124:
59:
40:
1494:
259:
During the pregnancy, certain clinical signs may suggest polyhydramnios. In the mother, the physician may observe increased abdominal size out of proportion for her weight gain and gestation age, uterine size that outpaces gestational age, shiny skin with stria (seen mostly in severe polyhydramnios),
195:
Bochdalek's hernia, in which the pleuro-peritoneal membranes (especially the left) will fail to develop and seal the pericardio-peritoneal canals. This results in the stomach protrusion up into the thoracic cavity, and the fetus is unable to swallow sufficient amounts of amniotic
228:
Skeletal dysplasia, or dwarfism. There is a possibility of the chest cavity not being large enough to house all of the baby's organs causing the trachea and esophagus to be restricted, not allowing the baby to swallow the appropriate amount of amniotic
173:
of less than 7, perinatal death and structural malformations only occurred in women with severe polyhydramnios. In another study, all patients with polyhydramnios, that had a sonographically normal fetus, showed no chromosomal anomalies.
83:(AFI) is greater than 24 cm. There are two clinical varieties of polyhydramnios: chronic polyhydramnios where excess amniotic fluid accumulates gradually, and acute polyhydramnios where excess amniotic fluid collects rapidly.
214:, which impair the swallowing reflex. Anencephaly is failure of closure of the rostral neuropore (rostral neural tube defect). If the rostral neuropore fails to close there will be no neural mechanism for swallowing.
802:
675:
660:
192:(causing inability to swallow amniotic fluid), anencephaly, facial cleft, neck masses, tracheoesophageal fistula, and diaphragmatic hernias. An annular pancreas causing obstruction may also be the cause.
795:
544:
Bundgaard A, Andersen BR, Rode L, Lebech M, Tabor A, Prevalence of polyhydramnios at a Danish hospital—a population-based study. Acta Obstet
Gynecol Scand. 2007; 86(12): 1427–31.
788:
1521:
1499:
1053:
1395:
531:
490:
438:
389:
348:
277:
455:
Barnhard Y, Bar-Hava I, Divon MY (Nov 1995). "Is polyhydramnios in an ultrasonographically normal fetus an indication for genetic evaluation?".
260:
dyspnea, and chest heaviness. When examining the fetus, faint fetal heart sounds are also an important clinical sign of this condition.
362:
Hill LM, Breckle R, Thomas ML, Fries JK (January 1987). "Polyhydramnios: ultrasonically detected prevalence and neonatal outcome".
403:
Hobbins JC, Grannum PA, Berkowitz RL, Silverman R, Mahoney MJ (June 1979). "Ultrasound in the diagnosis of congenital anomalies".
130:
In most cases, the exact cause cannot be identified. A single case may have one or more causes, including intrauterine infection (
504:
Brady K, Polzin WJ, Kopelman JN, Read JA (1992). "Risk of chromosomal abnormalities in patients with idiopathic polyhydramnios".
244:
There are several pathologic conditions that can predispose a pregnancy to polyhydramnios. These include a maternal history of
268:
Mild asymptomatic polyhydramnios is managed expectantly. A woman with symptomatic polyhydramnios may need hospital admission.
1033:
1000:
772:
1048:
1451:
1306:
1233:
928:
618:
Piantelli G, Bedocchi L, Cavicchioni O, et al. (2004). "Amnioreduction for treatment of severe polyhydramnios".
143:
1478:
1099:
837:
980:
1182:
1466:
1249:
1094:
1262:
780:
1373:
1172:
1146:
882:
828:
1410:
1400:
1318:
1218:
936:
690:
58:
1335:
1257:
1015:
1456:
1430:
1208:
1028:
1023:
995:
972:
872:
730:
1420:
1415:
867:
554:
Seyberth HW. (2008). "An improved terminology and classification of
Bartter-like syndromes".
525:
484:
432:
402:
383:
342:
1425:
1294:
1189:
1010:
985:
293:
203:
disorders that result in increased urine production during pregnancy, such as in antenatal
142:
of the placenta. In a multiple gestation pregnancy, the cause of polyhydramnios usually is
80:
115:
and perinatal death. At delivery the baby should be checked for congenital abnormalities.
8:
1461:
1405:
1299:
1228:
1213:
1194:
1043:
857:
679:
108:
1435:
1390:
1365:
1330:
1177:
1167:
862:
579:
249:
185:
123:
39:
416:
1340:
1312:
1272:
1267:
1202:
1076:
877:
852:
820:
701:
623:
583:
571:
513:
472:
468:
420:
371:
330:
245:
155:
47:
741:
684:
169:
A recent study distinguishes between mild and severe polyhydramnios and showed that
1223:
1162:
894:
563:
464:
412:
322:
222:
204:
189:
181:
1378:
1345:
1134:
1119:
899:
695:
112:
103:
Fetuses with polyhydramnios are at risk for a number of other problems including
87:
1473:
1383:
1279:
1128:
1068:
946:
706:
253:
72:
1515:
1355:
1325:
1058:
941:
752:
281:
218:
159:
139:
131:
104:
79:. It is seen in about 1% of pregnancies. It is typically diagnosed when the
669:
1350:
1284:
767:
627:
597:
575:
76:
810:
517:
476:
375:
334:
326:
1289:
1038:
990:
923:
904:
889:
725:
424:
313:
Alexander ES, Spitz HB, Clark RA (1982). "Sonography of polyhydramnios".
211:
170:
567:
503:
276:. No data support dietary restriction of salt and fluid. In some cases,
909:
816:
747:
361:
225:, which is itself often associated with gastrointestinal abnormalities.
135:
52:
652:
953:
812:
736:
847:
269:
233:
163:
1152:
147:
454:
312:
1156:
664:
273:
151:
1115:
1086:
919:
200:
1054:
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)
617:
252:
between the fetus and mother, intrauterine infection, and
207:. Molecular diagnosis is available for these conditions.
1522:
Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium
642:
166:(fetal urine is a major source of amniotic fluid).
1396:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder
1513:
284:, has been used in response to polyhydramnios.
71:is a medical condition describing an excess of
796:
553:
530:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
489:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
437:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
388:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
347:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
16:Excess of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac
611:
547:
272:may be prescribed to relieve heartburn and
803:
789:
450:
448:
57:
38:
33:Polyhydramnion, hydramnios, polyhydramnios
122:
98:
445:
1514:
598:"Hereditary disease: Bartter syndrome"
1034:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
1001:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
784:
1100:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability
210:neurological abnormalities such as
13:
1049:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy
217:chromosomal abnormalities such as
86:The opposite to polyhydramnios is
14:
1533:
1307:Pain management during childbirth
1234:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
638:
144:twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
1493:
1492:
1479:Sexual activity during pregnancy
93:
981:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
590:
538:
497:
396:
355:
306:
1:
1183:Prelabor rupture of membranes
417:10.1016/s0002-9378(16)33043-5
299:
90:, not enough amniotic fluid.
1462:Systemic lupus erythematosus
1113:Maternal care related to the
1095:Gestational thrombocytopenia
469:10.1016/0002-9378(95)90643-6
280:, also known as therapeutic
263:
239:
7:
1263:Cephalopelvic disproportion
287:
10:
1538:
1374:Breastfeeding difficulties
1173:Constriction ring syndrome
1147:Braxton Hicks contractions
146:. Maternal causes include
1487:
1444:
1411:Peripartum cardiomyopathy
1401:Pubic symphysis diastasis
1364:
1248:
1112:
1085:
1067:
1009:
971:
962:
918:
836:
827:
716:
646:
177:These anomalies include:
118:
46:
37:
29:
24:
937:Gestational hypertension
1336:Umbilical cord prolapse
1258:Amniotic fluid embolism
1016:dermatoses of pregnancy
154:problems, and maternal
1452:Concomitant conditions
1431:Postpartum thyroiditis
1209:Circumvallate placenta
1029:Impetigo herpetiformis
1024:Gestational pemphigoid
996:Hyperemesis gravidarum
929:hypertensive disorders
556:Nat Clin Pract Nephrol
405:Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol
184:abnormalities such as
127:
1421:Postpartum infections
1416:Postpartum depression
622:. 75. Suppl 1: 56–8.
327:10.2214/ajr.138.2.343
158:, which causes fetal
126:
99:Associated conditions
1426:Postpartum psychosis
1295:Obstetrical bleeding
1190:Obstetrical bleeding
1011:Integumentary system
986:Gestational diabetes
965:related to pregnancy
963:Other, predominantly
294:Amniotic fluid index
254:multiple pregnancies
81:amniotic fluid index
1406:Postpartum bleeding
1229:Placental abruption
1214:Monochorionic twins
1044:Prurigo gestationis
568:10.1038/ncpneph0912
315:AJR Am J Roentgenol
109:placental abruption
1436:Puerperal mastitis
1391:Breast engorgement
1178:Monoamniotic twins
1168:Chorionic hematoma
717:External resources
250:Rh incompatibility
186:esophageal atresia
136:rh-isoimmunisation
128:
1509:
1508:
1467:Thyroid disorders
1457:Diabetes mellitus
1341:Uterine inversion
1273:Shoulder dystocia
1268:Obstructed labour
1244:
1243:
1108:
1107:
1077:Chorea gravidarum
853:Ectopic pregnancy
762:
761:
246:diabetes mellitus
156:diabetes mellitus
66:
65:
19:Medical condition
1529:
1496:
1495:
1331:Postmature birth
1319:Placenta accreta
1224:Placenta praevia
1219:Placenta accreta
1163:Chorioamnionitis
973:Digestive system
969:
968:
895:Fetal resorption
883:Rudimentary horn
840:abortive outcome
834:
833:
805:
798:
791:
782:
781:
644:
643:
632:
631:
615:
609:
608:
606:
605:
594:
588:
587:
551:
545:
542:
536:
535:
529:
521:
501:
495:
494:
488:
480:
452:
443:
442:
436:
428:
400:
394:
393:
387:
379:
359:
353:
352:
346:
338:
310:
223:Edwards syndrome
205:Bartter syndrome
190:duodenal atresia
182:gastrointestinal
62:
61:
42:
22:
21:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1483:
1440:
1384:Cracked nipples
1379:Low milk supply
1360:
1346:Uterine rupture
1240:
1135:Oligohydramnios
1120:amniotic cavity
1114:
1104:
1081:
1063:
1014:
1005:
964:
958:
927:
914:
900:Molar pregnancy
839:
823:
809:
778:
763:
758:
757:
712:
711:
655:
641:
636:
635:
616:
612:
603:
601:
596:
595:
591:
552:
548:
543:
539:
523:
522:
502:
498:
482:
481:
453:
446:
430:
429:
401:
397:
381:
380:
360:
356:
340:
339:
311:
307:
302:
290:
266:
242:
232:sacrococcygeal
121:
113:premature birth
101:
96:
88:oligohydramnios
56:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1535:
1525:
1524:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1474:Maternal death
1471:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1370:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1280:Fetal distress
1277:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1140:Polyhydramnios
1137:
1129:amniotic fluid
1124:
1122:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1069:Nervous system
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
977:
975:
966:
960:
959:
957:
956:
951:
950:
949:
947:HELLP syndrome
939:
933:
931:
916:
915:
913:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
850:
844:
842:
838:Pregnancy with
831:
825:
824:
808:
807:
800:
793:
785:
776:
775:
760:
759:
756:
755:
753:Polyhydramnios
744:
733:
721:
720:
718:
714:
713:
710:
709:
698:
687:
672:
656:
651:
650:
648:
647:Classification
640:
639:External links
637:
634:
633:
620:Acta Biomedica
610:
589:
546:
537:
506:Obstet Gynecol
496:
457:Obstet Gynecol
444:
395:
364:Obstet Gynecol
354:
304:
303:
301:
298:
297:
296:
289:
286:
278:amnioreduction
265:
262:
241:
238:
237:
236:
230:
226:
215:
208:
197:
193:
162:and resulting
120:
117:
100:
97:
95:
92:
73:amniotic fluid
69:Polyhydramnios
64:
63:
50:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
25:Polyhydramnios
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1534:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1356:Uterine atony
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:Preterm birth
1324:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1059:Stretch marks
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
976:
974:
970:
967:
961:
955:
952:
948:
945:
944:
943:
942:Pre-eclampsia
940:
938:
935:
934:
932:
930:
925:
921:
917:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
843:
841:
835:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:Pathology of
806:
801:
799:
794:
792:
787:
786:
783:
779:
774:
770:
769:
765:
764:
754:
750:
749:
745:
743:
739:
738:
734:
732:
728:
727:
723:
722:
719:
715:
708:
704:
703:
699:
697:
693:
692:
688:
686:
682:
681:
677:
673:
671:
667:
666:
662:
658:
657:
654:
649:
645:
629:
625:
621:
614:
599:
593:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:(10): 560–7.
561:
557:
550:
541:
533:
527:
519:
515:
511:
507:
500:
492:
486:
478:
474:
470:
466:
463:(5): 1523–7.
462:
458:
451:
449:
440:
434:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:(3): 331–45.
410:
406:
399:
391:
385:
377:
373:
369:
365:
358:
350:
344:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
309:
305:
295:
292:
291:
285:
283:
282:amniocentesis
279:
275:
271:
261:
257:
255:
251:
247:
235:
231:
227:
224:
220:
219:Down syndrome
216:
213:
209:
206:
202:
198:
194:
191:
187:
183:
180:
179:
178:
175:
172:
167:
165:
161:
160:hyperglycemia
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:chorioangioma
137:
133:
125:
116:
114:
110:
106:
105:cord prolapse
91:
89:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
60:
54:
51:
49:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
1498:
1491:
1351:Vasa praevia
1311:
1285:Locked twins
1201:
1151:
1139:
1127:
873:Interstitial
777:
766:
746:
735:
724:
700:
689:
674:
659:
619:
613:
602:. Retrieved
600:. Moldiag.de
592:
559:
555:
549:
540:
526:cite journal
512:(2): 234–8.
509:
505:
499:
485:cite journal
460:
456:
433:cite journal
408:
404:
398:
384:cite journal
367:
363:
357:
343:cite journal
321:(2): 343–6.
318:
314:
308:
267:
258:
243:
176:
168:
129:
102:
94:Presentation
85:
77:amniotic sac
68:
67:
1290:Nuchal cord
1039:Linea nigra
991:Hepatitis E
924:proteinuria
905:Miscarriage
890:Embryo loss
868:Heterotopic
726:MedlinePlus
370:(1): 21–5.
212:anencephaly
171:Apgar score
30:Other names
1300:Postpartum
1195:Antepartum
910:Stillbirth
821:puerperium
819:, and the
817:childbirth
748:Patient UK
702:DiseasesDB
604:2012-09-28
300:References
150:problems,
53:Obstetrics
1366:Puerperal
954:Eclampsia
858:Abdominal
829:Pregnancy
813:pregnancy
742:radio/566
737:eMedicine
584:205340294
264:Treatment
240:Diagnosis
48:Specialty
1516:Category
1500:Category
1313:placenta
1203:placenta
863:Cervical
848:Abortion
628:15301292
576:18695706
288:See also
270:Antacids
234:teratoma
164:polyuria
1153:chorion
878:Ovarian
696:D006831
518:1731291
477:7503195
376:3540761
335:7034509
148:cardiac
75:in the
1157:amnion
773:CHORUS
731:003267
626:
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574:
516:
475:
425:453266
423:
374:
333:
274:nausea
229:fluid.
199:fetal
196:fluid.
152:kidney
119:Causes
55:
1445:Other
1250:Labor
1116:fetus
1087:Blood
926:, and
920:Edema
768:00329
707:10319
580:S2CID
201:renal
138:, or
132:TORCH
1118:and
691:MeSH
680:9-CM
624:PMID
572:PMID
532:link
514:PMID
491:link
473:PMID
439:link
421:PMID
390:link
372:PMID
349:link
331:PMID
221:and
188:and
771:at
685:657
676:ICD
670:O40
661:ICD
564:doi
465:doi
461:173
413:doi
409:134
323:doi
319:138
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