Open data - Knowledge

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example, it might use data on population density, traffic congestion, and air quality to determine where soft mobility resources, such as bike racks and charging stations for electric vehicles, are most needed. Second, it uses open data to develop algorithms that are fair and equitable. For example, it might use data on the demographics of a city to ensure that soft mobility resources are distributed in a way that is accessible to everyone, regardless of age, disability, or gender. The paper also discusses the challenges of using open data for soft mobility optimization. One challenge is that open data is often incomplete or inaccurate. Another challenge is that it can be difficult to integrate open data from different sources. Despite these challenges, the paper argues that open data is a valuable tool for improving the sustainability and equity of soft mobility in cities.

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Overall, online social relations for collaboration were analyzed based on network theory. The resulting dataset have been made available online as Open Data (aggregated and anonymized); nonetheless, individuals can reclaim all their data. This has been done with the idea of making data into a commons. This project exemplifies the relationship between Open Data and commons, and how they can disrupt the market logic driving big data use in two ways. First, it shows how such projects, following the rationale of Open Data somewhat can trigger the creation of effective data commons. The project itself was offering different types of support to social network platform users to have contents removed. Second, opening data regarding online social networks interactions has the potential to significantly reduce the monopolistic power of social network platforms on those data.

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one could see the overlap between Open Data and (digital) commons in practice. Principles of Open Data are sometimes distinct depending on the type of data under scrutiny. Nonetheless, they are somewhat overlapping and their key rationale is the lack of barriers to the re-use of data(sets). Regardless of their origin, principles across types of Open Data hint at the key elements of the definition of commons. These are, for instance, accessibility, re-use, findability, non-proprietarily. Additionally, although to a lower extent, threats and opportunities associated with both Open Data and commons are similar. Synthesizing, they revolve around (risks and) benefits associated with (uncontrolled) use of common resources by a large variety of actors.

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accountability—it can make existing information easier to analyze, process, and combine than ever before, allowing a new level of public scrutiny." Governments that enable public viewing of data can help citizens engage within the governmental sectors and "add value to that data." Open data experts have nuanced the impact that opening government data may have on government transparency and accountability. In a widely cited paper, scholars David Robinson and Harlan Yu contend that governments may project a veneer of transparency by publishing machine-readable data that does not actually make government more transparent or accountable. Drawing from earlier studies on transparency and anticorruption, World Bank political scientist

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infrastructure, and data-producing and data-managing applications in order to better allow a community of users to manage, analyze, and share their data with others over both short- and long-term timelines. Ideally, this interoperable cyberinfrastructure should be robust enough "to facilitate transitions between stages in the life cycle of a collection" of data and information resources while still being driven by common data models and workspace tools enabling and supporting robust data analysis. The policies and strategies underlying a data commons will ideally involve numerous stakeholders, including the data commons service provider, data contributors, and data users.

238: 48: 56: 580: 3354: 299:, stipulating that: "All human genomic sequence information … should be freely available and in the public domain in order to encourage research and development and to maximize its benefit to society". More recent initiatives such as the Structural Genomics Consortium have illustrated that the open data approach can be used productively within the context of industrial R&D. 40: 909:

Open Data peculiarities are the differences (and maybe opposition) to the dominant market logics as shaped by capitalism. Perhaps it is this feature that emerges in the recent surge of the concept of commons as related to a more social look at digital technologies in the specific forms of digital and, especially, data commons.

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This project aimed at extrapolating and identifying online social relations surrounding “collaboration” in Bologna. Data was collected from social networks and online platforms for citizens collaboration. Eventually data was analyzed for the content, meaning, location, timeframe, and other variables.

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There are a range of different arguments for government open data. Some advocates say that making government information available to the public as machine readable open data can facilitate government transparency, accountability and public participation. "Open data can be a powerful force for public

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One of the most important forms of open data is open government data (OGD), which is a form of open data created by ruling government institutions. Open government data's importance is born from it being a part of citizens' everyday lives, down to the most routine/mundane tasks that are seemingly far

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Formally both the definition of Open Data and commons revolve around the concept of shared resources with a low barrier to access. Substantially, digital commons include Open Data in that it includes resources maintained online, such as data. Overall, looking at operational principles of Open Data

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Both commons and Open Data can be defined by the features of the resources that fit under these concepts, but they can be defined by the characteristics of the systems their advocates push for. Governance is a focus for both Open Data and commons scholars. The key elements that outline commons and

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argues for openness in a range of issues including, but not limited to, those of open data. It covers (a) scientific, historical, geographic or otherwise (b) Content such as music, films, books (c) Government and other administrative information. Open data is included within the scope of the Open

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The paper entitled "Optimization of Soft Mobility Localization with Sustainable Policies and Open Data" argues that open data is a valuable tool for improving the sustainability and equity of soft mobility in cities. The author argues that open data can be used to identify the needs of different

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The concept of open data is not new, but a formalized definition is relatively new. Open data as a phenomenon denotes that governmental data should be available to anyone with a possibility of redistribution in any form without any copyright restriction. One more definition is the Open Definition

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Application of open data for societal good has been demonstrated in academic research works. The paper "Optimization of Soft Mobility Localization with Sustainable Policies and Open Data" uses open data in two ways. First, it uses open data to identify the needs of different areas of a city. For

306:(OECD), which includes most developed countries of the world, signed a declaration which states that all publicly funded archive data should be made publicly available. Following a request and an intense discussion with data-producing institutions in member states, the OECD published in 2007 the 531:

At a small level, a business or research organization's policies and strategies towards open data will vary, sometimes greatly. One common strategy employed is the use of a data commons. A data commons is an interoperable software and hardware platform that aggregates (or collocates) data, data

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Opening government data is only a waypoint on the road to improving education, improving government, and building tools to solve other real-world problems. While many arguments have been made categorically, the following discussion of arguments for and against open data highlights that these

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Beyond individual businesses and research centers, and at a more macro level, countries like Germany have launched their own official nationwide open data strategies, detailing how data management systems and data commons should be developed, used, and maintained for the greater public good.

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Governments have to be accountable for the efficient use of taxpayer's money: If public funds are used to aggregate the data and if the data will bring commercial (private) benefits to only a small number of users, the users should reimburse governments for the cost of providing the

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Often, targeted end-users cannot use the data without additional processing (analysis, apps etc.) – if anyone has access to the data, none may have an incentive to invest in the processing required to make data useful (typical examples include biological, medical, and environmental

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are documents describing file types or protocols, where the documents are openly licensed. These specifications are primarily meant to improve different software handling the same file types or protocols, but monopolists forced by law into open specifications might make it more

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It is generally held that factual data cannot be copyrighted. Publishers frequently add copyright statements (often forbidding re-use) to scientific data accompanying publications. It may be unclear whether the factual data embedded in full text are part of the copyright.

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which gives access to open data from the EU institutions, agencies and other bodies and the European Data Portal that provides datasets from local, regional and national public bodies across Europe. The two portals were consolidated to data.europa.eu on April 21, 2021.

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An exemplification of how the relationship between Open Data and commons and how their governance can potentially disrupt the market logic otherwise dominating big data is a project conducted by Human Ecosystem Relazioni in Bologna (Italy). See:

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Several national governments have created websites to distribute a portion of the data they collect. It is a concept for a collaborative project in the municipal Government to create and organize culture for Open Data or Open government data.

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Open data may lead to exploitation of, and rapid publication of results based on, data pertaining to developing countries by rich and well-equipped research institutes, without any further involvement and/or benefit to local communities

718:, where groups of publishers have stated their concerns, open data is normally challenged by individual institutions. Their arguments have been discussed less in public discourse and there are fewer quotes to rely on at this time. 961:(the science funding mechanism of the EU) should mandate that funded projects hand in their databases as "deliverables" at the end of the project so that they can be checked for third-party usability and then shared. 174:

which can be summarized as "a piece of data is open if anyone is free to use, reuse, and redistribute it – subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and/or share-alike." Other definitions, including the

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Collecting, 'cleaning', managing and disseminating data are typically labour- and/or cost-intensive processes – whoever provides these services should receive fair remuneration for providing those services.

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A major barrier to the open data movement is the commercial value of data. Access to, or re-use of, data is often controlled by public or private organizations. Control may be through access restrictions,

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Sponsors do not get full value unless their data is used appropriately – sometimes this requires quality management, dissemination and branding efforts that can best be achieved by charging fees to users.

178:'s "open data is data that anyone can access, use or share," have an accessible short version of the definition but refer to the formal definition. Open data may include non-textual material such as 382:

Some make the case that opening up official information can support technological innovation and economic growth by enabling third parties to develop new kinds of digital applications and services.

217:. For example, many scientists do not consider the data published with their work to be theirs to control and consider the act of publication in a journal to be an implicit release of data into the 1809: 3289:"Galsworthy, M.J. & McKee, M. (2013). Europe's "Horizon 2020" science funding programme: How is it shaping up? Journal of Health Services Research and Policy. doi: 10.1177/1355819613476017" 113:, and the open web. The growth of the open data movement is paralleled by a rise in intellectual property rights. The philosophy behind open data has been long established (for example in the 881:

editors. Open Heritage Data is associated with Open GLAM, as openly licensed data in the heritage sector is now frequently used in research, publishing, and programming, particularly in the

466:, a set of principles and best practices for the release of governmental open data formally adopted by seventeen governments of countries, states and cities during the OGP Global Summit in 2062: 2048: 210:

and charges for access or re-use. Advocates of open data argue that these restrictions detract from the common good and that data should be available without restrictions or fees.

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suggests six major considerations for a data commons strategy that better enables open data in businesses and research organizations. Such a strategy should address the need for:

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Creators of data do not consider the need to state the conditions of ownership, licensing and re-use; instead presuming that not asserting copyright enters the data into the

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to deposit bioinformatics, atomic and molecular coordinate data, and experimental data into the appropriate public database immediately upon publication of research results.

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Open-GLAM (Galleries, Library, Archives, and Museums) is an initiative and network that supports exchange and collaboration between cultural institutions that support

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The revenue earned by publishing data can be used to cover the costs of generating and/or disseminating the data, so that the dissemination can continue indefinitely.

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While the human abstraction of facts from paper publications is normally accepted as legal there is often an implied restriction on the machine extraction by robots.

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Human Genome Project, 1996. Summary of Principles Agreed Upon at the First International Strategy Meeting on Human Genome Sequencing (Bermuda, 25–28 February 1996)

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While the open-science-data movement long predates the Internet, the availability of fast, readily available networking has significantly changed the context of

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refers to the application of the Open Data concept to as much of the scientific process as possible, including failed experiments and raw experimental data.

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license for spread usage in the Public Administration. The open model is called the Open Data Management Cycle and was adopted in several regions such as

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The revenue earned by publishing data permits non-profit organizations to fund other activities (e.g. learned society publishing supports the society).

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Open data can come from any source. This section lists some of the fields that publish (or at least discuss publishing) a large amount of open data.

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Lauterbach, Debra; Truong, Hung; Shah, Tanuj; Adamic, Lada (August 2009). "Surfing a Web of Trust: Reputation and Reciprocity on CouchSurfing.com".

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At the international level, the United Nations has an open data website that publishes statistical data from member states and UN agencies, and the

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are freely accessible, openly licensed documents and media that are useful for teaching, learning, and assessing as well as for research purposes.

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offers open data to anybody who is willing to conduct big data analytics in order to enhance the benefit of international agricultural research.

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Several funding bodies that mandate Open Access also mandate Open Data. A good expression of requirements (truncated in places) is given by the

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and may restrict the use of data offered in an "Open" spirit. Because of this uncertainty it is possible for public or private organizations to

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Tagiew, Rustam; Ignatov, Dmitry. I; Delhibabu, Radhakrishnan (2015). "Hospitality Exchange Services as a Source of Spatial and Social Data?".

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is concerned with making scholarly publications freely available on the internet. In some cases, these articles include open datasets as well.

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Statistical literacy benefits from open data. Instructors can use locally relevant data sets to teach statistical concepts to their students.

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Clear labelling of the licensing terms is a key component of open data, and icons like the one pictured here are being used for that purpose.

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Allowing open data in the scientific community is essential for increasing the rate of discoveries and recognizing significant patterns.

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Robinson, David G.; Yu, Harlan; Zeller, William P.; Felten, Edward W. (1 January 2009). "Government Data and the Invisible Hand".

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helps cultural institutions share their openly licensed resources with the world through collaborative projects with experienced

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extended Yu and Robinson's argument by highlighting a minimal chain of events necessary for open data to lead to accountability:

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Auer, S. R.; Bizer, C.; Kobilarov, G.; Lehmann, J.; Cyganiak, R.; Ives, Z. (2007). "DBpedia: A Nucleus for a Web of Open Data".

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lists the sites of a total of 40 US states and 46 US cities and counties with websites to provide open data, e.g., the state of

3622: 939: 2910:"An Open Science 'State of the Art' for Hong Kong: Making Open Research Data Available to Support Hong Kong Innovation Policy" 3237: 3192: 3072: 2960: 2884: 2351: 2306: 2224: 1292: 1184: 1151: 281:) oversees several World Data Centres with the mission to minimize the risk of data loss and to maximize data accessibility. 783:

areas of a city, develop algorithms that are fair and equitable, and justify the installation of soft mobility resources.

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Additionally, other levels of government have established open data websites. There are many government entities pursuing

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The goals of the open data movement are similar to those of other "open(-source)" movements such as open-source software,

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to retain original data sets for at least five years after the grant. This applies to all data, whether published or not.

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that is openly accessible, exploitable, editable and shareable by anyone for any purpose. Open data is licensed under an

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data.uni-muenster.de – Open data about scientific artifacts from the University of Muenster, Germany. Launched in 2011.

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Kassen, Maxat (1 October 2013). "A promising phenomenon of open data: A case study of the Chicago open data project".

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It was created by or at a government institution (this is common in US National Laboratories and government agencies).

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public officials either respond to the public's reaction or are sanctioned by the public through institutional means.

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Kleisarchaki, Sofia; Gürgen, Levent; Mitike Kassa, Yonas; Krystek, Marcin; González Vidal, Daniel (12 June 2022).

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The Third Revolution: Plant Genetic Resources in Developing Countries and China: Global Village or Global Pillage?

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Kleisarchaki, Sofia; Gürgen, Levent; Mitike Kassa, Yonas; Krystek, Marcin; González Vidal, Daniel (1 June 2022).

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Open Heritage Data: An introduction to research, publishing and programming with open data in the heritage sector

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is concerned with making resources aimed at a human audience (such as prose, photos, or videos) freely available.

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systemanaturae.org – Open scientific datasets related to wildlife classified by animal species. Launched in 2015.

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Data are required for the smooth process of running communal human activities and are an important enabler of

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argues in one research area (Astronomy) that access to open data increases the rate of scientific discovery.

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Committee on Scientific Accomplishments of Earth Observations from Space, National Research Council (2008).

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Wildlife DataSets, Animal Population DataSets and Conservation Research Projects, Surveys - Systema Naturae

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Making data open helps combat "data rot" and ensure that scientific research data are preserved over time.

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Linked Open Science—Communicating, Sharing and Evaluating Data, Methods and Results for Executable Papers

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Privacy concerns may require that access to data is limited to specific users or to sub-sets of the data.

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Government funding may not be used to duplicate or challenge the activities of the private sector (e.g.

4292: 4280: 4255: 3872: 3439:– research paper tracing different historical threads contributing to current conceptions of open data. 3166: 2034: 1561:. International Conference on Computational Science, ICCS 2011. Vol. 4. Procedia Computer Science. 1251: 845: 684: 597: 497:, they do not seek to monetize their data. OpenNWT launched a website offering open data of elections. 489:

offer open access to their data, as long it does not undermine their users', members' or third party's

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is sometimes used to indicate that the dataset or database in question complies with the principles of

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under which computer programs can be distributed and is not normally concerned primarily with data.

715: 117:), but the term "open data" itself is recent, gaining popularity with the rise of the Internet and 106: 1630:

Brito, Jerry (21 October 2007). "Hack, Mash, & Peer: Crowdsourcing Government Transparency".

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was a major initiative that exemplified the power of open data. It was built upon the so-called

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van Loenen, Bastiaan; Vancauwenberghe, Glenn; Crompvoets, Joep; Dalla Corte, Lorenzo (2018).

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Sharif, Naubahar; Ritter, Waltraut; Davidson, Robert L; Edmunds, Scott C (31 December 2018).

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Yu, Harlan; Robinson, David G. (28 February 2012). "The New Ambiguity of 'Open Government'".

829: 688: 1316: 3983: 3966: 3961: 3954: 3592: 3265: 2649: 2432: 2379: 1397:"Open Data Partnerships between Firms and Universities: The Role of Boundary Organizations" 1361: 1020: 835: 674: 292: 260: 78: 3171:. Information Technology and Law Series. Vol. 30. T.M.C. Asser Press. pp. 1–10. 2380:"Long-Lived Digital Data Collections: Enabling Research and Education in the 21st Century" 1039: 8: 4275: 4209: 4095: 3846: 3682: 3541: 3516: 2865:"The negative effects of open government data - investigating the dark side of open data" 2409:

Grossman, Robert L.; Heath, Allison; Murphy, Mark; Patterson, Maria; Wells, Walt (2016).

839: 801: 738: 659: 519:, and CouchSurfing (before it became for-profit) have offered scientists access to their 425: 417: 390: 175: 86: 3359: 2653: 2436: 1365: 4327: 4131: 3912: 3789: 3693: 3313: 3243: 3180: 3140: 2966: 2890: 2726: 2708: 2672: 2639: 2627: 2461: 2422: 2410: 2357: 2312: 2230: 1790: 1647: 1351: 1157: 882: 649: 520: 398: 296: 2871:. dg.o '14. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 147–152. 2869:

Proceedings of the 15th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research

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In scientific research, the rate of discovery is accelerated by better access to data.

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Victor, Patricia; Cornelis, Chris; De Cock, Martine; Herrera-Viedma, Enrique (2010).

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The government gives specific legitimacy for certain organizations to recover costs (

742: 653: 509:, offers its database of scientific publications from computer science as open data. 288:, as publishing or obtaining data has become much less expensive and time-consuming. 285: 270: 191: 3218:"Optimization of Soft Mobility Localization with Sustainable Policies and Open Data" 2941:"Optimization of Soft Mobility Localization with Sustainable Policies and Open Data" 2894: 2527:(in German). Berlin, Germany: Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat (BMI) 2316: 791:

The goals of the Open Data movement are similar to those of other "Open" movements.

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World Scientific Proceedings Series on Computer Engineering and Information Science

1774: 1682: 1639: 1604: 1603:. General Conference of the European Consortium for Political Research in Glasgow. 1469: 1418: 1408: 1280: 1209: 1161: 1139: 436: 413: 362: 28: 2722: 1763:"Transparency is not Enough: Making Transparency Effective in Reducing Corruption" 4136: 4126: 4035: 4019: 4004: 3916: 3882: 3877: 3841: 3729: 3588: 3421: 3417: 3400: 3396: 3229: 3078: 2952: 2816: 2662: 1444: 1413: 1396: 1143: 1005: 1000: 995: 924:

https://www.he-r.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/HUB-report-impaginato_v1_small.pdf

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of research do not get full value unless the resulting data are freely available.

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adopted Creative Commons CC-BY-4.0 licensing for its published data and reports.

448: 351: 98: 3614: 3176: 3028: 3011: 2925: 1458:"OECD Principles and Guidelines for Access to Research Data from Public Funding" 721:

Arguments against making all data available as open data include the following:

3867: 3794: 3596: 3584: 2940: 2216: 2107:"OECD data, publications and analysis become freely accessible — Press release" 970: 954: 874: 814: 490: 421: 226: 118: 102: 90: 3164: 2909: 2204: 1835:"The Economic Impact of Open Data: Opportunities for value creation in Europe" 1344:"Open data, open review and open dialogue in making social sciences plausible" 1213: 866:

techniques to enable transparent, reproducible and interdisciplinary research.

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OECD Principles and Guidelines for Access to Research Data from Public Funding

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permanent, persistent digital IDs, which enable access controls for datasets;

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Earth Observations from Space: The First 50 Years of Scientific Achievements

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published a range of statistical data relating to developing countries. The

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arguments often depend highly on the type of data and its potential uses.

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is the first country to release standard processes and guidelines under a

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Other bodies promoting the deposition of data and full text include the

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said data, claim that it is protected by copyright, and then resell it.

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2009 International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering

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of 1957–1958. The International Council of Scientific Unions (now the

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Oyuela, Andrea; Walmsley, Thea; Walla, Katherine (30 December 2019).

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was used to fund the work, and so it should be universally available.

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and, especially, with the launch of open-data government initiatives

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There is no control to the secondary use (aggregation) of open data.

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2022 18th International Conference on Intelligent Environments (IE)

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2022 18th International Conference on Intelligent Environments (IE)

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2015 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshop (ICDMW)

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Overgoor, Jan; Wulczyn, Ellery; Potts, Christopher (20 May 2012).

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a rationed approach to users computing data over the data commons.

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permanent, discoverable metadata associated with each digital ID;

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data "peering," without access, egress, and ingress charges; and

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Rivera, Roberto; Marazzi, Mario; Torres, Pedro (19 June 2019).

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Sixth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media

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Dulong de Rosnay, Mélanie; Stalder, Felix (17 December 2020).

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includes an overview of the basis of openness in science data.

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Open data strategy of the German Federal Government — BMI21030

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

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Arguments made on behalf of open data include the following:

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the data is widely disseminated and understood by the public;

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linkedscience.org/data – Open scientific datasets encoded as

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Network Project – archival repository software promoting

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OECD Declaration on Open Access to publicly funded data

1252:"What is 'open data' and why should we care? – The ODI" 2329: 1924: 1707: 1500: 331:, persistent data citation, and reproducible research. 304:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

39: 1552:

Kauppinen, Tomi; de Espindola, Giovanna Mira (2011).

1551: 957:. An academic paper published in 2013 advocated that 302:

In 2004, the Science Ministers of all nations of the

2863:

Zuiderwijk, Anneke; Janssen, Marijn (18 June 2014).

2753:

Principles of Managerial Statistics and Data Science

2269: 786: 2150: 1335: 3009: 2565: 2516:Open-Data-Strategie der Bundesregierung — BMI21030 2404: 2402: 2400: 2250:Analysis & Generative Model for Trust Networks 2178:"dblp: How can I download the whole dblp dataset?" 2153:"120 Organizations Creating a New Decade for Food" 1761:Lindstedt, Catharina; Naurin, Daniel (June 2010). 680:Restrictions on data re-use create an anticommons. 3644: 2862: 1455: 1314: 375:the public reacts to the content of the data; and 4319: 3293:Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 2482: 2480: 523:for analysis, public research, and publication. 3286: 3060: 2397: 1760: 1394: 2628:"The dawn of open access to phylogenetic data" 2626:Magee AF, May MR, Moore BR (24 October 2014). 2486: 2378:National Science Foundation (September 2005). 1060:List of datasets for machine-learning research 505:, which is owned by a non-profit organization 480: 3630: 3458: 2625: 2477: 2272:"Trust Propagation with Mixed-Effects Models" 826:' Protocol for Implementing Open Access Data. 822:Knowledge Definition, which is alluded to in 2985:"Protocol for Implementing Open Access Data" 2373: 2371: 1909:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1724:– via Social Science Research Network. 1697:– via Social Science Research Network. 1632:Columbia Science & Technology Law Review 569: 3010:Kauppinen, T.; Espindola, G. M. D. (2011). 2489:"How Data Commons Can Support Open Science" 2049:"Modello Operativo Open Data (MOOD) Umbria" 1279:. The National Academies Press. p. 6. 3637: 3623: 3465: 3451: 2547:"On the road to open data, by Ian Manocha" 1672: 526: 269:was established with the formation of the 3312: 3126: 3027: 3003: 2778:"Data sharing: An open mind on open data" 2775: 2712: 2671: 2661: 2643: 2460: 2426: 2385:. National Science Foundation. p. 23 2368: 2098: 1473: 1422: 1412: 1395:Perkmann, Markus; Schildt, Henri (2015). 1355: 620:Learn how and when to remove this message 2506: 1737:"The New Ambiguity of "Open Government"" 894: 236: 54: 46: 38: 2828: 1807: 1734: 1315:World Data System (27 September 2017). 1174: 889: 14: 4320: 2750: 2415:Computing in Science & Engineering 2132:Green, Arthur C. (17 September 2019). 1767:International Political Science Review 1449: 1342:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (12 December 2017). 1199: 940:Canadian Institutes of Health Research 873:to their digitalized collections. The 648:, data on organisms, medical science, 3618: 3446: 2598: 2323: 2131: 1629: 1341: 161:and carries an explicit data‑capable 51:Linked open data cloud in August 2014 4238: 2914:Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia 2822: 2769: 2247: 2104: 1710:Yale Journal of Law & Technology 1596: 1456:Pilat, D.; Fukasaku (29 June 2007). 933: 602:adding citations to reliable sources 573: 2751:Rivera, Roberto (5 February 2020). 2512: 1701: 1597:Gray, Jonathan (3 September 2014). 24: 3428:2010 showing examples of open data 3287:Galsworthy, M.; McKee, M. (2013). 2707:(3). Taylor and Francis: 198–207. 1884:Data, City of New York, NYC Open. 317:Examples of open data in science: 25: 4344: 3345: 2576:https://ssrn.com/abstract=2205145 2293:. Vol. 4. pp. 346–353. 2257:Stanford Network Analysis Project 1529:. 17 October 2012. Archived from 1127: 912: 787:Relation to other open activities 550:application programming interface 279:International Council for Science 3437:Towards a Genealogy of Open Data 3352: 2599:Khodiyar, Varsha (19 May 2014). 2487:Grossman, R.L. (23 April 2019). 1883: 1600:Towards a Genealogy of Open Data 1202:Government Information Quarterly 578: 420:has created two portals for the 345: 232: 3407:2009 calling for "Raw Data Now" 3280: 3254: 3209: 3054: 3036: 2977: 2932: 2901: 2856: 2803: 2744: 2701:Journal of Statistics Education 2688: 2619: 2592: 2587:How to Make the Dream Come True 2580: 2539: 2282: 2263: 2241: 2196: 2170: 2144: 2125: 2072: 2055: 2041: 2027: 2013: 1988: 1967: 1942: 1917: 1877: 1852: 1827: 1801: 1754: 1728: 1666: 1623: 1590: 1565: 1545: 1515: 1489: 1431: 1388: 1379: 1348:Nature: Scientific Data Updates 589:needs additional citations for 464:International Open Data Charter 338:. Launched in 2011, ended 2018. 273:system, in preparation for the 2259:(Report). Stanford University. 1308: 1266: 1244: 1228: 1193: 1168: 1102: 1077: 671:cannot legally be copyrighted. 455:have also adopted this model. 275:International Geophysical Year 267:open access to scientific data 115:Mertonian tradition of science 13: 1: 4215:Open-source software movement 3944:Free and open-source software 3673:Commons-based peer production 3472: 2723:10.1080/10691898.2019.1669506 2211:. World Scientific: 505–510. 1950:"World Bank Open Data | Data" 1860:"California Open Data Portal" 1070: 903: 513:Hospitality exchange services 254: 3565:Open energy system databases 3230:10.1109/IE54923.2022.9826779 2953:10.1109/IE54923.2022.9826779 2694: 2663:10.1371/journal.pone.0110268 2021:"Open Data Management Cycle" 1414:10.1016/j.respol.2014.12.006 1179:. London: Sage. p. 49. 1144:10.1007/978-3-540-76298-0_52 1045:Open energy system databases 819:Open Knowledge International 7: 3381:Open Data – An Introduction 3177:10.1007/978-94-6265-261-3_1 3029:10.1016/j.procs.2011.04.076 2926:10.17477/JCEA.2018.17.2.200 1497:"Dataverse Network Project" 1031:International Open Data Day 1016:Demand-responsive transport 964: 481:In non-profit organizations 460:Open Government Partnership 369:relevant data is disclosed; 168: 10: 4349: 4293:Open educational resources 2217:10.1142/9789814324700_0075 846:Open educational resources 745:from developing countries. 685:socio-economic development 349: 258: 95:open educational resources 26: 4180: 4119: 4081:Open Knowledge Foundation 4071:Open Architecture Network 4053: 4028: 3992: 3936: 3900: 3888:Open-door academic policy 3860: 3824: 3815: 3770: 3722: 3665: 3656: 3573: 3557: 3506: 3480: 3385:Open Knowledge Foundation 3016:Procedia Computer Science 2810:Towards a Science Commons 1996:"Home | Open Data Portal" 1735:uclalaw (8 August 2012). 1675:UCLA Law Review Discourse 1317:"Data Sharing Principles" 1236:Open Definition home page 1214:10.1016/j.giq.2013.05.012 687:(health care, education, 570:Arguments for and against 148:removed from government. 4066:Free Software Foundation 3979:Open-source architecture 3305:10.1177/1355819613476017 3061:Henriette Roued (2020). 1779:10.1177/0192512110377602 986:Creative Commons license 644:". Typical examples are 487:non-profit organizations 27:Not to be confused with 4029:Politics and governance 3262:" Mailing List Archive" 2877:10.1145/2612733.2612761 527:Policies and strategies 515:, including Bewelcome, 495:for-profit corporations 4200:Free software movement 4091:Open Source Initiative 4041:Open-source governance 3924:Open-source journalism 3115:Internet Policy Review 2344:10.1109/ICDMW.2015.239 2338:. pp. 1125–1130. 1808:uclalaw (2 May 2013). 838:is concerned with the 248: 242:The State of Open Data 60: 52: 44: 34:Openly accessible data 4333:Free culture movement 4205:Open science movement 4195:Free-culture movement 3873:Educational resources 3832:Collaborative writing 3709:Participatory culture 3498:Open-notebook science 3395:10 April 2011 at the 1443:20 April 2010 at the 1175:Kitchin, Rob (2014). 895:Ideas and definitions 830:Open notebook science 689:economic productivity 640:"Data belongs to the 458:In October 2015, the 240: 58: 50: 42: 3984:Open-source hardware 3962:Open-design movement 3955:Open-source software 3723:Research and science 3432:G8 Open Data Charter 3128:10.14763/2020.4.1530 3067:. Facet Publishing. 2815:14 July 2014 at the 2784:. pp. 117–119. 2445:10.1109/MCSE.2016.92 2299:10.1109/CSE.2009.345 2105:OECD (4 July 2024). 1687:10.2139/ssrn.2012489 1644:10.2139/SSRN.1023485 1609:10.2139/ssrn.2605828 1462:Data Science Journal 1240:full Open Definition 1026:FAIR data principles 1021:Digital preservation 890:Open Data as commons 875:GLAM-Wiki Initiative 840:open-source licenses 836:Open-source software 598:improve this article 293:Human Genome Project 261:Open scientific data 79:open-source hardware 4266:Free Cultural Works 4210:Open Source Ecology 4096:Open Web Foundation 3993:Economic principles 3950:Free/libre software 3847:Participatory media 3048:Wikimedia Meta-Wiki 2790:10.1038/NJ7584-117A 2654:2014PLoSO...9k0268M 2513:BMI (7 July 2021). 2437:2016CSE....18e..10G 2084:The Huffington Post 1366:2017arXiv171204801V 1177:The Data Revolution 802:Open specifications 739:helicopter research 493:. In comparison to 447:. Main cities like 426:EU Open Data Portal 418:European Commission 391:Open Data in Canada 244:, a 2019 book from 176:Open Data Institute 87:open specifications 4132:Alexandra Elbakyan 4076:Openmod Initiative 3913:Citizen journalism 3790:Open communication 3771:Data, information, 3694:Open collaboration 3558:Open data projects 3416:6 May 2011 at the 2991:on 30 January 2017 2776:Gewin, V. (2016). 2248:Dandekar, Pranav. 2138:My Yellowknife Now 1954:data.worldbank.org 1533:on 17 October 2012 1114:opendefinition.org 883:Digital Humanities 650:environmental data 473:In July 2024, the 297:Bermuda Principles 249: 192:chemical compounds 61: 53: 45: 4315: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4303:Open Web movement 4288:Open Data Indices 4142:Peter Murray-Rust 4086:Open Rights Group 4049: 4048: 3932: 3931: 3785:Knowledge commons 3612: 3611: 3493:Open science data 3239:978-1-6654-6934-0 3194:978-94-6265-260-6 3168:Open Data Exposed 3111:"Digital commons" 3074:978-1-78330-360-1 2962:978-1-6654-6934-0 2886:978-1-4503-2901-9 2353:978-1-4673-8493-3 2308:978-1-4244-5334-4 2226:978-981-4324-69-4 2182:dblp.uni-trier.de 2086:. 27 October 2015 1716:. Rochester, NY. 1619:– via SSRN. 1503:on 9 October 2014 1475:10.2481/dsj.6.OD4 1294:978-0-309-11095-2 1254:. 3 November 2017 1186:978-1-4462-8748-4 1153:978-3-540-76297-3 1050:Urban informatics 934:Funders' mandates 860:open science data 743:genetic resources 654:Aarhus Convention 630: 629: 622: 555:data portability; 286:Open science data 271:World Data Center 151:The abbreviation 140:- referred to as 136:Open data can be 16:(Redirected from 4340: 4298:Open music model 4262:Definition docs 4251:Creative Commons 4236: 4235: 4152:Richard Stallman 4147:Douglas Rushkoff 4061:Creative Commons 3837:Democratic media 3822: 3821: 3745:Notebook science 3663: 3662: 3639: 3632: 3625: 3616: 3615: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3444: 3443: 3426:TED (conference) 3411:Six minute Video 3405:TED (conference) 3356: 3355: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3329:on 23 April 2013 3325:. Archived from 3316: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3264:. Archived from 3258: 3252: 3251: 3224:. pp. 1–8. 3213: 3207: 3206: 3162: 3149: 3148: 3130: 3106: 3095: 3094: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2987:. Archived from 2981: 2975: 2974: 2947:. pp. 1–8. 2936: 2930: 2929: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2829:Low, A. (2001). 2826: 2820: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2716: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2675: 2665: 2647: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2553:on 29 March 2012 2549:. Archived from 2543: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2526: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2484: 2475: 2474: 2464: 2430: 2406: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2384: 2375: 2366: 2365: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2254: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2006: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1975:"Data.europa.eu" 1971: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1908: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1560: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1499:. Archived from 1493: 1487: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1477: 1453: 1447: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1426: 1416: 1407:(5): 1133–1143. 1392: 1386: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1359: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1321:www.icsu-wds.org 1312: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1248: 1242: 1232: 1226: 1225: 1197: 1191: 1190: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1136:The Semantic Web 1131: 1125: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1081: 1040:Linked open data 625: 618: 614: 611: 605: 582: 574: 437:Creative Commons 363:Tiago C. Peixoto 314:recommendation. 155: 142:linked open data 29:Open file format 21: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4307: 4234: 4182: 4176: 4137:Lawrence Lessig 4127:Tim Berners-Lee 4115: 4045: 4036:Open government 4024: 4020:Sharing economy 4005:Open innovation 3988: 3928: 3917:Wiki journalism 3896: 3856: 3842:Open publishing 3817: 3811: 3772: 3766: 3730:Citizen science 3718: 3658: 3652: 3643: 3613: 3608: 3589:Open government 3569: 3553: 3502: 3476: 3471: 3422:Tim Berners-Lee 3418:Wayback Machine 3401:Tim Berners-Lee 3397:Wayback Machine 3377: 3376: 3375: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3285: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3268:on 16 July 2011 3260: 3259: 3255: 3240: 3214: 3210: 3195: 3163: 3152: 3107: 3098: 3075: 3059: 3055: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2963: 2937: 2933: 2906: 2902: 2887: 2861: 2857: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2827: 2823: 2817:Wayback Machine 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2693: 2689: 2638:(10): e110268. 2624: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2493:SageBionetworks 2485: 2478: 2407: 2398: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2369: 2354: 2328: 2324: 2309: 2287: 2283: 2268: 2264: 2252: 2246: 2242: 2227: 2201: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2161: 2159: 2149: 2145: 2130: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2113:. Paris, France 2103: 2099: 2089: 2087: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1958: 1956: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1933: 1931: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1902: 1901: 1894: 1892: 1886:"NYC Open Data" 1882: 1878: 1868: 1866: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1843: 1841: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1818: 1816: 1814:UCLA Law Review 1806: 1802: 1759: 1755: 1745: 1743: 1741:UCLA Law Review 1733: 1729: 1706: 1702: 1671: 1667: 1628: 1624: 1595: 1591: 1581: 1579: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1558: 1550: 1546: 1536: 1534: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1506: 1504: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1480: 1478: 1454: 1450: 1445:Wayback Machine 1436: 1432: 1401:Research Policy 1393: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1370: 1368: 1340: 1336: 1326: 1324: 1313: 1309: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1271: 1267: 1257: 1255: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1233: 1229: 1198: 1194: 1187: 1173: 1169: 1154: 1132: 1128: 1118: 1116: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1093: 1091: 1085:"What is open?" 1083: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1006:Data publishing 1001:Data management 996:Data governance 967: 936: 915: 906: 897: 892: 824:Science Commons 789: 760:Ordnance Survey 626: 615: 609: 606: 595: 583: 572: 529: 521:anonymized data 483: 449:Reggio Calabria 401:, the state of 358: 352:Open government 348: 265:The concept of 263: 257: 235: 171: 153: 99:open government 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4346: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4313: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4253: 4242: 4240: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4186: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3970: 3969: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3875: 3868:Open education 3864: 3862: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3828: 3826: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3809: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3795:Open knowledge 3792: 3787: 3782: 3776: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3732: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3680: 3675: 3669: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3642: 3641: 3634: 3627: 3619: 3610: 3609: 3597:Open knowledge 3585:Open education 3574: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3526: 3525: 3524: 3519: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3470: 3469: 3462: 3455: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3434: 3429: 3408: 3387: 3358: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3346:External links 3344: 3341: 3340: 3299:(3): 182–185. 3279: 3253: 3238: 3208: 3193: 3150: 3096: 3073: 3053: 3035: 3002: 2976: 2961: 2931: 2920:(2): 200–221. 2900: 2885: 2855: 2841: 2821: 2802: 2768: 2762:978-1119486411 2761: 2743: 2687: 2618: 2605:F1000 Research 2591: 2579: 2564: 2538: 2505: 2476: 2396: 2367: 2352: 2322: 2307: 2281: 2262: 2240: 2225: 2195: 2169: 2143: 2124: 2097: 2071: 2054: 2040: 2026: 2012: 2000:data.europa.eu 1987: 1966: 1941: 1916: 1876: 1851: 1839:data.europa.eu 1826: 1800: 1773:(3): 301–322. 1753: 1727: 1700: 1665: 1622: 1589: 1564: 1544: 1527:Linked Science 1514: 1488: 1448: 1430: 1387: 1378: 1334: 1307: 1293: 1285:10.17226/11991 1265: 1243: 1227: 1208:(4): 508–513. 1192: 1185: 1167: 1152: 1126: 1101: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 971:Open knowledge 966: 963: 955:Wellcome Trust 951: 950: 947: 935: 932: 914: 913:Real-life case 911: 905: 902: 896: 893: 891: 888: 887: 886: 867: 849: 843: 833: 827: 815:Open knowledge 812: 806: 799: 788: 785: 780: 779: 776: 772: 769: 766: 763: 752: 749: 746: 734: 730: 705: 704: 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