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health problems. The discharge of partially treated sewage from malfunctioning onsite systems was identified as a principal or contributing source of degradation in 32 percent of all harvest-limited shellfish growing areas. Onsite wastewater treatment systems have also contributed to an overabundance of nutrients in ponds, lakes, and coastal estuaries, leading to the excessive growth of algae and other nuisance aquatic plants (USEPA, 1996b). In addition, onsite systems contribute to contamination of drinking water sources. USEPA estimates that 168,000 viral illnesses and 34,000 bacterial illnesses occur each year as a result of consumption of drinking water from systems that rely on improperly treated ground water. Malfunctioning septic systems have been identified as one potential source of ground water contamination (USEPA, 2000).
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and how they are managed. Over the past 20 years the onsite wastewater treatment system (OWTS) industry has developed many new treatment technologies that can achieve high performance levels on sites with size, soil, ground water, and landscape limitations that might preclude installing conventional systems. New technologies and improvements to existing technologies are based on defining the performance requirements of the system, characterizing wastewater flow and pollutant loads, evaluating site conditions, defining performance and design boundaries, and selecting a system design that addresses these factors.
268:
550:
recognized as viable, low-cost, long-term, decentralized approaches to wastewater treatment if they are planned, designed, installed, operated, and maintained properly (USEPA, 1997). NOTE: In addition to existing state and local oversight, decentralized wastewater treatment systems that serve more than 20 people might become subject to regulation under the USEPA's
Underground Injection Control Program, although EPA has proposed not to include them (64FR22971:5/7/01).
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25:
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estimated by comparing the size and type of facility with measured effluent outputs from similar, existing facilities. Site evaluations integrate detailed analyses of regional hydrology, geology, and water resources with site specific characterization of soils, slopes, structures, property lines, and other site features to further define system design requirements and determine the physical placement of system components.
234:
772:
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facilities may also collect runoff from roadways, which contains traces of all the various chemicals used in vehicles such as brake fluid and engine oil, and those used in melting ice and snow. Private septic systems typically do not experience these issues, as the homeowner is directly aware that they must not pour toxic chemicals down the drain.
317:. Each province and territory has its own norms and regulations concerning the design and installation of onsite sewage facilities, such as whether a permit is required to do so and how to obtain it, the type, size and location of the system (usually according to on-site soil characteristics and other factors), etc. :
279:
or mass loading limits) or narrative criteria (e.g., no odors or visible sheen) and are based on the assimilative capacity of regional ground water or surface waters, water quality objectives, and public health goals. Wastewater flow and pollutant content help define system design and size and can be
544:
In the United States, on site sewage facilities collect, treat, and release about 4 billion US gallons (15,000,000 m) of treated effluent per day from an estimated 26 million homes, businesses, and recreational facilities nationwide (U.S. Census Bureau, 1997). Recognition of the impacts of
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Although human body waste is no different from the waste of any other animal, municipal facilities may be required to bury the collected solids in landfills, due to the risk of toxic contaminants placed into the shared communal sewage system, by humans unaware of the harm they are causing. Municipal
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Few programs address onsite system operation and maintenance, resulting in failures that lead to unnecessary costs and risks to public health and water resources. Moreover, the lack of coordination among agencies that oversee land use planning, zoning, development, water resource protection, public
263:
Most onsite wastewater treatment systems are of the conventional type, consisting of a septic tank and a subsurface wastewater infiltration system (SWIS). Site limitations and more stringent performance requirements have led to significant improvements in the design of wastewater treatment systems
250:
If left completely undisturbed and exposed to the open air through a vent, the sludge and scum in a settling tank will eventually be turned completely into low-odor compost. By building two tanks side by side, and diverting sewage between them, one tank can be allowed to rest while the other is in
569:
and that these systems have failed because of inappropriate siting or design or inadequate long-term maintenance (USEPA, 1996a). In the 1996 Clean Water Needs Survey (USEPA, 1996b), states and tribes also identified more than 500 communities as having failed septic systems that have caused public
221:
Although the solids collected by onsite sewage facilities can potentially be used as compost to build topsoil, these solids are often incompletely decomposed due to either a lack of onsite storage space to wait for decomposition (municipal facilities), or because the solids are being stacked in a
549:
and environmental protection officials now acknowledge that onsite systems are not just temporary installations that will be replaced eventually by centralized sewage treatment services, but permanent approaches to treating wastewater for release and reuse in the environment. Onsite systems are
246:
and is slowly decomposed by microorganisms, eventually falling to the bottom of the settling tank as part of the sludge. When private septic tanks are emptied of solids, the tank is typically vacuumed empty and the incompletely digested scum is added to the incompletely digested sludge, further
188:
In virtually all engineered onsite sewage facilities, recycling and decomposition by natural organisms is still the primary mechanism of sewage disposal. Giving the organisms the time they need to decompose wastes is accomplished by establishing minimum sewage retention and settling times, and
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Most of the alternative treatment technologies applied today treat wastes after they exit the septic tank; the tank retains settleable solids, grease, and oils and provides an environment for partial digestion of settled organic wastes. Post-tank treatment can include aerobic (with oxygen) or
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The primary mechanism of biological waste recycling in the natural environment is performed by other organisms such as animals, insects, soil microorganisms, plants, and fungi, which consume all available nutrients in the waste, leaving behind fully decomposed solids that become part of
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Engineered facilities that use water suspension to transport solids (private septic systems and municipal facilities) typically form a floating layer in their primary settling tank, consisting of low-density liquids such as oils, buoyant solids, and soap foam. This is referred to as
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health initiatives, and onsite systems causes problems that could be prevented through a more cooperative approach. Effective management of onsite systems requires rigorous planning, design, installation, operation, maintenance, monitoring, and controls.
205:
It is normal for animals such as mice, rats, flies, and parasites to participate in the fully natural biological waste recycling process. Engineered facilities typically attempt to exclude them to prevent out of control population explosions and
222:
layered structure of new waste solids on top of previously decomposed solids (septic tanks and outhouses). Due to the incomplete state of decomposition, when removed from an onsite sewage facility, these solids are typically referred to as
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use, and the resting tank can be safely and easily cleaned out by hand before it is used again. This has been proposed as a solution for onsite sewage facilities in subsistence agriculture economies where hand labor is the most abundant.
545:
onsite systems on ground water and surface water quality (e.g., nitrate and bacteria contamination, nutrient inputs to surface waters) has increased interest in optimizing the systems' performance.
776:
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Although some onsite wastewater management programs have functioned successfully in the past, problems persist. Most current onsite regulatory programs focus on permitting and installation.
288:, and/or disinfection. The application and sizing of treatment units based on these technologies are defined by performance requirements, wastewater characteristics, and site conditions.
309:
governments. However, waste water management mostly falls within provincial, territorial and municipal jurisdiction, while the federal government has jurisdiction over wastewater on
185:
that has been stripped of everything that can possibly be consumed and utilized. This natural biological purification requires time and space to process wastes.
752:
700:"Screening European market potentials for small modular wastewater treatment systems – an inroad to sustainability transitions in urban water management?"
129:
systems designed to treat and dispose of effluent on the same property that produces the wastewater, in areas not served by public sewage infrastructure.
737:
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After solid matters are retained in the tank, liquid wastes are moved through these pierced PVC pipes to be evenly evacuated onto the gravel layer.
930:
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anaerobic (with no or low oxygen) biological treatment in suspended or fixed-film reactors, physical/chemical treatment, soil infiltration,
624:(Report). Wastewater Technology Fact Sheets. Washington D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). September 2000. EPA 832-F-00-016.
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combination is a fairly common type of on-site sewage facility in the
Western world. OSSFs account for approximately 25% of all domestic
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A septic tank being installed. The next step is to plug it to the intake and outtake pipes and backfill it with soil.
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State and tribal agencies report that onsite septic systems currently constitute the third most common source of
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50:
230:, and have powerful offensive odors arising from the microorganisms still consuming nutrients in the sludge.
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753:"As pollution worsens on Cape Cod, some are investing hopes in a new type of septic system"
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8:
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412:— Q-2, r. 22 - Regulation Respecting Wastewater Disposal Systems for Isolated Dwellings
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Wastewater systems to treat effluent on the same property that produces the wastewater
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The potential market volume of on-site treatment is suggested to be about 35 million
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of septic systems that reduce nitrogen pollution using wood chips and limestone.
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Links to A Homeowner's Guide to Septic
Systems and some other useful information
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656:"Federal and Provincial Jurisdiction to Regulate Environmental Issues"
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Performance requirements can be expressed as numeric criteria (e.g.,
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in the US. Onsite sewage facilities may also be based on small-scale
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minimum liquid flow distances between sewage disposal sites and
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160:. These can be thought of as scaled down versions of municipal
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Eggimann S., Truffer, B., Feldmann, U., Maurer, M. (2018).
560:
441:
t — Private Sewage
Disposal Systems and Privies Regulation
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637:"Federalism, the Environment and the Charter in Canada"
473:— Alberta Private Sewage Systems Standards of Practice
305:, environment is a shared power between federal and
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Improving treatment through performance requirements
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677:"Your Septic System. Where Does the Water Go?"
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643:. Osgoode Hall Law School of York University.
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736:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
390:Department of Health and Community Services
51:introducing citations to additional sources
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783:Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual
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422:Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing
499:Department of Health and Social Services
342:Department of Technology and Environment
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561:Public health and water resource impacts
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41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
681:Canada mortgage and Housing Corporation
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521:— Sewage Disposal System Regulations
380:— On-site Sewage Disposal Regulation
247:adding to its aroma and bioactivity.
18:
457:— Plumbing and Drainage Regulation
13:
1232:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
14:
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1102:Agricultural wastewater treatment
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573:In 2022, trials were underway on
505:— General Sanitation Regulations
348:— Act Sewage Disposal Regulation
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775: This article incorporates
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716:10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.07.031
687:from the original on 2006-03-12.
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34:relies largely or entirely on a
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1162:Industrial wastewater treatment
1132:Decentralized wastewater system
791:Environmental Protection Agency
587:Decentralized wastewater system
164:plants, and are also known as "
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435:Department of the Environment
374:Department of the Environment
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1:
1182:Rotating biological contactor
607:
489:— Sewerage System Regulation
425:Ontario Building Code Part 8
641:Articles & Book Chapters
519:Public Health and Safety Act
483:Ministry of Health Services
7:
580:
10:
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1247:Wastewater treatment plant
1014:Adsorbable organic halides
751:David Abel (17 May 2022).
406:Department of Environment
364:t — Sanitation Regulation
292:Usage and norms by country
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1082:
1019:Biochemical oxygen demand
1004:
858:
527:
410:Environmental Quality Act
354:Newfoundland and Labrador
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158:sequencing batch reactors
654:Becklumb, Penny (2013).
346:Environmental Protection
210:, and prevent spread of
115:Onsite sewage facilities
62:"Onsite sewage facility"
1378:Sewerage infrastructure
1207:Sewage sludge treatment
1147:Fecal sludge management
1107:API oil–water separator
1074:Wastewater surveillance
658:. Library of Parliament
592:Fecal sludge management
575:Cape Cod, Massachusetts
326:Department or Ministry
277:pollutant concentration
1064:Total suspended solids
1059:Total dissolved solids
1024:Chemical oxygen demand
777:public domain material
534:population equivalents
495:North West Territories
323:Province or territory
315:First Nations reserves
286:fixed-media filtration
272:
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1373:Environmental science
931:Industrial wastewater
635:Scott, Dayna (2018).
567:groundwater pollution
515:Department of Health
451:Department of Health
358:Department of Health
270:
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1273:Groundwater recharge
811:EPA - Septic Systems
396:— Regulation 88-200
338:Prince Edward Island
154:membrane bioreactors
142:wastewater treatment
47:improve this article
1187:Secondary treatment
1172:Membrane bioreactor
1127:Constructed wetland
926:Infiltration/Inflow
467:Ministry of Labour
303:Canadian federalism
172:Process description
1352:Category: Sewerage
1313:Septic drain field
1278:Infiltration basin
1222:Stabilization pond
1142:Facultative lagoon
1006:Quality indicators
886:Blackwater (waste)
866:Acid mine drainage
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1137:Extended aeration
1084:Treatment options
1034:Oxygen saturation
881:Blackwater (coal)
859:Sources and types
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503:Public Health Act
455:Public Health Act
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1268:Evaporation pond
1256:Disposal options
1227:Trickling filter
1212:Sewage treatment
1112:Carbon filtering
1092:Activated sludge
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891:Boiler blowdown
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378:Environment Act
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1298:Marine outfall
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1293:Marine dumping
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1029:Coliform index
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183:drinking water
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123:septic systems
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45:. Please help
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103:February 2015
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58:Find sources:
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36:single source
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1333:Vacuum sewer
1217:Sewer mining
1167:Ion exchange
1117:Chlorination
1039:Heavy metals
996:Urban runoff
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332:Regulation
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