742:
29:
1905:, pp. 294–295: "Its roots go back to 1971 when Kim Chong-il was guiding the filming of 'Destiny of a Self Defense Force Member.' nder young Kim's guidance the entire filming, which normally would have taken a whole year, was completed in only 40 days. The speed battle concept was introduced into the economic sector in late 1973 and early 1974 As one of Kim Chong-il's major innovations, the speed battle symbol is intimately associated with him and has lost none of its vitality since its introduction in late 1973. In mid-1979 speed battle was given virtually coequal status with the Kim Il-song-inspired Ch'ollima Movement"
343:
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emphasizes truly independent individuals who are capable of transforming society. The seed theory has become essential to North Korean film theory. It seeks to direct all artistic creation through a single ideological foundation, or "seed". In an individual work, the seed is the synthesis of its subject matter and idea and the basis of its propaganda message. These ideas complement the themes of nationalistic form and socialist content of films. Many ideas presented in the book are justifications for the creation of
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769:. Whatever change there was in North Korean cinema, can be attributed to political and economic pressures. Instead of contributing anything new, the work reformulates Kim Il Sung's ideas about the importance of film to art and as a propaganda tool. Rather than the theoretical breakthrough it is taught as, it is an account of Kim Jong Il's personal experiences in the film industry and an attempt to thwart the "sloppiness and thoughtlessness" he had encountered.
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done through a single ideological foundation, or "seed", the resulting cinema is whole. This makes all members of a creative team work for a single goal, in spite of differences in the personalities or focus of the individual members. The director's task is to prevent anything "foreign" to the seed itself from entering cinema. Thus, the seed is the fundamental consciousness underlying artistic creativity.
765:
specialist audience of professional filmmakers Kim is writing for. Films from before and after the publication of the treatise are remarkably similar, suggesting that it had little impact on North Korean film industry in practice. Many traits of contemporary North Korean cinema, such as repetitiveness, slow editing style, and old theatrical acting, go against the teachings of
556:. No "negative people" who would disagree with the party's policies can exist. Depicting conflicts within North Korean society in film could be considered being critical of the regime. When historical themes are depicted, traditions should be portrayed selectively to support present ideological needs, purged of "feudal ideologies" of traditional tales and legends.
662:
It has been called a "strange concept", a method of coercing artists to follow the party line, and a means of canceling out individual creativity; Kim Jong Il equates a film with a living organism, noting that in this analogy the seed is its kernel. The idea is that, if all artistic interpretation is
450:
The cinema occupies an important place in the overall development of art and literature. As such it is a powerful ideological weapon for the revolution and construction. Therefore, concentrating efforts on the cinema, making breakthroughs and following up success in all areas of art and literature is
1597:
With conflict in art being 'the reflection of the class struggle in life,' class conflict must thus predominantly be described as a past and external phenomenon, apropos of the socialist realist theory of conflictlessness. Neglecting the mandatory depiction would be perceived as if the authors were
764:
The work is considered the most authoritative guide on filmmaking in North Korea. However, the real extent of its influence is doubted. According to
Johannes Schönherr, the work offers little new to North Korean cinema, and many of the ideas presented are unoriginal and obvious, particularly to the
528:
presents two major theories: the theory of literature as "humanics" and the "seed theory". Both are considered justifications for the party's control over artistic creation. Other ideas developed by the treatise are the so-called "modeling theory" and "speed campaign". Compliance with these
304:
The book sets forth several original theories, which can be applied to the practices of filmmaking, the arts, and beyond. Of these the theory of literature as "humanics" and the "seed theory" are the most important ones. Humanics centers on the question of a good and worthy life. In art, it
962:. Three speeches that were not included in the English editions – "Some Problems Arising in the Creation of Masterpieces" (1968), "Let Us Create More Revolutionary Films Based on Socialist Life" (1970), and "On the Ideological and Artistic Characteristics of the Masterpiece,
666:
In more concrete terms, the seed is the basis of the propaganda message of the film: "a strong, convincing idea of what to tell". The seed synthesizes the subject matter and the idea of a work, thus providing both the form and content. In this capacity, it fuses together the
694:
The seed theory became influential in the literary circles of North Korea and writers sought to backtrack the seeds in classics preceding Kim's treatise. In addition to questions of art, the seed theory was adopted to a wider range of industrial and economic activities.
729:(1979–1981) was produced by following the speed campaign principle. Each film took just 45 days to produce. Subsequently, speed campaigns have been carried out not only in art, but also economic matters. It was thought of as equally important with Kim Il Sung's
1048:, the seed theory appears to predate the treatise. An official biography of Kim Jong-il explains that Kim spoke of the seed theory throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s, but at that time "officials could not understand what this strange term 'seed' meant".
676:
revolves around the choice facing the main character, Gap Ryong: to perish under oppression or sacrificing one's self for the revolution. Its seed could be summarized as "whether or not Gap Ryong participates in the revolutionary movement, he dies".
436:. Kim had worked in the government arts administration for almost ten years by this time. He then wrote a series of essays based on speeches he had given to directors and screenwriters over the preceding five years, and published it as
28:
703:
According to the "modeling theory", liberation struggles should be portrayed so as to combine national and class struggle. This is achieved through idolizing portrayal of the North Korean people and by producing role-models.
819:. By authoring the work, Kim Jong Il gained social and political power. He secured his father's confidence, thus making succession possible. Kim Jong Il continued to write on the arts until the 1990s and published treatises
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literary theory concepts of "material", "theme" and "thought". The film should contribute to the ruling ideology and employ esthetics and storytelling that support the propaganda message. For example, the seed of film
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772:
Kim himself considered his treatise a failure. Films it had contributed to were enjoyed at home, but abroad they were ridiculed. North Korean cinema could not compete with the quality of foreign, and in particular
715:) calls for rapid production of films. According to Kim Jong Il, by producing films as fast as possible, the overall revolutionary process is expedited. The origins of the speed campaign are in the shooting of
572:) developed by Kim Jong Il establishes that literature exists within the human domain. A key theme of humanics is the question of good and worthy life, allowing for propagandist and moralistic art. The idea of
3020:
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The practice of positioning Kim Il-sung as the disseminator of national culture was consolidated into 'seed theory' by the North Korean cultural bureau. 'Seed theory' appeared in 1972 in North Korea's
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on North Korean filmmaking is disputed. Films from before and after the publication of the treatise are similar in style and many contemporary films breach various rules laid out in the treatise.
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ideology to questions of film, literature and art. According to Kim, "revolutionizing" cinema is a means of revolutionizing the whole of art and literature and exposing society to the
959:
928:
378:, an important annual film conference. After he had ordered the entire conference archive to be destroyed, Kim urged participants to be exclusively concerned with the teachings of
516:, acting, performance, score music, the screen, camerawork, costumes, make-up, and props. Of particular importance are themes of directing and producing as the driving forces of
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761:"turgid, whimsical and clunky". David-West, however, points out that the work shows "some understanding of the constructive elements of the literary text".
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Films should be realistic, which is possible only when the filmmakers have lived with the popular masses, much like the ideal of the revolutionaries of the
3393:
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749:. Although the book is considered the highest authority on cinema in North Korea, it is unclear whether it has actually changed filmmaking practices.
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and no real conflicts exist to be portrayed in cinema, bar historical and external ones. This can be seen as a reassertion of the
Stalinist
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as comprehensive, original and "supported by impeccable logic", Whitney
Mallett calls it boring and repetitive. Anna Broinowski calls
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is mandatory reading for North Korean students of literature. North Korean filmmakers must also study the work, or even memorize it.
580:
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1511:
611:. According to Kim, "humanics literature" gives emphasis to the development of truly independent individuals as called for by the
4191:
808:, where they were supposed to negotiate a deal for a sequel. The couple used the opportunity to escape and ended up in America.
4201:
4150:
4039:
3578:
687:
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1770:
Great
Successor to the Cause of Juche: Scientific Treatises Offered in Celebration of the 50th Birthday of Comrade Kim Jong Il
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3144:
2722:
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1977:
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on April 11, 1973. It was his first major work. Through the rest of the 1970s, Kim continued to oversee cultural activities.
4140:
4135:
2667:
2562:
2530:
Clippinger, Morgan E. (March 1981). "Kim Chong-il in the North Korean Mass Media: A Study of Semi-Esoteric
Communication".
537:
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291:
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4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4165:
3712:
3608:
3243:
2112:
1569:
Petersen, Martin (January 2012). "The
Downfall of a Model Citizen?: Family Background in North Korean Graphic Novels".
804:, which credits Kim as the executive producer. Kim was delighted with the film and allowed Shin and Choi to travel to
390:
Soviet Union. From 1968, Kim began to work on film adaptations of guerrilla plays originating from the 1930s. Kim had
4770:
4211:
4121:
4023:
3932:
2181:
2049:
was a failure and that this was his primary motivation for arranging the 'kidnapping' of Shin Sang-ok from Hong Kong.
2231:"The Three Faces of People's Cinema: A Critical Review of the South Korean Independent Cinema Movement in the 1980s"
4125:
3906:
3594:
896:
3034:
4760:
4186:
3680:
3643:
3257:
2976:
2880:
2563:"The Literary Ideas of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il: An Introduction to North Korean Meta-Authorial Perspectives"
1255:
4780:
4129:
3937:
3896:
3886:
3859:
3636:
3250:
3234:
3227:
2940:
2912:
2609:
A Kim Jong-Il
Production: The Incredible True Story of North Korea and the Most Audacious Kidnapping in History
719:
in just 40 days when it was anticipated to take a full year. The practice was carried out after publication of
228:
2913:"Let Us Create More Revolutionary Films Based on Socialist Life: Talk to Writers and Directors, June 18, 1970"
2310:
2017:
4785:
4765:
3901:
3890:
3850:
3819:
3028:
4155:
3911:
2288:
2032:
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3997:
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is the metaphysical essence of humans struggling against oppression. Philosophically, it depends on the
4091:
3993:
3066:
3059:
2826:
2808:
2764:
2339:
1658:
1133:
471:
433:
310:
1808:
815:, Kim's father Kim Il Sung was systematically rallying support for the younger Kim to prepare for his
3881:
3406:
3137:
2766:
On the Art of Opera: Talk to
Creative Workers in the Field of Art and Literature, September 4-6, 1974
816:
306:
4740:
3812:
3622:
3343:
3288:
3211:
3204:
2862:
2844:
2790:
2343:
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1137:
987:
624:
320:
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2792:
On the Art of the Drama: Talk to the
Officials in the Field of Art and Literature, April 20, 1988
616:
383:
2482:
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3970:
623:
is used as a justification of state control on literary creation and a nationalistic policy of
359:
324:
2945:: Answers to Questions Raised by the Artistes Producing the Film Version of the Immortal Work
788:, were kept in North Korea for eight years under cruel conditions. Nevertheless, Shin studied
4076:
3978:
2627:
2607:
1931:
1836:
1368:
1334:
999:
905:, a movie about making a propaganda film abiding by Kim's instructions. Danish documentarist
888:
774:
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708:
646:
565:
417:
298:
277:
242:
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3650:
3601:
3197:
3130:
668:
391:
2255:
1908:
1692:
8:
3733:
3363:
1768:
Pyon Jae Su (1995). "Comrade Kim Jong Il's
Thoughts and Theories on Art and Literature".
1130:"Kim Jong Il Authors Lots of Works for Development of Juche-oriented Literature and Arts"
821:
520:. Ideas in the book are elucidated by drawing examples from North Korean films, of which
362:
in 1964, Kim Jong Il devoted himself to cultural, ideological and propaganda work at the
3173:
Chairman of the National Defence Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
3080:
2653:
2549:
2077:
1588:
587:(Korean for 'independent spirit') is also prominent in the theory of humanics.
545:
3383:
2991:
2963:
2927:
2899:
2881:"Some Problems Arising in the Creation of Masterpieces: Talk to Creators of the Film
2777:
2751:
2718:
2690:
2613:
2579:
2508:
2451:
2425:
2399:
2373:
2147:
2137:
1973:
1939:
1842:
1741:
1665:
1592:
1381:
1340:
1176:
1111:
1082:
993:
730:
533:
483:
157:
3927:
3116:
2541:
2311:"A pizza shovel for the Dear Leader: was he amused by 'Kim Jong-il's Comedy Club'?"
2245:
1580:
899:. The work's influence goes beyond Korea, too. Australian Anna Broinowski directed
553:
494:
387:
451:
the basic principle that we must adhere to in revolutionizing art and literature.
3952:
3835:
3024:
2712:
2280:
1967:
1813:
1735:
636:
592:
513:
428:
407:
371:
267:
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2587:
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and the party in creative work. Since then, Kim Jong Il's influence in film and
215:
212:
191:
188:
3423:
911:
784:, South Korea's most famous film director, in 1978. Shin and his wife, actress
733:, and remains an influential concept associated with Kim Jong Il's leadership.
549:
464:
In the treatise, Kim Jong Il seeks to apply the principles of the North Korean
4754:
3942:
3551:
3511:
3471:
2995:
2967:
2931:
2903:
2781:
2755:
2583:
2151:
1115:
725:
678:
497:". A key aim of Kim is to employ heroic film fiction to transform man into a
2455:
2429:
2403:
2377:
1385:
1180:
1086:
3559:
3535:
3519:
3463:
3455:
3431:
3415:
3104:
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2532:
2507:. Korea Publications Exchange Association. 2009. p. 15. Archived from
785:
781:
396:
342:
3774:
3765:
3657:
3543:
3527:
3487:
3479:
3439:
3279:
3153:
3092:
2750:. Pyongyang: Korea Film Export & Import Corporation(조선영화수출입사). 1998.
1584:
509:
487:
386:
administration grew, and he resisted liberal artistic influence from the
379:
294:
164:
105:
45:
1737:
North Korea under Kim Jong Il: From Consolidation to Systemic Dissonance
544:, making it incomparable to conventional types of realism in film, like
327:
influence in North Korean society and government by authoring the book.
3503:
3099:
2553:
1660:
Illusive Utopia: Theater, Film, and Everyday Performance in North Korea
973:
include Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Russian and Spanish.
923:
548:. Kim builds on the idea that contemporary North Korea has transcended
517:
498:
354:
reformulated many ideas of Kim Il-sung on art to be specific to cinema.
2941:"On the Ideological and Artistic Characteristics of the Immortal Work
615:
era. This brings about a transformation of the society as a whole. In
233:
218:
194:
4181:
3748:
3495:
3041:"On the Ideological and Artistic Characteristics of the Masterpiece,
915:
is shown continuously consulting the treatise for artistic guidance.
800:
596:
2545:
1336:
Leader Symbols and Personality Cult in North Korea: The Leader State
3702:
2447:
2421:
2395:
2369:
2082:
1170:
1107:
1078:
3804:
794:
2654:"Strategic Propaganda Through North Korean Films: A New Approach"
879:
745:
A detail of a mural featuring a filmmaker holding onto a copy of
508:
The book deals comprehensively with aspects of cinema, including
490:'s thought, Kim Jong Il constructs what has been described as a "
3035:"Let Us Create More Revolutionary Films Based on Socialist Life"
1687:, which correlated the seed with Kim Il-sung's personal ideology
811:
Politically, the treatise was a success. At the time of writing
3947:
3447:
3267:
1256:"Hollywood North Korea: How to Make Movies the Kim Jong-il Way"
805:
180:
3122:
3111:
3052:
Kim Jong-il's Cinema Experience — Part 3: The Manifesto
1896:
1498:"CINEMA AND CONSTRUCTION OF NATIONHOOD IN CONTEMPORARY KOREA"
466:
370:. Although Kim is known to have been privately interested in
204:
158:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1031:, but it has been only published in English under the title
529:
principles earns an artwork the title of "collective work".
1620:
1618:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
682:
604:
2686:
Contemporary Korean Cinema: Culture, Identity and Politics
1714:
1712:
1710:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1194:
1192:
1190:
2087:
1867:
966:" (1970) – are included in the Korean edition from 1977.
247:
3688:
Eternal General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
1788:
1615:
1603:
1467:
1440:
1399:
1274:
938:
Vol. 5. (enlarged edition). The first three chapters of
659:
and, consequently, North Korean film theory in general.
374:, he forbade discussion on foreign film concepts at the
3018:"Some Problems Arising in the Creation of Masterpieces"
2626:
1993:
1914:
1707:
1698:
1598:
raising an implicit critique of the North Korean state.
1526:
1416:
1223:
1187:
2018:"North Korean cinema: A history [Book Review]"
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1457:
1455:
1304:
1302:
1075:
On the art of the cinema, April 11, 1973 (Book, 1989)
3064:
2054:
1314:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
698:
3394:
Our Socialism Centred on the Masses Shall Not Perish
1104:
Yeonghwa yesullon: 1973-yŏn 4-wŏ 11-il (Book, 1984)
954:, respectively. A reprint of the English edition of
650:
421:
281:
3695:
Eternal Chairman of the National Defence Commission
1630:
1547:
1503:
International Journal of Korean Unification Studies
1452:
1428:
1299:
1044:Although being often attributed to Kim Jong-il and
753:While official biographies of Kim Jong Il describe
2336:"'Selected Works of Kim Jong Il' Vol. 5 Published"
2285:"Aim High in Creation!: Anna Broinowski interview"
2016:
1834:
1657:
1204:
297:. It is considered the most authoritative work on
2501:Korea Publications Exchange Association catalogue
2471:Korea Publications Exchange Association catalogue
1884:
1855:
290: Film Art Theory) is a 1973 treatise by the
4752:
3166:General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
2113:"Kim Jong Il's Monster: The Making of Pulgasari"
1152:
723:, too. For instance, the eight-part film series
536:. However, this "realism" entails unadulterated
432:(1972). Afterwards, Kim Jong Il began producing
1806:
1564:
1562:
2010:
2008:
1923:
1733:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
3820:
3180:Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army
3138:
2659:Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai, Philologia
2106:
2104:
2071:
2069:
1664:. University of Michigan Press. p. 142.
1655:
1332:
1175:. Vol. 1. Tokyo: Sorinsha. p. 180.
1559:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1171:Chin T'ak; Kang-il Kim; Hong Je Pak (1985).
640:
573:
411:
271:
210:
186:
3374:On Further Improving Party Ideological Work
2974:
2938:
2910:
2878:
2860:
2842:
2824:
2806:
2788:
2762:
2689:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
2165:
2045:Schönherr also says Kim knew his 1989 book
2005:
1767:
1366:
1240:
1098:
1096:
1069:
1067:
1065:
287:
3827:
3813:
3741:Abduction of Shin Sang-ok and Choi Eun-hee
3145:
3131:
2560:
2529:
2436:
2410:
2384:
2101:
2066:
1929:
1902:
1878:
1729:
1727:
1624:
1609:
1478:
1446:
1422:
1410:
1293:
1234:
1198:
983:Abduction of Shin Sang-ok and Choi Eun-hee
736:
27:
2710:
2418:The character and the actor (Book, 1987)
2358:
2302:
2279:
2249:
1999:
1959:
1828:
1800:
1718:
1541:
1484:
559:
2977:"On the Art of Dance, November 30, 1990"
2492:
2462:
2130:
1969:Understanding film: Marxist perspectives
1835:Yonhap News Agency (December 27, 2002).
1568:
1512:Korea Institute for National Unification
1093:
1062:
922:
740:
564:The theory of literature as "humanics" (
341:
93:Workers' Party of Korea Publishing House
2711:Schönherr, Johannes (August 13, 2012).
2605:
2479:Korea Publications Exchange Association
2171:
2060:
2014:
1724:
1649:
1326:
1320:
1253:
1005:
364:Department of Organization and Guidance
321:Kim Jong Il's succession of Kim Il Sung
4753:
2828:On the Art of the Music, July 17, 1991
2444:On the art of the cinema (Book, 1989)
2392:The cinema and directing (Book, 1987)
2308:
2110:
2075:
607:of the story, in particular, embodies
4067:
3969:
3808:
3126:
2328:
1965:
1938:. Penguin Books Limited. p. 51.
1023:The work is sometimes referred to as
33:Cover page of the English edition of
3043:The Fate of a Self-Defence Corps Man
2947:The Fate of A Self-Defence Corps Man
2943:The Fate of A Self-Defence Corps Man
2668:National University Research Council
2651:
2228:
1794:
1734:Sung Chull Kim (February 16, 2012).
1643:
1553:
1461:
1434:
1308:
1217:
964:The Fate of a Self-Defence Corps Man
895:) movement that was born out of the
777:, films. This directly prompted him
717:The Fate of a Self-Defence Corps Man
674:The Fate of a Self-Defence Corps Man
403:The Fate of a Self-Defence Corps Man
319:had major political implications on
3834:
2682:
2309:Gowman, Philip (February 9, 2010).
2078:"Kim Jong-il: The cinephile despot"
1890:
1861:
1495:
1360:
1254:Mallett, Whitney (March 14, 2014).
1158:
323:. Kim Jong Il gained political and
13:
3609:Residences of North Korean leaders
2988:Foreign Languages Publishing House
2960:Foreign Languages Publishing House
2924:Foreign Languages Publishing House
2896:Foreign Languages Publishing House
2872:Foreign Languages Publishing House
2854:Foreign Languages Publishing House
2836:Foreign Languages Publishing House
2818:Foreign Languages Publishing House
2800:Foreign Languages Publishing House
2774:Foreign Languages Publishing House
2740:
2637:Foreign Languages Publishing House
2606:Fischer, Paul (February 3, 2015).
2481:. 2011. p. 57. Archived from
2204:"DPRK Acrobatics Famous Worldwide"
2144:Foreign Languages Publishing House
2076:Savage, Mark (December 19, 2011).
1841:. Seoul: M.E. Sharpe. p. 91.
1807:Choi Yearn-hong (April 23, 2008).
1774:Foreign Languages Publishing House
1378:Foreign Languages Publishing House
918:
699:Modeling theory and speed campaign
127:Foreign Languages Publishing House
14:
4797:
3003:
2561:David-West, Alzo (January 2009).
2366:Life and literature (Book, 1986)
2342:. October 2, 2010. Archived from
1930:Broinowski, Anna (May 27, 2015).
394:the production of films, such as
4736:
4735:
4105:
4070:
4007:
3972:
3787:
3786:
3595:North Korean cult of personality
3278:
3110:
3098:
3086:
3074:
2229:Park, Nohchool (December 2009).
2111:Morris, Leslie (July 12, 2013).
1685:Dictionary of Literature and Art
1333:Jae-Cheon Lim (March 24, 2015).
897:Gwangju Democratization Movement
3644:International Kim Jong Il Prize
3152:
2748:Great Man and Cinema: Anecdotes
2273:
2222:
2196:
1809:"North Korea's Literary Theory"
1761:
1038:
960:University Press of the Pacific
929:University Press of the Pacific
346:A statue of Kim Il-sung at the
3637:List of leaders of North Korea
2714:North Korean Cinema: A History
2522:
1367:Kim Jong-il (April 11, 1973).
1164:
1136:. May 15, 2014. Archived from
1122:
1017:
877:also influenced South Korea's
641:
630:
412:
368:Central Committee of the party
272:
211:
187:
66:Motion pictures in propaganda,
1:
3851:List of Korean-language films
2846:On Fine Art, October 16, 1991
2810:On Architecture, May 21, 1991
2652:Kwak, Dong Hun (March 2013).
2174:"Kim Jong Il On Architecture"
1936:The Director is the Commander
1656:Kim Suk-Young (August 2000).
1262:. Penguin Random House Canada
1055:
1025:(The) Theory of Cinematic Art
936:Selected Works of Kim Jong Il
681:, Kim argues, is the seed of
400:, (parts one and two, 1969),
337:
3623:North Korean leaders' trains
2172:Worrall, Julian (May 2009).
2033:Australian Teachers of Media
7:
3673:Song of General Kim Jong Il
3630:Changsan Revolutionary Site
2986:. Vol. 10. Pyongyang:
2251:10.18399/acta.2009.12.2.002
1740:. SUNY Press. p. 179.
976:
952:The Character and the Actor
651:
574:
423:Han chawi tanwŏn ŭi unmyŏng
422:
282:
248:
234:
10:
4802:
3023:February 25, 2021, at the
2958:. Vol. 2. Pyongyang:
2922:. Vol. 2. Pyongyang:
2894:. Vol. 1. Pyongyang:
2635:. Vol. 1. Pyongyang:
2146:. 1998. pp. 70, 103.
2139:Kim Jong Il: Brief history
1134:Korean Central News Agency
524:is the most referred one.
4732:
4328:
4220:
4174:
4114:
4103:
4087:
4083:
4063:
4032:
4016:
4005:
3989:
3985:
3965:
3920:
3869:
3846:
3842:
3759:
3570:
3405:
3342:
3287:
3276:
3189:
3160:
2956:Selected Works: 1970–1972
2920:Selected Works: 1970–1972
2892:Selected Works: 1964–1969
2612:. Penguin Books Limited.
2015:Edwards, Russell (2013).
1966:Wayne, Mike (July 2005).
1339:. Routledge. p. 28.
1173:Great Leader, Kim Jong Il
255:
241:
227:
203:
179:
174:
170:
156:
140:
132:
113:Published in English
111:
101:
79:
59:
51:
41:
26:
22:On the Art of the Cinema
4771:Korean non-fiction books
4046:On the Art of the Cinema
3354:On the Art of the Cinema
3012:On the Art of the Cinema
2717:. Jefferson: McFarland.
1370:On the Art of the Cinema
1046:On the Art of the Cinema
1033:On the Art of the Cinema
1010:
988:Kim Jong Il bibliography
971:On the Art of the Cinema
956:On the Art of the Cinema
948:The Cinema and Directing
940:On the Art of the Cinema
934:The work is included in
875:On the Art of the Cinema
871:On the Art of the Cinema
813:On the Art of the Cinema
790:On the Art of the Cinema
767:On the Art of the Cinema
759:On the Art of the Cinema
755:On the Art of the Cinema
747:On the Art of the Cinema
721:On the Art of the Cinema
657:On the Art of the Cinema
625:socialism in one country
526:On the Art of the Cinema
458:On the Art of the Cinema
443:
438:On the Art of the Cinema
376:Aesthetic Review Meeting
352:On the Art of the Cinema
332:On the Art of the Cinema
317:On the Art of the Cinema
263:On the Art of the Cinema
35:On the Art of the Cinema
16:1973 book by Kim Jong-il
3727:Day of the Shining Star
3579:Death and state funeral
2683:Lee, Hyang-jin (2000).
1932:"Aim High in Creation!"
1496:Lee, Hyang-Jin (2001).
828:On the Art of the Drama
792:to please Kim with the
737:Reception and influence
655:) forms the essence of
617:North Korean literature
311:Workers' Party of Korea
299:North Korean filmmaking
4761:1973 non-fiction books
3856:List of pre–1948 films
3665:Awards and decorations
1972:. Pluto. p. 204.
942:are also published as
931:
750:
707:The "speed campaign" (
560:Literature as humanics
538:worship for the leader
453:
360:Kim Il Sung University
358:After graduating from
355:
348:Pyongyang Film Studios
4781:Cinema of North Korea
4077:Cinema of South Korea
3979:Cinema of North Korea
2629:Kim Jong Il Biography
2283:(February 24, 2015).
1916:Kim Jong Il Biography
1700:Kim Jong Il Biography
1000:Cinema of North Korea
926:
902:Aim High in Creation!
744:
448:
345:
4786:Works by Kim Jong Il
4766:Books of film theory
4197:Production companies
3651:Order of Kim Jong Il
3602:On-the-spot guidance
3198:Inter-Korean summits
3054:Cinema and Directing
2990:. pp. 283–402.
2984:Selected Works: 1990
2949:, February 14, 1970"
2898:. pp. 331–363.
2763:Kim Jong-il (1974).
2593:on November 23, 2015
2514:on October 30, 2012.
2184:on February 23, 2020
2047:On the Art of Cinema
1838:North Korea Handbook
1585:10.1353/ks.2012.0001
1029:Essays on the Cinema
1006:Notes and references
486:literary theory and
456:From the preface of
434:revolutionary operas
229:Revised Romanization
3734:North Korean famine
3616:International trips
3364:On the Art of Opera
2864:On Juche Literature
2315:London Korean Links
1797:, p. 240, 242.
1776:. pp. 52, 54.
1140:on October 11, 2014
958:has been issued by
944:Life and Literature
858:On Juche Literature
840:On the Art of Music
834:On the Art of Dance
822:On the Art of Opera
635:The "seed theory" (
476:monolithic ideology
292:North Korean leader
23:
4776:North Korean books
2962:. pp. 10–39.
2926:. pp. 69–99.
932:
751:
546:Italian neorealism
356:
69:Government policy,
21:
4748:
4747:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4192:Animation studios
4059:
4058:
4055:
4054:
3961:
3960:
3933:Animation studios
3802:
3801:
3384:On the Juche Idea
2975:— (1999) .
2939:— (1995) .
2911:— (1995) .
2879:— (1992) .
2724:978-0-7864-6526-2
2696:978-0-7190-6008-3
2619:978-0-241-96999-1
2488:on July 14, 2014.
2346:on April 13, 2015
2261:on August 1, 2015
1979:978-0-7453-1993-3
1945:978-0-85797-546-1
1848:978-0-7656-3523-5
1747:978-0-7914-8093-9
1671:978-0-472-02689-0
1346:978-1-317-56741-7
994:On the Juche Idea
731:Chollima Movement
534:Korean resistance
484:socialist realist
392:personally guided
283:Yŏnghwa yesul ron
259:
258:
249:Yŏnghwa yesul ron
243:McCune–Reischauer
235:Yeonghwa yesullon
102:Publication place
4793:
4739:
4738:
4151:Cinematographers
4109:
4085:
4084:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4065:
4064:
4011:
3987:
3986:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3967:
3966:
3907:Cinematographers
3844:
3843:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3778:
3769:
3752:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3706:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3588:
3581:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3523:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3398:
3388:
3378:
3368:
3358:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3282:
3271:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3124:
3123:
3115:
3114:
3103:
3102:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3056:
3047:at KFA e-library
3037:at KFA e-library
2999:
2981:
2971:
2953:
2935:
2917:
2907:
2889:
2885:, April 6, 1968"
2875:
2869:
2861:— (1992).
2857:
2851:
2843:— (1991).
2839:
2833:
2825:— (1991).
2821:
2815:
2807:— (1991).
2803:
2797:
2789:— (1988).
2785:
2771:
2759:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2634:
2623:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2586:. Archived from
2567:
2557:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2506:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2476:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2281:Mathieson, Craig
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2254:. Archived from
2253:
2244:(2): 21–22, 45.
2235:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2180:. Archived from
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2117:Monster Pictures
2108:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2073:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2042:
2040:
2020:
2012:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1927:
1921:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1731:
1722:
1716:
1705:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1663:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1628:
1622:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1566:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1493:
1482:
1476:
1465:
1459:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1375:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1297:
1291:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1260:Hazlitt Magazine
1251:
1238:
1232:
1221:
1215:
1202:
1196:
1185:
1184:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1071:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1021:
969:Translations of
864:Theory of Circus
669:Marxist–Leninist
654:
644:
643:
586:
584:
554:Zhdanov Doctrine
482:. Building upon
460:
425:
415:
414:
289:
285:
275:
274:
251:
237:
222:
221:
198:
197:
160:
124:
122:
90:
88:
31:
24:
20:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4720:
4324:
4216:
4170:
4161:Score composers
4110:
4101:
4079:
4071:
4069:
4051:
4028:
4012:
4003:
3981:
3973:
3971:
3957:
3953:Zainichi cinema
3916:
3865:
3838:
3836:Cinema of Korea
3833:
3803:
3798:
3784:
3781:
3772:
3763:
3755:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3584:
3577:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3498:(granddaughter)
3494:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3401:
3391:
3381:
3371:
3361:
3351:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3283:
3274:
3265:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3156:
3151:
3121:
3109:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3065:
3051:
3025:Wayback Machine
3006:
2979:
2951:
2915:
2887:
2867:
2849:
2831:
2813:
2795:
2769:
2746:
2743:
2741:Further reading
2738:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2673:
2671:
2642:
2640:
2632:
2620:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2565:
2546:10.2307/2643726
2525:
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2511:
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2202:
2201:
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2185:
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2135:
2131:
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2119:
2109:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2038:
2036:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1928:
1924:
1913:
1909:
1903:Clippinger 1981
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1879:Clippinger 1981
1877:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1814:The Korea Times
1805:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1766:
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1732:
1725:
1717:
1708:
1697:
1693:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1631:
1625:David-West 2009
1623:
1616:
1610:David-West 2009
1608:
1604:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1494:
1485:
1479:David-West 2009
1477:
1468:
1460:
1453:
1447:David-West 2009
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1423:David-West 2009
1421:
1417:
1411:David-West 2009
1409:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1300:
1294:David-West 2009
1292:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1252:
1241:
1235:David-West 2009
1233:
1224:
1216:
1205:
1199:David-West 2009
1197:
1188:
1169:
1165:
1157:
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1058:
1053:
1052:
1043:
1039:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
979:
921:
919:Release details
893:minjung yŏnghwa
885:People's Cinema
852:On Architecture
739:
701:
633:
593:indeterministic
578:
562:
514:literary theory
462:
455:
446:
429:The Flower Girl
372:Hollywood films
340:
309:supporting the
223:
199:
148:
133:Media type
120:
118:
114:
86:
84:
75:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4799:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4746:
4745:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4726:
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4722:
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4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
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4678:
4673:
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4081:
4080:
4061:
4060:
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4056:
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4052:
4050:
4049:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4006:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3990:
3983:
3982:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3853:
3847:
3840:
3839:
3832:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3809:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3780:
3779:
3770:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3698:
3691:
3677:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3522:(half-brother)
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3424:Kim Young-sook
3420:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3389:
3379:
3369:
3359:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3254:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3231:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3208:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3127:
3120:
3119:
3107:
3095:
3083:
3063:
3062:
3048:
3038:
3032:
3015:
3005:
3004:External links
3002:
3001:
3000:
2972:
2936:
2908:
2876:
2858:
2840:
2822:
2804:
2786:
2760:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2723:
2708:
2695:
2680:
2649:
2624:
2618:
2603:
2571:Cultural Logic
2558:
2540:(3): 289–309.
2526:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2491:
2461:
2435:
2409:
2383:
2357:
2327:
2301:
2272:
2221:
2210:. July 2, 2018
2195:
2164:
2129:
2100:
2065:
2053:
2004:
2000:Schönherr 2012
1992:
1978:
1958:
1944:
1922:
1920:, p. 254.
1907:
1895:
1883:
1881:, p. 294.
1866:
1854:
1847:
1827:
1799:
1787:
1760:
1746:
1723:
1719:Schönherr 2012
1706:
1704:, p. 256.
1691:
1670:
1648:
1646:, p. 242.
1629:
1614:
1602:
1572:Korean Studies
1558:
1556:, p. 236.
1546:
1542:Schönherr 2012
1525:
1483:
1466:
1464:, p. 234.
1451:
1439:
1437:, p. 232.
1427:
1415:
1398:
1359:
1345:
1325:
1313:
1311:, p. 237.
1298:
1273:
1239:
1222:
1220:, p. 235.
1203:
1186:
1163:
1151:
1121:
1092:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1037:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
997:
990:
985:
978:
975:
920:
917:
912:The Red Chapel
738:
735:
700:
697:
632:
629:
561:
558:
550:class conflict
472:Workers' Party
447:
445:
442:
388:de-Stalinizing
339:
336:
330:The impact of
257:
256:
253:
252:
245:
239:
238:
231:
225:
224:
209:
207:
201:
200:
185:
183:
177:
176:
172:
171:
168:
167:
162:
154:
153:
142:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
125:in Pyongyang:
115:
112:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
91:in Pyongyang:
87:April 11, 1973
83:April 11, 1973
81:
77:
76:
74:
73:
70:
67:
63:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
43:
39:
38:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4779:
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4509:
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4369:
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4364:
4362:
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4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:Films by year
4327:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
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4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4146:Screenwriters
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4097:
4093:
4092:List of films
4090:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4066:
4062:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4010:
3999:
3995:
3994:List of films
3992:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3968:
3964:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3943:Korean horror
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3902:Screenwriters
3900:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3825:
3823:
3818:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3775:Kim Jong Un →
3771:
3768:
3767:
3766:← Kim Il Sung
3762:
3761:
3758:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3562:(grandmother)
3561:
3557:
3554:(grandfather)
3553:
3552:Kim Hyong-jik
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3512:Kim Kyong-hui
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3472:Kim Jong-chul
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3355:
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3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
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3299:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:Missile tests
3241:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:Nuclear tests
3218:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3010:Full text of
3008:
3007:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2884:
2877:
2873:
2870:. Pyongyang:
2866:
2865:
2859:
2855:
2852:. Pyongyang:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2837:
2834:. Pyongyang:
2830:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2816:. Pyongyang:
2812:
2811:
2805:
2801:
2798:. Pyongyang:
2794:
2793:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2772:. Pyongyang:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2638:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2510:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2320:September 16,
2316:
2312:
2305:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2142:. Pyongyang:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2105:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2063:, p. 79.
2062:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2011:
2009:
2002:, p. 56.
2001:
1996:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1893:, p. 65.
1892:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1864:, p. 84.
1863:
1858:
1850:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1772:. Pyongyang:
1771:
1764:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1728:
1721:, p. 55.
1720:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1673:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1627:, p. 18.
1626:
1621:
1619:
1612:, p. 21.
1611:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1563:
1555:
1550:
1544:, p. 54.
1543:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1481:, p. 17.
1480:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1449:, p. 20.
1448:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1413:, p. 16.
1412:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1387:
1383:
1380:. p. 2.
1379:
1376:. Pyongyang:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1323:, p. 72.
1322:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1296:, p. 14.
1295:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1237:, p. 13.
1236:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1201:, p. 15.
1200:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1161:, p. 32.
1160:
1155:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1047:
1041:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1001:
998:
996:
995:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
974:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
925:
916:
914:
913:
908:
904:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:
876:
872:
868:
866:
865:
860:
859:
854:
853:
848:
847:
842:
841:
836:
835:
830:
829:
824:
823:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
802:
797:
796:
791:
787:
783:
780:
776:
770:
768:
762:
760:
756:
748:
743:
734:
732:
728:
727:
726:Unsung Heroes
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
696:
692:
690:
689:
684:
680:
679:Surplus value
675:
670:
664:
660:
658:
653:
648:
638:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
582:
577:
571:
567:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
499:socialist man
496:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
461:
459:
452:
441:
439:
435:
431:
430:
424:
419:
409:
405:
404:
399:
398:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
353:
349:
344:
335:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:'s policies.
312:
308:
302:
300:
296:
293:
284:
279:
269:
265:
264:
254:
250:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
230:
226:
220:
217:
214:
208:
206:
202:
196:
193:
190:
184:
182:
178:
173:
169:
166:
163:
161:
155:
152:
151:(English ed.)
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:
116:
110:
107:
104:
100:
97:
94:
82:
78:
72:Korea (North)
71:
68:
65:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
19:
4734:
4045:
4044:
3785:
3773:
3764:
3747:
3701:
3560:Kang Pan-sok
3536:Kim Jong-suk
3520:Kim Pyong-il
3464:Kim Jong-nam
3456:Kim Sol-song
3432:Song Hye-rim
3418:(first wife)
3416:Hong Il-chon
3392:
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2588:the original
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2533:Asian Survey
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2256:the original
2241:
2238:Acta Koreana
2237:
2224:
2212:. Retrieved
2208:Explore DPRK
2207:
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2182:the original
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2061:Fischer 2015
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786:Choi Eun-hee
782:Shin Sang-ok
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505:-type man".
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426:, 1970) and
401:
397:Sea of Blood
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262:
261:
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150:
146:(Korean ed.)
145:
96:(Korean ed.)
95:
34:
18:
4320:South Korea
3658:Kimjongilia
3544:Kim Yong-ju
3528:Kim Il Sung
3488:Kim Yo-jong
3480:Kim Jong Un
3440:Ko Yong-hui
3154:Kim Jong Il
3081:North Korea
2643:January 10,
2523:Works cited
2214:October 12,
927:Reprint by
846:On Fine Art
649::
639::
631:Seed theory
579: [
488:Kim Il Sung
420::
410::
380:Kim Il Sung
295:Kim Jong Il
280::
270::
175:Korean name
106:North Korea
46:Kim Jong Il
4755:Categories
4222:Box office
3504:Kim Man-il
3490:(daughter)
3458:(daughter)
1056:References
883:-oriented
817:succession
652:chongjaron
518:filmmaking
413:한 자위단원의 운명
338:Background
307:propaganda
181:Chosŏn'gŭl
4202:Festivals
4187:Animation
4182:Chungmuro
4141:Producers
4136:Directors
4130:Actresses
4040:Festivals
3938:Festivals
3928:Animation
3897:Producers
3887:Directors
3882:Animators
3749:Pulgasari
3720:Portraits
3586:reactions
3506:(brother)
3496:Kim Ju-ae
3450:(partner)
3442:(partner)
3434:(partner)
3289:Elections
3117:Socialism
3031:e-library
2996:867581995
2968:221977168
2932:221977168
2904:152423072
2782:869091334
2756:272459555
2670:: 231–244
2584:1097-3087
2152:272459470
1795:Kwak 2013
1644:Kwak 2013
1593:143989145
1579:: 88–89.
1554:Kwak 2013
1462:Kwak 2013
1435:Kwak 2013
1309:Kwak 2013
1218:Kwak 2013
1116:829882908
801:Pulgasari
779:to kidnap
713:sokto-jon
621:Chajusŏng
609:Chajusŏng
597:free will
589:Chajusŏng
576:Chajusŏng
80:Published
4741:Category
3792:Category
3703:Taewonsu
3538:(mother)
3530:(father)
3514:(sister)
3190:Politics
3021:Archived
2883:Brothers
2730:April 5,
2702:April 9,
2674:April 4,
2597:April 4,
2578:: 1–34.
2456:54994660
2448:WorldCat
2430:19550905
2422:WorldCat
2404:18792947
2396:WorldCat
2378:15469454
2370:WorldCat
2350:April 7,
2294:April 9,
2265:July 23,
2157:July 21,
2122:April 7,
2093:April 6,
2083:BBC News
2039:April 6,
1985:April 7,
1951:July 21,
1891:Lee 2000
1862:Lee 2000
1820:April 7,
1753:April 7,
1677:April 7,
1518:April 9,
1391:April 9,
1386:22903260
1266:July 11,
1181:12981945
1159:Lee 2000
1144:April 1,
1108:WorldCat
1087:22903260
1079:WorldCat
977:See also
867:(1993).
855:(1991),
849:(1991),
843:(1991),
837:(1990),
831:(1988),
825:(1974),
595:view on
570:inganhak
384:literary
325:cultural
165:22903260
52:Language
4166:Critics
4156:Editors
3912:Editors
3571:Related
3546:(uncle)
3067:Portals
3060:YouTube
2554:2643726
2188:July 9,
1352:May 21,
909:in his
880:minjung
688:Capital
495:realism
366:of the
119: (
85: (
60:Subject
4212:Awards
4175:Topics
4126:Actors
4122:Actors
4115:People
4033:Topics
4024:Actors
4017:People
3948:Sageuk
3921:Topics
3877:Actors
3870:People
3713:Badges
3681:Titles
3448:Kim Ok
3426:(wife)
3407:Family
3397:(1991)
3387:(1982)
3377:(1981)
3367:(1974)
3357:(1973)
3268:Songun
2994:
2966:
2930:
2902:
2780:
2754:
2721:
2693:
2639:. 2005
2616:
2582:
2552:
2454:
2428:
2402:
2376:
2150:
1976:
1942:
1918:1 2005
1845:
1782:2E0002
1744:
1702:1 2005
1668:
1591:
1384:
1343:
1179:
1114:
1085:
806:Vienna
645:;
637:Korean
603:. The
478:" and
416:;
408:Korean
286:;
276:;
268:Korean
205:Hancha
55:Korean
42:Author
3482:(son)
3474:(son)
3466:(son)
3344:Books
3105:Books
2980:(PDF)
2952:(PDF)
2916:(PDF)
2888:(PDF)
2868:(PDF)
2850:(PDF)
2832:(PDF)
2814:(PDF)
2796:(PDF)
2770:(PDF)
2666:(1).
2633:(PDF)
2591:(PDF)
2566:(PDF)
2550:JSTOR
2512:(PDF)
2505:(PDF)
2486:(PDF)
2475:(PDF)
2259:(PDF)
2234:(PDF)
2035:: 120
2024:Metro
1589:S2CID
1514:: 151
1510:(1).
1374:(PDF)
1011:Notes
798:film
795:kaijū
613:Juche
601:Juche
583:]
542:Juche
503:Juche
492:Juche
480:Juche
467:Juche
444:Ideas
273:영화예술론
141:Pages
136:Print
4716:2024
4711:2023
4706:2022
4701:2021
4696:2020
4691:2019
4686:2018
4681:2017
4676:2016
4671:2015
4666:2014
4661:2013
4656:2012
4651:2011
4646:2010
4641:2009
4636:2008
4631:2007
4626:2006
4621:2005
4616:2004
4611:2003
4606:2002
4601:2001
4596:2000
4591:1999
4586:1998
4581:1997
4576:1996
4571:1995
4566:1994
4561:1993
4556:1992
4551:1991
4546:1990
4541:1989
4536:1988
4531:1987
4526:1986
4521:1985
4516:1984
4511:1983
4506:1982
4501:1981
4496:1980
4491:1979
4486:1978
4481:1977
4476:1976
4471:1975
4466:1974
4461:1973
4456:1972
4451:1971
4446:1970
4441:1969
4436:1968
4431:1967
4426:1966
4421:1965
4416:1964
4411:1963
4406:1962
4401:1961
4396:1960
4391:1959
4386:1958
4381:1957
4376:1956
4371:1955
4366:1954
4361:1953
4356:1952
4351:1951
4346:1950
4341:1949
4336:1948
4315:2023
4310:2022
4305:2021
4300:2020
4295:2019
4290:2018
4285:2017
4280:2016
4275:2015
4270:2014
4265:2013
4260:2012
4255:2011
4250:2010
4245:2009
4240:2008
4235:2007
4230:2006
4206:list
3891:list
3333:2009
3326:2003
3319:1998
3312:1990
3305:1986
3298:1982
3258:2009
3251:2006
3235:2009
3228:2006
3212:2007
3205:2000
3093:Film
2992:OCLC
2964:OCLC
2928:OCLC
2900:OCLC
2778:OCLC
2752:OCLC
2732:2015
2719:ISBN
2704:2015
2691:ISBN
2676:2015
2645:2015
2614:ISBN
2599:2015
2580:ISSN
2452:OCLC
2426:OCLC
2400:OCLC
2374:OCLC
2352:2015
2340:KCNA
2322:2015
2296:2015
2267:2015
2216:2021
2190:2015
2178:Icon
2159:2015
2148:OCLC
2124:2015
2095:2015
2041:2015
1987:2015
1974:ISBN
1953:2015
1940:ISBN
1843:ISBN
1822:2015
1778:KPEA
1755:2015
1742:ISBN
1679:2015
1666:ISBN
1520:2015
1393:2015
1382:OCLC
1354:2015
1341:ISBN
1268:2015
1177:OCLC
1146:2016
1112:OCLC
1083:OCLC
1027:and
950:and
683:Marx
605:hero
540:and
512:and
510:film
474:'s "
288:lit.
159:OCLC
149:329
144:410
121:1989
117:1989
4096:A–Z
3998:A–Z
3860:A–Z
3058:on
3029:KFA
3027:at
2542:doi
2289:SBS
2246:doi
2088:BBC
2029:175
1581:doi
685:'s
642:종자론
599:in
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278:MR
216:藝術
213:映畵
192:예술
189:영화
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