298:(AFI) and the single deepest pocket (SDP) measuremen. An AFI of less than 5 cm or an SDP of less than 2 cm indicates oligohydramnios, and an AFI of 0 cm or an absent SDP indicates anhydramnios. In measuring the AFI, the sonographer measures the amniotic fluid in each of the four quadrants of the abdomen (right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant) and adds the values together. For reference, a normal AFI is 5–25 cm. An AFI <5 cm is considered oligohydramnios and an AFI >25 cm is considered polyhydramnios. Randomized control trials have shown that use of AFI can cause an increased number of false positive diagnosis of oligohydramnios and recommend using the measurement of a single deepest pocket (SDP) of amniotic fluid to diagnose oligohydramnios instead.
42:
74:(AFI) measures less than 5 cm or when the single deepest pocket (SDP) of amniotic fluid measures less than 2 cm. Amniotic fluid is necessary to allow for normal fetal movement, lung development, and cushioning from uterine compression. Low amniotic fluid can be attributed to a maternal, fetal, placental or idiopathic cause and can result in poor fetal outcomes including death. The prognosis of the fetus is dependent on the etiology, gestational age at diagnosis, and the severity of the oligohydramnios.
2466:
155:, anti-inflammatory steroids), and trastuzumab decrease blood flow to the kidneys of the fetus. When the fetal kidneys are not able to produce adequate amounts of urine, this leads to reduced amniotic fluid or oligohydramnios. Some medications, such as nimesulide and chemotherapeutic agents, have been linked to anhydramnios.
302:
a normal SDP is 2–8 cm. A SDP <2 cm is considered oligohydramnios and a SDP >8 cm is considered polyhydramnios. The use of a SDP for diagnosis of oligohydramnios is associated with less false positives and thus less unnecessary interventions without an increase in adverse perinatal outcomes.
376:, which is the insertion of 200 mL of saline into the amniotic sac. One study showed an improvement in fetal structure visibility by 26% (51% to 77% before and after the infusion respectively). There is also some low quality data that may indicate a potential benefit of amnioinfusion is to facilitate
301:
To calculate a single deepest pocket, the sonographer scans each of the four quadrants of the abdomen looking for the deepest pocket of amniotic fluid that does not include any fetal body parts or an umbilical cord. It is measured from the 12 o'clock position to the 6 o'clock position. For reference,
89:
Amniotic fluid is a clear, watery substance that surrounds the fetus. It helps to maintain a constant temperature around the fetus, cushion it from injury, and allows for proper fetal movement and organ development. The cause of anhydramnios is not always clear, but several factors can contribute to
345:
Sonographic evaluation of the fetus is done to identify fetal anomalies, aneuploidy, fetal growth restriction, or placental abnormalities. The
National Institute of Health recommends detailed documentation of certain fetal organs that are most likely to be involved such as the kidneys, bladder, and
267:
The volume of amniotic fluid typically increases until 36 weeks and starts decreasing after 40 weeks in post-term gestations. For this reason, discrepancies between fundal height measurements and gestational age can be a clinical indication of amniotic fluid abnormality and should be evaluated by
491:
The prognosis of anhydramnios depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In general, the prognosis is poor for babies with anhydramnios caused by fetal renal abnormalities, with a high mortality rate. However, the prognosis is better for babies with anhydramnios caused by
110:
The amount of amniotic fluid available is based on how much fluid is produced and how much is removed from the amniotic sac. In the first trimester, the main sources of amniotic fluid are fetal lung secretions, transportation of maternal plasma across the fetal membranes, and the surface of the
890:
Atkinson, Meredith A.; Jelin, Eric B.; Baschat, Ahmet; Blumenfeld, Yair J.; Chmait, Ramen H.; O'Hare, Elizabeth; Moldenhauer, Julie S.; Zaretsky, Michael V.; Miller, Russell S.; Ruano, Rodrigo; Gonzalez, Juan M.; Johnson, Anthony; Mould, W. Andrew; Davis, Jonathan M.; Hanley, Daniel F. (2022).
313:
After initial diagnosis of oligohydramnios has been made, the next step is to perform a thorough history and physical exam, followed by diagnostic testing if indicated. Timely diagnosis and proper intervention for anhydramnios can significantly enhance the outlook for infants affected by this
143:
cause uteroplacental insufficiency. These conditions decrease the blood flow to vital organs such as the placenta which supplies blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the developing fetus. Decreased blood flow to the fetus causes impaired urine production which leads to reduced amniotic fluid and
524:
With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many babies with anhydramnios can be born healthy. However, the prognosis for babies with anhydramnios caused by fetal renal abnormalities remains poor. These babies may require long-term medical care and may have developmental disabilities.
1377:
223:(IUGR) associated with placental insufficiency. Insufficient fetal growth can result in reduced amniotic fluid volume. When the fetus is not growing appropriately, it may have a reduced ability to produce urine, which is a significant contributor to amniotic fluid.
1374:
716:
482:
is a condition caused by oligohydramnios. Affected fetuses develop pulmonary hypoplasia, limb deformities, and characteristic facies. Bilateral agenesis of the fetal kidneys is the most common cause due to the lack of fetal urine.
244:
Placental insufficiency: This is a condition in which the placenta does not function properly, leading to an insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients to the developing baby, potentially affecting amniotic fluid
1774:
1658:
1643:
520:
Babies with anhydramnios who also have other complications, such as fetal growth restriction or skeletal deformities, have a poorer prognosis than babies with anhydramnios who do not have other complications.
197:
or urethral atresia which are associated with obstruction of the lower urinary tract. Fetal renal abnormalities can encompass various kidney-related issues, including bilateral renal agenesis, also known as
993:"Gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction induce dysregulation of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease associated microRNAs in maternal whole peripheral blood"
1767:
1546:
Johnson JM, Chauhan SP, Ennen CS, Niederhauser A, Magann EF (2007). "A comparison of 3 criteria of oligohydramnios in identifying peripartum complications: a secondary analysis".
433:
are managed in the outpatient setting with weekly or biweekly testing to monitor for accurate fetal growth and decrease chances of unexpected fetal death. This includes a weekly
1760:
599:
2493:
2471:
369:
There is no way to permanently increase the volume of amniotic fluid, but it can be temporarily increased to allow for a complete anatomy scan of the fetus on ultrasound.
1038:
Vikraman, Seneesh Kumar; Chandra, Vipin; Balakrishnan, Bijoy; Batra, Meenu; Sethumadhavan, Sreeja; Patil, Swapneel
Neelkanth; Nair, Sabila; Kannoly, Gopinathan (2017).
514:: Babies with anhydramnios diagnosed in the early stages of pregnancy have a poorer prognosis than babies with anhydramnios diagnosed in the later stages of pregnancy.
1040:"Impact of antepartum diagnostic amnioinfusion on targeted ultrasound imaging of pregnancies presenting with severe oligo- and anhydramnios: An analysis of 61 cases"
111:
placenta. By the second trimester, the fetal kidneys start to produce urine which becomes the main source of the amniotic fluid for the remainder of the pregnancy.
335:
Retaking a maternal and family history and performing a physical exam can point to maternal conditions or medications that might be causing the oligohydramnios.
445:
Idiopathic, uncomplicated, and persistent oligohydramnios can be delivered at 36 0/7 weeks – 37 6/7 weeks of gestation or at diagnosis if diagnosis is later.
1385:
384:. There is uncertainty about the procedure's safety and efficacy, and it is recommended that it should only be performed in centers specializing in invasive
2025:
1462:
Morris, R. K.; Malin, G. L.; Quinlan-Jones, E.; Middleton, L. J.; Hemming, K.; Burke, D.; Daniels, J. P.; Khan, K. S.; Deeks, J.; Kilby, M. D. (2013).
623:
Grijseels, E. W. M.; van-Hornstra, PTM Echteld; Govaerts, L. C. P.; Cohen-Overbeek, T. E.; de
Krijger, R. R.; Smit, B. J.; Cransberg, K. (2011-07-14).
1226:
Spiro, Judith Eva; Konrad, Martin; Rieger-Fackeldey, Esther; Masjosthusmann, Katja; Amler, Susanne; Klockenbusch, Walter; Schmitz, Ralf (2015-02-13).
568:
437:(NST) and single deepest pocket (SDP) assessment which is also referred to as the modified BPP. Sonographic fetal growth exams may also be indicated.
2367:
502:
Babies with anhydramnios caused by fetal renal abnormalities have a much poorer prognosis than babies with anhydramnios caused by other factors.
1464:"Percutaneous vesicoamniotic shunting versus conservative management for fetal lower urinary tract obstruction (PLUTO): A randomised trial"
305:
In a multiple gestation pregnancy, measuring a single deepest pocket is the most accurate determination of adequate amniotic fluid levels.
1392:
410:
357:(MSAFP) can indicate leaking amniotic fluid due to damage to fetal membranes or the placenta. This is associated with a poor prognosis.
148:
395:
One to two liters of oral hydration can temporarily increase amniotic fluid in dehydrated patients with isolated oligohydramnios.
346:
the umbilical cord. If the lack of amniotic fluid prevents accurate visualization on ultraosund, MRI imaging can be considered.
327:
Delivery: The timing of delivery may need to be adjusted depending on the severity of anhydramnios and the health of the fetus
2005:
1972:
810:
321:: Injection of amniotic fluid into the womb, can help to improve fetal lung development and reduce the risk of complications
1744:
831:
Jelin, Angie C.; Sagaser, Katelynn G.; Forster, Katherine R.; Ibekwe, Tochi; Norton, Mary E.; Jelin, Eric B. (2020-02-19).
324:
Fetal monitoring: Close monitoring of the fetus is crucial to assess its well-being and detect any potential complications
1087:"Anhydramnios associated with administration of trastuzumab and paclitaxel for metastatic breast cancer during pregnancy"
152:
2020:
2423:
2278:
2205:
1900:
248:
2450:
1581:
Elsandabesee D, Majumdar S, Sinha S (2007). "Obstetricians' attitudes towards 'isolated' oligohydramnios at term".
162:
2071:
1809:
462:
220:
1952:
740:
Paternoster, Delia M.; Snijders, Deborah; Manganelli, Francesca; Torrisi, Angela; Bracciante, Roberto (2003).
2154:
1411:"Maternal hydration for increasing amniotic fluid volume in oligohydramnios and normal amniotic fluid volume"
1124:
Io, Shingo; Kondoh, Eiji; Chigusa, Yoshitsugu; Tani, Hirohiko; Hamanishi, Junzo; Konishi, Ikuo (2017-11-20).
339:
833:"Etiology and management of early pregnancy renal anhydramnios: Is there a place for serial amnioinfusions?"
2438:
2221:
2066:
2234:
1752:
1511:
Adeniran AJ, Stanek J (2007). "Amnion nodosum revisited: clinicopathologic and placental correlations".
453:
Complications may include cord compression, musculoskeletal abnormalities such as facial distortion and
360:
A maternal blood test or amniotic fluid test can be performed if suspicion of a TORCH infection is high.
70:, where there is a complete absence of amniotic fluid. It is typically diagnosed by ultrasound when the
2345:
2144:
2118:
1854:
1800:
381:
268:
ultrasound. The symptoms of anhydramnios may not always be apparent, but some potential signs include:
2382:
2372:
2290:
2190:
377:
342:
is ruled out with a nitrizine test, evidence of ferning, or evidence pooling of liquid in the cervix.
288:
132:
114:
The development of oligohydramnios may be idiopathic or have a maternal, fetal, or placental cause.
41:
1908:
1673:
194:
2307:
2229:
1987:
385:
95:
2428:
2402:
2180:
2000:
1995:
1967:
1944:
1844:
389:
179:
1085:
Bader, Arnim A; Schlembach, Dietmar; Tamussino, Karl F; Pristauz, Gunda; Petru, Edgar (2007).
2392:
2387:
1839:
1389:
2397:
2266:
2161:
1982:
1957:
539:
508:
Babies with severe anhydramnios have a poorer prognosis than babies with mild anhydramnios.
458:
295:
215:
99:
71:
8:
2433:
2377:
2271:
2200:
2185:
2166:
2015:
1829:
1662:
1171:
Visvalingam, G.; Purandare, N.; Cooley, S.; Roopnarinesingh, R.; Geary, M. (2011-12-20).
476:
The use of oligohydramnios as a predictor of gestational complications is controversial.
239:
205:
2407:
2362:
2337:
2302:
2149:
2139:
1834:
1606:
1488:
1463:
1439:
1410:
1357:
1283:"Ureterocele Causing Anhydramnios Successfully Treated With Percutaneous Decompression"
1263:
1208:
1153:
927:
892:
867:
832:
660:
625:"Outcome of pregnancies complicated by oligohydramnios or anhydramnios of renal origin"
534:
210:
1667:
1479:
1282:
1102:
757:
2312:
2284:
2244:
2239:
2174:
2048:
1849:
1824:
1792:
1684:
1598:
1563:
1528:
1493:
1444:
1426:
1349:
1341:
1302:
1298:
1255:
1247:
1200:
1192:
1145:
1106:
1067:
1059:
1020:
1012:
991:
Hromadnikova, Ilona; Kotlabova, Katerina; Hympanova, Lucie; Krofta, Ladislav (2016).
973:
932:
914:
872:
854:
806:
769:
761:
690:
652:
644:
354:
30:
1713:
1610:
1361:
1267:
1212:
1157:
992:
909:
664:
2195:
2134:
1866:
1590:
1555:
1520:
1483:
1475:
1434:
1418:
1333:
1294:
1239:
1184:
1137:
1098:
1086:
1051:
1008:
1004:
963:
952:"Korelasi Asupan Vitamin C dan vitamin D dengan Kadar Timbal Ibu Hamil Preeklamsia"
922:
904:
862:
844:
796:
753:
741:
636:
418:
158:
Maternal dehydration, including severe diarrhea, vomiting, or excessive fluid loss.
98:. Untreated anhydramnios can lead to serious complications for the baby, including
1172:
1039:
788:
2350:
2317:
2091:
1871:
1678:
1524:
1396:
1390:
Therapeutic amnioinfusion for oligohydramnios during pregnancy (excluding labour)
1381:
1188:
1126:"An experience of second-trimester anhydramnios salvaged by single amnioinfusion"
1055:
801:
479:
347:
199:
1228:"Renal oligo- and anhydramnios: cause, course and outcome—a single-center study"
968:
951:
2445:
2355:
2251:
2111:
2100:
2040:
1918:
1559:
1227:
1125:
682:
466:
434:
190:
136:
78:
59:
1724:
1689:
1652:
1594:
1422:
1321:
1243:
1141:
742:"Anhydramnios and maternal thrombocytopenia after prolonged use of nimesulide"
2487:
2327:
2297:
2030:
1913:
1430:
1345:
1337:
1306:
1251:
1196:
1149:
1110:
1063:
1016:
977:
918:
858:
765:
648:
430:
414:
373:
318:
183:
140:
124:
1320:
Gramellini, D.; Fieni, S.; Kaihura, C.; Piantelli, G.; Verrotti, C. (2003).
193:
and cystic renal disease are associated with impaired urine production, and
2322:
2256:
1739:
1602:
1567:
1532:
1497:
1448:
1353:
1259:
1204:
1071:
1024:
936:
876:
773:
694:
656:
622:
399:
128:
63:
1782:
893:"Design and Protocol of the Renal Anhydramnios Fetal Therapy (RAFT) Trial"
314:
condition. The treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include:
2261:
2010:
1962:
1895:
1876:
1861:
1225:
1170:
950:
Riska, Anggun Hatika; Yusrawati, Yusrawati; Efrida, Efrida (2022-09-02).
1635:
1044:
European
Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
746:
European
Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
1881:
1788:
1719:
403:
229:; failure of secretion by the cells of the amnion covering the placenta
35:
1173:"Perinatal outcome after ultrasound diagnosis of anhydramnios at term"
1925:
1784:
1708:
787:
Palermo, Mario S. F.; Espinosa, Ana; Trasmonte, Mónica (2021-11-19),
624:
287:
Diagnosis of oligohydramnios or anhydramnios is made by conducting a
55:
1281:
Hansen, Wendy F.; Cooper, Christopher S.; Yankowitz, Jerome (2002).
990:
849:
789:"Disorders of Amniotic Fluid Volume: Oligoamnios and Polyhydramnios"
739:
640:
169:, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus) and parvovirus B19
1819:
454:
294:
There are two methods that can be used to make the diagnosis: the
2124:
1461:
1084:
1037:
469:
is frequently also present (nodules on the fetal surface of the
2128:
1647:
1545:
1319:
492:
other factors, such as premature rupture of membranes (PPROM).
470:
889:
2087:
2058:
1891:
795:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 687–705,
406:. These methods are less commonly used and are experimental.
91:
2026:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
62:, the fluid that surrounds the fetus in the abdomen, in the
495:
Factors that affect the prognosis of anhydramnios include:
398:
Other investigational therapies may also be useful such as
350:
can be useful if fetal anomalies are documented on imaging.
1580:
956:
Indonesian
Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology Science
830:
786:
186:
which are associated with gastrointestinal abnormalities
2494:
Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium
1386:
National
Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
1326:
The
Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
1280:
1625:
949:
380:. Amnioinfusion can be used during labor to prevent
202:, which is the most prevalent cause of anhydramnios.
1123:
151:(lisinopril), prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors (
2368:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
1408:
2485:
16:Deficiency of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac
689:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1510:
681:Keilman, Courtney; Shanks, Anthony L. (2021),
1768:
680:
278:Uterine contractions not associated with pain
1574:
1539:
1504:
364:
272:A decrease in the size of the baby's abdomen
1415:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
338:Premature prelabor rupture of membranes or
1775:
1761:
1455:
1409:Hofmeyr, G. J.; Gülmezoglu, A. M. (2002).
417:seems to improve survival, according to a
411:congenital lower urinary tract obstruction
40:
1487:
1438:
967:
926:
908:
866:
848:
800:
500:The underlying cause of the anhydramnios:
262:
149:angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
2486:
372:One way to achieve this is through an
2006:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
1973:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
1756:
1583:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
1232:Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
1177:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
440:
2072:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
1554:(2): 207.e1–7, discussion 207.e7–8.
1322:"Antepartum amnioinfusion: a review"
711:
709:
676:
674:
594:
592:
590:
588:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
518:The presence of other complications:
77:The opposite of oligohydramnios is
13:
2021:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
253:Placental thrombosis or infarction
81:, or an excess of amniotic fluid.
14:
2505:
2279:Pain management during childbirth
2206:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
1621:
706:
671:
585:
552:
506:The severity of the anhydramnios:
189:Congenital abnormalities such as
58:characterized by a deficiency of
2465:
2464:
2451:Sexual activity during pregnancy
1299:10.1097/00006250-200205001-00033
512:The gestational age at diagnosis
448:
424:
1402:
1368:
1313:
1274:
1219:
1164:
1117:
1078:
1031:
984:
943:
910:10.1016/j.clinthera.2022.07.001
569:"Antepartum Fetal Surveillance"
463:intrauterine growth restriction
221:Intrauterine growth restriction
1953:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
1130:Journal of Medical Ultrasonics
1009:10.1016/j.thromres.2015.11.032
883:
824:
780:
733:
616:
282:
90:its development such as fetal
1:
2155:Prelabor rupture of membranes
1480:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60992-7
1103:10.1016/s1470-2045(06)71014-2
758:10.1016/s0301-2115(02)00343-3
545:
340:prelabor rupture of membranes
308:
84:
2434:Systemic lupus erythematosus
2085:Maternal care related to the
2067:Gestational thrombocytopenia
1525:10.5858/2007-131-1829-ANRCAP
1189:10.3109/01443615.2011.618891
1056:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.03.026
802:10.1007/978-3-030-83434-0_39
486:
257:
233:
7:
2235:Cephalopelvic disproportion
1287:Obstetrics & Gynecology
528:
353:An elevated maternal serum
117:
105:
10:
2510:
2346:Breastfeeding difficulties
2145:Constriction ring syndrome
2119:Braxton Hicks contractions
1560:10.1016/j.ajog.2007.04.048
382:umbilical cord compression
54:is a medical condition in
2459:
2416:
2383:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
2373:Pubic symphysis diastasis
2336:
2220:
2084:
2057:
2039:
1981:
1943:
1934:
1890:
1808:
1799:
1699:
1629:
1595:10.1080/01443610701469669
1423:10.1002/14651858.CD000134
1244:10.1007/s00404-015-3648-7
1142:10.1007/s10396-017-0842-1
969:10.24198/obgynia/v5n2.430
378:external cephalic version
365:Increasing amniotic fluid
331:Other point to note are:
289:transabdominal ultrasound
195:posterior urethral valves
180:Chromosomal abnormalities
133:collagen vascular disease
102:or skeletal deformities.
29:
24:
1909:Gestational hypertension
1388:. Based on the overview
1338:10.1080/jmf.14.5.291.296
388:and in the context of a
275:Decreased fetal movement
173:
2308:Umbilical cord prolapse
2230:Amniotic fluid embolism
1988:dermatoses of pregnancy
161:Infections such as the
96:placental insufficiency
66:. The limiting case is
2424:Concomitant conditions
2403:Postpartum thyroiditis
2181:Circumvallate placenta
2001:Impetigo herpetiformis
1996:Gestational pemphigoid
1968:Hyperemesis gravidarum
1901:hypertensive disorders
1548:Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol
1293:(5, Part 2): 953–956.
402:, tissue sealants, or
390:multidisciplinary team
263:Clinical manifestation
2393:Postpartum infections
2388:Postpartum depression
897:Clinical Therapeutics
249:Twin-twin transfusion
2398:Postpartum psychosis
2267:Obstetrical bleeding
2162:Obstetrical bleeding
1983:Integumentary system
1958:Gestational diabetes
1937:related to pregnancy
1935:Other, predominantly
459:pulmonary hypoplasia
296:amniotic fluid index
216:Rupture of membranes
147:Medications such as
129:chronic hypertension
100:pulmonary hypoplasia
72:amniotic fluid index
2378:Postpartum bleeding
2201:Placental abruption
2186:Monochorionic twins
2016:Prurigo gestationis
1513:Arch Pathol Lab Med
1474:(9903): 1496–1506.
1091:The Lancet Oncology
997:Thrombosis Research
355:alpha fetal protein
240:Placental abruption
211:Post-term pregnancy
206:Intrauterine demise
123:Conditions such as
2408:Puerperal mastitis
2363:Breast engorgement
2150:Monoamniotic twins
2140:Chorionic hematoma
1700:External resources
1395:2013-02-18 at the
1380:2016-09-20 at the
837:Prenatal Diagnosis
629:Prenatal Diagnosis
535:Fetal intervention
441:Timing of delivery
404:sildenafil citrate
2481:
2480:
2439:Thyroid disorders
2429:Diabetes mellitus
2313:Uterine inversion
2245:Shoulder dystocia
2240:Obstructed labour
2216:
2215:
2080:
2079:
2049:Chorea gravidarum
1825:Ectopic pregnancy
1734:
1733:
812:978-3-030-83433-3
683:"Oligohydramnios"
635:(11): 1039–1045.
540:Potter's sequence
429:Patients who are
421:yet small study.
167:Toxoplasma gondii
94:abnormalities or
49:
48:
19:Medical condition
2501:
2468:
2467:
2303:Postmature birth
2291:Placenta accreta
2196:Placenta praevia
2191:Placenta accreta
2135:Chorioamnionitis
1945:Digestive system
1941:
1940:
1867:Fetal resorption
1855:Rudimentary horn
1812:abortive outcome
1806:
1805:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1627:
1626:
1615:
1614:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1491:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1442:
1406:
1400:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1035:
1029:
1028:
988:
982:
981:
971:
947:
941:
940:
930:
912:
903:(8): 1161–1171.
887:
881:
880:
870:
852:
828:
822:
821:
820:
819:
804:
784:
778:
777:
737:
731:
730:
728:
727:
721:www.uptodate.com
713:
704:
703:
702:
701:
678:
669:
668:
620:
614:
613:
611:
610:
604:www.uptodate.com
596:
583:
582:
580:
579:
565:
291:of the abdomen.
163:TORCH infections
144:oligohydramnios.
45:
44:
22:
21:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2455:
2412:
2356:Cracked nipples
2351:Low milk supply
2332:
2318:Uterine rupture
2212:
2107:Oligohydramnios
2092:amniotic cavity
2086:
2076:
2053:
2035:
1986:
1977:
1936:
1930:
1899:
1886:
1872:Molar pregnancy
1811:
1795:
1781:
1750:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1725:Oligohydramnios
1695:
1694:
1638:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1579:
1575:
1544:
1540:
1519:(12): 1829–33.
1509:
1505:
1460:
1456:
1417:(1): CD000134.
1407:
1403:
1397:Wayback Machine
1382:Wayback Machine
1375:Oligohydramnios
1373:
1369:
1318:
1314:
1279:
1275:
1224:
1220:
1169:
1165:
1122:
1118:
1083:
1079:
1036:
1032:
989:
985:
948:
944:
888:
884:
850:10.1002/pd.5658
829:
825:
817:
815:
813:
785:
781:
738:
734:
725:
723:
715:
714:
707:
699:
697:
679:
672:
641:10.1002/pd.2827
621:
617:
608:
606:
598:
597:
586:
577:
575:
567:
566:
553:
548:
531:
489:
480:Potter syndrome
451:
443:
435:non-stress test
427:
367:
348:Genetic testing
311:
285:
265:
260:
236:
200:Potter syndrome
176:
120:
108:
87:
52:Oligohydramnios
39:
25:Oligohydramnios
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2507:
2497:
2496:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2446:Maternal death
2443:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2252:Fetal distress
2249:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2112:Polyhydramnios
2109:
2101:amniotic fluid
2096:
2094:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2041:Nervous system
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1919:HELLP syndrome
1911:
1905:
1903:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1810:Pregnancy with
1803:
1797:
1796:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1716:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1681:
1670:
1655:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:Classification
1623:
1622:External links
1620:
1617:
1616:
1573:
1538:
1503:
1454:
1401:
1367:
1332:(5): 291–296.
1312:
1273:
1238:(2): 327–336.
1218:
1163:
1136:(3): 525–527.
1116:
1077:
1030:
983:
962:(2): 284–292.
942:
882:
843:(5): 528–537.
823:
811:
779:
732:
705:
670:
615:
584:
550:
549:
547:
544:
543:
542:
537:
530:
527:
522:
521:
515:
509:
503:
488:
485:
467:Amnion nodosum
450:
447:
442:
439:
426:
423:
386:fetal medicine
366:
363:
362:
361:
358:
351:
343:
336:
329:
328:
325:
322:
310:
307:
284:
281:
280:
279:
276:
273:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
246:
242:
235:
232:
231:
230:
227:Amnion nodosum
224:
218:
213:
208:
203:
191:renal agenesis
187:
175:
172:
171:
170:
159:
156:
145:
119:
116:
107:
104:
86:
83:
79:polyhydramnios
60:amniotic fluid
47:
46:
33:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2506:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2328:Uterine atony
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2298:Preterm birth
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2031:Stretch marks
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1914:Pre-eclampsia
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1783:Pathology of
1778:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
979:
975:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
938:
934:
929:
924:
920:
916:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
886:
878:
874:
869:
864:
860:
856:
851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
827:
814:
808:
803:
798:
794:
790:
783:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
736:
722:
718:
712:
710:
696:
692:
688:
684:
677:
675:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
619:
605:
601:
595:
593:
591:
589:
574:
570:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
551:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
526:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
497:
496:
493:
484:
481:
477:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
449:Complications
446:
438:
436:
432:
425:Prenatal care
422:
420:
416:
415:fetal surgery
412:
407:
405:
401:
396:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:amnioinfusion
370:
359:
356:
352:
349:
344:
341:
337:
334:
333:
332:
326:
323:
320:
319:Amnioinfusion
317:
316:
315:
306:
303:
299:
297:
292:
290:
277:
274:
271:
270:
269:
252:
250:
247:
243:
241:
238:
237:
228:
225:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
201:
196:
192:
188:
185:
184:Down syndrome
181:
178:
177:
168:
164:
160:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:thrombophilia
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:
115:
112:
103:
101:
97:
93:
82:
80:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
43:
37:
34:
32:
28:
23:
2470:
2463:
2323:Vasa praevia
2283:
2257:Locked twins
2173:
2123:
2106:
2099:
1845:Interstitial
1749:
1738:
1718:
1707:
1683:
1672:
1657:
1642:
1589:(6): 574–6.
1586:
1582:
1576:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1414:
1404:
1370:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1183:(1): 50–53.
1180:
1176:
1166:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1097:(1): 79–81.
1094:
1090:
1080:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1000:
996:
986:
959:
955:
945:
900:
896:
885:
840:
836:
826:
816:, retrieved
793:Perinatology
792:
782:
752:(1): 97–98.
749:
745:
735:
724:. Retrieved
720:
698:, retrieved
686:
632:
628:
618:
607:. Retrieved
603:
576:. Retrieved
573:www.acog.org
572:
523:
517:
511:
505:
499:
494:
490:
478:
475:
452:
444:
428:
408:
400:desmopressin
397:
394:
371:
368:
330:
312:
304:
300:
293:
286:
266:
226:
166:
125:preeclampsia
113:
109:
88:
76:
68:anhydramnios
67:
64:amniotic sac
51:
50:
2262:Nuchal cord
2011:Linea nigra
1963:Hepatitis E
1896:proteinuria
1877:Miscarriage
1862:Embryo loss
1840:Heterotopic
1003:: 126–140.
409:In case of
245:production.
137:nephropathy
2272:Postpartum
2167:Antepartum
1882:Stillbirth
1793:puerperium
1791:, and the
1789:childbirth
1720:Patient UK
1685:DiseasesDB
1468:The Lancet
1050:: 96–100.
818:2023-11-21
726:2021-11-07
717:"UpToDate"
700:2021-11-07
687:StatPearls
609:2021-11-07
600:"UpToDate"
578:2021-11-07
546:References
419:randomized
309:Management
85:Background
36:Obstetrics
2338:Puerperal
1926:Eclampsia
1830:Abdominal
1801:Pregnancy
1785:pregnancy
1714:radio/898
1709:eMedicine
1431:1469-493X
1346:1476-7058
1307:0029-7844
1252:0932-0067
1197:0144-3615
1150:1346-4523
1111:1470-2045
1064:0301-2115
1017:0049-3848
978:2615-496X
919:0149-2918
859:0197-3851
766:0301-2115
649:0197-3851
487:Prognosis
283:Diagnosis
258:Diagnosis
234:Placental
56:pregnancy
31:Specialty
2488:Category
2472:Category
2285:placenta
2175:placenta
1835:Cervical
1820:Abortion
1611:39603642
1603:17896253
1568:17689653
1533:18081444
1498:23953766
1449:11869566
1393:Archived
1378:Archived
1362:19890702
1354:14986801
1268:21433366
1260:25676656
1213:23539855
1205:22185537
1158:22787864
1072:28349892
1025:26632513
937:35918190
877:32003482
774:12694979
695:32965997
665:35572158
657:21755519
529:See also
455:clubfoot
182:such as
118:Maternal
106:Etiology
2125:chorion
1850:Ovarian
1679:D016104
1489:3898962
1440:7045461
1399:in 2006
1384:at the
928:9847373
868:7780162
431:preterm
2129:amnion
1745:CHORUS
1609:
1601:
1566:
1531:
1496:
1486:
1447:
1437:
1429:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1305:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1156:
1148:
1109:
1070:
1062:
1023:
1015:
976:
935:
925:
917:
875:
865:
857:
809:
772:
764:
693:
663:
655:
647:
471:amnion
153:NSAIDs
139:, and
38:
2417:Other
2222:Labor
2088:fetus
2059:Blood
1898:, and
1892:Edema
1740:00435
1668:658.0
1653:O41.0
1607:S2CID
1358:S2CID
1264:S2CID
1209:S2CID
1154:S2CID
661:S2CID
174:Fetal
92:renal
2090:and
1690:9202
1674:MeSH
1663:9-CM
1599:PMID
1564:PMID
1529:PMID
1494:PMID
1445:PMID
1427:ISSN
1350:PMID
1342:ISSN
1303:ISSN
1256:PMID
1248:ISSN
1201:PMID
1193:ISSN
1146:ISSN
1107:ISSN
1068:PMID
1060:ISSN
1021:PMID
1013:ISSN
974:ISSN
933:PMID
915:ISSN
873:PMID
855:ISSN
807:ISBN
770:PMID
762:ISSN
691:PMID
653:PMID
645:ISSN
461:and
1743:at
1659:ICD
1644:ICD
1591:doi
1556:doi
1552:197
1521:doi
1517:131
1484:PMC
1476:doi
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