376:
231:
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465:, we seem to see a gigantic candle burning above Moscow. The Kremlin cathedrals and churches, with their multiple domes, look like huge chandeliers. The onion shape results from the idea of prayer as a soul burning towards heaven, which connects the earthly world with the treasures of the afterlife. Every attempt to explain the onion shape of our church domes by utilitarian considerations (for instance, the need to preclude snow from piling on the roof) fails to account for the most essential point, that of aesthetic significance of onion domes for our religion. Indeed, there are numerous other ways to achieve the same utilitarian result, e.g., spires, steeples, cones. Why, of all these shapes, ancient Russian architecture settled upon the onion dome? Because the aesthetic impression produced by the onion dome matched a certain religious attitude. The meaning of this religious and aesthetic feeling is finely expressed by a folk saying - "glowing with fervour" - when they speak about church domes.
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resembling the helmet instead of an onion. His findings led him to dismiss fragments of helmet domes discovered by restorators beneath modern onion domes as post-Petrine stylisations intended to reproduce the familiar forms of
Byzantine cupolas. Zagraevsky also indicated that the oldest depictions of the two Vladimir cathedrals represent them as having onion domes, prior to their replacement by classicizing helmet domes. He explains the ubiquitous appearance of onion domes in the late thirteenth century by the general emphasis on verticality characteristic of
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traditional
Russian crosses, which are much larger and more elaborate than those used in Byzantium and Kievan Rus. Such ponderous crosses would have been easily toppled, if they had not been fixed to sizeable stones traditionally placed inside the elongated domes of Russian churches. It is impossible to place such a stone inside the flat dome of the Byzantine type.
972:
230:
403:, who studied pre-Mongol Russian architecture, seconded his opinion that onion domes existed in Russia as early as the thirteenth century. These findings demonstrated that Russian onion domes could not be imported from the Orient, where onion domes did not replace spherical domes until the fifteenth century.
419:
from the late twelfth to early fifteenth centuries. At that time, porches, pilasters, vaults and drums were arranged to create a vertical thrust, to make the church seem taller than it was. Another consideration proposed by
Zagraevsky links the onion-shaped form of Russian domes with the weight of
266:
were characterized by broader, flatter domes without a special framework erected above the drum. In contrast to this ancient form, each drum of a
Russian church is surmounted by a special structure of metal or timber, which is lined with sheet iron or tiles, while the onion architecture is mostly
460:
The
Byzantine cupola above the church represents the vault of heaven above the earth. On the other hand, the Gothic spire expresses unbridled vertical thrust, which rises huge masses of stone to the sky. In contrast to these, our native onion dome may be likened to a tongue of fire, crowned by a
414:
and miniatures, from the eleventh century onward. He concluded that most icons painted after the Mongol invasion of Rus display only onion domes. The first onion domes appeared on some pictures from the twelfth century. He found only one icon from the late fifteenth century displaying a dome
450:
Prior to the eighteenth century, the
Russian Orthodox Church did not assign any particular symbolism to the exterior shape of a church. Nevertheless, onion domes are popularly believed to symbolise burning candles. In 1917, religious philosopher Prince
455:
argued that the onion shape of
Russian church domes may not be explained rationally. According to Trubetskoy, drums crowned by tapering domes were deliberately scored to resemble candles, thus manifesting a certain aesthetic and religious attitude.
322:βdisplay golden helmet domes. Restoration work on several other ancient churches has revealed some fragments of former helmet-like domes below newer onion cupolas. It has been posited that onion domes first appeared in Russia during the reign of
767:
46:
1323:Π. Π. Π ΡΠ±Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ². Β«ΠΠΊΠ½Π° Π² ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡ (ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Π. Π. ΠΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Β«ΠΡΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΒ»). Π ΠΊΠ½.: ΠΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ. ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΠΠ£. ΠΡΠΏ. IV. Π., 1946. Π‘. 50.
250:. The curved onion style appeared in Russian architecture as early as the 13th century. But still several theories exist that the Russian onion shape was influenced by countries from the Orient, like
922:
359:, whose conquest in 1552 Ivan the Terrible commemorated by erecting St. Basil's Cathedral. Some scholars believe that onion domes first appeared in Russian wooden architecture above
612:
1250:
1122:
278:. A number of these had more complicated bud-shaped domes, whose form derived from Baroque models of the late seventeenth century. Pear-shaped domes are usually associated with
898:
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The domes are often brightly painted: their colors may informally symbolise different aspects of religion. Green, blue, and gold domes are sometimes held to represent the
1305:
A. Π. ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° Π³Π»Π°Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ΠΉ. Π ΠΊΠ½.: ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π°ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ. Π’ΡΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². Π’. III. Moscow, 1909.
1071:
399:
of ancient
Russian chronicles, pointed out that most of them, from the thirteenth century onward, display churches with onion domes rather than helmet domes.
2075:
41:
1345:Π. Π. ΠΠ°Π³Π½Π΅Ρ. Π ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΡΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π ΡΡΠΈ (Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅). Π ΠΊΠ½.: ΠΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ. ΠΡΠΏ. 38. Π., 1995. Π‘. 25.
1314:Π. Π. ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ½. ΠΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ (Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°). Π ΠΊΠ½.: Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΏ. XIX. Π., 1954. Π‘. 73.
723:
400:
1707:
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498:, the first to record this interpretation, disapproved of it emphatically. He believed that the five-domed design of churches was propagated by
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218:-era mosaics show buildings with bulbous domes. An early prototype of onion dome also appeared in Chehel Dokhter, a mid-11th century
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of 1237-1242 do not feature churches with onion domes. Two highly venerated pre-Mongol churches that have been rebuiltβthe
235:
667:, which incorporated onion shaped dome. The shape of the dome has been used in numerous mosques in Indonesia since then.
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Onion domes often appear in groups of three, representing the Holy
Trinity, or five, representing Jesus Christ and the
396:
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1260:
1132:
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1870:
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1336:. Published in Russian: Π‘. Π. ΠΠ°Π³ΡΠ°Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ. Π€ΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π³Π»Π°Π² (ΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ) Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ
ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ². Π.: ΠΠ»Π΅Π²-Π, 2008.
101:(drum) upon which they sit, and their height usually exceeds their width. They taper smoothly upwards to a point.
2954:
2944:
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1432:
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434:
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1385:Π. Π. ΠΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ²ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΉ. Π ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³Π»Π°Π². // ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΡ. Moscow, 1990.
536:
2867:
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1771:
160:
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2847:
2826:
2699:
2087:
1931:
1823:
480:
315:
172:
148:. However, old buildings outside Russia usually lack the construction typical of the Russian onion design.
267:
very curved. Russian architecture used the dome shape not only for churches but also for other buildings.
2959:
1848:
803:
622:
546:
416:
187:
502:, who liked to compare the central and highest dome with himself and four lateral domes with four other
2250:
1632:
1078:
334:
307:
263:
17:
363:. According to this theory, they were strictly utilitarian, as they prevented snow from piling on the
274:
had bulbous domes. The largest onion domes were erected in the seventeenth century in the area around
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1833:
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660:
462:
219:
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Another explanation has it that the onion dome was originally regarded as a form reminiscent of the
2800:
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2009:
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2158:
1858:
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109:
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2347:
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259:
1818:
1177:"The Introduction of the Bulbous Dome into Gothic Architecture and Its Subsequent Development"
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1956:
1914:
1894:
779:
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2653:
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8:
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1884:
1863:
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1404:
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644:
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542:
76:
517:, respectively. Black ball-shaped domes were once popular in the snowy north of Russia.
1838:
1276:
1204:
1001:
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domes in the shape of an onion (or other vegetables or flower-buds) were common in the
429:
2608:
2020:
1717:
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1128:
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105:
802:. Onion domes were also a favourite of 20th-century Austrian architectural designer
506:
of the
Orthodox world. There is no other evidence that Nikon ever held such a view.
35:
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It is not completely clear when and why onion domes became a typical feature of
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According to Wolfgang Born, the onion dome has its origin in Syria, where some
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1367:// ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ. XVI - Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ XVIII Π²Π². Moscow, 1989.
2938:
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1376:Π. Π. Π’ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ. Π’ΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅. 1917. ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΊ, 1991. Π‘. 10.
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By the end of the nineteenth century, most Russian churches from before the
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1365:Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ XI-XVII Π²Π².
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348:), indicating the presence of onion domes in sixteenth-century Russia.
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Umayyad mosaic showing a building with an onion dome-like appearance
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Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places
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Some scholars postulate that the Russians adopted onion domes from
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1994:
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Stealing from the Saracens: How Islamic Architecture Shaped Europe
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826:
791:
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125:
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2436:
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2138:
1732:
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1672:
1622:
1399:
952:
885:
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577:
282:, while cone-shaped domes are typical for Orthodox churches of
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1979:
1742:
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1637:
1627:
1602:
1222:
Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (2014-03-05).
1008:
956:
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380:
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129:
94:
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2505:
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2255:
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1702:
1667:
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1441:
683:
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364:
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90:
72:
1019:, also features onion domes on the roof of the structure.
1410:
461:
cross and tapering towards a cross. When we look at the
370:
1354:Π. Π. Π Π°ΠΏΠΏΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°. Π‘ΠΠ±, 1993.
258:, with whom Russia has had lengthy cultural exchange.
1221:
337:
have not been altered since the reign of Ivan's son
659:. At the end of the 19th century, the Dutch-built
132:. Buildings with onion domes are also found in the
97:. Such domes are often larger in diameter than the
1252:Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science
1124:Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science
1334:Forms of the domes of the ancient Russian temples
864:Traditional construction and copper cladding, in
2936:
768:Convent of the Franciscan Sisters of Maria Stern
759:as well. The first one was built in 1576 by the
747:
1779:
1426:
289:
190:in Kyiv) or an onion-helmet mixture like the
541:The onion dome was also used extensively in
1275:
440:St. Simeon of the Wonderful Mountain Church
1786:
1772:
1433:
1419:
225:
1793:
884:Inside the dome during construction, in
494:. Domes standing alone represent Jesus.
433:
374:
293:
229:
205:
1107:
387:have as many as twenty-five onion domes
112:. There are similar buildings in other
14:
2937:
928:Santa Sofia church in San Vero Milis,
298:Onion domes of Saint Basil's Cathedral
1767:
1414:
1248:
1147:
1120:
964:
1174:
638:
371:Indigenous Russian origin hypothesis
55:, Russia founded in the 14th century
978:Cupola of St. Athanasius Church in
545:, which later went on to influence
24:
2822:Influences on Western architecture
520:
25:
2976:
1392:
1282:Russian architecture and the West
766:(1512β1594) on the church of the
549:. It is also a common feature in
438:Group of three blue domes at the
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151:Other types of Eastern Orthodox
60:
34:
2791:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
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343:
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116:countries, and occasionally in
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1255:. Royal Society of Chemistry.
1242:
1215:
1168:
1141:
1127:. Royal Society of Chemistry.
1114:
537:History of domes in South Asia
13:
1:
778:sheet, onion domes appear on
748:Western and Central countries
729:Pagoda of Chongjue Temple in
530:
410:surveyed hundreds of Russian
2883:Sudano-Sahelian architecture
481:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
423:
316:Cathedral of Saint Demetrius
159:(for example, those of the
7:
1154:. Oxford University Press.
1148:Darke, Diana (2020-12-15).
1090:
1085:, USA), domes since removed
908:cathedral's bell tower, in
804:Friedensreich Hundertwasser
782:churches all over southern
623:Indo-Saracenic architecture
547:Indo-Saracenic architecture
417:Russian church architecture
222:in Damghan region of Iran.
104:It is a typical feature of
10:
2981:
2251:Islamic geometric patterns
595:Gilded onion domes of the
534:
427:
290:Oriental origin hypothesis
264:architecture of Kievan Rus
236:Church of the Resurrection
201:
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2783:
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2685:Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)
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2064:
2002:
1991:
1972:
1965:
1801:
1590:
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1448:
1440:
1285:. Yale University Press.
742:
680:Baiturrahman Grand Mosque
661:Baiturrahman Grand Mosque
463:Ivan the Great Bell Tower
93:whose shape resembles an
2801:Museum with No Frontiers
1032:World's Only Corn Palace
998:World's Only Corn Palace
949:San Lazzaro degli Armeni
651:and other places in the
557:, and sometimes seen in
2912:Architecture portal
1363:Π. Π. ΠΡΡΠ΅Π²Π°-ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°.
1175:Born, Wolfgang (1944).
525:
513:, the Holy Spirit, and
335:Saint Basil's Cathedral
308:Mongol invasion of Rus'
226:In Russian architecture
110:Russian Orthodox church
75:(India), an example of
2955:Architecture in Russia
2945:Architectural elements
2817:Indo-Saracenic Revival
2217:(multicoloured ashlar)
819:Saint Leonard's Church
473:
447:
388:
299:
243:
211:
2554:Congregational mosque
2012:(four-arch structure)
1598:Air conditioning unit
647:, it is also used in
458:
437:
406:Modern art historian
378:
297:
233:
209:
2878:Ottoman architecture
2868:Moorish architecture
2863:Islamic architecture
2858:Iranian architecture
2281:Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
2135:(or mΓΌezzin mahfili)
1795:Islamic architecture
1407:at Wikimedia Commons
1249:Block, Eric (2010).
1121:Block, Eric (2010).
1108:Notes and references
355:, possibly from the
312:Assumption Cathedral
302:Supposedly, Russian
248:Russian architecture
2915: •
2902: •
2888:Yemeni architecture
2873:Mughal architecture
2853:Berber architecture
2848:Arabic architecture
2512:Salsabil (fountain)
2246:Islamic calligraphy
1097:List of roof shapes
645:Indian subcontinent
559:Rajput architecture
543:Mughal architecture
479:(cubiculum) in the
470:Evgenii Troubetzkoy
453:Evgenii Troubetzkoy
391:In 1946, historian
379:Wooden churches in
306:painted before the
234:Onion domes at the
220:Seljuk architecture
192:St Sophia Cathedral
173:St Sophia Cathedral
161:Dormition Cathedral
128:, and northeastern
77:Mughal architecture
42:Avraamiev Monastery
2960:Russian inventions
2589:Kuttab (or maktab)
1332:S. V. Zagraevsky.
1277:Shvidkovsky, D. S.
1002:tourist attraction
965:Southern countries
774:. Usually made of
553:, particularly in
448:
430:Symbolism of domes
395:, while analysing
389:
361:tent-like churches
300:
260:Byzantine churches
244:
212:
188:St Andrew's Church
2932:
2931:
2779:
2778:
2535:
2534:
2522:Shading Umbrellas
2306:Stucco decoration
2206:For overview, see
2021:Four-centred arch
1761:
1760:
1403:Media related to
1292:978-0-300-10912-2
1235:978-1-134-25993-9
1161:978-1-78738-510-8
842:St. Mary's Church
757:Holy Roman Empire
639:Elsewhere in Asia
619:Madras High Court
551:Sikh architecture
408:Sergey Zagraevsky
324:Ivan the Terrible
280:Ukrainian Baroque
216:Umayyad Caliphate
108:belonging to the
16:(Redirected from
2972:
2925:Islam portal
2923:
2922:
2921:
2910:
2909:
2544:
2543:
2209:Islamic ornament
2088:South Asian dome
2016:Discharging arch
1997:
1970:
1969:
1814:Anatolian Seljuk
1788:
1781:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1585:
1523:Half-hipped roof
1435:
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1421:
1412:
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1077:Fuller Block in
1074:
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1028:
975:
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925:
901:
881:
861:
838:
815:
726:
699:
676:
621:, an example of
615:
592:
582:Punjab, Pakistan
570:
496:Vasily Tatischev
492:Four Evangelists
471:
357:Khanate of Kazan
353:Muslim countries
347:
346: 1584β1598
345:
333:). The domes of
332:
331: 1533β1584
330:
114:Eastern European
64:
50:
38:
21:
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2827:Moorish Revival
2805:
2775:
2741:Albarrana tower
2729:
2658:
2645:in modern Iran)
2559:Dar al-Muwaqqit
2531:
2482:(fountain type)
2467:
2461:
2424:
2418:
2409:Reflecting pool
2404:Persian gardens
2399:Paradise garden
2367:
2344:(entrance hall)
2315:
2271:Nagash painting
2193:
2115:
2109:
2060:
2031:Lambrequin arch
1998:
1989:
1961:
1932:Sudano-Sahelian
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500:Patriarch Nikon
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1187:(2): 208β221.
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118:Western Europe
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764:Johannes Holl
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386:
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2916:
2903:
2900:Islamic arts
2680:Caravanserai
2205:
2159:Loudspeakers
2084:Persian dome
2079:
2046:Pointed arch
1844:Indo-Islamic
1834:Great Seljuk
1738:Solar panels
1653:Hanging beam
1548:Rhombic roof
1538:Mansard roof
1532:
1518:Gambrel roof
1493:Conical roof
1381:
1372:
1364:
1359:
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1281:
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1123:
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1040:South Dakota
1017:South Dakota
995:
992:The Americas
751:
657:Central Asia
643:Outside the
642:
540:
511:Holy Trinity
508:
489:
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269:
245:
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183:
168:
157:helmet domes
156:
150:
103:
86:
84:
27:Type of roof
2527:Windcatcher
2508:(courtyard)
2261:Mosque lamp
2241:Girih tiles
2198:Decorations
2076:Arabic dome
1748:Weathervane
1723:Roof window
1693:Roof garden
1688:Roof batten
1618:Collar beam
1573:Tented roof
1558:Saddle roof
1553:Ridged roof
1513:Gablet roof
1473:Bochka roof
1463:Barrel roof
1458:Arched roof
1450:Roof shapes
1405:Onion domes
1079:Springfield
1063:Mississippi
788:Czech lands
653:Middle East
146:Middle East
136:regions of
124:(Germany),
45: [
2939:Categories
2810:Influences
2725:Well house
2496:Mashrabiya
2144:Hussainiya
2080:Onion dome
1871:Indonesian
1859:Qutb Shahi
1753:Wind brace
1718:Roof truss
1713:Roof tiles
1703:Roof ridge
1683:Ridge vent
1643:Green roof
1533:Onion dome
1508:Gable roof
1488:Clerestory
1468:Board roof
1006:basketball
904:Cupola of
823:Mittersill
631:Tamil Nadu
597:Akal Takht
555:Gurudwaras
535:See also:
531:South Asia
504:patriarchs
397:miniatures
318:, both in
169:pear domes
144:, and the
142:South Asia
87:onion dome
18:Onion Dome
2784:Resources
2547:Religious
2517:Shabestan
2475:Hypostyle
2457:Shadirvan
2226:Arabesque
2149:Imamzadeh
2114:Religious
2094:Semi-dome
2041:Ogee arch
2010:Chahartaq
1973:Materials
1900:Almoravid
1875:Malaysian
1568:Shed roof
1503:Flat roof
1201:0038-7134
761:architect
688:Indonesia
665:Indonesia
663:in Aceh,
561:as well.
485:Jerusalem
446:, Germany
424:Symbolism
276:Yaroslavl
184:bud domes
99:tholobate
69:Taj Mahal
2898:Part of
2734:Military
2670:Baradari
2663:Civilian
2486:Jharokha
2447:Mechouar
2384:Charbagh
2327:Andaruni
2301:Socarrat
2266:Muqarnas
2164:Maqsurah
2056:Vaulting
1985:Tadelakt
1966:Elements
1915:Zayyanid
1895:Aghlabid
1728:Skylight
1698:Roofline
1633:Flashing
1608:Catslide
1528:Hip roof
1478:Bow roof
1279:(2007).
1181:Speculum
1091:See also
1055:Longwood
1036:Mitchell
1013:Mitchell
930:Sardinia
910:Sardinia
906:Oristano
796:Sardinia
780:Catholic
772:Augsburg
731:Shandong
715:Malaysia
601:Amritsar
477:aedicula
468:β
339:Fyodor I
320:Vladimir
314:and the
240:Kostroma
196:Novgorod
165:Vladimir
155:include
134:Oriental
106:churches
2832:MudΓ©jar
2796:ArchNet
2746:AlcΓ‘zar
2619:Musalla
2604:Maqbara
2594:Madrasa
2584:KΓΌlliye
2579:Khanqah
2569:Gongbei
2468:cooling
2466:Passive
2432:Chhatri
2425:objects
2423:Outdoor
2372:Gardens
2348:Mirador
2286:Shabaka
2276:Qashani
2231:Banna'i
2174:Minaret
2116:objects
2106:(eaves)
2104:Chhajja
2051:Squinch
1952:Umayyad
1947:Timurid
1937:Swahili
1922:Ottoman
1905:Almohad
1890:Moorish
1880:Iranian
1849:Bengali
1829:Fatimid
1824:Chinese
1819:Ayyubid
1809:Abbasid
1613:Chimney
1209:2849071
1102:Giboshi
1059:Natchez
890:Germany
870:Germany
850:Germany
827:Austria
792:Austria
784:Germany
753:Baroque
633:, India
627:Chennai
444:Dresden
385:Vytegra
202:History
181:Baroque
179:), and
153:cupolas
138:Central
126:Austria
122:Bavaria
2756:Kasbah
2705:Kasbah
2695:Hammam
2690:Ghorfa
2675:Bazaar
2654:Zawiya
2643:takyeh
2614:Mosque
2564:Dargah
2491:Kucheh
2437:Eidgah
2363:Zenana
2311:Zellij
2296:Sitara
2291:Shamsa
2179:Minbar
2169:Mihrab
2154:Kiswah
2139:Gonbad
2003:Arches
1957:Yemeni
1927:Somali
1910:Hafsid
1885:Mamluk
1864:Mughal
1854:Deccan
1802:Styles
1733:Soffit
1678:Rafter
1673:Purlin
1648:Gutter
1623:Dormer
1289:
1259:
1232:
1207:
1199:
1158:
1131:
1065:, USA)
1042:, USA)
953:Venice
886:Munich
866:Munich
846:Munich
776:copper
743:Europe
578:Lahore
256:Persia
242:(1652)
2950:Domes
2771:Ribat
2766:Qalat
2751:Amsar
2710:Mahal
2649:TΓΌrbe
2639:Takya
2634:Surau
2629:Rauza
2624:Qubba
2609:Mazar
2599:Maqam
2540:Types
2452:Sebil
2342:Liwan
2332:Harem
2320:Rooms
2236:Girih
2221:Alfiz
2215:Ablaq
2189:Zarih
2184:Qibla
2133:Dikka
2128:Bedug
2123:Anaza
2099:Tajug
2065:Roofs
1980:Qadad
1942:Tatar
1839:Hausa
1743:Spire
1658:Joist
1638:Gable
1628:Eaves
1603:Attic
1442:Roofs
1205:JSTOR
1057:, in
1009:arena
980:Selci
957:Italy
951:from
934:Italy
914:Italy
844:, in
800:Italy
735:China
711:Perak
682:from
515:Jesus
412:icons
381:Kizhi
304:icons
252:India
130:Italy
95:onion
89:is a
49:]
2761:Ksar
2720:Souq
2641:(or
2506:Sahn
2480:Howz
2442:Fina
2414:Riad
2379:Bagh
2358:Qaβa
2353:Hosh
2337:Iwan
2256:Jali
2072:Dome
1668:Loft
1498:Dome
1287:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1230:ISBN
1197:ISSN
1156:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1004:and
1000:, a
996:The
794:and
684:Aceh
655:and
649:Iran
526:Asia
383:and
365:roof
262:and
254:and
177:Kyiv
140:and
91:dome
73:Agra
67:The
1189:doi
1034:in
1011:in
821:in
770:in
705:in
625:in
599:in
576:in
483:in
442:in
194:in
175:in
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2941::
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2082:/
2078:/
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344:r.
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912:(
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829:)
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