63:
2214:
1221:
1240:, rocks, and other heavy materials. Preliminary treatment may include a sand or grit removal channel or chamber, where the velocity of the incoming sewage is reduced to allow the settlement of grit. Grit removal is necessary to (1) reduce formation of deposits in primary sedimentation tanks, aeration tanks, anaerobic digesters, pipes, channels, etc. (2) reduce the frequency of tank cleaning caused by excessive accumulation of grit; and (3) protect moving mechanical equipment from abrasion and accompanying abnormal wear. The removal of grit is essential for equipment with closely machined metal surfaces such as comminutors, fine screens, centrifuges, heat exchangers, and high pressure diaphragm pumps.
2426:
938:
34:
54:
2012:
819:
2295:
43:
347:
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1616:. Ozone is very unstable and reactive and oxidizes most organic material it comes in contact with, thereby destroying many pathogenic microorganisms. Ozone is considered to be safer than chlorine because, unlike chlorine which has to be stored on site (highly poisonous in the event of an accidental release), ozone is generated on-site as needed from the oxygen in the ambient air. Ozonation also produces fewer disinfection by-products than chlorination. A disadvantage of ozone disinfection is the high cost of the ozone generation equipment and the requirements for special operators. Ozone sewage treatment requires the use of an
669:
1565:, making them incapable of reproduction. The key disadvantages of UV disinfection are the need for frequent lamp maintenance and replacement and the need for a highly treated effluent to ensure that the target microorganisms are not shielded from the UV radiation (i.e., any solids present in the treated effluent may protect microorganisms from the UV light). In many countries, UV light is becoming the most common means of disinfection because of the concerns about the impacts of chlorine in chlorinating residual organics in the treated sewage and in chlorinating organics in the receiving water.
1996:
1734:
1196:
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wastewater treatment regulations. State governments and local municipalities hold responsibility for the disposal of sewage and construction and maintenance of "sewerage infrastructure". Their efforts are supported by schemes offered by the
Government of India, such as the National River Conservation Plan, Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, National Lake Conservation Plan. Through the Ministry of Environment and Forest, India's government also has set up incentives that encourage industries to establish "common facilities" to undertake the treatment of wastewater.
2494:
Western Asia, a total of 31 countries had universal (>99%) wastewater treatment. However, in
Albania, Bermuda, North Macedonia and Serbia "less than 50% of sewered wastewater received secondary or better treatment" and in Algeria, Lebanon and Libya the value was less than 20% of sewered wastewater that was being treated. The report also found that "globally, 594 million people have sewer connections that don't receive sufficient treatment. Many more are connected to wastewater treatment plants that do not provide effective treatment or comply with effluent requirements.".
2335:
1507:(disease-causing microorganisms) prior to disposal. It is increasingly effective after more elements of the foregoing treatment sequence have been completed. The purpose of disinfection in the treatment of sewage is to substantially reduce the number of pathogens in the water to be discharged back into the environment or to be reused. The target level of reduction of biological contaminants like pathogens is often regulated by the presiding governmental authority. The effectiveness of disinfection depends on the quality of the water being treated (e.g.
7041:
692:
654:
437:
8117:
3470:
1641:
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processes. The microorganisms that feed on the organic matter present in the sewage grow and multiply, constituting the biological solids, or biomass. These grow and group together in the form of flocs or biofilms and, in some specific processes, as granules. The biological floc or biofilm and remaining fine solids form a sludge which can be settled and separated. After separation, a liquid remains that is almost free of solids, and with a greatly reduced concentration of pollutants.
2086:. In intensive sewage treatment processes, the sludge produced needs to be removed from the liquid line on a continuous basis because the volumes of the tanks in the liquid line have insufficient volume to store sludge. This is done in order to keep the treatment processes compact and in balance (production of sludge approximately equal to the removal of sludge). The sludge removed from the liquid line goes to the sludge treatment line. Aerobic processes (such as the
1212:
used. The raking action of a mechanical bar screen is typically paced according to the accumulation on the bar screens and/or flow rate. The solids are collected and later disposed in a landfill, or incinerated. Bar screens or mesh screens of varying sizes may be used to optimize solids removal. If gross solids are not removed, they become entrained in pipes and moving parts of the treatment plant, and can cause substantial damage and inefficiency in the process.
8128:
6833:
3339:
463:
g/person/d for total phosphorus (7 mg/L). The typical ranges for these values are: 120–220 g/person/d for total solids (or 700–1350 mg/L when expressed as a concentration), 40–60 g/person/d for BOD (250–400 mg/L), 80–120 g/person/d for COD (450–800 mg/L), 6–10 g/person/d for total nitrogen (35–60 mg/L), 3.5–6 g/person/d for ammonia-N (20–35 mg/L) and 0.7–2.5 g/person/d for total phosphorus (4–15 mg/L).
2554:, England during the 1870s and was able to demonstrate that filtration of sewage through porous gravel produced a nitrified effluent (the ammonia was converted into nitrate) and that the filter remained unclogged over long periods of time. This established the then revolutionary possibility of biological treatment of sewage using a contact bed to oxidize the waste. This concept was taken up by the chief chemist for the London
1353:
7545:
1299:
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with a larger population. Rural sewage systems are used to treat wastewater at smaller domestic wastewater treatment plants for a smaller population. Johkasou systems are on-site wastewater treatment systems tanks. They are used to treat the wastewater of a single household or to treat the wastewater of a small number of buildings in a more decentralized manner than a sewer system.
688:), or they only provide pre-treatment, like septic tanks. On the other hand, some systems are capable of providing a good performance, satisfactory for several applications. Many of these systems are based on natural treatment processes, requiring large areas, while others are more compact. In most cases, they are used in rural areas or in small to medium-sized communities.
3402:
approximately 370 to 6700 m3/day. Therefore, 145,800 m3/day or 11 percent of the wastewater is actually treated, and the remaining others are released into the ocean and artificial lagoons although they are untreated. In fact, nonoperational wastewater treatment plants in
Tripoli lead to a spill of over 1,275, 000 cubic meters of unprocessed water into the ocean every day.
2562:...in all probability the true way of purifying sewage...will be first to separate the sludge, and then turn into neutral effluent... retain it for a sufficient period, during which time it should be fully aerated, and finally discharge it into the stream in a purified condition. This is indeed what is aimed at and imperfectly accomplished on a sewage farm.
2056:. The choice of a sludge treatment method depends on the volume of sludge generated, and comparison of treatment costs required for available disposal options. Air-drying and composting may be attractive to rural communities, while limited land availability may make aerobic digestion and mechanical dewatering preferable for cities, and
1106:, before discharge to the sewer. The pretreatment has the following two main aims: Firstly, to prevent toxic or inhibitory compounds entering the biological stage of the sewage treatment plant and reduce its efficiency. And secondly to avoid toxic compounds from accumulating in the produced sewage sludge which would reduce its
1948:(EPPP) or pesticides may not be eliminated in the commonly used sewage treatment processes (primary, secondary and tertiary treatment) and therefore lead to water pollution. Although concentrations of those substances and their decomposition products are quite low, there is still a chance of harming aquatic organisms. For
1244:
remove clean inorganic particles that are greater than 0.210 millimetres (0.0083 in), most of the finer grit passes through the grit removal flows under normal conditions. During periods of high flow deposited grit is resuspended and the quantity of grit reaching the treatment plant increases substantially.
2325:
to produce crops. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh produce, so are attractive to farmers. Because agriculture has to compete for increasingly scarce water resources with industry and municipal users, there is often no alternative for farmers but to use water polluted with sewage directly to
2100:
Sludge treatment options depend on the amount of solids generated and other site-specific conditions. Composting is most often applied to small-scale plants with aerobic digestion for mid-sized operations, and anaerobic digestion for the larger-scale operations. The sludge is sometimes passed through
1546:
or harmful to the environment. Residual chlorine or chloramines may also be capable of chlorinating organic material in the natural aquatic environment. Further, because residual chlorine is toxic to aquatic species, the treated effluent must also be chemically dechlorinated, adding to the complexity
999:. This is because the main important factors to be considered when evaluating and selecting sewage treatment processes are numerous. They include: process applicability, applicable flow, acceptable flow variation, influent characteristics, inhibiting or refractory compounds, climatic aspects, process
2509:
Data in 2020 showed that there is still too much uncollected household wastewater: Only 66% of all household wastewater flows were collected at treatment facilities in 2020 (this is determined from data from 128 countries). Based on data from 42 countries in 2015, the report stated that "32 per cent
2505:
has a Target 6.3 which is formulated as follows: "By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating,dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally." The
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treat an average of just 4.2%. As of 2022, without sufficient treatment, more than 80% of all wastewater generated globally is released into the environment. High-income nations treat, on average, 70% of the wastewater they produce, according to UN Water. Only 8% of wastewater produced in low-income
1922:
Some systems use both biological phosphorus removal and chemical phosphorus removal. The chemical phosphorus removal in those systems may be used as a backup system, for use when the biological phosphorus removal is not removing enough phosphorus, or may be used continuously. In either case, using
1855:
Over time, different treatment configurations for activated sludge processes have evolved to achieve high levels of nitrogen removal. An initial scheme was called the
Ludzack–Ettinger Process. It could not achieve a high level of denitrification. The Modified Ludzak–Ettinger Process (MLE) came later
1326:
and typically have a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1.5 to 2.5 hours. The settled and floating materials are removed and the remaining liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary treatment. Primary settling tanks are usually equipped with mechanically driven scrapers that continually drive
1243:
Grit chambers come in three types: horizontal grit chambers, aerated grit chambers, and vortex grit chambers. Vortex grit chambers include mechanically induced vortex, hydraulically induced vortex, and multi-tray vortex separators. Given that traditionally, grit removal systems have been designed to
1089:
Small rural plants using trickling filters may operate with no net energy requirements, the whole process being driven by gravitational flow, including tipping bucket flow distribution and the desludging of settlement tanks to drying beds. This is usually only practical in hilly terrain and in areas
3398:
In Libya, municipal wastewater treatment is managed by the general company for water and wastewater in Libya, which falls within the competence of the
Housing and Utilities Government Ministry. There are approximately 200 sewage treatment plants across the nation, but few plants are functioning. In
3374:
Currently, Japan's methods of wastewater treatment include rural community sewers, wastewater facilities, and on-site treatment systems such as the
Johkasou system to treat domestic wastewater. Larger wastewater facilities and sewer systems are generally used to treat wastewater in more urban areas
2378:
for a variety of purposes . It is also called wastewater reuse, water reuse or water recycling. There are many types of reuse. It is possible to reuse water in this way in cities or for irrigation in agriculture. Other types of reuse are environmental reuse, industrial reuse, and reuse for drinking
2330:
developed guidelines for safe use of wastewater in 2006. They advocate a 'multiple-barrier' approach to wastewater use, where farmers are encouraged to adopt various risk-reducing behaviors. These include ceasing irrigation a few days before harvesting to allow pathogens to die off in the sunlight,
1396:) is to provide a final treatment stage to further improve the effluent quality before it is discharged to the receiving water body or reused. More than one tertiary treatment process may be used at any treatment plant. If disinfection is practiced, it is always the final process. It is also called
1330:
Sewage treatment plants that are connected to a combined sewer system sometimes have a bypass arrangement after the primary treatment unit. This means that during very heavy rainfall events, the secondary and tertiary treatment systems can be bypassed to protect them from hydraulic overloading, and
1069:
The energy requirements vary with type of treatment process as well as sewage strength. For example, constructed wetlands and stabilization ponds have low energy requirements. In comparison, the activated sludge process has a high energy consumption because it includes an aeration step. Some sewage
271:) from sewage,  using aerobic or anaerobic biological processes. A so-called quarternary treatment step (sometimes referred to as advanced treatment) can also be added for the removal of organic micropollutants, such as pharmaceuticals. This has been implemented in full-scale for example in Sweden.
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and its discharge, as well as the treatment and discharge of "waste water from certain industrial sectors". It was adopted on 21 May 1991. It aims "to protect the environment from the adverse effects of urban waste water discharges and discharges from certain industrial sectors" by mandating waste
2101:
a so-called pre-thickener which de-waters the sludge. Types of pre-thickeners include centrifugal sludge thickeners, rotary drum sludge thickeners and belt filter presses. Dewatered sludge may be incinerated or transported offsite for disposal in a landfill or use as an agricultural soil amendment.
1374:
can reduce organic matter (measured as biological oxygen demand) from sewage,  using aerobic or anaerobic processes. The organisms involved in these processes are sensitive to the presence of toxic materials, although these are not expected to be present at high concentrations in typical municipal
3345:
In India, wastewater treatment regulations come under three central institutions, the ministries of forest, climate change housing, urban affairs and water. The various water and sanitation policies such as the "National
Environment Policy 2006" and "National Sanitation Policy 2008" also lay down
1867:
Studies of United States sewage in the late 1960s estimated mean per capita contributions of 500 grams (18 oz) in urine and feces, 1,000 grams (35 oz) in synthetic detergents, and lesser variable amounts used as corrosion and scale control chemicals in water supplies. Source control via
644:
systems (usually using natural treatment processes and occupying larger areas) systems. This classification may be sometimes oversimplified, because a treatment plant may involve a combination of processes, and the interpretation of the concepts of high tech and low tech, intensive and extensive,
462:
have been published as follows: 180 g/person/d for total solids (or 1100 mg/L when expressed as a concentration), 50 g/person/d for BOD (300 mg/L), 100 g/person/d for COD (600 mg/L), 8 g/person/d for total nitrogen (45 mg/L), 4.5 g/person/d for ammonia-N (25 mg/L) and 1.0
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for Water Supply and
Sanitation by WHO and UNICEF report in 2021 that 82% of people with sewer connections are connected to sewage treatment plants providing at least secondary treatment.However, this value varies widely between regions. For example, in Europe, North America, Northern Africa and
1367:
The main processes involved in secondary sewage treatment are designed to remove as much of the solid material as possible. They use biological processes to digest and remove the remaining soluble material, especially the organic fraction. This can be done with either suspended-growth or biofilm
1289:
are removed by passing the sewage through a small tank where skimmers collect the fat floating on the surface. Air blowers in the base of the tank may also be used to help recover the fat as a froth. Many plants, however, use primary clarifiers with mechanical surface skimmers for fat and grease
1211:
to remove all large objects like cans, rags, sticks, plastic packets, etc. carried in the sewage stream. This is most commonly done with an automated mechanically raked bar screen in modern plants serving large populations, while in smaller or less modern plants, a manually cleaned screen may be
274:
A large number of sewage treatment technologies have been developed, mostly using biological treatment processes. Design engineers and decision makers need to take into account technical and economical criteria of each alternative when choosing a suitable technology. Often, the main criteria for
965:(PE). The base value used for PE can vary from one country to another. Commonly used definitions used worldwide are: 1 PE equates to 60 gram of BOD per person per day, and it also equals 200 liters of sewage per day. This concept is also used as a comparison parameter to express the strength of
928:
The application of sewage to land is both: a type of treatment and a type of final disposal. It leads to groundwater recharge and/or to evapotranspiration. Land application include slow-rate systems, rapid infiltration, subsurface infiltration, overland flow. It is done by flooding, furrows,
3401:
The largest operating wastewater treatment plants are situated in Sirte, Tripoli, and
Misurata, with a design capacity of 21,000, 110,000, and 24,000 m3/day, respectively. Moreover, a majority of the remaining wastewater facilities are small and medium-sized plants with a design capacity of
2476:
in 2010 was that 90% of all wastewater generated is released into the environment untreated. A more recent study in 2021 estimated that globally, about 52% of sewage is treated. However, sewage treatment rates are highly unequal for different countries around the world. For example, while
1260:
Disadvantages include the basins' capital cost and space requirements. Basins can also provide a place to temporarily hold, dilute and distribute batch discharges of toxic or high-strength wastewater which might otherwise inhibit biological secondary treatment (such was wastewater from
1694:) is toxic to fish. Ammonia nitrogen, when converted to nitrite and further to nitrate in a water body, in the process of nitrification, is associated with the consumption of dissolved oxygen. Nitrite and nitrate may also have public health significance if concentrations are high in
1007:, performance, treatment residuals, sludge processing, environmental constraints, requirements for chemical products, energy and other resources; requirements for personnel, operating and maintenance; ancillary processes, reliability, complexity, compatibility, area availability.
1173:
Sewage treatment often involves two main stages, called primary and secondary treatment, while advanced treatment also incorporates a tertiary treatment stage with polishing processes. Different types of sewage treatment may utilize some or all of the process steps listed below.
1930:, may be sent to landfill or used as fertilizer in admixture with other digested sewage sludges. In the latter case, the treated sewage sludge is also sometimes referred to as biosolids. 22% of the world's phosphorus needs could be satisfied by recycling residential wastewater.
1668:-N (25 mg/L) and 1.0 g/person/d for total phosphorus (7 mg/L). The typical ranges for these values are: 6-10 g/person/d for total nitrogen (35–60 mg/L), 3.5-6 g/person/d for ammonia-N (20–35 mg/L) and 0.7-2.5 g/person/d for total phosphorus (4–15 mg/L).
2043:
produced during sewage treatment. Sludge treatment is focused on reducing sludge weight and volume to reduce transportation and disposal costs, and on reducing potential health risks of disposal options. Water removal is the primary means of weight and volume reduction, while
411:
With regards to biological treatment of sewage, the treatment objectives can include various degrees of the following: to transform or remove organic matter, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), pathogenic organisms, and specific trace organic constituents (micropollutants).
2403:
standards. Injecting reclaimed water into the water supply distribution system is known as direct potable reuse. Drinking reclaimed water is not typical. Reusing treated municipal wastewater for irrigation is a long-established practice. This is especially so in
1627:
Membranes can also be effective disinfectants, because they act as barriers, avoiding the passage of the microorganisms. As a result, the final effluent may be devoid of pathogenic organisms, depending on the type of membrane used. This principle is applied in
1541:
remains the most common form of treated sewage disinfection in many countries due to its low cost and long-term history of effectiveness. One disadvantage is that chlorination of residual organic material can generate chlorinated-organic compounds that may be
1923:
both biological and chemical phosphorus removal has the advantage of not increasing sludge production as much as chemical phosphorus removal on its own, with the disadvantage of the increased initial cost associated with installing two different systems.
834:
Examples for more high-tech, intensive or mechanized, often relatively expensive sewage treatment systems are listed below. Some of them are energy intensive as well. Many of them provide a very high level of treatment. For example, broadly speaking, the
1967:
Techniques for elimination of micropollutants via a fourth treatment stage during sewage treatment are implemented in
Germany, Switzerland, Sweden and the Netherlands and tests are ongoing in several other countries. Such process steps mainly consist of
2110:
Sewage treatment plants can have significant effects on the biotic status of receiving waters and can cause some water pollution, especially if the treatment process used is only basic. For example, for sewage treatment plants without nutrient removal,
1511:, pH, etc.), the type of disinfection being used, the disinfectant dosage (concentration and time), and other environmental variables. Water with high turbidity will be treated less successfully, since solid matter can shield organisms, especially from
1553:(UV) light can be used instead of chlorine, iodine, or other chemicals. Because no chemicals are used, the treated water has no adverse effect on organisms that later consume it, as may be the case with other methods. UV radiation causes damage to the
1110:
options. Some industrial wastewater may contain pollutants which cannot be removed by sewage treatment plants. Also, variable flow of industrial waste associated with production cycles may upset the population dynamics of biological treatment units.
1081:
For activated sludge treatment plants in the United States, around 30 percent of the annual operating costs is usually required for energy. Most of this electricity is used for aeration, pumping systems and equipment for the dewatering and drying of
683:
Examples for more low-tech, often less expensive sewage treatment systems are shown below. They often use little or no energy. Some of these systems do not provide a high level of treatment, or only treat part of the sewage (for example only the
703:
are a low cost treatment option with practically no energy requirements but they require a lot of land. Due to their technical simplicity, most of the savings (compared with high tech systems) are in terms of operation and maintenance costs.
7974:
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In the European Union, 0.8% of total energy consumption goes to wastewater treatment facilities. The European Union needs to make extra investments of €90 billion in the water and waste sector to meet its 2030 climate and energy goals.
2263:
Whitty's comments came after the study revealed that the UK was experiencing a growth in the number of people that were using coastal and inland waters recreationally. This could be connected to a growing interest in activities such as
1976:(GAC) has been suggested as a cost-effective treatment combination for pharmaceutical residues. For a full reduction of microplasts the combination of ultrafiltration followed by GAC has been suggested. Also the use of enzymes such as
1391:
Advanced sewage treatment generally involves three main stages, called primary, secondary and tertiary treatment but may also include intermediate stages and final polishing processes. The purpose of tertiary treatment (also called
1572:
also does not add chemicals to the water being treated. However, unlike UV, heat can penetrate liquids that are not transparent. Heat disinfection can also penetrate solid materials within wastewater, sterilizing their contents.
2528:) in the 1840s in England, followed by chemical treatment and sedimentation of sewage in tanks, then biological treatment in the late 19th century, which led to the development of the activated sludge process starting in 1912.
1314:
from the sewage".It consists of allowing sewage to pass slowly through a basin where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the surface and are skimmed off. These basins are called
5680:
303:
systems and many more. On the other hand, advanced and relatively expensive sewage treatment plants may include tertiary treatment with disinfection and possibly even a fourth treatment stage to remove micropollutants.
2510:
of all wastewater flows generated from point sources received at least some treatment". For sewage that has indeed been collected at centralized sewage treatment plants, about 79% went on to be safely treated in 2020.
1910:
requires significantly smaller equipment footprint than biological removal, is easier to operate and is often more reliable than biological phosphorus removal. Another method for phosphorus removal is to use granular
1705:
Phosphorus removal is important as phosphorus is a limiting nutrient for algae growth in many fresh water systems. Therefore, an excess of phosphorus can lead to eutrophication. It is also particularly important for
1256:
which produce peak dry-weather flows or peak wet-weather flows that are much higher than the average flows. Such basins can improve the performance of the biological treatment processes and the secondary clarifiers.
4785:
3436:
must obtain surface water discharge permits through the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Point sources include industrial facilities, municipal governments (sewage treatment plants and
2256:, as well as times of flooding or heavy rainfall. While heavy rainfall had always been associated with sewage overflows into streams and rivers, the British media went as far to warn parents of the dangers of
981:(LCA) can be used, and criteria or weightings are attributed to the various aspects. This makes the final decision subjective to some extent. A range of publications exist to help with technology selection.
2331:
applying water carefully so it does not contaminate leaves likely to be eaten raw, cleaning vegetables with disinfectant or allowing fecal sludge used in farming to dry before being used as a human manure.
1182:
Preliminary treatment (sometimes called pretreatment) removes coarse materials that can be easily collected from the raw sewage before they damage or clog the pumps and sewage lines of primary treatment
1856:
and was an improvement on the original concept. It recycles mixed liquor from the discharge end of the aeration tank to the head of the anoxic tank. This provides nitrate for the facultative bacteria.
2544:
and removing the pollutants. Land treatment was also steadily becoming less feasible, as cities grew and the volume of sewage produced could no longer be absorbed by the farmland on the outskirts.
1717:
A range of treatment processes are available to remove nitrogen and phosphorus. Biological nutrient removal (BNR) is regarded by some as a type of secondary treatment process, and by others as a
1488:
Settlement and further biological improvement of treated sewage may be achieved through storage in large human-made ponds or lagoons. These lagoons are highly aerobic, and colonization by native
622:). Very broadly, they can be grouped into high tech (high cost) versus low tech (low cost) options, although some technologies might fall into either category. Other grouping classifications are
1983:
To reduce pharmaceuticals in water bodies, source control measures are also under investigation, such as innovations in drug development or more responsible handling of drugs. In the US, the
2244:
newspaper interviewed Whitty, who stated that improving water quality and sewage treatment should be a high level of importance and a "public health priority". He compared it to eradicating
2229:
released a study into the effects wastewater on public health in the United Kingdom. The study gained media attention, with comments from the UKs leading health professionals, including Sir
4814:
Borea, Laura; Ensano, Benny Marie B.; Hasan, Shadi Wajih; Balakrishnan, Malini; Belgiorno, Vincenzo; de Luna, Mark Daniel G.; Ballesteros, Florencio C.; Naddeo, Vincenzo (November 2019).
2865:
4145:
Spuhler, Dorothee; Germann, Verena; Kassa, Kinfe; Ketema, Atekelt Abebe; Sherpa, Anjali Manandhar; Sherpa, Mingma Gyalzen; Maurer, Max; LĂĽthi, Christoph; Langergraber, Guenter (2020).
1939:
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1859:
There are other process configurations, such as variations of the Bardenpho process. They might differ in the placement of anoxic tanks, e.g. before and after the aeration tanks.
1400:. Tertiary treatment may include biological nutrient removal (alternatively, this can be classified as secondary treatment), disinfection and removal of micropollutants, such as
267:, while advanced treatment also incorporates a tertiary treatment stage with polishing processes and nutrient removal. Secondary treatment can reduce organic matter (measured as
1045:
being most common in generating complaints. Large process plants in urban areas will often treat the odors with carbon reactors, a contact media with bio-slimes, small doses of
4647:
Wood, R. B.; McAtamney, C.F. (December 1996). "Constructed wetlands for waste water treatment: the use of laterite in the bed medium in phosphorus and heavy metal removal".
3498:
977:
When choosing a suitable sewage treatment process, decision makers need to take into account technical and economical criteria. Therefore, each analysis is site-specific. A
1848:. The sludge in the anoxic tanks (denitrification tanks) must be mixed well (mixture of recirculated mixed liquor, return activated sludge, and raw influent) e.g. by using
307:
At the global level, an estimated 52% of sewage is treated. However, sewage treatment rates are highly unequal for different countries around the world. For example, while
3358:
with an estimated capacity of 564 MLD. It is supposed to solve the existing situation wherein untreated sewage water is being discharged directly into the river 'Yamuna'.
2506:
corresponding Indicator 6.3.1 is the "proportion of wastewater safely treated". It is anticipated that wastewater production would rise by 24% by 2030 and by 51% by 2050.
3599:"Assessing the potential of a membrane bioreactor and granular activated carbon process for wastewater reuse – A full-scale WWTP operated over one year in Scania, Sweden"
1515:
or if contact times are low. Generally, short contact times, low doses and high flows all militate against effective disinfection. Common methods of disinfection include
3418:
2490:
5631:
4460:
1273:). Flow equalization basins require variable discharge control, typically include provisions for bypass and cleaning, and may also include aerators and odor control.
4440:
5451:
5321:
71:
Sewage treatment plants (STPs) come in many different sizes and process configurations. Clockwise from top left: Aerial photo of Kuryanovo activated sludge STP in
3597:
Takman, Maria; Svahn, Ola; Paul, Catherine; Cimbritz, Michael; Blomqvist, Stefan; Struckmann Poulsen, Jan; Lund Nielsen, Jeppe; Davidsson, Ă…sa (15 October 2023).
1868:
alternative detergent formulations has subsequently reduced the largest contribution, but naturally the phosphorus content of urine and feces remained unchanged.
5164:
Panagos, Panos; Ballabio, Cristiano; Lugato, Emanuele; Jones, Arwyn; Borrelli, Pasquale; Scarpa, Simone; Orgiazzi, Albert o; Montanarella, Luca (9 July 2018).
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8031:
2875:
2815:
1407:
Tertiary treatment is sometimes defined as anything more than primary and secondary treatment in order to allow discharge into a highly sensitive or fragile
901:
There are other process options which may be classified as disposal options, although they can also be understood as basic treatment options. These include:
6270:
5886:
5408:
5372:
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5338:
7967:
2540:
It was not until the late 19th century that it became possible to treat the sewage by biologically decomposing the organic components through the use of
1049:, or circulating fluids to biologically capture and metabolize the noxious gases. Other methods of odor control exist, including addition of iron salts,
603:, etc.). Alternatively, sewage can be collected and transported by a network of pipes and pump stations to a municipal treatment plant. This is called a
465:
For high income countries, the "per person organic matter load" has been found to be approximately 60 gram of BOD per person per day. This is called the
1683:, a rapid growth, and later decay, in the population of algae. In addition to causing deoxygenation, some algal species produce toxins that contaminate
6870:
3200:
1199:
Preliminary treatment arrangement at small and medium-sized sewage treatment plants: Manually-cleaned screens and grit chamber (Jales Treatment Plant,
5353:
3225:
1945:
1836:
and other processes can all be used to reduce nitrogen. Since denitrification is the reduction of nitrate to dinitrogen (molecular nitrogen) gas, an
1401:
2533:
1987:
is a voluntary program with the general public, encouraging people to return excess or expired drugs, and avoid flushing them to the sewage system.
3230:
2905:
6416:
3912:
3298:
The Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (full title "Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste-water treatment") is a
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2004:
1086:. Advanced sewage treatment plants, e.g. for nutrient removal, require more energy than plants that only achieve primary or secondary treatment.
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2519:
4072:
3493:
3120:
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2090:
process) tend to produce more sludge compared with anaerobic processes. On the other hand, in extensive (natural) treatment processes, such as
5390:
4399:
7952:
3425:
3453:. EPA sets basic national wastewater standards: The "Secondary Treatment Regulation" applies to municipal sewage treatment plants, and the "
3355:
6356:
3488:
3292:
3160:
3150:
3140:
2825:
2468:. Few reliable figures exist on the share of the wastewater collected in sewers that is being treated in the world. A global estimate by
1980:
secreted by fungi is under investigation. Microbial biofuel cells are investigated for their property to treat organic matter in sewage.
1820:
refers to a situation where oxygen is absent but nitrate is present. Denitrification is facilitated by a wide diversity of bacteria. The
5936:"Making Europe's sewage treatment plants more efficient and circular can help meet zero-pollution targets — European Environment Agency"
3898:
2565:
From 1885 to 1891, filters working on this principle were constructed throughout the UK and the idea was also taken up in the US at the
1771:
Nitrification itself is a two-step aerobic process, each step facilitated by a different type of bacteria. The oxidation of ammonia (NH
7799:
7100:
7074:
3399:
fact, the 36 larger plants are in the major cities; however, only nine of them are operational, and the rest of them are under repair.
3165:
3075:
2890:
2755:
2233:. Outlining 15 recommendations for various UK bodies to dramatically reduce public health risks by increasing the water quality in its
3696:
6722:
5429:
5295:
3055:
2855:
2785:
2780:
2098:, the produced sludge remains accumulated in the treatment units (liquid line) and is only removed after several years of operation.
1010:
With regards to environmental impacts of sewage treatment plants the following aspects are included in the selection process: Odors,
941:
719:
619:
181:
88:
1879:(PAOs), are selectively enriched and accumulate large quantities of phosphorus within their cells (up to 20 percent of their mass).
5472:
5458:
3504:
3240:
3155:
3100:
3080:
2955:
2930:
2775:
2770:
6118:
4311:"The control of septicity and odours in sewerage systems and at sewage treatment works operated by Anglian Water Services Limited"
3391:
275:
selection are: desired effluent quality, expected construction and operating costs, availability of land, energy requirements and
8178:
8061:
5986:
5960:
5652:
4683:
3260:
3195:
3190:
3125:
3110:
3095:
3035:
2945:
2895:
2850:
2830:
4341:
Technology review of constructed wetlands – Subsurface flow constructed wetlands for greywater and domestic wastewater treatment
4214:"Comparative analysis of sanitation systems for resource recovery: Influence of configurations and single technology components"
3858:
George Tchobanoglous; H. David Stensel; Ryujiro Tsuchihashi; Franklin L. Burton; Mohammad Abu-Orf; Gregory Bowden, eds. (2014).
62:
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5761:
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3235:
3205:
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3085:
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3050:
3025:
3020:
3015:
2985:
2925:
2910:
2880:
2870:
2810:
2790:
2760:
2587:
1944:
Micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, ingredients of household chemicals, chemicals used in small businesses or industries,
1872:
859:
854:
7962:
7809:
6431:
5870:
5843:
5737:
5549:
5505:
5271:
5232:
5062:
4573:
4116:
4066:
4024:
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3284:
3255:
3220:
3215:
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3185:
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2935:
2920:
2900:
2835:
2820:
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2795:
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5810:
1906:), or lime. This may lead to a higher sludge production as hydroxides precipitate and the added chemicals can be expensive.
8076:
6328:
5683:
Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2021. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
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5496:
Andersson, K., Rosemarin, A., Lamizana, B., Kvarnström, E., McConville, J., Seidu, R., Dickin, S. and Trimmer, C. (2016).
5427:
WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater – Volume IV: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture
4542:
4437:
4425:
Business Analysis of Fecal Sludge Management: Emptying and Transportation Services in Africa and Asia – Draft final report
4270:
3946:
251:(including on-site treatment systems) to large centralized systems involving a network of pipes and pump stations (called
3115:
3090:
3040:
3010:
2965:
2960:
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2456:
is usually that sewers route their contents to a sewage treatment plant rather than directly to a body of water. In many
2326:
water their crops. There can be significant health hazards related to using water loaded with pathogens in this way. The
2272:. Despite this growth in recreation, poor water quality meant some were becoming unwell during events. Most notably, the
1103:
992:, they might be different and the focus might be more on construction and operating costs as well as process simplicity.
818:
7819:
5445:
1768:, the reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas. Nitrogen gas is released to the atmosphere and thus removed from the water.
8173:
8142:
8137:
7176:
6717:
4801:
2651:
2011:
988:, the most important parameters in process selection are typically efficiency, reliability, and space requirements. In
944:(UASB) reactor in Brazil (picture from a small-sized treatment plant), Center for Research and Training in Sanitation,
1220:
618:
A large number of sewage treatment technologies have been developed, mostly using biological treatment processes (see
7794:
7397:
7085:
6856:
6587:
6149:, Asian Environment Research Group, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan, retrieved on January 6, 2011
5804:
5299:
2681:
5538:
Sick water? : the central role of wastewater management in sustainable development: a rapid response assessment
4061:(2nd Revised ed.). Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag).
546:. It is the system of pipes, chambers, manholes or inspection chamber, etc. that conveys the sewage or storm water.
8193:
8056:
5078:
4132:
4040:
2691:
2676:
5044:
4984:"Reducing micropollutants with source control: Substance flow analysis of 212 pharmaceuticals in faeces and urine"
4098:
4006:
235:
that is suitable to discharge to the surrounding environment or an intended reuse application, thereby preventing
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7166:
7090:
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6943:
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of over 2000, and more advanced treatment in places with a population equivalent above 10,000 in sensitive areas.
2671:
2371:
1574:
1327:
the collected sludge towards a hopper in the base of the tank where it is pumped to sludge treatment facilities.
1099:
966:
746:
586:
470:
248:
244:
6391:
5893:
3539:
1078:. This process can produce enough energy to meet most of the energy needs of the sewage treatment plant itself.
373:(WWTP). Strictly speaking, the latter is a broader term that can also refer to industrial wastewater treatment.
263:(stormwater) to the sewage treatment plant. Sewage treatment often involves two main stages, called primary and
7957:
7834:
7789:
4147:"Developing sanitation planning options: A tool for systematic consideration of novel technologies and systems"
2701:
2666:
2502:
2478:
2067:
Sludge is mostly water with some amounts of solid material removed from liquid sewage. Primary sludge includes
1120:
612:
308:
5935:
21:
This article is about the treatment of municipal wastewater. For the treatment of any type of wastewater, see
7854:
7814:
7779:
6667:
6491:
6451:
4816:"Are pharmaceuticals removal and membrane fouling in electromembrane bioreactor affected by current density?"
2706:
2656:
2646:
2641:
1984:
1973:
1098:
In highly regulated developed countries, industrial wastewater usually receives at least pretreatment if not
995:
Choosing the most suitable treatment process is complicated and requires expert inputs, often in the form of
879:
572:
event, which forces untreated sewage to flow directly to receiving waters. This can pose a serious threat to
6147:
Small-Scale Domestic Wastewater Treatment Technology in Japan, and the Possibility of Technological Transfer
6068:
Schellenberg, Tatjana; Subramanian, Vrishali; Ganeshan, Ganapathy; Tompkins, David; Pradeep, Rohini (2020).
2425:
548:
In many cities, sewage (municipal wastewater or municipal sewage) is carried together with stormwater, in a
8152:
8147:
7942:
7879:
7869:
2686:
2226:
1569:
937:
929:
sprinkler and dripping. It is a treatment/disposal system that requires a large amount of land per person.
2449:
of the ecosystem is sufficient which is nowadays not often the case due to increasing population density.
2294:
2133:, with a negative impact on their uses. It is usually a result of human activities. Water bodies include
1733:
8066:
8036:
7889:
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7774:
7769:
7619:
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3857:
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1907:
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where the treatment plant is relatively remote from housing because of the difficulty in managing odors.
3287:
voted to continue allowing untreated sewage from combined sewer overflows to be released into waterways.
1816:
Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to encourage the appropriate biological communities to form.
1165:(OSSF) is widespread in some rural areas, for example serving up to 20 percent of the homes in the U.S.
42:
7920:
7894:
7884:
7874:
7844:
7824:
7654:
7306:
7245:
6732:
6499:
6231:
6218:
6205:
6043:
4506:. Process Design Manual for Upgrading Existing Wastewater Treatment Plants (Report). EPA. October 1971.
3928:
1535:, which is used for drinking water, is not used in the treatment of sewage because of its persistence.
874:
802:
5693:
3354:' (DJB) is currently operating on the construction of the largest sewage treatment plant in India. It
1972:
filters that adsorb the micropollutants. The combination of advanced oxidation with ozone followed by
1142:
Urban residents in many parts of the world rely on on-site sanitation systems without sewers, such as
423:
before safe disposal or reuse. Under certain circumstances, the treated sewage sludge might be termed
7937:
7864:
7829:
7804:
7301:
7286:
7019:
6903:
6504:
5132:
4467:
Technical brief no. 64. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and Loughborough University.
2731:
2617:
2464:
without any treatment or after preliminary treatment or primary treatment only. Doing so can lead to
2327:
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had to delay numerous swimming-focused events like the triathlon due to high levels of sewage in the
2182:
1883:
1383:
1335:
346:
268:
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668:
8198:
7291:
7235:
7004:
6989:
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5500:. Nairobi and Stockholm: United Nations Environment Programme and Stockholm Environment Institute.
3299:
2252:
network. The study also identified that low water flows in rivers saw high concentration levels of
2091:
1961:
1829:
1664:
have been published as follows: 8 g/person/d for total nitrogen (45 mg/L), 4.5 g/person/d for
889:
849:
771:
709:
700:
84:
6070:"Wastewater Discharge Standards in the Evolving Context of Urban Sustainability–The Case of India"
5606:
4916:"Crude mushroom solution to degrade micropollutants and increase the performance of biofuel cells"
4759:
7979:
7014:
6999:
6984:
6692:
6632:
6559:
6401:
6023:"Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste-water treatment (91/271/EEC)"
5681:
Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2020: Five years into the SDGs.
2299:
2036:
2029:
1710:
systems where high phosphorus concentrations may lead to fouling of downstream equipment such as
1266:
1151:
1071:
756:
569:
565:
420:
5987:"Government says polluters can dump risky sewage into rivers as Brexit disrupts water treatment"
2524:
The history of sewage treatment had the following developments: It began with land application (
7689:
7281:
7009:
6978:
6968:
6893:
6549:
6544:
6509:
5719:
3754:"Country-level and gridded estimates of wastewater production, collection, treatment and reuse"
1804:
1419:. Treated water is sometimes disinfected chemically or physically (for example, by lagoons and
1162:
751:
639:
596:
539:
404:
in a useful manner. This is achieved by removing contaminants from the sewage. It is a form of
296:
53:
33:
5581:
5498:
Sanitation, Wastewater Management and Sustainability: from Waste Disposal to Resource Recovery
5249:
4343:. Deutsche Gesellschaft fĂĽr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Eschborn, Germany, p. 11
1995:
1840:
is needed. This can be, depending on the wastewater, organic matter (from the sewage itself),
7489:
7469:
7193:
7160:
7029:
4734:
3312:
2446:
2178:
1952:, the following substances have been identified as toxicologically relevant: substances with
1023:
978:
962:
466:
311:
treat approximately 74% of their sewage, developing countries treat an average of just 4.2%.
247:. There are a high number of sewage treatment processes to choose from. These can range from
5263:
2165:
mix with these water bodies. Contaminants can come from one of four main sources. These are
1660:. Typical values for nutrient loads per person and nutrient concentrations in raw sewage in
1252:
Equalization basins can be used to achieve flow equalization. This is especially useful for
1195:
788:
Examples for systems that can provide full or partial treatment for toilet wastewater only:
8091:
7839:
7684:
7589:
7331:
7261:
7251:
7188:
7124:
6938:
6908:
6758:
6569:
5255:
4946:
4827:
4400:"Wastewater Treatment Plant - Operator Certification Training - Module 20:Trickling Filter"
4225:
4158:
3765:
3610:
3509:
3303:
2724:
2610:
2460:, however, the bulk of municipal and industrial wastewater is discharged to rivers and the
2457:
2392:
1452:
1448:
1357:
1334:
Primary sedimentation tanks remove about 50–70% of the suspended solids, and 25–40% of the
922:
839:
process achieves a high effluent quality but is relatively expensive and energy intensive.
368:
220:
195:
22:
5497:
5426:
4983:
4633:
4503:
4424:
3993:
3752:
Jones, Edward R.; van Vliet, Michelle T. H.; Qadir, Manzoor; Bierkens, Marc F. P. (2021).
552:
system, to a sewage treatment plant. In some urban areas, sewage is carried separately in
8:
8183:
8051:
7639:
7559:
7504:
7402:
7389:
7357:
7342:
7316:
7311:
7266:
7225:
7155:
6672:
6657:
6612:
6411:
6314:
6159:
6047:
4340:
3914:
The United Nations World Water Development Report 2017. Wastewater: The Untapped Resource
3454:
3308:
2716:
2412:
allows water to remain an alternative water source for human activities. This can reduce
2273:
2265:
2190:
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1953:
1912:
1833:
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1629:
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discharges, industrial activities, agricultural activities, and urban runoff including
2057:
1672:
1661:
1538:
1500:
1286:
1107:
989:
961:
is a parameter used in the design of sewage treatment plants. This concept is known as
914:
807:
778:
685:
459:
440:
The process that raw sewage goes through before being released back into surface water.
292:
280:
148:
3910:
2048:
destruction is frequently accomplished through heating during thermophilic digestion,
8188:
8000:
7930:
7925:
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7509:
7181:
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6103:
6091:
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5839:
5800:
5768:
5733:
5545:
5501:
5322:"Testing the waters Priorities for mitigating health risks from wastewater pollution"
5267:
5228:
5187:
5114:
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5058:
5003:
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In most countries, sewage collection and treatment are subject to local and national
2453:
2198:
2068:
1849:
1699:
1524:
1512:
1050:
1041:
condition. Early stages of processing will tend to produce foul-smelling gases, with
1000:
996:
985:
792:
283:
and in rural areas with low population densities, sewage is often treated by various
4840:
4815:
3753:
3623:
3598:
1224:
Preliminary treatment: Horizontal flow grit chambers at a sewage treatment plant in
7984:
7915:
7756:
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7649:
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4012:
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2547:
2409:
2339:
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2087:
1969:
1887:
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1361:
1307:
1130:
1058:
1042:
884:
844:
836:
823:
672:
561:
523:
405:
7040:
6240:
5887:"Epidemics, demonstration effects, and municipal investment in sanitation capital"
5146:
4171:
4146:
2602:
2302:
at a small treatment plant at the Center for Research and Training in Sanitation,
691:
653:
585:
Sewage can be treated close to where the sewage is created, which may be called a
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8010:
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7609:
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7454:
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5376:
5339:"Reducing sewage in rivers and seas is public health priority, says Chris Whitty"
5166:"Potential Sources of Anthropogenic Copper Inputs to European Agricultural Soils"
4464:
4444:
4238:
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3566:
3429:
3351:
2465:
2437:
such as a river, lake, or ocean. There was no treatment, so the breakdown of the
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2357:
2206:
2126:
2120:
2083:
2061:
1949:
1895:
1765:
1711:
1617:
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1262:
1054:
1019:
527:
401:
397:
236:
191:
4735:"Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions"
4296:
2075:. Secondary sludge is sludge separated in secondary clarifiers that are used in
8132:
8005:
7679:
7659:
7569:
7529:
7417:
7350:
7220:
7202:
6973:
6953:
6918:
6813:
6793:
6783:
6778:
6768:
6748:
6687:
6582:
6514:
6456:
6441:
6386:
5632:"Only 8 per cent of wastewater in low-income countries undergoes treatment: UN"
5555:
5520:
4181:
3733:
3514:
3281:
2413:
2400:
2343:
2303:
2202:
2112:
2020:
1837:
1695:
1684:
1676:
1577:
provide low resource, low maintenance effluent decontamination once installed.
1532:
1311:
1253:
1011:
945:
676:
661:
608:
553:
549:
535:
531:
503:
495:
276:
256:
4786:
Maßnahmen zur Verminderung des Eintrages von Mikroschadstoffen in die Gewässer
4702:
4684:"Natural zeolites as effective adsorbents in water & wastewater treatment"
2019:
with a centrifuge at a large sewage treatment plant (Arrudas Treatment Plant,
8167:
8116:
8071:
7731:
7479:
6958:
6923:
6471:
6396:
6095:
6086:
6069:
5373:"Minimising sewage in UK waters is a 'public health priority' – Chris Whitty"
5191:
5118:
4619:
4517:
4282:
3982:
3877:
3787:
3778:
3722:
3632:
3469:
2570:
2541:
2434:
2384:
2174:
2130:
2040:
2016:
1927:
1761:
1640:
1083:
1015:
573:
416:
351:
199:
166:
5835:
Edward Frankland: Chemistry, Controversy and Conspiracy in Victorian England
4490:
3801:
2218:
1302:
Rectangular primary settling tanks at a sewage treatment plant in Oregon, US
560:. Access to these systems, for maintenance purposes, is typically through a
8015:
7721:
7599:
7579:
7524:
7321:
7240:
6848:
6818:
6702:
6652:
6524:
6481:
5535:
Corcoran E, Nellemann C, Baker E, Bos R, Osborn D, Savelli M, eds. (2010).
5007:
4968:
4900:
4881:
4865:"Bacterial versus fungal laccase: potential for micropollutant degradation"
4849:
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4247:
4190:
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3433:
2396:
2241:
2230:
2053:
1957:
1781:
1543:
1270:
1225:
1147:
1143:
1037:
emitted by sewage treatment are typically an indication of an anaerobic or
469:(PE) and is also used as a comparison parameter to express the strength of
260:
224:
5287:
5223:
5206:
5109:
5054:
4610:
4370:
4326:
4108:
4016:
3963:
3860:
Metcalf & Eddy Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery
3713:
3428:(EPA) and state environmental agencies set wastewater standards under the
3369:
Water supply and sanitation in Japan § Wastewater treatment and sanitation
1200:
630:
systems (more compact, and frequently employing high tech options) versus
8046:
7696:
7534:
7449:
7412:
7256:
6808:
6803:
6727:
6682:
6642:
6539:
6446:
5092:
4999:
4593:
4005:
Henze, M.; van Loosdrecht, M. C. M.; Ekama, G.A.; Brdjanovic, D. (2008).
3438:
2525:
2438:
2388:
2316:
2277:
2269:
2162:
2154:
2000:
1825:
1799:
1707:
1680:
1550:
1458:
1158:
796:
766:
761:
729:
724:
600:
557:
436:
323:
319:
300:
288:
92:
5391:"Dozens of triathletes left severely ill after swimming in River Thames"
4354:
4310:
2416:. It also eases pressures on groundwater and other natural water bodies.
2399:, businesses, and industry. It is possible to treat wastewater to reach
8101:
7459:
7444:
6773:
6637:
6337:
6204:
United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
6188:"Wastewater Treatment Plants in Libya: Challenges and Future Prospects"
6067:
5521:"Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)
5182:
5165:
5043:
Henze, M.; van Loosdrecht, M.C.M.; Ekama, G.A.; Brdjanovic, D. (2008).
4660:
4094:
3419:
Water supply and sanitation in the United States § Wastewater treatment
2473:
2380:
2322:
2194:
2170:
2079:
2049:
1809:
1657:
1489:
1444:
1416:
1331:
the mixture of sewage and storm-water receives primary treatment only.
1208:
1026:, devaluation of nearby areas, inconvenience to the nearby population.
1004:
906:
864:
740:
507:
430:
327:
315:
255:) which convey the sewage to a treatment plant. For cities that have a
240:
5354:"Paddling in rivers this summer could make children ill, warns Whitty"
4959:
4934:
1807:), is now known to be facilitated in the environment predominantly by
458:
Typical values for physical–chemical characteristics of raw sewage in
8081:
7634:
7373:
7326:
7049:
6607:
6554:
6406:
6303:– Professional association focusing on municipal wastewater treatment
5911:"Urban waste water treatment in Europe — European Environment Agency"
5357:
2573:, where Frankland's work was confirmed. In 1890 the LES developed a '
2442:
2158:
2150:
2072:
1508:
1412:
1408:
1322:
1184:
918:
902:
511:
425:
152:
3338:
2433:
Before the 20th century in Europe, sewers usually discharged into a
564:. During high precipitation periods a sewer system may experience a
80:
7604:
7564:
7484:
6534:
6426:
6361:
6217:
Approved October 18, 1972. Amended by the Clean Water Act of 1977,
6182:
6180:
3899:
Summary Progress Update 2021 – SDG 6 – water and sanitation for all
2257:
2234:
2045:
1899:
1845:
1741:
1653:
1562:
1520:
1504:
1046:
910:
827:
660:(vertical flow) at Center for Research and Training in Sanitation,
519:
491:
484:
393:
252:
232:
162:
5858:
5042:
4456:
Water and Environmental Health at London and Loughborough (1999).
4092:
4004:
1940:
Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products
1114:
396:
that can be discharged to the environment while causing as little
7574:
7150:
6461:
5046:
Biological Wastewater Treatment: Principles, Modelling and Design
4100:
Biological Wastewater Treatment: Principles, Modelling and Design
4008:
Biological Wastewater Treatment: Principles, Modelling and Design
3540:"Sanitation Systems – Sanitation Technologies – Activated sludge"
3450:
2551:
2248:
in the 19th century in the country following improvements to the
2245:
2146:
1977:
1916:
1841:
1790:
1757:
1753:
1665:
1602:
1440:
1352:
7544:
6177:
3457:" which are regulations for categories of industrial facilities.
648:
7519:
7474:
6476:
6466:
5729:
5084:
4436:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. (2008).
4353:
GalvĂŁo, A; Matos, J; Rodrigues, J; Heath, P (1 December 2005).
3911:
WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme) (2017).
2367:
2253:
2181:. This form of pollution can lead to many problems. One is the
2166:
1591:
1461:
removes much of the residual suspended matter. Filtration over
1436:
1424:
1237:
813:
645:
mechanized and natural processes may vary from place to place.
499:
228:
170:
144:
72:
6192:
International Journal of Environmental Planning and Management
5021:
2520:
History of water supply and sanitation § Sewage treatment
2395:. Reused water also serve various needs in residences such as
2321:
Increasingly, people use treated or even untreated sewage for
1451:
or park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for
1298:
7514:
7377:
6381:
6306:
5796:
The Culture of Flushing: A Social and Legal History of Sewage
5725:
5036:
4339:
Hoffmann, H., Platzer, C., von MĂĽnch, E., Winker, M. (2011).
4212:
Spuhler, Dorothee; Scheidegger, Andreas; Maurer, Max (2020).
3992:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
3988:
3732:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
3728:
2534:
History of water supply and sanitation § Biological treatment
2461:
2429:
Share of domestic wastewater that is safely treated (in 2018)
2375:
2142:
2138:
1749:
1621:
1580:
1558:
1516:
1470:
1428:
1034:
6253:
5198:
4813:
518:) using sewers. It encompasses components such as receiving
5241:
4804:. ISOE-Materialien zur Sozialen Ă–kologie Nr. 36 (in German)
4729:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4405:. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. 2016
4055:
Tilley E, Ulrich L, LĂĽthi C, Reymond P, ZurbrĂĽgg C (2014).
3751:
3332:
Water supply and sanitation in India § Wastewater treatment
2469:
2405:
2134:
1903:
1891:
1871:
Phosphorus can be removed biologically in a process called
1606:
1554:
1233:
515:
7372:
5163:
4646:
2746:
1960:
substances and substances that enhance the development of
1926:
Once removed, phosphorus, in the form of a phosphate-rich
287:
systems and not conveyed in sewers. These systems include
112:
Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), water reclamation plant
18:
Process of removing contaminants from municipal wastewater
5534:
5490:
5412:
4352:
4144:
1432:
1282:
6230:, December 27, 1977; and the Water Quality Act of 1987,
5024:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration
4716:
4563:
4295:
Walker, James D. and Welles Products Corporation (1976).
4271:"Wastewater Odor Control: An Evaluation of Technologies"
4211:
4054:
243:
from households and businesses and possibly pre-treated
6529:
5786:
4355:"Sustainable sewage solutions for small agglomerations"
3596:
6300:
5675:
5673:
5436:. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
4269:
Harshman, Vaughan; Barnette, Tony (28 December 2000).
3994:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3734:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2039:
describes the processes used to manage and dispose of
1797:), though traditionally believed to be facilitated by
1306:
Primary treatment is the "removal of a portion of the
1093:
4636:(Report). EPA. 1976. pp. 2–1. EPA 625/1-76-001a.
4491:"Primer for Municipal Waste water Treatment Systems."
2408:
countries. Reusing wastewater as part of sustainable
6160:"Japan Education Center of Environmental Sanitation"
5862:
Advances in Water Treatment and Pollution Prevention
5724:(in Arabic, English, Spanish, French, and Italian).
5207:"Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal"
5093:"Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal"
4587:
4585:
3947:"Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal"
3697:"Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal"
3465:
3392:
Environmental issues in Libya § Wastewater treatment
1882:
Phosphorus removal can also be achieved by chemical
1360:
for a typical large-scale treatment plant using the
826:
sewage treatment plant (fine-bubble diffusers) near
392:
The overall aim of treating sewage is to produce an
6119:"Wastewater production, treatment and use in India"
5670:
4752:
4050:
4048:
3293:
Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive § Description
2632:
2383:of gardens and agricultural fields or replenishing
2342:sewage treatment plant at Arrudas Treatment Plant,
1793:
functional group). Nitrite oxidation to nitrate (NO
1014:attraction, sludge transportation, sanitary risks,
400:as possible, or to produce an effluent that can be
8032:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
6232:
6219:
6206:
5792:
5653:"50% global wastewater treatment still not enough"
5133:"Centrifuge Thickening and Dewatering. Fact sheet"
4981:
4935:"Microbial Fuel Cells—Challenges and Applications"
4557:
4427:. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, US
3534:
3532:
3530:
2221:, Czech Republic, is discharged to surface waters.
1946:environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants
1402:environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants
6254:"National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System"
4582:
4058:Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies
3998:
3862:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
3571:. New Delhi: New Age International. p. 299.
2445:. This could lead to satisfactory results if the
2379:water, whether planned or not. Reuse may include
1852:in order to achieve the desired denitrification.
1690:Ammonia nitrogen, in the form of free ammonia (NH
1671:Excessive release to the environment can lead to
1269:that is brought to the sewage treatment plant in
530:, storm overflows, and screening chambers of the
8165:
5838:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 372–380.
5831:
5409:"What's the problem with swimming in the Seine?"
4268:
4045:
3940:
3938:
2217:Treated effluent from sewage treatment plant in
1990:
1779:) is most often facilitated by bacteria such as
1652:Sewage may contain high levels of the nutrients
1129:A poorly maintained anaerobic treatment pond in
1121:Secondary treatment § Design considerations
896:
675:sewage treatment plant at Onça Treatment Plant,
314:The treatment of sewage is part of the field of
5251:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
4682:Wang, Shaobin; Peng, Yuelian (9 October 2009).
4594:"Activated Sludge and Aerobic Biofilm Reactors"
3527:
2193:when people use polluted water for drinking or
2129:(or aquatic pollution) is the contamination of
2005:Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant
1115:Design aspects of secondary treatment processes
580:
5515:
5513:
5247:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3568:Environmental Pollution Monitoring And Control
3501:: producing agricultural nutrients from sewage
3494:List of water supply and sanitation by country
3441:systems), other government facilities such as
1635:
1207:The influent in sewage water passes through a
7358:
6864:
6322:
5859:Sharma, Sanjay Kumar; Sanghi, Rashmi (2012).
4982:Lienert, J.; BĂĽrki, T.; Escher, B.I. (2007).
4518:"How Wastewater Treatment Works...The Basics"
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
3935:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3426:United States Environmental Protection Agency
2732:
2618:
2577:' that gave a much more reliable performance.
1875:. In this process, specific bacteria, called
649:Low tech, extensive or nature-based processes
318:. Sanitation also includes the management of
6878:
5762:"Historical aspects of wastewater treatment"
5694:"Water Scarce Countries: Present and Future"
5204:
5090:
4634:Process Design Manual for Phosphorus Removal
4591:
3944:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3694:
2550:conducted experiments at the sewage farm in
2115:of receiving water bodies can be a problem.
2071:removed during primary treatment in primary
814:High tech, intensive or mechanized processes
334:is often used interchangeably with the term
239:from raw sewage discharges. Sewage contains
5519:Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018)
5510:
3558:
3489:List of largest wastewater treatment plants
1964:. They mainly belong to the group of EPPP.
1748:Nitrogen is removed through the biological
1387:Overall setup for a micro filtration system
1070:treatment plants produce biogas from their
366:) is nowadays often replaced with the term
350:Activated sludge sewage treatment plant in
7365:
7351:
6871:
6857:
6329:
6315:
5022:"National Prescription Drug Take Back Day"
4932:
4470:
3820:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
2739:
2725:
2625:
2611:
1740:(vertical flow) for sewage treatment near
1168:
1154:in these cities is an enormous challenge.
1102:at the factories themselves to reduce the
6116:
6085:
6005:"Why sewage is causing a political stink"
5865:. Springer Science & Business Media.
5327:. Royal Academy of Engineering. May 2024.
5296:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
5222:
5181:
5108:
4958:
4890:
4880:
4839:
4802:Arzneimittelwirkstoffe im Wasserkreislauf
4609:
4510:
4237:
4180:
4170:
3962:
3901:. Version: July 2021. Geneva, Switzerland
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3777:
3738:
3712:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3622:
2481:treat approximately 74% of their sewage,
2338:Circular secondary sedimentation tank at
1933:
1803:spp. (nitro referring the formation of a
1492:, especially reeds, is often encouraged.
1276:
620:list of wastewater treatment technologies
444:
182:List of wastewater treatment technologies
6964:Environmentally healthy community design
5459:International Water Management Institute
5448:Not only an issue where water is scarce!
5419:
5153:. EPA. September 2000. EPA 832-F-00-057.
5135:. EPA. September 2000. EPA 832-F-00-053.
4681:
4308:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4082:
3904:
3505:Organisms involved in water purification
3337:
2486:nations receives any sort of treatment.
2424:
2333:
2293:
2212:
2105:
2010:
1994:
1732:
1639:
1575:Thermal effluent decontamination systems
1382:
1351:
1297:
1219:
1194:
1177:
1124:
952:
936:
817:
690:
667:
652:
435:
387:
345:
8062:High-level radioactive waste management
6266:EPA. "Secondary Treatment Regulation."
5759:
5370:
5264:10.1002/0471238961.1615121205031105.a01
4796:
4794:
3564:
3302:regarding urban wastewater collection,
2452:Today, the situation in urban areas of
2260:in shallow rivers during warm weather.
1133:, Zimbabwe (sludge needs to be removed)
720:Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor
695:Rural Kansas lagoon on private property
415:Some types of sewage treatment produce
8166:
6044:"Urban Waste Water Directive Overview"
5611:United Nations Sustainable Development
5544:. Arendal, Norway: UNEP/GRID-Arendal.
5302:from the original on 18 September 2021
5292:Environmental Health Education Program
4939:Environmental Science & Technology
4922:. Stuttgart: Biopro Baden-WĂĽrttemberg.
4862:
4297:"Tower for removing odors from gases."
3884:
3655:
3356:will be operational by the end of 2022
2747:Water supply and sanitation by country
1873:enhanced biological phosphorus removal
1605:potential resulting in a third oxygen
1341:
1064:
921:, floating plant pond, water disposal/
860:Expanded granular sludge bed digestion
855:Enhanced biological phosphorus removal
556:and runoff from streets is carried in
542:or at the point of discharge into the
7346:
6852:
6310:
5470:
4592:Von Sperling, M. (30 December 2015).
4093:Henze, M.; van Loosdrecht, M. C. M.;
4079:
2720:
2606:
1862:
1378:
8077:Sewage regulation and administration
5579:
4913:
4791:
4640:
4309:Sercombe, Derek C. W. (April 1985).
3592:
3590:
3588:
2173:. Water pollution may affect either
2064:alternatives in metropolitan areas.
1877:polyphosphate-accumulating organisms
1624:bubbles percolate through the tank.
1620:, which decontaminates the water as
1293:
1247:
1137:
972:
5961:"Waste, water and circular economy"
5351:
5213:. Biological Wastewater Treatment.
4914:Heyl, Stephanie (13 October 2014).
4760:"Is wastewater the new black gold?"
4151:Journal of Environmental Management
3461:
2593:
2420:
2197:. Water pollution also reduces the
1728:
1094:Co-treatment of industrial effluent
781:, high rate ponds, maturation ponds
13:
7101:waste-water treatment technologies
6718:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
6237:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
6224:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
6211:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
6074:Frontiers in Environmental Science
5813:from the original on 19 April 2021
4275:Water Engineering & Management
4075:from the original on 8 April 2016.
3307:water collection and treatment in
2350:
1074:process by using a process called
1018:, soil and subsoil contamination,
538:. Sewerage ends at the entry to a
14:
8210:
7086:agricultural wastewater treatment
6588:Agricultural wastewater treatment
6294:
5077:(Spanish and Arabic versions are
4564:Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (1972).
4447:EPA publication no. 832-F-08-057.
4131:(Spanish and Arabic versions are
3585:
2497:
2240:After the release of the report,
1644:Nitrification process tank at an
932:
452:Sewage § Concentrations and loads
8127:
8126:
8115:
8057:Extended producer responsibility
7543:
7039:
6832:
6831:
6284:"Industrial Effluent Guidelines"
4863:Margot, J.; et al. (2013).
4820:Science of the Total Environment
4458:"Waste water Treatment Options."
3987:
3727:
3603:Science of the Total Environment
3468:
3417:This section is an excerpt from
3411:
3390:This section is an excerpt from
3367:This section is an excerpt from
3330:This section is an excerpt from
3291:This section is an excerpt from
2866:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2532:This section is an excerpt from
2491:Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP)
2356:This section is an excerpt from
2119:This section is an excerpt from
2028:This section is an excerpt from
1157:For sewage treatment the use of
925:, surface disposal and storage.
576:and the surrounding environment.
483:This section is an excerpt from
450:This section is an excerpt from
330:(drainage) management. The term
61:
52:
41:
32:
7615:Mechanical biological treatment
7167:List of energy storage projects
7091:industrial wastewater treatment
6944:Environmental impact assessment
6914:Environmental impact assessment
6648:Industrial wastewater treatment
6618:Decentralized wastewater system
6276:
6260:
6246:
6198:
6152:
6139:
6110:
6061:
6015:
5997:
5979:
5953:
5928:
5903:
5879:
5852:
5825:
5753:
5712:
5686:
5645:
5624:
5599:
5573:
5528:
5471:Tuser, Cristina (24 May 2022).
5464:
5446:Wastewater use in agriculture:
5439:
5401:
5383:
5364:
5345:
5331:
5314:
5280:
5157:
5147:"Belt Filter Press. Fact sheet"
5139:
5125:
5014:
4975:
4926:
4907:
4856:
4841:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.149
4807:
4778:
4675:
4626:
4535:
4496:
4450:
4430:
4423:Chowdhry, S., Koné, D. (2012).
4417:
4392:
4346:
4333:
4302:
4289:
4262:
4205:
4138:
3624:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165185
3484:Decentralized wastewater system
2633:Wastewater treatment by country
2391:. This latter is also known as
1675:, which can manifest itself in
1503:of treated sewage aims to kill
1495:
1485:and can also remove pathogens.
1215:
1029:
942:Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket
747:Decentralized wastewater system
202:, sewage sludge disposal issues
89:Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket
8179:Pollution control technologies
6336:
6117:Kaur, R; Wani, SP; Singh, AK.
4988:Water Science & Technology
4784:UBA (Umweltbundesamt) (2014):
4543:"Stage 3 - Tertiary treatment"
4504:"Chapter 3. Flow Equalization"
4493:Document no. EPA 832-R-04-001.
4359:Water Science & Technology
4315:Water Science & Technology
3794:
3342:Picture of a wastewater stream
2581:
2503:Sustainable Development Goal 6
1698:, because of a disease called
1609:becoming attached and forming
959:per person organic matter load
341:
217:municipal wastewater treatment
1:
6668:Rotating biological contactor
5205:Von Sperling, Marcos (2007).
4933:Logan, B.; Regan, J. (2006).
4172:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111004
3520:
2366:is the process of converting
2310:
2082:or processes using inorganic
1991:Sludge treatment and disposal
1985:National Take Back Initiative
1789:refers to the formation of a
897:Disposal or treatment options
880:Rotating biological contactor
477:
384:are also in use as synonyms.
259:, the sewers will also carry
213:domestic wastewater treatment
6301:Water Environment Federation
6268:Code of Federal Regulations,
4691:Chemical Engineering Journal
4489:EPA. Washington, DC (2004).
4438:"Septic Systems Fact Sheet."
4239:10.1016/j.watres.2020.116281
4039:Spanish and Arabic versions
2237:, such as rivers and lakes.
2227:Royal Academy of Engineering
1443:, or it can be used for the
1423:) prior to discharge into a
1190:
581:Types of treatment processes
117:Position in sanitation chain
87:STP in the South of France;
7:
8067:History of waste management
6949:Environmental impact design
5793:Benidickson, Jamie (2011).
5461:, 2010. Water Issue Brief 4
4800:Walz, A., Götz, K. (2014):
4788:. Texte 85/2014 (in German)
3808:. World Health Organization
3499:Nutrient Recovery and Reuse
3449:facilities, such as animal
3406:
2598:
2567:Lawrence Experiment Station
2558:, William Libdin, in 1887:
2556:Metropolitan Board of Works
1908:Chemical phosphorus removal
1679:. This process can lead to
1636:Biological nutrient removal
1568:As with UV treatment, heat
1317:primary sedimentation tanks
10:
8215:
7655:fluorescent lamp recycling
7307:High-performance buildings
6733:Wastewater treatment plant
6500:Adsorbable organic halides
5248:Eckenfelder Jr WW (2000).
3416:
3389:
3366:
3329:
3290:
2531:
2517:
2513:
2355:
2314:
2287:
2118:
2027:
1937:
1648:plant in the United States
1590:) is generated by passing
1455:or agricultural purposes.
1345:
1118:
875:Moving bed biofilm reactor
803:Urine-diverting dry toilet
494:(or sewage system) is the
482:
449:
336:wastewater treatment plant
20:
8174:Environmental engineering
8110:
8024:
7993:
7903:
7755:
7552:
7541:
7388:
7302:Heat recovery ventilation
7287:Environmental remediation
7212:
7115:
7048:
7037:
6904:Climate smart agriculture
6886:
6827:
6741:
6568:
6505:Biochemical oxygen demand
6490:
6344:
5965:Climate Partnerships 2030
5832:Colin A. Russell (2003).
5211:Water Intelligence Online
5097:Water Intelligence Online
5091:Von Sperling, M. (2015).
4703:10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.029
4598:Water Intelligence Online
4568:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
4097:; Brdjanovic, D. (2008).
3951:Water Intelligence Online
3945:Von Sperling, M. (2007).
3758:Earth System Science Data
3701:Water Intelligence Online
3695:Von Sperling, M. (2007).
3379:
3271:
2752:
2638:
2588:regulations and standards
2328:World Health Organization
2015:Mechanical dewatering of
1974:granular activated carbon
1844:, or an added donor like
1830:waste stabilization ponds
1163:on-site sewage facilities
1024:groundwater contamination
701:waste stabilization ponds
187:
177:
158:
140:
132:
124:
116:
108:
103:
85:Waste stabilization ponds
8037:China's waste import ban
7292:Glass in green buildings
7236:sustainable architecture
6880:Environmental technology
6286:. EPA. 12 February 2020.
6256:. EPA. 21 February 2020.
6087:10.3389/fenvs.2020.00030
5721:Water and climate change
5582:"Quality and Wastewater"
5524:SDG-Tracker.org, website
5473:"What is potable reuse?"
4739:European Investment Bank
4299:U.S. Patent No. 4421534.
3779:10.5194/essd-13-237-2021
3384:
3361:
3324:
3300:European Union directive
2454:industrialized countries
2283:
1822:activated sludge process
1362:activated sludge process
1336:biological oxygen demand
986:industrialized countries
890:Ultraviolet disinfection
850:Aerobic treatment system
845:Activated sludge systems
772:Waste stabilization pond
710:Anaerobic digester types
613:pipes and infrastructure
382:water reclamation plants
269:biological oxygen demand
8194:Sewerage infrastructure
7398:Agricultural wastewater
6693:Sewage sludge treatment
6633:Fecal sludge management
6593:API oil–water separator
6560:Wastewater surveillance
5432:17 October 2014 at the
3319:
2374:into water that can be
2300:sewage sludge treatment
2298:Sludge drying beds for
2189:. Another is spreading
2037:Sewage sludge treatment
2030:Sewage sludge treatment
1557:structure of bacteria,
1547:and cost of treatment.
1281:In some larger plants,
1169:Available process steps
1152:fecal sludge management
1072:sewage sludge treatment
1020:surface water pollution
757:On-site sewage facility
597:on-site sewage facility
570:sanitary sewer overflow
566:combined sewer overflow
8122:Environment portal
7800:Bosnia and Herzegovina
7690:water recycling shower
7282:Environmental movement
6979:Sustainability science
6969:Public interest design
6894:Appropriate technology
6550:Total suspended solids
6545:Total dissolved solids
6510:Chemical oxygen demand
5679:WHO and UNICEF (2021)
5607:"Water and Sanitation"
5371:Speare-Cole, Rebecca.
4882:10.1186/2191-0855-3-63
4566:Wastewater Engineering
3565:Khopkar, S.M. (2004).
3343:
2816:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2430:
2347:
2307:
2222:
2024:
2008:
1934:Fourth treatment stage
1805:nitro functional group
1745:
1649:
1388:
1364:
1303:
1277:Fat and grease removal
1254:combined sewer systems
1229:
1228:, Minas Gerais, Brazil
1204:
1134:
949:
831:
752:Nature-based solutions
696:
680:
665:
540:sewage treatment plant
445:Sewage characteristics
441:
378:water recycling center
364:sewage treatment works
360:sewage treatment plant
355:
332:sewage treatment plant
297:on-site sewage systems
188:Environmental concerns
7490:Municipal solid waste
7470:Industrial wastewater
7161:hydrogen technologies
7075:Solid waste treatment
6417:Industrial wastewater
5657:www.aquatechtrade.com
5256:John Wiley & Sons
5224:10.2166/9781780402086
5110:10.2166/9781780402086
5055:10.2166/9781780401867
4611:10.2166/9781780402123
4443:12 April 2013 at the
4371:10.2166/wst.2005.0420
4327:10.2166/wst.1995.0244
4109:10.2166/9781780401867
4041:available free online
4017:10.2166/9781780401867
3964:10.2166/9781780402086
3714:10.2166/9781780402086
3341:
3313:population equivalent
3285:Members of Parliament
2518:Further information:
2479:high-income countries
2447:assimilative capacity
2428:
2372:industrial wastewater
2337:
2297:
2288:Further information:
2216:
2106:Environmental impacts
2014:
1998:
1962:bacterial resistances
1938:Further information:
1736:
1725:) treatment process.
1643:
1415:, low-flow rivers or
1386:
1355:
1301:
1223:
1198:
1178:Preliminary treatment
1128:
979:life cycle assessment
967:industrial wastewater
963:population equivalent
953:Population equivalent
940:
903:Application of sludge
821:
694:
671:
656:
471:industrial wastewater
467:population equivalent
439:
429:and can be used as a
388:Purposes and overview
349:
309:high-income countries
249:decentralized systems
245:industrial wastewater
223:which aims to remove
147:, could also be just
7685:water heat recycling
7590:Garden waste dumping
7332:Water heat recycling
7262:Efficient energy use
7252:Conservation biology
7189:Sustainable lighting
7125:Efficient energy use
6939:Environmental Design
6909:Environmental design
6759:Groundwater recharge
5899:on 4 September 2006.
5000:10.2166/wst.2007.560
4545:. Sydney Water. 2010
3510:Sanitary engineering
3309:urban agglomerations
3304:wastewater treatment
2483:developing countries
2458:developing countries
2393:groundwater recharge
2368:municipal wastewater
2191:water-borne diseases
2096:constructed wetlands
1954:endocrine disrupting
1834:constructed wetlands
1738:Constructed wetlands
1662:developing countries
1630:membrane bioreactors
1483:membrane bioreactors
1453:groundwater recharge
1358:process flow diagram
990:developing countries
969:compared to sewage.
923:groundwater recharge
588:decentralized system
460:developing countries
369:wastewater treatment
281:developing countries
221:wastewater treatment
196:Environmental health
77:Constructed wetlands
23:wastewater treatment
8052:Eco-industrial park
7640:appliance recycling
7560:Anaerobic digestion
7505:Post-consumer waste
7403:Biodegradable waste
7317:Nature conservation
7312:Land rehabilitation
7267:Energy conservation
7156:carbon-neutral fuel
7064:dispersion modeling
6673:Secondary treatment
6658:Membrane bioreactor
6613:Constructed wetland
6412:Infiltration/Inflow
6243:, February 4, 1987.
6145:Motoyuki Mizuochi:
6048:European Commission
5993:. 7 September 2021.
5561:on 18 December 2015
4951:2006EnST...40.5172L
4832:2019ScTEn.692..732B
4230:2020WatRe.18616281S
4182:20.500.11850/428109
4163:2020JEnvM.27111004S
3770:2021ESSD...13..237J
3615:2023ScTEn.89565185T
3455:Effluent guidelines
3201:Trinidad and Tobago
2274:2024 Paris Olympics
2266:open water swimming
2077:secondary treatment
1529:sodium hypochlorite
1479:synthetic membranes
1372:Secondary treatment
1348:Secondary treatment
1342:Secondary treatment
1076:anaerobic digestion
1065:Energy requirements
997:feasibility studies
870:Membrane bioreactor
737:Constructed wetland
714:anaerobic digestion
658:Constructed wetland
473:compared to sewage.
265:secondary treatment
8097:Waste minimisation
8042:Cleaner production
7707:Reusable packaging
7620:Mechanical sorting
7423:Construction waste
7135:Energy development
7117:Sustainable energy
7106:water purification
7070:Industrial ecology
6838:Category: Sewerage
6799:Septic drain field
6764:Infiltration basin
6708:Stabilization pond
6628:Facultative lagoon
6492:Quality indicators
6372:Blackwater (waste)
6352:Acid mine drainage
6011:. 26 October 2021.
5967:. 7 September 2021
5454:2014-04-09 at the
5217:. IWA Publishing.
5183:10.3390/su10072380
5049:. IWA Publishing.
4661:10.1007/BF00012776
4463:2011-07-17 at the
4103:. IWA Publishing.
4011:. IWA Publishing.
3476:Environment portal
3344:
2876:Dominican Republic
2431:
2348:
2308:
2223:
2199:ecosystem services
2187:aquatic ecosystems
2058:economies of scale
2025:
2009:
2007:, Washington, D.C.
1863:Phosphorus removal
1850:submersible mixers
1746:
1700:metahemoglobinemia
1673:nutrient pollution
1650:
1467:carbon adsorption,
1447:of a golf course,
1398:effluent polishing
1394:advanced treatment
1389:
1379:Tertiary treatment
1365:
1304:
1230:
1205:
1135:
950:
832:
808:Vermifilter toilet
697:
681:
666:
605:centralized system
442:
356:
285:on-site sanitation
149:blackwater (waste)
128:City, neighborhood
8161:
8160:
8092:Waste legislation
8001:Sanitation worker
7975:London Convention
7911:Bamako Convention
7702:Resource recovery
7670:textile recycling
7665:plastic recycling
7645:battery recycling
7585:Ecological design
7510:Radioactive waste
7340:
7339:
7177:commercialization
6846:
6845:
6623:Extended aeration
6570:Treatment options
6520:Oxygen saturation
6367:Blackwater (coal)
6345:Sources and types
5940:www.eea.europa.eu
5915:www.eea.europa.eu
5872:978-94-007-4204-8
5845:978-0-521-54581-5
5739:978-92-3-100371-4
5700:. 15 October 2019
5551:978-82-7701-075-5
5506:978-92-807-3488-1
5477:Wastewater Digest
5294:. Cambridge, MA:
5288:"Water Pollution"
5273:978-0-471-48494-3
5234:978-1-78040-208-6
5103:: 9781780402086.
5064:978-1-78040-186-7
4960:10.1021/es0627592
4945:(17): 5172–5180.
4604:: 9781780402123.
4575:978-0-07-041675-8
4118:978-1-78040-186-7
4068:978-3-906484-57-0
4026:978-1-78040-186-7
3974:978-1-78040-208-6
3924:978-92-3-100201-4
3869:978-0-07-340118-8
3578:978-81-224-1507-0
3280:In October 2021,
3268:
3267:
2714:
2713:
2364:Water reclamation
2069:settleable solids
2001:belt filter press
1818:Anoxic conditions
1775:) to nitrite (NO
1752:of nitrogen from
1601:) through a high
1525:ultraviolet light
1513:ultraviolet light
1469:removes residual
1294:Primary treatment
1248:Flow equalization
1232:Grit consists of
1138:Non-sewered areas
1057:, etc. to manage
1051:hydrogen peroxide
1016:air contamination
973:Process selection
822:Aeration tank of
793:Composting toilet
779:Facultative ponds
686:toilet wastewater
206:
205:
125:Application level
8206:
8130:
8129:
8120:
8119:
7985:OSPAR Convention
7916:Basel Convention
7727:Waste collection
7717:Sewage treatment
7675:timber recycling
7650:bottle recycling
7630:Reclaimed lumber
7625:Photodegradation
7547:
7465:Industrial waste
7433:Electronic waste
7428:Demolition waste
7408:Biomedical waste
7382:waste management
7367:
7360:
7353:
7344:
7343:
7277:Energy recycling
7198:electric vehicle
7172:Renewable energy
7146:alternative fuel
7096:sewage treatment
7080:Waste management
7043:
6934:Energy recycling
6929:Electric vehicle
6899:Clean technology
6873:
6866:
6859:
6850:
6849:
6835:
6834:
6754:Evaporation pond
6742:Disposal options
6713:Trickling filter
6698:Sewage treatment
6598:Carbon filtering
6578:Activated sludge
6331:
6324:
6317:
6308:
6307:
6288:
6287:
6280:
6274:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6250:
6244:
6238:
6234:
6225:
6221:
6212:
6208:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6184:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6156:
6150:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6123:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6089:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6054:
6040:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6019:
6013:
6012:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5957:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5892:. Archived from
5891:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5773:
5767:. Archived from
5766:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5690:
5684:
5677:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5560:
5554:. Archived from
5543:
5532:
5526:
5517:
5508:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5468:
5462:
5443:
5437:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5298:. 23 July 2013.
5284:
5278:
5277:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5226:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5185:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5112:
5088:
5082:
5079:available online
5076:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5018:
5012:
5011:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4962:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4894:
4884:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4843:
4811:
4805:
4798:
4789:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4731:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4688:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4655:(1–3): 323–331.
4644:
4638:
4637:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4613:
4589:
4580:
4579:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4522:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4500:
4494:
4487:
4468:
4454:
4448:
4434:
4428:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4404:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4350:
4344:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4306:
4300:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4241:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4184:
4174:
4142:
4136:
4133:available online
4130:
4090:
4077:
4076:
4052:
4043:
4038:
4002:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3966:
3942:
3933:
3932:
3931:on 8 April 2017.
3927:. Archived from
3908:
3902:
3897:UN-Water, 2021:
3895:
3882:
3881:
3855:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3749:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3716:
3692:
3653:
3652:
3626:
3594:
3583:
3582:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3536:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3462:More information
2741:
2734:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2604:
2603:
2594:Country Examples
2575:trickling filter
2548:Edward Frankland
2441:was left to the
2421:Global situation
2410:water management
2340:activated sludge
2290:Reuse of excreta
2250:sewage treatment
2205:provided by the
2088:activated sludge
2084:oxidizing agents
1970:activated carbon
1729:Nitrogen removal
1646:activated sludge
1615:
1600:
1589:
1475:Micro filtration
1463:activated carbon
1308:suspended solids
1263:portable toilets
1108:beneficial reuse
1059:hydrogen sulfide
1043:hydrogen sulfide
885:Trickling filter
837:activated sludge
824:activated sludge
774:with sub-types:
673:Trickling filter
528:pumping stations
406:waste management
209:Sewage treatment
173:(for some types)
133:Management level
104:Sewage treatment
101:
100:
65:
56:
45:
36:
8214:
8213:
8209:
8208:
8207:
8205:
8204:
8203:
8199:Water pollution
8164:
8163:
8162:
8157:
8133:Category: Waste
8114:
8106:
8087:Waste hierarchy
8020:
8011:Waste collector
7989:
7980:Oslo Convention
7899:
7751:
7747:Waste-to-energy
7742:Waste treatment
7712:Right to repair
7610:Landfill mining
7595:Illegal dumping
7548:
7539:
7500:Packaging waste
7495:Open defecation
7455:Hazardous waste
7384:
7371:
7341:
7336:
7297:Green computing
7272:Energy recovery
7208:
7140:Energy recovery
7130:Electrification
7111:
7057:Air pollution (
7044:
7035:
6882:
6877:
6847:
6842:
6823:
6789:Reclaimed water
6737:
6663:Reverse osmosis
6564:
6486:
6452:Reverse osmosis
6377:Boiler blowdown
6340:
6335:
6297:
6292:
6291:
6282:
6281:
6277:
6271:40 CFR Part 133
6265:
6261:
6252:
6251:
6247:
6236:
6223:
6210:
6203:
6199:
6186:
6185:
6178:
6168:
6166:
6164:www.jeces.or.jp
6158:
6157:
6153:
6144:
6140:
6130:
6128:
6121:
6115:
6111:
6066:
6062:
6052:
6050:
6042:
6041:
6037:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5991:The Independent
5985:
5984:
5980:
5970:
5968:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5944:
5942:
5934:
5933:
5929:
5919:
5917:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5896:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5873:
5857:
5853:
5846:
5830:
5826:
5816:
5814:
5807:
5791:
5787:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5764:
5758:
5754:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5703:
5701:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5678:
5671:
5661:
5659:
5651:
5650:
5646:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5615:
5613:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5590:
5588:
5578:
5574:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5541:
5533:
5529:
5518:
5511:
5495:
5491:
5481:
5479:
5469:
5465:
5456:Wayback Machine
5444:
5440:
5434:Wayback Machine
5424:
5420:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5395:The Independent
5389:
5388:
5384:
5377:The Independent
5369:
5365:
5352:Blakely, Rhys.
5350:
5346:
5341:. The Guardian.
5337:
5336:
5332:
5324:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5305:
5303:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5274:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5203:
5199:
5162:
5158:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5089:
5085:
5065:
5041:
5037:
5027:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5015:
4980:
4976:
4931:
4927:
4912:
4908:
4861:
4857:
4812:
4808:
4799:
4792:
4783:
4779:
4769:
4767:
4766:. 10 April 2017
4758:
4757:
4753:
4743:
4741:
4733:
4732:
4717:
4707:
4705:
4686:
4680:
4676:
4645:
4641:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4562:
4558:
4548:
4546:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4488:
4471:
4465:Wayback Machine
4455:
4451:
4445:Wayback Machine
4435:
4431:
4422:
4418:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4383:
4381:
4351:
4347:
4338:
4334:
4307:
4303:
4294:
4290:
4267:
4263:
4210:
4206:
4143:
4139:
4119:
4091:
4080:
4069:
4053:
4046:
4027:
4003:
3999:
3975:
3943:
3936:
3925:
3909:
3905:
3896:
3885:
3870:
3856:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3750:
3739:
3693:
3656:
3595:
3586:
3579:
3563:
3559:
3549:
3547:
3546:. 27 April 2018
3538:
3537:
3528:
3523:
3474:
3467:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3430:Clean Water Act
3422:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3352:Delhi Jal Board
3348:
3347:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3296:
3274:
3269:
3264:
2748:
2745:
2715:
2710:
2634:
2631:
2601:
2596:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2537:
2522:
2516:
2500:
2466:water pollution
2423:
2418:
2417:
2397:toilet flushing
2361:
2358:Reclaimed water
2353:
2351:Reclaimed water
2319:
2313:
2292:
2286:
2211:
2210:
2127:Water pollution
2124:
2121:Water pollution
2108:
2103:
2102:
2062:energy recovery
2033:
1993:
1950:pharmaceuticals
1942:
1936:
1896:ferric chloride
1886:, usually with
1865:
1796:
1778:
1774:
1766:denitrification
1764:), followed by
1731:
1712:reverse osmosis
1693:
1638:
1618:ozone generator
1614:
1610:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1584:
1498:
1459:Sand filtration
1421:microfiltration
1381:
1350:
1344:
1296:
1279:
1250:
1218:
1193:
1180:
1171:
1140:
1123:
1117:
1096:
1067:
1055:calcium nitrate
1032:
975:
955:
935:
899:
894:
816:
786:
716:, for example:
651:
583:
578:
577:
554:sanitary sewers
488:
480:
475:
474:
455:
447:
398:water pollution
390:
344:
237:water pollution
219:) is a type of
192:Water pollution
99:
98:
97:
96:
68:
67:
66:
58:
57:
48:
47:
46:
38:
37:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
8212:
8202:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8124:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8105:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8028:
8026:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8006:Street sweeper
8003:
7997:
7995:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7971:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7934:
7933:
7918:
7913:
7907:
7905:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7897:
7892:
7890:United Kingdom
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7761:
7759:
7753:
7752:
7750:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7693:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7680:tire recycling
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7660:land recycling
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7570:Biodegradation
7567:
7562:
7556:
7554:
7550:
7549:
7542:
7540:
7538:
7537:
7532:
7530:Surface runoff
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7441:
7440:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7418:Chemical waste
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7394:
7392:
7386:
7385:
7370:
7369:
7362:
7355:
7347:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7216:
7214:
7210:
7209:
7207:
7206:
7203:hybrid vehicle
7200:
7194:Transportation
7191:
7186:
7185:
7184:
7179:
7169:
7164:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7121:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7109:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7061:
7054:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7038:
7036:
7034:
7033:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6981:
6976:
6974:Sustainability
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6954:Green building
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6919:Eco-innovation
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6890:
6888:
6884:
6883:
6876:
6875:
6868:
6861:
6853:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6840:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6816:
6814:Surface runoff
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6794:Sanitary sewer
6791:
6786:
6784:Marine outfall
6781:
6779:Marine dumping
6776:
6771:
6769:Injection well
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6749:Combined sewer
6745:
6743:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6688:Settling basin
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6583:Aerated lagoon
6580:
6574:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6515:Coliform index
6512:
6507:
6502:
6496:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6457:Sanitary sewer
6454:
6449:
6444:
6442:Produced water
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6387:Combined sewer
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6348:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6334:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6311:
6305:
6304:
6296:
6295:External links
6293:
6290:
6289:
6275:
6259:
6245:
6197:
6176:
6151:
6138:
6109:
6060:
6035:
6014:
5996:
5978:
5952:
5927:
5902:
5878:
5871:
5851:
5844:
5824:
5805:
5785:
5774:on 11 May 2011
5752:
5738:
5711:
5698:World Data Lab
5685:
5669:
5644:
5623:
5598:
5572:
5550:
5527:
5509:
5489:
5463:
5438:
5418:
5400:
5382:
5363:
5344:
5330:
5313:
5279:
5272:
5240:
5233:
5197:
5170:Sustainability
5156:
5138:
5124:
5083:
5063:
5035:
5013:
4974:
4925:
4906:
4855:
4806:
4790:
4777:
4764:Africa Renewal
4751:
4715:
4674:
4639:
4625:
4581:
4574:
4556:
4534:
4509:
4495:
4469:
4449:
4429:
4416:
4391:
4345:
4332:
4321:(7): 283–292.
4301:
4288:
4261:
4218:Water Research
4204:
4137:
4117:
4078:
4067:
4044:
4025:
3997:
3973:
3934:
3923:
3903:
3883:
3868:
3819:
3793:
3764:(2): 237–254.
3737:
3654:
3584:
3577:
3557:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3515:Waste disposal
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3463:
3460:
3443:military bases
3423:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3396:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3336:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3297:
3289:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3226:United Kingdom
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2607:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2583:
2580:
2564:
2563:
2542:microorganisms
2538:
2530:
2515:
2512:
2499:
2498:Global targets
2496:
2422:
2419:
2401:drinking water
2370:or sewage and
2362:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2344:Belo Horizonte
2312:
2309:
2304:Belo Horizonte
2285:
2282:
2207:water resource
2203:drinking water
2125:
2117:
2113:eutrophication
2107:
2104:
2060:may encourage
2034:
2026:
2021:Belo Horizonte
1992:
1989:
1935:
1932:
1864:
1861:
1838:electron donor
1794:
1776:
1772:
1730:
1727:
1696:drinking water
1691:
1685:drinking water
1677:eutrophication
1637:
1634:
1612:
1597:
1586:
1533:Monochloramine
1497:
1494:
1465:, also called
1380:
1377:
1346:Main article:
1343:
1340:
1312:organic matter
1295:
1292:
1278:
1275:
1249:
1246:
1217:
1214:
1192:
1189:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1139:
1136:
1119:Main article:
1116:
1113:
1104:pollutant load
1100:full treatment
1095:
1092:
1066:
1063:
1031:
1028:
974:
971:
954:
951:
946:Belo Horizonte
934:
933:Design aspects
931:
898:
895:
893:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
841:
815:
812:
811:
810:
805:
800:
785:
784:
783:
782:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
734:
733:
732:
727:
722:
706:
677:Belo Horizonte
662:Belo Horizonte
650:
647:
593:on-site system
582:
579:
550:combined sewer
536:sanitary sewer
532:combined sewer
504:surface runoff
496:infrastructure
489:
481:
479:
476:
456:
448:
446:
443:
389:
386:
343:
340:
277:sustainability
257:combined sewer
231:to produce an
204:
203:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
160:
156:
155:
142:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
70:
69:
60:
59:
51:
50:
49:
40:
39:
31:
30:
29:
28:
27:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8211:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8171:
8169:
8154:
8153:Organizations
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8125:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8112:
8109:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8072:Landfill fire
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8023:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7992:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7932:
7929:
7928:
7927:
7924:
7923:
7922:
7921:EU directives
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7902:
7896:
7895:United States
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7758:
7754:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7732:Waste sorting
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7637:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7551:
7546:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7480:Marine debris
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7439:
7436:
7435:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7368:
7363:
7361:
7356:
7354:
7349:
7348:
7345:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7247:
7246:New Classical
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7211:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7051:
7047:
7042:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7020:refurbishment
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:Sustainable (
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6959:Green vehicle
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6924:Ecotechnology
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6874:
6869:
6867:
6862:
6860:
6855:
6854:
6851:
6839:
6830:
6829:
6826:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6740:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6678:Sedimentation
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6567:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6472:Sewage sludge
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6397:Cooling water
6395:
6393:
6392:Cooling tower
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6357:Ballast water
6355:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6332:
6327:
6325:
6320:
6318:
6313:
6312:
6309:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6285:
6279:
6272:
6269:
6263:
6255:
6249:
6242:
6235:
6229:
6222:
6216:
6209:
6201:
6193:
6189:
6183:
6181:
6165:
6161:
6155:
6148:
6142:
6127:
6120:
6113:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6064:
6049:
6045:
6039:
6024:
6018:
6010:
6006:
6000:
5992:
5988:
5982:
5966:
5962:
5956:
5941:
5937:
5931:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5895:
5888:
5882:
5874:
5868:
5864:
5863:
5855:
5847:
5841:
5837:
5836:
5828:
5812:
5808:
5806:9780774841382
5802:
5799:. UBC Press.
5798:
5797:
5789:
5770:
5763:
5760:P.F. Cooper.
5756:
5741:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5722:
5715:
5699:
5695:
5689:
5682:
5676:
5674:
5658:
5654:
5648:
5633:
5627:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5587:
5583:
5576:
5557:
5553:
5547:
5540:
5539:
5531:
5525:
5522:
5516:
5514:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5493:
5478:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5442:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5422:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5378:
5374:
5367:
5359:
5355:
5348:
5340:
5334:
5323:
5317:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5283:
5275:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5244:
5236:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5201:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5160:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5134:
5128:
5120:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5039:
5023:
5017:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4978:
4970:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4929:
4921:
4920:Bioeconomy BW
4917:
4910:
4902:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4797:
4795:
4787:
4781:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4649:Hydrobiologia
4643:
4635:
4629:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4588:
4586:
4577:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4544:
4538:
4519:
4513:
4505:
4499:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4453:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4433:
4426:
4420:
4401:
4395:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4365:(12): 25–32.
4364:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4336:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4292:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4051:
4049:
4042:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4001:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3939:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3907:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3807:
3806:Health topics
3803:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3580:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3561:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3526:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3466:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3434:Point sources
3431:
3427:
3420:
3412:United States
3400:
3393:
3370:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3340:
3333:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3278:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:United States
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2591:
2589:
2576:
2572:
2571:Massachusetts
2568:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2521:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2435:body of water
2427:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2385:surface water
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2225:In 2024, The
2220:
2215:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:surface water
2172:
2168:
2164:
2161:results when
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2041:sewage sludge
2038:
2031:
2022:
2018:
2017:sewage sludge
2013:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1928:sewage sludge
1924:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1884:precipitation
1880:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1762:nitrification
1759:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1642:
1633:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1608:
1604:
1593:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1570:sterilization
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1271:vacuum trucks
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1222:
1213:
1210:
1202:
1197:
1188:
1186:
1175:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1084:sewage sludge
1079:
1077:
1073:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
987:
982:
980:
970:
968:
964:
960:
947:
943:
939:
930:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
840:
838:
829:
825:
820:
809:
806:
804:
801:
798:
794:
791:
790:
789:
780:
776:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
742:
738:
735:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
715:
711:
708:
707:
705:
702:
699:For example,
693:
689:
687:
678:
674:
670:
663:
659:
655:
646:
643:
642:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:
575:
574:public health
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
498:that conveys
497:
493:
486:
472:
468:
464:
461:
453:
438:
434:
432:
428:
427:
422:
419:which can be
418:
417:sewage sludge
413:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
385:
383:
379:
374:
372:
370:
365:
361:
353:
352:Massachusetts
348:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
305:
302:
298:
294:
291:connected to
290:
286:
282:
278:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
201:
200:Public health
197:
193:
190:
186:
183:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:sewage sludge
164:
161:
157:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
64:
55:
44:
35:
24:
16:
8025:Other topics
8016:Waste picker
7943:incineration
7722:Urban mining
7716:
7600:Incineration
7580:Durable good
7525:Sharps waste
7485:Mining waste
7322:Permaculture
7241:New Urbanism
7213:Conservation
7095:
7005:food systems
6990:architecture
6819:Vacuum sewer
6703:Sewer mining
6697:
6653:Ion exchange
6603:Chlorination
6525:Heavy metals
6482:Urban runoff
6422:Ion exchange
6402:Fecal sludge
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3543:
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3161:South Africa
3151:Sierra Leone
3141:Saudi Arabia
2826:Burkina Faso
2697:South Africa
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2526:sewage farms
2523:
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2451:
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2270:water sports
2262:
2249:
2242:The Guardian
2239:
2231:Chris Whitty
2224:
2163:contaminants
2131:water bodies
2109:
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2054:incineration
2035:
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1943:
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1826:sand filters
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1782:Nitrosomonas
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1681:algal blooms
1670:
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1567:
1561:, and other
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1544:carcinogenic
1539:Chlorination
1537:
1501:Disinfection
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1481:are used in
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1267:fecal sludge
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1251:
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1226:Juiz de Fora
1216:Grit removal
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1181:
1172:
1159:septic tanks
1156:
1148:pit latrines
1144:septic tanks
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289:septic tanks
279:aspects. In
273:
261:urban runoff
225:contaminants
216:
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8047:Downcycling
7994:Occupations
7963:waste water
7860:Switzerland
7850:South Korea
7840:New Zealand
7765:Afghanistan
7737:Waste trade
7697:Repurposing
7535:Toxic waste
7515:Scrap metal
7450:Green waste
7413:Brown waste
7390:Major types
7257:Ecoforestry
7015:procurement
7000:development
6985:agriculture
6809:Storm drain
6804:Sewage farm
6728:Vermifilter
6683:Septic tank
6643:Imhoff tank
6540:Temperature
6447:Return flow
6437:Papermaking
6131:17 November
5778:21 December
5565:26 December
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4826:: 732–740.
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3812:23 February
3445:, and some
3439:storm sewer
3166:South Sudan
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3076:New Zealand
3071:Netherlands
2891:El Salvador
2756:Afghanistan
2582:Regulations
2439:human waste
2389:groundwater
2317:Sewage farm
2278:River Seine
2183:degradation
2179:groundwater
2155:groundwater
2080:bioreactors
1800:Nitrobacter
1708:water reuse
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1490:macrophytes
1417:coral reefs
1356:Simplified
915:leach field
830:, Australia
799:in general)
797:dry toilets
767:Vermifilter
762:Sand filter
730:Imhoff tank
725:Septic tank
591:or even an
568:event or a
544:environment
342:Terminology
326:as well as
324:solid waste
320:human waste
301:vermifilter
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2323:irrigation
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2311:Irrigation
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1687:supplies.
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7327:Recycling
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2682:Palestine
2443:ecosystem
2346:, Brazil
2268:or other
2235:waterways
2159:pollution
2023:, Brazil)
1958:genotoxic
1956:effects,
1750:oxidation
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1203:, Brazil)
1201:SĂŁo Paulo
1191:Screening
919:fish pond
632:extensive
624:intensive
516:rainwater
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426:biosolids
358:The term
153:greywater
120:Treatment
79:STP near
8189:Sewerage
8143:Journals
7958:vehicles
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7870:Tanzania
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4549:27 March
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3641:37385512
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3111:Paraguay
3096:Pakistan
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2306:, Brazil
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2157:. Water
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1521:chlorine
1449:greenway
1411:such as
1375:sewage.
1321:primary
1061:levels.
1047:chlorine
1001:kinetics
948:, Brazil
911:soak pit
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679:, Brazil
664:, Brazil
609:sewerage
524:manholes
492:Sewerage
485:Sewerage
394:effluent
253:sewerage
233:effluent
163:Effluent
7810:Georgia
7785:Belgium
7775:Armenia
7770:Albania
7231:natural
7151:biofuel
7084:Water (
7059:control
6887:General
6462:Septage
6233:Pub. L.
6220:Pub. L.
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6028:19 July
5745:20 June
5028:13 June
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3282:British
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3026:Liberia
3021:Lesotho
3016:Lebanon
2986:Jamaica
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2911:Germany
2906:Georgia
2881:Ecuador
2871:Denmark
2811:Bolivia
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2761:Algeria
2672:Morocco
2662:Ireland
2552:Croydon
2514:History
2246:cholera
2003:at the
1978:laccase
1917:zeolite
1842:sulfide
1791:nitroso
1787:nitroso
1758:nitrate
1754:ammonia
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562:manhole
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299:(OSS),
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3136:Rwanda
3131:Russia
3106:Panama
3046:Mexico
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2996:Jordan
2976:Israel
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2921:Greece
2901:France
2836:Canada
2821:Brazil
2806:Bhutan
2796:Belize
2766:Angola
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2667:Jordan
2376:reused
2254:sewage
2167:sewage
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1039:septic
1012:vector
520:drains
500:sewage
402:reused
229:sewage
171:biogas
145:Sewage
141:Inputs
136:Public
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8148:Lists
8138:Index
7865:Syria
7830:Japan
7820:India
7805:Egypt
7378:waste
7221:green
6382:Brine
6241:100–4
6122:(PDF)
6100:S2CID
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5559:(PDF)
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4123:S2CID
4031:S2CID
3645:S2CID
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3362:Japan
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2991:Japan
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6171:2021
6133:2020
6092:ISSN
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6030:2009
5973:2022
5947:2022
5922:2022
5867:ISBN
5840:ISBN
5819:2013
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