94:
high-definition cameras to identify violators, and leakage can be offset in part or whole by fees and fines collected against offenders. However, in many cases such enforcement is relatively limited (for example, targeting only commercial vehicles and other such flagrant and/or repeat offenders). Some toll operators prefer to simply write off leakage as an expense, especially if the costs associated with collection efforts are expected to exceed the additional tolls, fees and/or fines that will likely be collected, or alternatively allow vehicles that are privately operated and/or below a specified size and/or weight to access the toll road free of charge.
41:
300:
282:
22:
348:(ANPR) or an automatic license plate reader (ALPR) is a system that uses optical character recognition on images to read the license plates on vehicles. While the technology is most commonly used by law enforcement for cataloging vehicle movements and traffic enforcement, ANPR has also been used as a method of electronic toll collection. ANPR can be used in conjunction with transponder systems. If a transponder is not detected on a vehicle, a system of cameras located at each junction logs the vehicle's unique identity and an
385:
229:
1213:
three to six weeks. Video Toll Rates at all
Maryland toll facilities are 1.5 times the cash or base toll rate. The Video Toll surcharge is subject to a minimum of $ 1 and maximum of $ 15 above the cash or base rate. ***REMINDER: The Intercounty Connector (ICC)/MD 200 and the I-95 Express Toll Lanes (ETL) are all electronic toll roads, and cash is not accepted. Customers without a valid E‑ZPass® account are charged the Video Toll Rate.
639:
442:
108:
161:
1171:
Rental
Vehicles: 1. What if I'm driving a rental car and missed a toll? A: Most major rental car companies now offer their customers the option of including tolls with the credit card used to rent the vehicle. These rental car customers can use Florida's toll roads and not worry about carrying cash
93:
to the extent that without the presence of toll booths there is typically no physical means of preventing drivers who have no intention of paying the toll from accessing the road. Toll operators refer to such toll evasion as "leakage." To deter such behavior, toll operators can employ tools such as
1212:
What is a Video Toll transaction? A Video Toll transaction occurs when a vehicle goes through a toll-collection facility in
Maryland without paying the toll using cash or an E‑ZPass® account. The registered owner of the vehicle is mailed a Notice of Toll Due (NOTD), which typically arrives within
172:
was the first to propose a system of electronic tolling for the
Washington metropolitan area. He proposed that each car would be equipped with a transponder. The transponder's personalized signal would be picked up when the car passed through an intersection and then relayed to a central computer
317:
system above the road. While rarely used as the primary vehicle identification method, automatic number plate recognition is used on a number of different highway systems. Both methods aims to eliminate the delay on toll roads by collecting tolls electronically by electronically debiting the
363:. ANPR allows police to automatically compile vast databases of innocent road users' movements, thus invading their privacy. Another concern is that the collected data can be abused by employees or stolen by computer hackers. This has led the police of
337:(DSRC). Some early systems used barcodes affixed to each vehicle, to be read optically at the toll booth. Optical systems proved to have poor reading reliability, especially when faced with inclement weather and dirty vehicles.
1149:
Locating and recovering stolen vehicles was the primary purpose for ALPR implementation in nearly two-thirds (62%) of responding agencies, followed by vehicle and traffic enforcement (28%) and investigations
1949:
1172:
or stopping to pay for tolls. Using license plate recognition systems allows rental car customers to use the
Express, SunPass ONLY, E-PASS ONLY and LeeWay ONLY lanes to bypass congestion and traffic.
973:
Kelly, Frank (2006): Road
Pricing: Addressing congestion, pollution and the financing of Britain's road. Published in "Ingenia" by The Royal Academy of Engineering, volume 39, p. 36-42.
215:. Today there are many roads around the world using electronic toll collection technologies, and ORT has opened the feasibility to implement congestion pricing policies in urban areas.
356:
related to cash transactions or non-payment, makes charging effective, and reduces the amount of required manpower to enforce the toll road, but requires expensive computer software.
367:
to delete their collection of ANPR records in 2016. As ANPR is a new technology, its use is often not tightly regulated; it is unclear whether ANPR in
Scotland complied with the UK
917:
and license plate number recognition in 2014. In 2016, the $ 2.50 southbound-only toll was replaced with $ 1.25 tolls in both directions, with a 30-cent surcharge for pay-by-mail.
313:
Collection of tolls on open toll roads is usually conducted through either the use of transponders or automatic plate recognition, the vast majority of which utilizes an overhead
86:
at highway speeds without having to slow down to pay the toll. In some installations, ORT may also reduce congestion at the plazas by allowing more vehicles per hour/per lane.
2234:
2340:
1950:"Governor Cuomo Announces Cashless Tolling to Go Live Overnight on NYS Thruway's Ticketed System Beginning Friday, November 13, More Than a Month Ahead of Schedule"
333:
technology. Most current systems rely on radio-frequency identification, where an antenna at the toll gate communicates with a transponder on the vehicle via
1979:
1957:
1750:
2006:
329:
are a receiver-transmitter that will generate a reply signal upon proper electronic interrogation. Transponders are an adaptation of military
1509:
1112:
528:
All three tolled sections of New
Zealand highways use ANPR. Tolls can be paid at selected gas stations, online, or by setting up an account.
2281:
1906:
1344:
2127:
949:
2185:
1491:
2418:
1790:
1472:
200:, opened in Canada on June 7, 1997. The highway managed to achieve this automation through the use of both RFID technology and
164:
Many ETC systems use transponders like this one to electronically debit the accounts of registered cars without their stopping.
1187:
2260:
1765:
1641:
760:
2163:
1831:
1812:
883:
334:
1535:
1104:
646:
449:
2408:
2347:
611:
44:
2101:
1884:
402:
345:
246:
201:
1195:
1089:
424:
268:
176:
Norway has been the world's pioneer in the widespread implementation of this technology. ETC was first introduced in
147:
1446:
1264:
780:
1605:
1050:
870:
866:
725:
173:
which would calculate the charge according to the intersection and the time of day and add it to the car's bill.
2083:
844:
542:
406:
250:
181:
2141:
906:
695:
669:
The following is a list of some of the bridges and highways in the United States that use open road tolling:
1227:"Number Plate Detection using Image Processing for Automated Toll Collection to prevent fraudulent behavior"
1226:
1293:
330:
1725:
783:
along the central portion of the highway (although the express lanes are not open to traffic at all times)
211:
became the first city in the world to implement an electronic road toll collection system for purposes of
2423:
835:—Converted fully to cashless in March 2020, will move toll points from ramps to main line at a later date
766:
685:
673:
1141:
Automated
License Plate Recognition (ALPR) Use by Law Enforcement: Policy and Operational Guide, Summary
1005:
125:
926:
920:
532:
308:
129:
118:
82:
system is usually used instead. The major advantage to ORT is that users are able to drive through the
79:
776:
1702:
579:
since 2021; toll booths disused, payment possible through special pre-paid ticket or by a mobile app
565:
since 2021; toll booths disused, payment possible through special pre-paid ticket or by a mobile app
2387:
2084:"Life in the fast lane: Bush Turnpike converts to cashless toll collection to improve traffic flow"
930:
889:
770:
1513:
2413:
2208:
1927:
1663:
1571:"Welcome to Open Road Tolling: SR 874 Don Shula Expressway & SR 878 Snapper Creek Expressway"
589:
395:
239:
47:
Toll gate in Taiwan, which allows the motorist to pay their toll without stopping or slowing down
878:
862:
854:
811:
802:
792:
691:
568:
554:
514:
1688:
1234:
International
Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
900:
895:
832:
730:
600:
537:
34:
1627:
180:, in 1986, operating together with traditional tollbooths. The first major deployment of an
2235:"Tobin Bridge to begin charging drivers tolls in both directions, but at an adjusted price"
826:
821:
817:
713:
701:
650:
453:
189:
1857:
983:
8:
2382:
2367:
1570:
850:
489:
285:
197:
2056:
1420:
1139:
299:
40:
2333:
786:
742:
707:
314:
281:
212:
1816:
1080:
Cervero, Robert (1998), "Chapter 6/The Master Planned Transit Metropolis: Singapore",
21:
2121:
1370:
1241:
1085:
838:
622:
26:
1598:
1199:
936:
874:
193:
754:
748:
360:
169:
1911:
1116:
858:
798:
679:
368:
2402:
2372:
1245:
736:
502:
2252:
2105:
1395:
910:
326:
90:
25:
The ORT lanes at the West 163rd Street toll plaza, going northbound on the
1542:
1058:
806:
1035:
Mitchell, Bob (June 6, 1997). "At Last—Opening Bell Tolls for the 407".
409: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
253: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
83:
75:
2320:
1885:"New Mass. Pike Toll Rate Structure Expected to Be Released in August"
1105:"How does Automatic License Plate Recognition (ALPR) technology work?"
572:
562:
160:
2356:
1319:
954:
517:
208:
71:
2303:
2007:"Cashless tolling for Outerbridge Crossing expected by end of April"
384:
228:
1492:"Pell Bridge to transition to all-electronic tolling on October 27"
1473:"Bay Area's first open-road tolling at new Benicia-Martinez Bridge"
364:
318:
accounts of registered car owners without requiring them to stop.
2212:
1983:
576:
349:
289:
185:
30:
1907:"New Open Road Tolling Plaza in York Opening on September 15th"
293:
184:
electronic toll collection system in the United States was the
177:
2209:"No Cash Allowed: Tobin Bridge Tolls Go All-Electronic Monday"
2031:
1162:
2325:
719:
558:
478:
353:
1265:"Police to dump millions of ANPR records over privacy fears"
1147:, International Association of Chiefs of Police, p. 5,
1013:
1858:"All-Electronic Tolling Begins Installation on Mass. Pike"
1345:"Autoroute A79 : quid du péage en flux libre ?"
763:—entire length, Converted fully to cashless in March 2020
288:
overhead cameras used to capture rear license plates in
1726:"Goethals, Outerbridge to get cashless tolling in 2019"
1288:
1286:
1138:
Roberts, David J.; Casanova, Meghann (September 2012),
196:. The first fully automated toll highway in the world,
814:—entire length, toll booth removal in progress in 2021
359:
However, ANPR usage raises questions over privacy and
340:
128:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
1283:
698:
between Newport, RI and Jamestown, RI—entire length
2134:
1483:
1447:"Cashless tolling begins Monday on Bayonne Bridge"
1259:
1257:
1255:
886:—Tolled only for traffic going into San Francisco
751:—Tolled only for traffic going into Staten Island
745:—Tolled only for traffic going into San Francisco
89:The disadvantage to ORT is that it relies on the
2400:
2284:. Washington State Department of Transportation
2188:. Washington State Department of Transportation
2166:. Washington State Department of Transportation
2144:. San Francisco County Transportation Authority
1793:. Washington State Department of Transportation
1751:"The Hardy Toll Road is Getting a Big Makeover"
1705:. San Francisco County Transportation Authority
1644:. Washington State Department of Transportation
1593:
1591:
1252:
1225:Shirodkar, Namrata; Uchil, Preksha (May 2015).
1137:
1084:, Island Press, Washington, D.C., p. 169,
1766:"Illinois Tollways go cash-free — permanently"
1695:
1224:
2341:
2232:
1182:
1180:
1113:International Association of Chiefs of Police
2142:"San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge - FasTrak"
1980:"Leon County is Getting its First Toll Road"
1588:
829:—Tolled for traffic going into Staten Island
682:—Tolled for traffic going into Staten Island
2245:
1565:
1563:
1421:"Addison Airport Toll Tunnel (AATT) | NTTA"
2348:
2334:
2075:
1470:
1177:
950:List of electronic toll collection systems
903:—Tolled only for traffic going into Tacoma
1763:
425:Learn how and when to remove this message
269:Learn how and when to remove this message
148:Learn how and when to remove this message
2282:"SR 167 high occupancy toll (HOT) lanes"
1855:
1849:
1560:
1169:. Florida Department of Transportation.
1057:. 407 Express Toll Route. Archived from
1034:
374:
298:
280:
159:
124:Relevant discussion may be found on the
39:
20:
2321:Accelerating electronic toll collection
2206:
2004:
1882:
1829:
1723:
1489:
1471:Cabanatuan, Michael (August 23, 2007).
1445:Keag, Susan Lunny (February 17, 2017).
1079:
2401:
2126:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2081:
2024:
1764:Hernandez, Cindy (February 25, 2021).
1396:"Payments change at Dartford Crossing"
986:. Norwegian Public Road Administration
625:- toll booths removed in November 2014
168:In 1959, Nobel Economics Prize winner
2329:
2261:Delaware Department of Transportation
1856:Thompson, Elaine (January 23, 2016).
1830:Dresser, Michael (February 7, 2011).
1528:
218:
2061:Central Florida Expressway Authority
1883:Dummies, Gintautas (July 27, 2016).
1832:"First phase of ICC to open Feb. 22"
1656:
1490:Belmore, Ryan (September 20, 2021).
1444:
633:
436:
407:adding citations to reliable sources
378:
335:dedicated short-range communications
251:adding citations to reliable sources
222:
101:
2233:DeCosta-Klipa, Nik (June 6, 2016).
1823:
1012:. February 24, 2009. Archived from
612:Electronic Toll Collection (Taiwan)
352:is mailed. The use of ANPR reduces
13:
346:Automatic number plate recognition
341:Automatic number plate recognition
202:automatic number-plate recognition
14:
2435:
2314:
2207:Creamer, Alyssa (July 18, 2014).
1576:. Miami-Dade Expressway Authority
1196:Maryland Transportation Authority
616:
2005:Bascome, Erik (March 15, 2019).
884:San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
637:
629:
440:
383:
227:
106:
70:, is the collection of tolls on
2296:
2274:
2226:
2200:
2186:"Tacoma Narrows Bridge tolling"
2178:
2156:
2094:
2049:
1998:
1972:
1942:
1920:
1899:
1876:
1813:"Selmon Expressway Toll by Tag"
1805:
1783:
1757:
1743:
1724:Bascome, Erik (June 28, 2018).
1717:
1681:
1634:
1620:
1606:Miami-Dade Expressway Authority
1502:
1464:
1438:
1413:
1388:
1363:
1337:
1312:
1218:
871:Sam Houston Ship Channel Bridge
726:Evergreen Point Floating Bridge
594:
394:needs additional citations for
321:
238:needs additional citations for
2419:Radio-frequency identification
2355:
1703:"Golden Gate Bridge - FasTrak"
1689:"Login | TxTagStore Site"
1155:
1131:
1097:
1073:
1043:
1028:
998:
976:
967:
845:President George Bush Turnpike
779:—entire length, including the
523:
1:
2082:Nguyen, Kim (June 28, 2009).
1010:North Texas Tollway Authority
960:
795:(Interstate 90)—entire length
773:between Bellevue and Lynnwood
696:Claiborne Pell Newport Bridge
2253:"Frequently Asked Questions"
2057:"SR 538 (Poinciana Parkway)"
2036:PA Turnpike Cashless Tolling
1956:. Albany, NY. Archived from
1664:"Electronic Toll Collection"
1510:"December2010SpecialEdition"
1167:SunPass Prepaid Toll Program
1163:"Frequently Asked Questions"
1051:"Frequently Asked Questions"
583:
472:
331:identification friend or foe
7:
943:
767:Interstate 405 (Washington)
674:Addison Airport Toll Tunnel
10:
2440:
2409:Electronic toll collection
1791:"I-405 Express Toll Lanes"
933:between Renton and Pacific
927:Washington State Route 167
921:U.S. Route 301 in Delaware
609:
598:
587:
508:
476:
309:Electronic toll collection
306:
97:
80:electronic toll collection
45:Electronic Toll Collection
2363:
931:high-occupancy toll lanes
777:Lee Roy Selmon Expressway
771:high-occupancy toll lanes
605:
548:
533:Auckland Northern Gateway
496:
483:
192:, implemented in 1989 by
18:Boothless toll collecting
2388:High-occupancy toll lane
984:"Road tolling in Norway"
913:—converted to automatic
890:Snapper Creek Expressway
805:—Mile 8.8 toll plaza in
1642:"SR 520 Bridge tolling"
911:Maurice J. Tobin Bridge
686:Benicia–Martinez Bridge
590:Electronic Road Pricing
543:Tauranga Takitimu Drive
2164:"SR 99 Tunnel tolling"
1862:Telegram & Gazette
1815:. THEA. Archived from
1082:The Transit Metropolis
812:New York State Thruway
793:Massachusetts Turnpike
781:elevated express lanes
692:Rhode Island Route 138
304:
296:
165:
60:all-electronic tolling
48:
37:
1916:. September 13, 2021.
1496:WUN What’s Up Newport
1202:on September 21, 2015
901:Tacoma Narrows Bridge
896:State Route 99 Tunnel
833:Pennsylvania Turnpike
688:—two lanes since 2007
601:E-toll (South Africa)
538:Tauranga Eastern Link
375:Highways using system
302:
284:
163:
43:
24:
1960:on November 13, 2020
1599:"Toll Rate Schedule"
1516:on December 15, 2010
1320:"Home | Highway 407"
1298:Liberty Human Rights
1119:on February 18, 2019
827:Outerbridge Crossing
822:Leon County, Florida
818:Orchard Pond Parkway
714:Don Shula Expressway
702:Dallas North Tollway
651:adding missing items
454:adding missing items
403:improve this article
247:improve this article
190:Dallas North Tollway
117:factual accuracy is
2368:Barrier toll system
2063:. November 13, 2015
1982:. Tallahassee, FL:
1954:www.governor.ny.gov
1536:"MDX Toll Rate Map"
1016:on February 6, 2008
873:), and between the
851:Sam Houston Tollway
207:In September 1998,
198:Ontario Highway 407
188:system used on the
74:without the use of
2424:1986 introductions
2088:Plano Star-Courier
1928:"Cashless Tolling"
1753:. August 21, 2015.
1668:Florida's Turnpike
1351:. November 9, 2023
1039:. pp. A1, A6.
787:Maryland Route 200
743:Golden Gate Bridge
731:Florida's Turnpike
708:Dolphin Expressway
649:; you can help by
492:, ON—entire length
452:; you can help by
305:
297:
219:Collection methods
213:congestion pricing
166:
49:
38:
2396:
2395:
2378:Open road tolling
1836:The Baltimore Sun
1819:on July 16, 2011.
1770:Chicago Sun-Times
1061:on April 22, 2011
915:open road tolling
839:Poinciana Parkway
667:
666:
623:Dartford Crossing
470:
469:
435:
434:
427:
279:
278:
271:
158:
157:
150:
68:free-flow tolling
52:Open road tolling
27:Tri-State Tollway
2431:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2257:Delaware E-ZPass
2249:
2243:
2242:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2108:on July 12, 2018
2104:. Archived from
2098:
2092:
2091:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2002:
1996:
1995:
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1991:
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1880:
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1873:
1871:
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1853:
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1827:
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1820:
1809:
1803:
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1800:
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1787:
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1761:
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1754:
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1631:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1603:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1547:
1541:. Archived from
1540:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1512:. Archived from
1506:
1500:
1499:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1442:
1436:
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1433:
1431:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1375:www.nzta.govt.nz
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1261:
1250:
1249:
1231:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1198:. Archived from
1184:
1175:
1174:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1115:. Archived from
1101:
1095:
1094:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1037:The Toronto Star
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
991:
980:
974:
971:
937:Westpark Tollway
929:—Tolled only on
875:Westpark Tollway
769:—Tolled only on
761:Illinois Tollway
662:
659:
641:
640:
634:
465:
462:
444:
443:
437:
430:
423:
419:
416:
410:
387:
379:
303:Tolls in the UAE
274:
267:
263:
260:
254:
231:
223:
153:
146:
142:
139:
133:
130:reliably sourced
110:
109:
102:
64:cashless tolling
2439:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2359:
2354:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2109:
2102:"Archived copy"
2100:
2099:
2095:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2003:
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2304:"Toll Roads"
2298:
2288:November 16,
2286:. Retrieved
2276:
2264:. Retrieved
2256:
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2239:Boston Globe
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2228:
2216:. Retrieved
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2192:November 16,
2190:. Retrieved
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2010:
2000:
1990:November 18,
1988:. Retrieved
1974:
1964:November 14,
1962:. Retrieved
1958:the original
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1944:
1932:. Retrieved
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1878:
1868:September 5,
1866:. Retrieved
1861:
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1835:
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1817:the original
1807:
1797:November 16,
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1543:the original
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1456:February 23,
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1425:www.ntta.org
1424:
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1405:December 27,
1403:. Retrieved
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1380:December 11,
1378:. Retrieved
1374:
1371:"Toll Roads"
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1348:
1339:
1329:November 28,
1327:. Retrieved
1324:www.on407.ca
1323:
1314:
1302:. Retrieved
1297:
1273:. Retrieved
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1206:September 8,
1204:. Retrieved
1200:the original
1191:
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1117:the original
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1059:the original
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1014:the original
1009:
1006:"About NTTA"
1000:
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978:
969:
914:
907:U.S. Route 1
668:
658:January 2020
655:
595:South Africa
527:
458:
421:
412:
401:Please help
396:verification
393:
358:
344:
327:Transponders
325:
322:Transponders
312:
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256:
245:Please help
240:verification
237:
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91:honor system
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2266:October 13,
2067:January 14,
2041:January 20,
1934:January 16,
1841:February 7,
1673:January 13,
569:Motorway A4
555:Motorway A2
524:New Zealand
490:Highway 407
286:Highway 407
259:August 2017
76:toll booths
35:Hazel Crest
2403:Categories
2357:Toll roads
2011:silive.com
1887:. MassLive
1775:August 11,
1730:silive.com
1451:silive.com
1430:January 4,
1269:The Ferret
961:References
909:along the
861:; between
694:along the
647:incomplete
450:incomplete
415:March 2024
138:March 2013
84:toll plaza
72:toll roads
33:suburb of
2016:March 21,
1914:Authority
1891:August 9,
1735:March 21,
1246:2278-1323
1109:ALPR FAQs
955:Toll road
867:US-90 ALT
853:—between
584:Singapore
518:West-Link
473:Australia
209:Singapore
126:talk page
29:near the
2383:Vignette
2218:July 21,
2122:cite web
2112:July 12,
1552:July 12,
1400:BBC News
1355:April 4,
1065:April 2,
1020:April 2,
990:April 2,
944:See also
365:Scotland
119:disputed
2213:WBUR-FM
1984:WTXL-TV
1930:. NYSTA
1304:May 20,
1275:May 20,
1192:E-ZPass
1055:407 ETR
577:Gliwice
573:Wrocław
563:StrykĂłw
509:Ireland
350:invoice
290:Ontario
186:TollTag
98:History
31:Chicago
1477:Sfgate
1244:
1150:(25%).
1088:
606:Taiwan
549:Poland
497:France
484:Canada
371:laws.
315:gantry
294:Canada
194:Amtech
178:Bergen
1602:(PDF)
1574:(PDF)
1546:(PDF)
1539:(PDF)
1240:(5).
1230:(PDF)
1145:(PDF)
720:E-470
559:Konin
479:e-TAG
354:fraud
78:. An
66:, or
2290:2022
2268:2018
2220:2014
2194:2022
2172:2022
2150:2022
2128:link
2114:2018
2069:2023
2043:2020
2018:2019
1992:2017
1966:2020
1936:2019
1893:2016
1870:2016
1843:2011
1799:2022
1777:2021
1737:2019
1711:2022
1675:2023
1650:2022
1614:2013
1582:2013
1554:2018
1522:2010
1458:2017
1432:2024
1407:2021
1382:2022
1357:2024
1331:2021
1306:2018
1277:2018
1242:ISSN
1208:2016
1125:2016
1086:ISBN
1067:2011
1022:2011
992:2011
877:and
865:and
857:and
807:York
182:RFID
820:in
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