323:, introduces a discussion between three peasants, whom she identified as shepherds and who critique the views of others. These three shepherds continue as the main characters throughout the remaining six treatises and their discussions cover various topics of human nature. The identity of her characters represents the significance of remaining in close contact with nature and staying isolated from society so societal views will not sully the mind. She purposely included peasants as characters in order to demonstrate how philosophy and medicine are relevant regardless of social class. Sabuco believed her theory should be relevant to simple folks and applicable to their lives. The treatises emphasized the universe by describing the theory on mutual interdependence of the soul, body, and cosmos.
200:, Sabuco denied the importance of his theory and insisted the focus lie on the severity of temperature and humidity. For example, illnesses, disabilities and premature death were results of disharmony among the three parts of the soul or the temperature-humidity schema. Sabuco also coined the term chilo, which was a white liquid energizing force that traveled through a complex network of anatomical channels from one organ system to another. Chilo maintained the proper temperature and humidity within the body; nonetheless, an imbalance could lead to negative states of health. The purpose of chilo was to communicate movement to the bodily organs and orient them to carry out the goal meant to be accomplished.
260:
squeezed the humor and humidity out of the brain where the soul was located. The only true appropriate medicine would comfort the brain and be in accordance between the body and the soul. Words and deeds that generated joy and hope and taking care of the stomach were the three pillars of health that could comfort the brain. If optimism, contented happiness and abdominal temperature were left unattended they could lead to sorrow, discontent and melancholy. Another general remedy mentioned was the diversion of humor through bodily openings so it would not reach internal organs.
243:
who did not partake in the creation of them. Laws must be clear, written in simple language and precise so proper justice could be granted to the poor. Sabuco also argued against juridical doctrines of appeal to authority figures of Roman law. Authoritarian power was passed down through generations and individuals' verdicts had varying interpretations from previous generations of authorities who lacked knowledge about the present case. As a result, she believed protection under the law was unequal for most of the public and most did not receive proper justice.
327:
thought, and even to the hearing of music. The process of using wise words against violent emotions such as anger, she called "Rhetorical
Insinuation" because it explored the idea of being able to persuade the will through words. She explored how emotions have an effect on the human body and how one can control their effects by focusing on the chief organ of the body, the brain. According to Father Feyjoo, much of the research she did contributed to the ability of physicians following her to develop some of the first theories around nervous diseases.
149:, Spain in 1562 and was baptized in the Holy Trinity church on December 2 of that same year. Her mother was Francisca de Cozar and her father was Don Miguel Sabuco y Alvarez. Although not much is known about her formal education it is evident that Oliva Sabuco was taught medicine by her father. She was well acquainted with classical and contemporary philosophy and was knowledgeable about medical theory. By 26 December 1585, at the age of 23, she married Don Acacio de Buedo. By age 25 she already published a novel far ahead of her time.
230:
magnitude of the cosmos. An individual's life cycle would improve or decline just like a moon's cycle would be waxing or waning. Within macrocosm, the moon was defined as the brain of the world which provided moisture and growth to its waters. Microcosm, on the other hand, described the sun as the heart of the world which gave warmth and life to the world. The emphasis was placed on the brain, making it more significant than the heart, as the moon was more vital than the sun.
183:. The mind was in charge of moral judgments and reasons which caused the body to react in certain ways. Therefore, the body carried out the moral judgments that were processed. Sabuco placed emphasis on self-knowledge and the capacity of the mind to exercise free will. Self-knowledge and ethical decisions allowed hope, health, strength and a natural life span to be placed on the human body while free will directed the passions and emotions.
28:
213:, where self-understanding is used to obtain wisdom and virtue. However, she referenced temperance as the most important virtue that was obtained through self-knowledge. Temperance and wisdom were then labeled as the answers to evil because they sustained human life and provided peace, happiness, and content between emotions and the soul.
379:
and an explanation stating that her name was included in an attempt to honor her but she had no legal interest in the volume nor authority over it. However, recent scholarship has defended her case, claiming that she was the writer. Because of the nature of her material, she incurred the attention of
326:
In the pages of her treatise she explored many ideas amongst which are the comparison of a human body to an upside down tree. It is in the brain, like in the root of a tree, that all diseases begin and it is possible to cure them through various methods amongst which are words of cheerfulness, sound
250:
Sabuco criticized university policies and the objectives of the education system. She mentioned the lack of proper criteria for an individual regarding admissions and recommended examiners evaluate potential candidates' abilities when granting admission. She also denounced the importance of charging
191:
According to Sabuco, the soul was divided into three parts: the sensitive, the biological, and the intellectual soul, all which would be in a harmonic balance with one another. The balance between the four humors, hot, cold, wet, and dry must also be in harmony in order for the human organ system to
259:
Sabuco disagreed with the traditional medical theory and thought its failure to control medicine was due to people's ignorance on the impact of emotions on physical health. Emotions such as anger, sadness, love, excessive joy, hatred, shame and distrust caused imbalances in the bodily humors which
175:
vision of form and matter in relation to the body: they both believed the interaction between the mind and body was the formal organization of a whole living human being. Her theory differed in the sense that the human being could not exist until the divine soul/mind coexisted with the body/matter.
242:
She argued for a legal reformation of judicial laws, doctrines of appeals and better protection under the law. She reasoned that the individuals who created the laws would be the only ones who would comprehend them. Therefore, the laws would not be applicable or fair to lower socioeconomic classes
229:
within the board world. Understanding how the world came to be would teach humans how to live in that world. A person's condition, whether improving or declining was related to cosmology. Such topics included the moon, the magnitude of the Earth and its atmosphere, solar and lunar eclipses and the
208:
Sabuco's theory of moral philosophy incorporated traditional views of virtue ethics. Good and evil were intertwined in the world and could banish each other. Her theory stated how something good could be present in evil and something evil could be present in good. There was never such a concept as
374:
Credit for her work was sometimes given to her father, Don Miguel Sabuco y
Alvarez, because of a powerful letter written by him claiming the work as his own. His letter and a promissory note written by Sabuco's husband and brother were implemented a year following the publication of the book. The
330:
Going back to the idea of the brain as King, she wrote how during sleep the brain was fed all its necessary nutrients, which have been, throughout the day, collected in the stomach. Once the nutrients were taken to the brain and nervous fluid was created, it was allocated throughout the body by a
132:
in the late 16th – early 17th century. She was interested in the interaction between the physical and psychological phenomena; therefore she wrote a collection of medical and psychological treatises that target human nature and explain the effects of emotions on the body and soul. She analyzed
238:
Sabuco introduced smaller systems of reformation into her idea of human nature. Sabuco advocated for the creation of legislative, judicial and social reforms in the welfare rights of the powerless, people such as peasants, workers and householders. The powerless were the ones whose health was
170:
manner. She believed human nature to be a single concept, where the rational soul and spiritual soul must co-occur for a human being to exist. A human being would be considered a corpse with no potential for living when it lacked either of the two souls. Sabuco agreed with
246:
Legislative reformation should include protection for farmers and peasants because their labor and production was essential in the survival of others within the nation. She was a strong proponent of preventing the authority from confiscating land, livestock, and crops.
365:
Without definitively solving the mind body problem, Sabuco moves philosophy a step in that direction by providing both a new chemical explanation, with white fluid as a vehicle of mind body interaction, and an explanation of the role of emotions on physical health.
209:
pure evil or pure good. Within her theory of human nature only two evils existed, avoidable diseases and premature aging. Sabuco promoted moderation and temperance to control emotions and passions; her theory originated from Plato's concept of
331:
fluid aside from red blood. Some have postulated that she was referring to a concept similar to white blood cells when she wrote this for she makes mention of a fluid white in color nourishing the body with information.
434:
Maura, Juan
Francisco. “Arte de saber vivir, filosofĂa presocrática y oriental en la Nueva filosofĂa de Oliva Sabuco (1562-1622)”. Lemir (Revista de literatura medieval y del Renacimiento). Lemir 27 (2023) 359-409.
349:, for like him she imagined the seat of the soul to be in the brain. It is known that she was famous in her day because in 1604, while she was still alive, Franciscio Lopez de Uveda, a physician and poet from
357:, thus implying her name to be one associated with fame. In addition to this, the famous French physician Charles le Pois cited Sabuco's influence on his own views regarding diseases such as hysteria.
384:
and had all her books burned. She lived out her days in the convent of
Dominican nuns in Alcaraz and took on a monastic habit. There, she eventually died around the year 1646.
239:
severely impacted the most by the misery and despair of everyday life. Excess and greed should be avoided because they were bad for the social and individual body.
221:
The second part of her work described astronomical and geological events and how they support the theory of human nature. It was important to learn how the
1051:
1084:
415:
New
Philosophy of Human Nature (1587)," Waithe, Mary Ellen, Vintro, Maria, Zorita, C. Angel, transls., University of Illinois Press, 2007.
1045:
New philosophy of human nature: Neither known to nor attained by the great ancient philosophers, which will improve human life and health
1029:
New
Philosophy of Human Nature: Neither Known to nor Attained by the Great Ancient Philosophers, Which Will Improve Human Life and Health
1104:
1089:
919:
A History of Women
Philosophers, Volume II: Medieval, Renaissance and Enlightenment Women Philosophers A.D. by Mary Ellen Waithe
428:
978:
The
Miraculous Body of Evidence: Visionary Experience, Medical Discourse, and the Inquisition in Seventeenth-Century Spain
1099:
251:
students tuition because students were admitted who could afford tuition but lacked the proper aptitude to succeed.
996:
935:
1094:
1037:
1006:
945:
1079:
196:, to evaluate illnesses and individuals’ state of health. Although her ideas originated from Hippocrates's
1021:
A History of Women
Philosophers: Medieval, Renaissance and Enlightenment Women Philosophers A.D. 500-1600
306:
Proper
Philosophy of the Nature of Composite Things, of Humans, and of the World, Unknown to the Ancients
982:
1027:
436:
401:
900:
226:
222:
903:
Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union (IAU). Accessed March 2016
1016:. Toronto: Itler Inc. and Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies. 2010. p. 5-6,49.
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theoretical claims of ancient philosophers and wrote an early theory of what is now considered
1074:
1069:
353:, expressed that a character he was working on would out fame people like Oliva Sabuco and
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8:
381:
313:
297:
134:
1033:
1002:
941:
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146:
114:
54:
1047:. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 2007. p. 2-3, 16–21, 27–29.
961:
Taming Anger's Daughters: New Treatment for Emotional Problems in Renaissance Spain
233:
163:
129:
1023:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1989. p. 264-268,270,273-274, 279.
967:
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be in a healthy state. Sabuco used a temperature-humidity schema, derived from
125:
1063:
928:
The Body Republic: Social Order and Human Body in Renaissance Medical Thought
423:, (1587), Spain, Translated from Spanish to English by Gianna Pomata (2010).
350:
274:
Nueva Filosofia de la Naturaleza del Hombre (New Philosophy of Human Nature)
393:
354:
193:
976:
926:
917:
302:
Brief Exposition on Human Nature: The Foundations of the Art of Medicine
959:
210:
98:
94:
340:
276:. It consisted of seven separately titled treatises. The first five,
172:
162:
Sabuco combined ancient Greek and Christian philosophies, along with
197:
167:
937:
Women Healers: Portraits of Herbalists, Physicians, and Midwives
437:
https://parnaseo.uv.es/Lemir/Revista/Revista27/06_Maura_Juan.pdf
931:. History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 15 (2): 176, 178.
269:
234:
World improvements: judicial, legislative, and social thoughts
166:
views in order to explain how the mind and body interact in a
27:
309:
180:
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Her approach to the mind–body interaction mirrored that of
1043:
Waithe, M. E., Vintro M. C., & Zorita, C. A. (Eds.),
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letter claimed Don Miguel Sabuco as the true author of
319:
The first treatise within Sabuco's most famous book,
998:
The Feminist Encyclopedia of Spanish Literature: N-Z
1053:
Doña Oliva Sabuco de Nantes by Florentino M. Torner
286:
Things That Will Improve This World and Its Nations
1032:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 1–3, 10.
972:. London: London, F. Jefferies. pp. 239–240.
254:
145:Luisa Oliva Sabuco de Nantes Barrera was born in
1061:
940:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. p. 80.
312:. This book, in its entirety, was dedicated to
990:Women Philosophers: a Bio-critical Source Book.
955:. Washington D.C.: National capital press, inc.
186:
953:The education of women during the renaissance
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339:Her work has sometimes been compared with
294:Proper Medicine Derived from Human Nature'
290:Treatments and Remedies of Proper Medicine
26:
851:
849:
600:
759:Waithe, Vintro & Zorita 2007, p. 24.
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729:Waithe, Vintro & Zorita 2007, p. 31.
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717:Waithe, Vintro & Zorita 2007, p. 30.
713:
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703:Waithe, Vintro & Zorita 2007, p. 29.
699:
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634:Waithe, Vintro & Zorita 2007, p. 28.
625:Waithe, Vintro & Zorita 2007, p. 27.
621:
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563:Waithe, Vintro & Zorita 2007, p. 21.
554:Waithe, Vintro & Zorita 2007, p. 16.
542:Waithe, Vintro & Zorita 2007, p. 15.
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643:Waithe, Vintro & Zorita 2007, p. 35
550:
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476:Waithe, Vintro & Zorita 2007, p. 2.
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1085:People from the Province of Albacete
964:. Renaissance Quarterly 51 (3): 875.
808:
545:
531:
48:Luisa Oliva Sabuco de Nantes Barrera
922:. The Review of Metaphysics 44 (3).
203:
13:
1050:Winter, Calvert J. (Spring 1936).
14:
1116:
1105:16th-century Spanish philosophers
1090:17th-century Spanish philosophers
282:Composition of the World as It Is
225:functions because humans were a
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741:
732:
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32:Unknown model of Oliva Sabuco,
1001:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
958:Flynn, Maureen (Autumn 1998).
916:Allen, Prudence (March 1991).
522:
497:
470:
449:
377:New Philosophy of Human Nature
321:New Philosophy of Human Nature
255:Physical medicine and remedies
111:Oliva Sabuco de Nantes Barrera
1:
975:Keitt, Andrew (Spring 2005).
910:
369:
140:
118:
66:
33:
925:Barona, Josep LluĂs (1993).
216:
7:
1026:Waithe, Mary Ellen (2007).
951:Cannon, Mary Agnes (1916).
263:
187:Harmony and a healthy state
152:
130:holistic medical philosophy
10:
1121:
1100:Spanish women philosophers
934:Brooke, Elisabeth (1995).
387:
360:
983:Sixteenth Century Journal
855:Barona 1993, p. 176, 178.
781:Waithe 2007, p. 1, 3, 10.
104:
90:
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75:
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43:
25:
18:
969:The Gentleman's magazine
442:
402:List of craters on Venus
346:The Passion of the Soul
300:. While the last two,
278:Knowledge of One's Self
268:The book, published in
1056:. Books Abroad 10 (2).
494:Cannon 1916, p. 65-66.
1095:Spanish women writers
995:PĂ©rez, Janet (2002).
503:Kersey 1989, p. 1143.
158:Mind–body coexistence
1080:Natural philosophers
992:NY: Greenwood, 1989.
882:Waithe 1989, p. 279.
873:Waithe 1989, p. 278.
747:Waithe 1989, p. 274.
738:Waithe 1989, p. 273.
675:Waithe 1989, p. 266.
652:Waithe 1989, p. 270.
609:Waithe 1989, p. 264.
519:Waithe 1989, p. 268.
467:Waithe 1989, p. 265.
272:in 1587, was called
113:(2 December 1562 in
891:Brooke 1995, p. 80.
831:Flynn 1998, p. 875.
666:Pomata 2010, p. 49.
455:Allen 1991, p. 660.
400:in her honour, see
296:are written in the
79:Don Acacio de Buedo
1012:Pomata, G. (Ed.),
864:Keitt 2005, p. 47.
805:Waithe 1989, p. 3.
691:Pomata 2010, p. 6.
335:Fame and influence
314:Philip II of Spain
298:Castilian language
198:four bodily humors
135:applied psychology
117: –
1014:The True Medicine
429:978-0-7727-2067-2
421:The True Medicine
308:, are written in
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85:Scientific career
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20:Oliva Sabuco
1075:1646 deaths
1070:1562 births
985:36 (1): 47.
528:PĂ©rez 2002.
382:inquisitors
355:Don Quixote
194:Hippocrates
173:Aristotle's
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1064:Categories
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1007:031332445X
946:0892815485
911:References
396:was named
370:Later life
211:sophrosyne
141:Early life
128:writer in
99:Psychology
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341:Descartes
227:microcosm
223:macrocosm
217:Cosmology
264:Treatise
168:holistic
153:Theories
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793:p. 239.
398:Barrera
388:Honours
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181:Plato's
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55:Alcaraz
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304:, and
292:, and
270:Madrid
91:Fields
76:Spouse
443:Notes
310:Latin
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380:the
63:Died
44:Born
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