 2063: 1875: 1865: 1651: 1568: 1498: 1353:. The first of these, 1228: 1138: 1045: 1016: 962: 785: 766: 755: 634: 567:, which was usually a 499: 300:The Marriage of Figaro 279:George Frideric Handel 227: 217: 203: 80: 36:Opera (disambiguation) 34:. For other uses, see 8836:Science fiction opera 8766:Major opera composers 8242:Science fiction opera 7542:DiGaetani, John Louis 7466:(1994), 1,328 pages, 6854:18 March 2017 at the 6831:18 March 2017 at the 6808:26 April 2015 at the 6714:Penner, Nina (2020). 6236:The Musical Quarterly 6198:The White-Haired Girl 5812:Francien Markx, 5748:www.richardstrauss.at 5095:high-definition video 5058: 4992: 4732: 4503: 4206:Vocal classifications 3810: 3753: 3630:La púrpura de la rosa 3621:The White-Haired Girl 3524: 3471:Polish national opera 3419: 3401:under the leadership 3348:Other national operas 3286: 3235: 2889: 2789:Einstein on the Beach 2589:Michael William Balfe 2565: 2523: 2333:Scene from Purcell's 2319:Stay, Prince and hear 2311: 2298: 2148:Les Contes d'Hoffmann 2044: 1885:: Chanson du toréador 1874: 1862:Salle du Palais-Royal 1853: 1795:and the Italian-born 1773:Hugo von Hofmannsthal 1755:and the dark tragedy 1644: 1566: 1491: 1478:German-language opera 1276:No Pagliaccio non-son 1227: 1132: 1009: 961: 874:of the singer before 772: 761: 750: 676:who gathered as the " 630: 482: 461:high-definition video 223: 209: 198: 61: 8474:Charge scenic artist 7751:"A History of Opera" 7294:24 June 2016 at the 7274:23 June 2016 at the 7237:30 June 2008 at the 7207:"The Bigger Picture" 7055:Arts Council England 6974:on 7 September 2018. 6541:on 13 February 2012. 6419:on 11 February 2021. 6173:Red Squad in Hong Hu 6001:From Webrarian.com's 5021:Welsh National Opera 5009:Arts Council England 4812:Alessandro Scarlatti 4769:(1607) opens with a 4449:La fille du régiment 4180:acoustic enhancement 4115:The Most Happy Fella 3992:Mark-Anthony Turnage 3712:. Composers such as 3657:Antônio Carlos Gomes 3491:Krzysztof Penderecki 3403:Zacharia Paliashvili 3318:national opera") at 2585:John Frederick Lampe 2382:English Commonwealth 2235:Pelléas et Mélisande 1968:tragédies en musique 1966:, who composed five 1964:Jean-Philippe Rameau 1814:, an admirer of the 1740:Ludwig II of Bavaria 1606:Carl Maria von Weber 1427:Cavalleria rusticana 1378:Shakespeare-inspired 937:Alessandro Scarlatti 890:, as well as female 722:concerto delle donne 487:, the birthplace of 475:Operatic terminology 448:recording technology 446:). With the rise of 372:Carl Maria von Weber 134:, accompanied by an 8872:Country house opera 8776:North Korean operas 8559:Wardrobe supervisor 8539:Supernumerary actor 8464:Lighting technician 8252:Tragédie en musique 7813:national traditions 7515:Thames & Hudson 7139:The Daily Telegraph 6939:6 June 2014 at the 6899:Hansel & Gretel 6877:7 July 2017 at the 6473:on 20 November 2007 6381:on 4 February 2021. 6249:10.1093/mq/82.2.309 6110:3 July 2023 at the 5672:on 18 November 2018 5499:3 July 2023 at the 5135:in Venice, and the 5105:San Francisco Opera 5075:. It was the first 4920:Lucia di Lammermoor 4783:Jean-Baptiste Lully 4723:Johann Adolph Hasse 4657:Dmitri Hvorostovsky 4645:Galina Vishnevskaya 4573:Amelita Galli-Curci 4488:to Posa in Verdi's 4164:through composition 4120:New York City Opera 3922:The Rake's Progress 3913:serialist technique 3825:Dmitri Shostakovich 3782:Die glückliche Hand 3649:A Noite de São João 3457:Stanisław Moniuszko 3314:(often called the " 3287:Score of Smetana's 3163:Dmitri Shostakovich 3124:The Rake's Progress 3096:Francesca da Rimini 3085:Sergei Rachmaninoff 3045:The Queen of Spades 2991:Ruslan and Lyudmila 2985:A Life for the Tsar 2904:A Life for the Tsar 2651:agreed, describing 2540:in 1760. His opera 2454:Jean-Baptiste Lully 2436:English Restoration 2395:The Siege of Rhodes 2181:Camille Saint-Saëns 1955:tragédie en musique 1932:Jean-Baptiste Lully 1732:his own opera house 1516:produced the first 1432:Ruggero Leoncavallo 1329:Italian nationalism 1292:Ruggero Leoncavallo 1203:Lucia di Lammermoor 1133:Giuseppe Verdi, by 1118:La clemenza di Tito 1021:Francesco Algarotti 653:. According to the 591:The Rake's Progress 270:Jean-Baptiste Lully 32:Opera (web browser) 9033:Italian inventions 8851:Zarzuela composers 8821:Operetta composers 8811:Operas by composer 8359:Tenore contraltino 8207:Pastorale héroïque 7900:Opera in Venezuela 7735:By Jonathan Leaf, 7667:. (Illustrated by 7525:A History of Opera 7267:(26 August 2009). 7213:on 9 November 2010 7187:Metropolitan Opera 7162:The New York Times 6946:The New York Times 6926:Tommasini, Anthony 6883:The New York Times 6868:Tommasini, Anthony 6837:The New York Times 6822:Tommasini, Anthony 6440:The New York Times 6431:Tommasini, Anthony 6412:The New York Times 6374:The New York Times 5939:Grove Music Online 5879:5 May 2012 at the 5801:Viking Opera Guide 5777:Viking Opera Guide 5419:Pears' Cyclopaedia 5414:Viking Opera Guide 5273:Street performance 5149:Tristan und Isolde 5073:Gian Carlo Menotti 5063: 5060:Sydney Opera House 5011:provides funds to 5004: 4900:became termed the 4739: 4601:Montserrat Caballé 4516: 4429:Tristan und Isolde 4016:Berlin State Opera 4007:Metropolitan Opera 3890:The Soldier's Tale 3872:The Rite of Spring 3863:-produced ballets 3823:, and the Russian 3813: 3811:Stravinsky in 1921 3759: 3653:Elias Álvares Lobo 3606:Loris Tjeknavorian 3542: 3425: 3413:classical themes. 3405:, who fused local 3294: 3290:The Bartered Bride 3241: 3227:The Bartered Bride 3222:The Bartered Bride 3194:Life with an Idiot 3090:The Miserly Knight 2947:Dmitry Bortniansky 2927:Giovanni Paisiello 2923:Baldassare Galuppi 2908: 2772:Gian Carlo Menotti 2693:and in particular 2605:The Beggar's Opera 2573: 2528: 2313: 2303: 2064: 1945:Cadmus et Hermione 1876: 1866: 1701:Tristan und Isolde 1652: 1569: 1499: 1229: 1139: 1090:Le nozze di Figaro 1025:Essay on the Opera 1017: 963: 839:commedia dell'arte 786: 767: 756: 704:Claudio Monteverdi 680:". Significantly, 678:Camerata de' Bardi 635: 632:Claudio Monteverdi 500: 450:, singers such as 305:Le nozze di Figaro 256:Claudio Monteverdi 228: 225:Berlin State Opera 218: 204: 81: 79:, Finland, in 2007 8983: 8982: 8841:Television operas 8806:Opera librettists 8504:Property designer 8125:Dramma per musica 7840:Azerbaijani opera 7640:Simon, Henry W.: 7612:978-1-884822-79-7 7534:978-0-393-05721-8 7232:Emerging Pictures 6895:Eddins, Stephen. 6763:(11 April 2011). 6738:de Acha, Rafael. 6618:978-0-19-973736-9 6433:(6 August 2020). 6321:Malcolm MacDonald 6144:978-0-8229-7809-1 6066:Taruskin, Richard 5961:978-1-56159-263-0 5915:978-0-231-11958-0 5894:Grout, Donald Jay 5883:. Musicals101.com 5647:978-0-8032-7951-3 5620:978-0-521-62183-0 5589:978-0-521-47307-1 5492:, 3rd ed., s.v. " 5480:(10th ed., 1968). 5319: 5318: 5129:Salzburg Festival 5017:Royal Opera House 5000:Salzburg Festival 4972:Hansel and Gretel 4876:brass instruments 4733:Opera orchestra, 4665:Luciano Pavarotti 4545:Francesca Cuzzoni 4330:Parisian theatres 4030:Anthony Tommasini 3821:Hans Werner Henze 3763:Arnold Schoenberg 3685:Alberto Ginastera 3643:, by the Mexican 3602:Rostam and Sohrab 3580:Abdylas Maldybaev 3527:Uzeyir Hajibeyovs 3516:Tigran Chukhajian 3481:Karol Szymanowski 3467:The Haunted Manor 3391:Heorhiy Maiboroda 3310:. The success of 3184:L'écume des jours 3050:Pyotr Tchaikovsky 3034:Alexander Borodin 3024:Modest Mussorgsky 2969:Alexey Verstovsky 2961:Vasily Pashkevich 2935:Domenico Cimarosa 2850:Terence Blanchard 2762:Leonard Bernstein 2724:Man and Boy: Dada 2553:Love in a Village 2328: 2142:Orphée aux enfers 2133:Jacques Offenbach 2090:Giacomo Meyerbeer 2060:Salzburg Festival 1895: 1824:Jacques Offenbach 1812:Johann Strauss II 1801:Arnold Schoenberg 1764:Der Rosenkavalier 1602:French Revolution 1285: 1257:La donna è mobile 1247: 1235:La donna è mobile 1076:Orfeo ed Euridice 1013:Orfeo ed Euridice 978: 810:Francesco Cavalli 637:The Italian word 555:Classical periods 489:Jacques Offenbach 420:Arnold Schoenberg 368:Giacomo Meyerbeer 352:Gaetano Donizetti 348:Gioachino Rossini 176:. In traditional 73:St. Olaf's Castle 16:(Redirected from 9060: 9000: 8999: 8991: 8973: 8972: 8963: 8953: 8952: 8945:Outline of opera 8943: 8942: 8756:Prominent operas 8746:Christmas operas 8741:Argentine operas 8708:Vocal resonation 8589:Singing concepts 8449:Costume designer 8364:Tenore di grazia 8232:Romantische Oper 8212:Posse mit Gesang 7921:Aria di sorbetto 7909:Opera components 7895:Opera in Ukraine 7850:Opera in English 7825:Origins of opera 7820:History of opera 7797: 7790: 7783: 7774: 7773: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7719: 7672: 7635:Internet Archive 7538: 7513:, World of Art, 7424: 7412: 7409:Internet Archive 7396: 7377: 7354: 7323: 7305: 7299: 7285: 7279: 7262: 7256: 7247: 7241: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7203: 7197: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7149: 7143: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7104: 7098: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7062:on 23 March 2015 7046: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7004: 6982: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6956: 6950: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6892: 6886: 6865: 6859: 6846: 6840: 6819: 6813: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6768: 6761:Lyndon Terracini 6757: 6751: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6696: 6690: 6670: 6661: 6644: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6602: 6596: 6579: 6573: 6566: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6537:. 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or 549:During both the 508:Lorenzo Da Ponte 483:Audience at the 376:Romantische Oper 356:Vincenzo Bellini 231:Opera originated 140:musical ensemble 122:, and sometimes 21: 9068: 9067: 9063: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9008: 9007: 9006: 8994: 8986: 8984: 8979: 8931: 8867:Concert version 8855: 8791:Opera festivals 8786:Opera directors 8781:Opera companies 8722: 8590: 8584: 8563: 8514:Set constructor 8397: 8290:Soprano sfogato 8261: 8192:Opera semiseria 8041:Azione teatrale 8029: 7904: 7865:Hungarian opera 7860:Opera in German 7812: 7806: 7801: 7763: 7761: 7749: 7717: 7715:Wayback Machine 7679: 7662: 7535: 7521:Abbate, Carolyn 7519: 7433: 7431:Further reading 7405: 7380:partial preview 7374: 7351: 7327: 7326: 7306: 7302: 7296:Wayback Machine 7286: 7282: 7276:Wayback Machine 7263: 7259: 7248: 7244: 7239:Wayback Machine 7230: 7226: 7216: 7214: 7205: 7204: 7200: 7194:Wayback Machine 7185: 7181: 7171: 7169: 7150: 7146: 7132: 7128: 7118: 7116: 7105: 7101: 7095:Wayback Machine 7086:The Independent 7079: 7075: 7065: 7063: 7048: 7047: 7043: 7033: 7031: 7016: 7012: 7002: 7000: 6983: 6979: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6941:Wayback Machine 6924: 6920: 6910: 6908: 6897:"Humperdinck's 6893: 6889: 6879:Wayback Machine 6866: 6862: 6856:Wayback Machine 6847: 6843: 6833:Wayback Machine 6820: 6816: 6810:Wayback Machine 6799: 6796: 6792: 6782: 6780: 6758: 6754: 6748:Wayback Machine 6737: 6733: 6726: 6712: 6708: 6697: 6693: 6671: 6664: 6645: 6638: 6628: 6626: 6619: 6603: 6599: 6580: 6576: 6567: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6527: 6523: 6513: 6511: 6490: 6486: 6476: 6474: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6450: 6448: 6428: 6424: 6403: 6399: 6390: 6386: 6365: 6361: 6351: 6349: 6343: 6339: 6311: 6307: 6298: 6294: 6284: 6282: 6269: 6268: 6264: 6231: 6227: 6209: 6205: 6190: 6186: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6129: 6125: 6112:Wayback Machine 6100: 6096: 6088: 6084: 6064: 6060: 6052:, ch. 1, 3, 9. 6048: 6044: 6028: 6026:Daily Telegraph 6023: 6019: 6008:Wayback Machine 5999: 5990: 5973: 5969: 5962: 5934: 5930: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5891: 5887: 5881:Wayback Machine 5868: 5864: 5847: 5843: 5831: 5827: 5811: 5807: 5787: 5783: 5779:entry on Verdi. 5771: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5742: 5741: 5737: 5727: 5725: 5719:Master of Music 5709: 5705: 5689: 5685: 5675: 5673: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5601: 5597: 5590: 5574: 5570: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5530:Women and Music 5527: 5523: 5511: 5507: 5501:Wayback Machine 5488: 5484: 5471: 5467: 5459: 5452: 5438:musical theatre 5430: 5426: 5401: 5397: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5323:Lists of operas 5315: 5268:Stand-up comedy 5194:Performing arts 5179: 5137:Maggio Musicale 5121:The Royal Opera 5113:Hollywood films 5111:used for major 5053: 5043:The Independent 5037:Northern Ballet 4987: 4978:The Magic Flute 4914: 4796:Dido and Aeneas 4779:French overture 4681: 4669:Plácido Domingo 4633:Cecilia Bartoli 4621:Beniamino Gigli 4605:Joan Sutherland 4512: 4498: 4425:Dido and Aeneas 4353: 4214:, based on the 4208: 4199: 4197:Operatic voices 4176: 4073:West Side Story 4042: 4012:classical music 3931: 3902:The Nightingale 3857:Igor Stravinsky 3722:Giacomo Puccini 3714:Richard Strauss 3698: 3693: 3576:Vladimir Vlasov 3572:Bolshoi Theatre 3510:, which was an 3350: 3341:Glagolitic Mass 3213:Bedřich Smetana 3209: 3146:The Fiery Angel 3101:Igor Stravinsky 3055:The Snow Maiden 3003:The Stone Guest 2957:Francesco Araja 2884: 2878: 2854:Jennifer Higdon 2846:David T. Little 2798:John Corigliano 2742:George Gershwin 2648:Daily Telegraph 2637:musical theatre 2633:Arthur Sullivan 2502:The Fairy-Queen 2488:Dido and Aeneas 2440:Thomas Shadwell 2432:Oliver Cromwell 2378:Lovers Made Men 2354: 2353: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2336:Dido and Aeneas 2331: 2324: 2321: 2314: 2308: 2293: 2287: 2263:Francis Poulenc 2193:, Saint-Saëns' 2025:Luigi Cherubini 1928: 1927: 1919: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1898: 1890: 1887: 1877: 1871: 1848: 1842: 1747:Richard Strauss 1665:Gesamtkunstwerk 1648:Götterdämmerung 1610:German Romantic 1587:Die Zauberflöte 1509:Heinrich Schütz 1495:Die Zauberflöte 1486: 1484:Opera in German 1480: 1442:Giacomo Puccini 1422:Pietro Mascagni 1407:Richard Strauss 1403:Giacomo Puccini 1315: 1314: 1306: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1288: 1281: 1278: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1250: 1240: 1237: 1230: 1224: 1127: 1067:Tommaso Traetta 1004: 1003: 995: 993: 992: 991: 990: 981: 974: 971: 964: 958: 953: 941:Antonio Vivaldi 931:, who wrote in 752:Antonio Vivaldi 745: 740: 734: 625: 617:Main articles: 615: 610: 604: 575:(also known as 477: 432:Igor Stravinsky 400:Richard Strauss 396:Giacomo Puccini 337:Die Zauberflöte 332:The Magic Flute 272:in France, and 266:Heinrich Schütz 162:numerous genres 158:classical music 148:musical theatre 108:performing arts 54: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9066: 9056: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9005: 9004: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8977: 8967: 8957: 8947: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8863: 8861: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8826:Orphean operas 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8771:Mexican operas 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8732: 8730: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8703:Vocal register 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8628:Coup de glotte 8625: 8620: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8594: 8592: 8591:and techniques 8586: 8585: 8583: 8582: 8577: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8561: 8556: 8554:Video designer 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8459:Make-up artist 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8405: 8403: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8395: 8394: 8393: 8391:Basso profondo 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8367: 8366: 8361: 8351: 8350: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8329: 8319: 8314: 8313: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8277: 8271: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8135:Festa teatrale 8132: 8127: 8122: 8120:Dramma giocoso 8117: 8116: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8083: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8048: 8043: 8037: 8035: 8034:Types of opera 8031: 8030: 8028: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8011: 8010: 8005: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7978:Divertissement 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7959: 7958: 7953: 7951:Insertion aria 7948: 7943: 7941:Catalogue aria 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7912: 7910: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7835:Armenian opera 7832: 7830:Albanian opera 7827: 7822: 7816: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7800: 7799: 7792: 7785: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7747: 7742: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7689: 7678: 7677:External links 7675: 7674: 7673: 7669:Willi Glasauer 7660: 7645: 7638: 7623: 7614: 7600: 7582: 7557: 7539: 7533: 7517: 7504: 7491: 7474: 7457: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7403: 7389:, ed. 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2747:Porgy and Bess 2704:Punch and Judy 2623:, notably the 2557:Charles Burney 2551:ballad opera, 2507:The Prophetess 2344: 2332: 2322: 2317: 2316: 2315: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2289:Main article: 2286: 2283: 2230:Claude Debussy 2225:Richard Wagner 2177:Jules Massenet 2153:Charles Gounod 2120:Hector Berlioz 2081:Guillaume Tell 2050:Jonas Kaufmann 1987:Parisian stage 1936:King Louis XIV 1918: 1901:Pasquale Amato 1899: 1888: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1844:Main article: 1841: 1838: 1829:Die Fledermaus 1789:Paul Hindemith 1785:Franz Schreker 1781:Erich Korngold 1619:Der Freischütz 1567:Richard Wagner 1514:Sigmund Staden 1507:, composed by 1482:Main article: 1479: 1476: 1319:Giuseppe Verdi 1305: 1289: 1279: 1274: 1273: 1261:Giuseppe Verdi 1251: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1179:La Cenerentola 1126: 1123: 1102:Così fan tutte 1041:Melchior Grimm 994: 982: 972: 967: 966: 965: 956: 955: 954: 952: 949: 945:Nicola Porpora 744: 741: 736:Main article: 733: 730: 614: 611: 606:Main article: 603: 600: 564:basso continuo 476: 473: 384:Richard Wagner 380:Giuseppe Verdi 316:Così fan tutte 250:, produced in 211:Palais Garnier 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9065: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9023:Musical forms 9021: 9019: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8992: 8989: 8976: 8968: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8956: 8948: 8946: 8938: 8937: 8934: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8902:Opera glasses 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860:Miscellaneous 8858: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8728:List articles 8725: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8658:Messa di voce 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8618: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8587: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8575:Breeches role 8573: 8572: 8570: 8566: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8534:Stage manager 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8489:Pit orchestra 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8439:Opera manager 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8424:Choreographer 8422: 8420: 8419:Ballet dancer 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8400: 8392: 8389: 8388: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8381:Bass-baritone 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8355: 8352: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8330: 8327: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8317:Mezzo-soprano 8315: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8268: 8264: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8145:Literaturoper 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8077: 8076:Opéra comique 8074: 8072: 8071:Opéra bouffon 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8046:Chamber opera 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8032: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7907: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7890:Spanish opera 7888: 7886: 7885:Russian opera 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7870:Italian opera 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7809: 7805: 7798: 7793: 7791: 7786: 7784: 7779: 7778: 7775: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7716: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7670: 7666: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7643: 7639: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7597:Hagen Schulze 7594: 7590: 7586: 7585:Silke Leopold 7583: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7558: 7555: 7554:0-385-26339-2 7551: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7536: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7516: 7512: 7511:Rodney Milnes 7508: 7505: 7503: 7502:1-85828-138-5 7499: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7489:0-19-869164-5 7486: 7482: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7472:0-670-81292-7 7469: 7465: 7464:Amanda Holden 7461: 7458: 7456: 7455:1-56159-228-5 7452: 7451:0-333-73432-7 7448: 7444: 7443:Stanley Sadie 7440: 7439: 7435: 7434: 7422: 7421:Parker (1994) 7418: 7417:Tyrrell, John 7414: 7413: 7410: 7406: 7404:0-19-816282-0 7400: 7395: 7394: 7388: 7387:Parker, Roger 7384: 7381: 7375: 7373:0-521-78009-8 7369: 7365: 7362:. Cambridge: 7361: 7356: 7352: 7350:0-674-37501-7 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7322: 7321:1-4724-1584-1 7318: 7314: 7310: 7304: 7297: 7293: 7290: 7284: 7277: 7273: 7270: 7266: 7261: 7254: 7253: 7246: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7228: 7212: 7208: 7202: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7183: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7157: 7148: 7141: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7114: 7110: 7103: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7087: 7083: 7077: 7061: 7057: 7056: 7051: 7045: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7014: 6998: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6981: 6972: 6967: 6966: 6965:The Economist 6961: 6955: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6927: 6922: 6906: 6902: 6900: 6891: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6864: 6857: 6853: 6850: 6845: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6827: 6823: 6818: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6794: 6778: 6774: 6773: 6767: 6762: 6756: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6727: 6725:9780253049971 6721: 6717: 6710: 6702: 6695: 6689: 6688:0-333-73432-7 6685: 6681: 6680:Stanley Sadie 6677: 6676: 6669: 6667: 6659: 6655: 6654:Stanley Sadie 6651: 6650: 6643: 6641: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6601: 6594: 6590: 6589:Stanley Sadie 6586: 6585: 6578: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6553: 6548: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6525: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6497: 6488: 6472: 6468: 6462: 6446: 6442: 6441: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6418: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6401: 6394: 6388: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6363: 6348: 6341: 6335:(Dent, 1975). 6334: 6330: 6329:Francis Routh 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6309: 6303:, p. 108 6302: 6296: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6237: 6229: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6215:Zheng Lücheng 6212: 6207: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6188: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6146: 6140: 6136: 6135: 6127: 6121: 6120:0-313-33656-3 6117: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6086: 6079: 6075: 6074:Stanley Sadie 6071: 6067: 6062: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6039: 6034: 6027: 6021: 6014: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6002: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5971: 5963: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5940: 5932: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5902: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5870:Kenrick, John 5866: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5838: 5834: 5833:Thomas Bauman 5829: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5785: 5778: 5774: 5769: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5707: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5671: 5667: 5666:www.kcl.ac.uk 5663: 5657: 5649: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5630: 5622: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5606:Lully Studies 5599: 5591: 5585: 5581: 5580: 5572: 5564: 5561:(in French). 5560: 5556: 5550: 5543: 5538: 5531: 5525: 5518: 5514: 5509: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5479: 5475: 5469: 5463:, p. 718 5462: 5457: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5434:Chinese opera 5428: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5410:Amanda Holden 5407: 5406: 5399: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5312: 5307: 5305: 5300: 5298: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5283:Ventriloquism 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5213:Circus skills 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5182: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4991: 4982: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4938: 4936: 4935:Dolora Zajick 4930: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4921: 4909: 4907: 4906:orchestra pit 4903: 4899: 4895: 4894:concertmaster 4889: 4887: 4883: 4882: 4881:Das Rheingold 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4858:orchestration 4853: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4806: 4805:Giulio Cesare 4802: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4791:Henry Purcell 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4676: 4674: 4673:José Carreras 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4649:Marilyn Horne 4646: 4642: 4641:Renée Fleming 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4617:Rosa Ponselle 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4593:Alfredo Kraus 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4569:Enrico Caruso 4566: 4562: 4561:Anna Netrebko 4556: 4554: 4553:Joseph Legros 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4507: 4504:The castrato 4502: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4445: 4442:era, such as 4441: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4363:mezzo-soprano 4360: 4355: 4354: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4293: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4260:mezzo-soprano 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4236:bass-baritone 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4203: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4142: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4086: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4037: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3967:Doctor Atomic 3963: 3962: 3957: 3956: 3949: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3926: 3924: 3923: 3919:number opera 3918: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3903: 3898: 3897: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3873: 3868: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3840:neoclassicism 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3819:, the German 3818: 3809: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3796: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3734:Hans Pfitzner 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3710:Tristan chord 3707: 3703: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3584:Vladimir Fere 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3462:Straszny Dwór 3458: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3436: 3435: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3326: 3325:Káťa Kabanová 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3285: 3281: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3266: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3161:; as well as 3160: 3159: 3158:War and Peace 3154: 3153: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3113: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3091: 3087:in his works 3086: 3082: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3040: 3039:Eugene Onegin 3035: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3019:Khovanshchina 3015: 3014: 3013:Boris Godunov 3009: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2992: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2976:Russian opera 2972: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2882:Russian opera 2876:Russian opera 2873: 2871: 2867: 2866:Anthony Davis 2863: 2862:Michael Ching 2859: 2858:Tobias Picker 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2830:Missy Mazzoli 2827: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2776:Douglas Moore 2773: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2731: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2719: 2714: 2713:Michael Nyman 2710: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2629:W. S. Gilbert 2626: 2622: 2619: 2618:Victorian era 2615: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2596:ballad operas 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2538: 2533: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2499:in Purcell's 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2483:Henry Purcell 2479: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2352: 2350: 2338: 2337: 2320: 2301: 2300:Henry Purcell 2297: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2220:opèra comique 2215: 2214:opéra comique 2209: 2208:opéra lyrique 2204: 2203: 2199:and Delibes' 2198: 2197: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2163:Georges Bizet 2160: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2100:opéra comique 2097: 2096: 2095:Les Huguenots 2091: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2021:Étienne Méhul 2018: 2014: 2013:Revolutionary 2011:. During the 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1993: 1992:opéra comique 1988: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1924: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1905:Georges Bizet 1902: 1886: 1884: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1852: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1650: 1649: 1643: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1565: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1497: 1496: 1490: 1485: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1313: 1311: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1277: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1253:Enrico Caruso 1236: 1219: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1192: 1191:La sonnambula 1187: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1136: 1131: 1122: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1046:Poème lyrique 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1015: 1014: 1008: 1002: 1000: 988: 987: 970: 969:Mozart K. 527 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 917: 916:Giulio Cesare 912: 911: 906: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 852: 850: 846: 845: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 811: 807: 806: 801: 800: 795: 791: 783: 779: 775: 771: 765: 764:Český Krumlov 760: 753: 749: 739: 738:Italian opera 732:Italian opera 729: 727: 726:Madama Europa 723: 719: 715: 711: 710: 705: 701: 700: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 672: 668: 664: 663: 658: 656: 652: 651: 646: 645: 640: 633: 629: 624: 620: 609: 599: 597: 593: 592: 587: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 565: 560: 556: 552: 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 528:opéra comique 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 498: 494: 490: 486: 481: 472: 470: 469:live streamed 466: 462: 457: 453: 452:Enrico Caruso 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 428:neoclassicism 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 382:in Italy and 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 340: 338: 334: 333: 328: 324: 323: 319:, as well as 318: 317: 312: 311: 306: 302: 301: 297:, especially 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 275: 274:Henry Purcell 271: 267: 263: 262: 257: 253: 249: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 226: 222: 216: 212: 208: 201: 197: 193: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 174: 173:Opéra comique 169: 168: 163: 159: 156: 151: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 86:is a form of 85: 78: 74: 70: 66: 65: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 8912:Regietheater 8897:Opera gloves 8831:Radio operas 8801:Opera houses 8796:Opera genres 8713:Vocal weight 8673:Sprechgesang 8444:Set designer 8402:Participants 8342:Haute-contre 8332:Countertenor 8227:Rescue opera 8182:Opéra féerie 8177:Opéra-ballet 8172:Number opera 8150:Mugham opera 8066:Opéra bouffe 8056:Ballad opera 7946:Da capo aria 7880:Polish opera 7855:French opera 7803: 7762:. Retrieved 7754: 7738:The American 7736: 7692:Opera-Inside 7664: 7655: 7641: 7626: 7617: 7603: 7593:Tim Blanning 7588: 7560: 7545: 7524: 7506: 7493: 7481:John Warrack 7476: 7462:, edited by 7459: 7441:, edited by 7436: 7407:– via 7392: 7359: 7340: 7329: 7328: 7312: 7303: 7283: 7260: 7250: 7245: 7227: 7215:. Retrieved 7211:the original 7201: 7182: 7170:. Retrieved 7161: 7155: 7147: 7137: 7129: 7117:. Retrieved 7102: 7084: 7076: 7064:. Retrieved 7060:the original 7053: 7044: 7032:. Retrieved 7013: 7001:. Retrieved 6990: 6980: 6971:the original 6963: 6954: 6944: 6931: 6921: 6909:. Retrieved 6903:. AllMusic. 6898: 6890: 6882: 6863: 6844: 6836: 6817: 6793: 6781:. Retrieved 6770: 6755: 6734: 6715: 6709: 6700: 6694: 6673: 6658:John Tyrrell 6647: 6627:. Retrieved 6607: 6600: 6593:John Tyrrell 6582: 6577: 6547: 6539:the original 6534: 6524: 6512:. Retrieved 6503:The Guardian 6501: 6496:Sweeney Todd 6495: 6487: 6475:. Retrieved 6471:the original 6461: 6449:. Retrieved 6438: 6425: 6417:the original 6410: 6400: 6387: 6379:the original 6372: 6362: 6350:. Retrieved 6340: 6332: 6324: 6316: 6308: 6295: 6283:. Retrieved 6274: 6265: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6220:Cloud Gazing 6218: 6210: 6206: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6133: 6126: 6103: 6097: 6090:Tyrrell 1994 6085: 6069: 6061: 6053: 6045: 6037: 6032: 6031:s review of 6025: 6020: 6010: 5983: 5979: 5970: 5937: 5931: 5919:. Retrieved 5899: 5888: 5865: 5857: 5853: 5844: 5836: 5828: 5813: 5808: 5800: 5788: 5784: 5776: 5768: 5756:. Retrieved 5747: 5738: 5726:. Retrieved 5713: 5706: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5674:. Retrieved 5670:the original 5665: 5656: 5636: 5629: 5605: 5598: 5578: 5571: 5558: 5549: 5537: 5529: 5524: 5516: 5508: 5489: 5485: 5473: 5468: 5427: 5422:, 1983 ed.). 5417: 5413: 5403: 5398: 5391:Arrigo Boito 5382: 5327:general list 5247: 5165: 5147: 5141: 5098: 5088: 5080: 5066: 5064: 5041: 5005: 4995:Il trovatore 4993: 4976: 4970: 4956: 4939: 4931: 4924: 4918: 4915: 4890: 4879: 4861: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4835: 4809: 4794: 4781:as found in 4764: 4750: 4740: 4719:Leonardo Leo 4682: 4613:Nellie Melba 4589:Risë Stevens 4565:Maria Callas 4557: 4549:haute-contre 4517: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4474: 4468:Don Giovanni 4466: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4439: 4437: 4428: 4424: 4393: 4383:countertenor 4356: 4342: 4333: 4321: 4317: 4315: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4252:countertenor 4209: 4200: 4188: 4177: 4157: 4156:(2006), and 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4085:Sweeney Todd 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4034: 4023: 4004: 3995: 3985: 3975: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3945:Little Women 3943: 3932: 3929:Other trends 3920: 3906: 3905:(1914), and 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3850: 3848:number opera 3837: 3829:Philip Glass 3814: 3799: 3793: 3791: 3787:Sprechstimme 3780: 3774: 3760: 3756:Egon Schiele 3742: 3699: 3681:Felipe Boero 3670: 3667:Teatro Colón 3660: 3648: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3619: 3610: 3598:Roudaki Hall 3594: 3587: 3567: 3562:. The first 3549: 3546:Soviet Union 3543: 3529: 3505: 3495: 3484: 3474: 3466: 3465:(in English 3460: 3455: 3448: 3438: 3432: 3429:Ferenc Erkel 3426: 3421:Ferenc Erkel 3395:Yuliy Meitus 3384: 3378: 3368: 3362: 3351: 3339: 3329: 3323: 3311: 3301: 3297:Leoš Janáček 3295: 3288: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3247: 3242: 3237:Leoš Janáček 3226: 3220: 3217:eight operas 3215:, who wrote 3210: 3198: 3192: 3182: 3172: 3166: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3106:Le Rossignol 3104: 3094: 3088: 3078: 3074:Slavophilism 3059: 3053: 3043: 3037: 3027: 3017: 3011: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2973: 2950: 2909: 2902: 2895:Ivan Susanin 2822:André Previn 2815: 2808:Robert Moran 2801: 2787: 2784:Philip Glass 2765: 2755: 2752:Scott Joplin 2745: 2739: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2709:The Minotaur 2702: 2688: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2625:Savoy operas 2621:light operas 2603: 2593: 2581:opera serias 2580: 2574: 2571:(Lithograph) 2566: 2552: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2486: 2480: 2473: 2461: 2443: 2425: 2419: 2393: 2377: 2357: 2355: 2346: 2334: 2276: 2266: 2240: 2233: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2166: 2156: 2146: 2140: 2130: 2123: 2099: 2093: 2079: 2078:. Rossini's 2065: 2053: 2035: 1990: 1973:opéra-ballet 1971: 1967: 1953: 1943: 1929: 1920: 1908: 1882: 1855: 1846:French opera 1840:French opera 1827: 1822:composed by 1809: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1717: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1689: 1683: 1677: 1672:, recurring 1663: 1653: 1646: 1617: 1608:established 1595: 1585: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1523: 1517: 1502: 1500: 1493: 1457: 1451: 1445: 1435: 1425: 1415: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1381: 1371: 1358: 1354: 1348: 1344:Il trovatore 1342: 1336: 1331:in the post- 1322: 1316: 1307: 1295: 1264: 1215:Don Pasquale 1213: 1207: 1201: 1195: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1171: 1166: 1140: 1116: 1110: 1106: 1100: 1096:Don Giovanni 1094: 1088: 1081: 1074: 1051:Encyclopédie 1032: 1024: 1018: 1011: 996: 986:Don Giovanni 984: 983:Overture to 914: 908: 899: 863: 859: 855: 853: 843: 835:opera houses 803: 797: 787: 707: 697: 693: 681: 660: 659: 648: 642: 638: 636: 589: 581:accompagnato 580: 576: 573:accompagnato 572: 562: 558: 548: 512:number opera 501: 497:Émile Bayard 456:Maria Callas 440:Philip Glass 392:French opera 364:Daniel Auber 346:style, with 341: 336: 330: 326: 320: 314: 310:Don Giovanni 308: 304: 298: 295:comic operas 268:in Germany, 259: 245: 229: 178:number opera 171: 165: 152: 83: 82: 62: 55: 9048:Vocal music 8975:WikiProject 8892:Opera cloak 8882:Opera house 8718:Voice types 8698:Vocal range 8623:Convenienze 8608:Chest voice 8519:Set dresser 8494:Prima donna 8414:Choirmaster 8275:Boy soprano 8267:Voice types 8217:Radio opera 8197:Opera seria 8140:Grand opera 8098:Savoy opera 8061:Opera buffa 8051:Comic opera 7811:History and 7764:15 February 7718:(in French) 7337:Apel, Willi 6932:Magic Flute 6901:: A Review" 6629:7 September 6552:Parker 1994 6535:Live Design 6514:15 December 6451:30 November 6393:Parker 1994 6313:Parker 1994 6285:15 December 6078:Parker 1994 6050:Parker 1994 5976:Parker 1994 5850:Parker 1994 5797:Parker 1994 5793:Neal Zaslaw 5773:Parker 1994 5695:Neal Zaslaw 5542:Parker 1994 5513:Parker 1994 5442:Greek drama 5358:Radio opera 5170:Wreckamovie 5123:in London, 5013:Opera North 4872:prima donna 4831:sonata form 4693:harpsichord 4653:Bryn Terfel 4533:prima donna 4513: 1720 4462:opera seria 4454:Heldentenor 4292:basso buffo 4228:vocal range 4132:(1969) and 4020:Paris Opera 3987:Anna Nicole 3982:Jake Heggie 3878:Oedipus rex 3869:(1911) and 3798:(1925) and 3771:dodecaphony 3655:. However, 3556:Azerbaijani 3525:Scene from 3445:Béla Bartók 3380:Taras Bulba 3358:native form 3336:Sinfonietta 3259:The Jacobin 3207:Czech opera 3134:The Gambler 3118:Oedipus rex 3070:nationalism 3029:Prince Igor 2988:(1836) and 2919:aristocracy 2838:Tom Cipullo 2826:Jake Heggie 2757:Treemonisha 2735:Thomas Adès 2730:Love Counts 2718:Facing Goya 2684:grand opera 2661:Haddon Hall 2616:, and late 2612:, European 2548:opera seria 2532:Thomas Arne 2525:Thomas Arne 2515:John Dryden 2509:(1690) and 2497:Shakespeare 2466:Shakespeare 2462:The Tempest 2424:(1658) and 2370:Inigo Jones 2211:, combined 2185:Léo Delibes 2173:Romanticism 2125:Les Troyens 2086:grand opera 1978:opera seria 1584:(1782) and 1558:Abel Seyler 1368:grand opera 1359:La traviata 1350:La traviata 1107:opera seria 1043:published " 1033:opera seria 900:opera seria 864:opera seria 831:opera buffa 827:opera seria 743:Baroque era 690:Renaissance 686:Greek drama 667:Jacopo Peri 577:strumentato 569:harpsichord 394:through to 370:as well as 360:grand opera 283:Opera seria 239:Jacopo Peri 215:Paris Opéra 190:music drama 146:. Although 138:or smaller 132:opera house 51:Space opera 47:Horse opera 9012:Categories 8668:Portamento 8648:Head voice 8643:Falsettone 8613:Coloratura 8568:Role types 8549:Technician 8509:Répétiteur 8434:Impresario 8429:Dramaturge 8285:Coloratura 8247:Semi-opera 8187:Opera film 8155:Melodramma 8020:Ritornello 8015:Recitative 7265:Classic FM 7217:9 November 6995:. London. 6506:. London. 6352:8 December 6333:Stravinsky 6325:Schoenberg 6301:Cooke 2005 6275:Classic FM 6243:(2): 323. 5822:9004309578 5728:31 October 5544:, ch. 1–3. 5478:P. Scholes 5369:References 5228:Gymnastics 5203:Acrobatics 5119:including 4946:proscenium 4926:Don Carlos 4868:leitmotifs 4863:Ring Cycle 4850:Einleitung 4816:homophonic 4761:Monteverdi 4757:ritornello 4702:ritornello 4537:Anna Renzi 4490:Don Carlos 4481:Don Carlos 4475:Ring Cycle 4276:coloratura 4212:voice type 4168:leitmotifs 4126:, such as 3972:John Adams 3940:Mark Adamo 3852:Arlecchino 3833:minimalist 3767:Alban Berg 3662:Il Guarany 3476:King Roger 3407:folk songs 3081:traditions 3076:movement. 2978:came with 2834:Kevin Puts 2812:John Adams 2794:Mark Adamo 2610:burlesques 2598:, such as 2568:The Mikado 2543:Artaxerxes 2493:semi-opera 2374:Ben Jonson 2349:media help 2017:Napoleonic 1960:recitative 1923:media help 1818:-language 1793:Kurt Weill 1685:Tannhäuser 1670:leitmotifs 1576:Singspiele 1552:and later 1373:Don Carlos 1333:Napoleonic 1310:media help 1290:Aria from 1197:I puritani 1163:Mercadante 1087:, notably 1057:and opera 999:media help 872:castration 844:intermezzi 819:Metastasio 671:Florentine 536:semi-opera 516:recitative 444:John Adams 436:minimalism 424:Alban Berg 258:, notably 241:'s mostly 182:recitative 110:, such as 104:librettist 77:Savonlinna 43:Soap opera 8927:Surtitles 8917:Sitzprobe 8887:Opera hat 8683:Tessitura 8663:Passaggio 8617:Fioritura 8603:Cantabile 8598:Bel canto 8529:Stagehand 8409:Conductor 8371:Baritenor 8337:Sopranist 8322:Contralto 8295:Soubrette 8222:Regieoper 8202:Pasticcio 8160:Monodrama 8108:Spieloper 8103:Singspiel 7993:Mad scene 7983:Leitmotif 7956:Rage aria 7936:Cantabile 7931:Cabaletta 7687:Operabase 7579:1471-6836 7573:(print). 7571:0008-199X 6992:The Times 6554:, ch. 11. 6315:, ch. 8; 6178:Jiang Jie 6080:, ch. 7–9 5461:Apel 1969 5341:, and by 5166:Free Will 5164:. Titled 5133:La Fenice 5117:festivals 5100:La bohème 4942:surtitles 4902:conductor 4819:movements 4529:Farinelli 4473:Wagner's 4444:Donizetti 4440:bel canto 4417:Farinelli 4367:contralto 4313:company. 4311:repertory 4280:soubrette 4268:sopranist 4256:contralto 4244:baritenor 4216:tessitura 4079:Brigadoon 4067:Show Boat 3896:Melodrama 3866:Petrushka 3861:Diaghilev 3776:Erwartung 3702:atonality 3696:Modernism 3640:Partenope 3624:in 1945. 3568:Ai-Churek 3558:composer 3507:Arshak II 3459:'s opera 2842:Huang Ruo 2679:La bohème 2614:operettas 2472:composed 2470:John Blow 2460:produced 2392:produced 2386:dramatist 2362:libellous 2165:composed 2104:Boïeldieu 2068:bel canto 1997:singspiel 1820:operettas 1805:modernism 1728:Arthurian 1691:Lohengrin 1660:Meyerbeer 1624:Marschner 1614:bel canto 1594:with his 1592:Beethoven 1519:Singspiel 1472:modernism 1447:La bohème 1437:Pagliacci 1355:Rigoletto 1338:Rigoletto 1297:Pagliacci 1266:Rigoletto 1167:bel canto 1155:Donizetti 1143:bel canto 1059:librettos 884:Farinelli 754:, in 1723 674:humanists 524:singspiel 493:operettas 416:serialism 412:atonality 344:bel canto 167:Singspiel 144:conductor 136:orchestra 90:in which 8955:Category 8922:Stagione 8638:Falsetto 8499:Prompter 8484:Fly crew 8376:Baritone 8347:Castrato 8310:Dramatic 8257:Zeitoper 8165:Duodrama 8113:Zarzuela 8093:Operetta 7998:Overture 7988:Libretto 7973:Cavatina 7711:Archived 7292:Archived 7272:Archived 7235:Archived 7190:Archived 7166:Archived 7113:Archived 7091:Archived 7028:Archived 7024:BBC News 6997:Archived 6937:Archived 6930:"A Mini- 6905:Archived 6875:Archived 6852:Archived 6829:Archived 6806:Archived 6783:13 April 6777:Archived 6744:Archived 6623:Archived 6508:Archived 6445:Archived 6279:Archived 6108:Archived 6004:Archived 5921:11 April 5877:Archived 5752:Archived 5676:10 April 5563:Archived 5497:Archived 5258:Puppetry 5186:a series 5184:Part of 5177:See also 5154:streamed 5125:La Scala 5093:of live 4846:Vorspiel 4838:sinfonia 4775:trumpets 4752:Euridice 4743:overture 4525:Senesino 4521:castrato 4506:Senesino 4458:Turandot 4433:britches 4397:castrato 4387:castrato 4375:baritone 4272:castrati 4240:baritone 4150:(1996), 4144:(1980), 4138:(1971), 4122:. Other 4062:Broadway 4046:musicals 3917:diatonic 3744:Falstaff 3512:Armenian 3440:Bánk bán 3411:Romantic 3354:zarzuela 3338:and the 3316:Moravian 3277:Dimitrij 3168:The Nose 2600:John Gay 2579:, whose 2255:Honegger 2137:operetta 2135:created 2038:(1793). 2033:Gossec's 2005:Philidor 2001:Monsigny 1952:created 1950:Quinault 1834:Viennese 1736:Bayreuth 1724:Germanic 1719:Parsifal 1696:tonality 1632:Lortzing 1628:Schubert 1538:Telemann 1525:Seelewig 1398:Falstaff 1394:Falstaff 1389:Falstaff 1259:", from 1112:Idomeneo 921:libretti 894:such as 892:sopranos 888:Senesino 868:castrato 823:libretti 821:, whose 790:carnival 780:, 1747, 718:Gonzagas 699:Euridice 532:operetta 504:libretto 252:Florence 202:of Milan 200:La Scala 100:composer 18:Operatic 9053:Singing 9043:Theatre 8693:Vibrato 8678:Squillo 8580:Ingénue 8454:Dresser 8280:Soprano 8237:Sainete 8008:Italian 7968:Cadenza 7648:"Opera" 7330:Sources 7034:23 June 7003:23 June 6477:4 March 6395:, ch. 9 6012:Ivanhoe 5758:15 July 5446:musical 5335:country 5278:Theatre 4985:Funding 4771:toccata 4766:L'Orfeo 4359:soprano 4340:soprano 4264:soprano 4091:Passion 4057:Candide 4028:critic 3795:Wozzeck 3741:in his 3566:opera, 3551:Koroğlu 3536:opera, 3486:Ubu Rex 3399:Georgia 3249:Rusalka 3239:in 1917 2997:Rusalka 2915:troupes 2767:Candide 2673:Ivanhoe 2642:Ivanhoe 2511:Bonduca 2450:Molière 2412:Coleman 2259:Milhaud 2251:Roussel 2072:Rossini 1913:(1875). 1864:in 1761 1860:in the 1769:waltzes 1758:Elektra 1597:Fidelio 1530:Hamburg 1418:verismo 1380:works, 1363:verismo 1324:Nabucco 1255:sings " 1151:Bellini 1147:Rossini 910:Rinaldo 876:puberty 860:da capo 709:L'Orfeo 613:Origins 602:History 551:Baroque 465:cinemas 434:), and 408:Bohemia 388:verismo 329:), and 261:L'Orfeo 213:of the 155:Western 120:costume 116:scenery 96:singers 88:theatre 67:at the 64:Macbeth 8988:Portal 8965:Portal 8846:Titles 8736:Operas 8688:Timbre 8653:Legato 8305:Spinto 8003:French 7963:Ballet 7926:Arioso 7610: 7591:, ed. 7577: 7569: 7552: 7531: 7500: 7487: 7470: 7449: 7401: 7370: 7347: 7319: 7172:4 July 7119:21 May 6911:3 June 6722: 6686: 6615: 6608:Handel 6257:742411 6255: 6141: 6118: 6072:, ed. 6033:Yeomen 5958: 5912: 5820: 5693:, ed. 5644: 5617: 5586: 5339:medium 5263:Speech 5208:Ballet 5091:series 5023:, and 5015:, the 4961:, the 4827:minuet 4801:Handel 4787:fugato 4777:. 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