3550:
4823:
5150:
2868:
2892:
4670:
3998:
5169:
3541:
4932:
2884:
17945:
1965:, for example, states that it is not possible to "account for this posture outside the yogic account". Asko Parpola states that other archaeological finds such as the early Elamite seals dated to 3000–2750 BCE show similar figures and these have been interpreted as "seated bull" and not a yogi, and the bovine interpretation is likely more accurate. Gregory L. Possehl in 2002, associated it with the water buffalo, and concluded that while it would be appropriate to recognize the figure as a deity, and its posture as one of ritual discipline, regarding it as a proto-Shiva would "go too far".
2664:
3764:
1998:
3377:
4064:. As forms of God, each of these have their own names and distinct iconography: These are represented as the five faces of Shiva and are associated in various texts with the five elements, the five senses, the five organs of perception, and the five organs of action. Doctrinal differences and, possibly, errors in transmission, have resulted in some differences between texts in details of how these five forms are linked with various attributes. The overall meaning of these associations is summarized by Stella Kramrisch,
4943:
3386:
2588:
2145:
16059:
1691:
2993:= "crest, crown") refers to this feature. The placement of the moon on his head as a standard iconographic feature dates to the period when Rudra rose to prominence and became the major deity Rudra-Shiva. The origin of this linkage may be due to the identification of the moon with Soma, and there is a hymn in the Rig Veda where Soma and Rudra are jointly implored, and in later literature, Soma and Rudra came to be identified with one another, as were Soma and the moon.
19535:
4175:
19950:
19251:
16583:
19974:
19986:
19261:
16593:
19240:
5128:
19962:
124:
1852:
17691:
17310:
19938:
19271:
4495:
2436:
801:
19926:
1392:
17683:
4506:
2797:
2427:
all non-living being, and there is no spiritual difference between life, matter, man and Shiva. The various dualistic and monist Shiva-related ideas were welcomed in medieval southeast Asia, inspiring numerous Shiva-related temples, artwork and texts in
Indonesia, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand and Malaysia, with syncretic integration of local pre-existing theologies.
2489:. Followers of Shaivism, called "Shaivas", revere Shiva as the Supreme Being. Shaivas believe that Shiva is All and in all, the creator, preserver, destroyer, revealer and concealer of all that is. He is not only the creator in Shaivism, but he is also the creation that results from him, he is everything and everywhere. Shiva is the primal Self, the pure consciousness and
2840:. Abhinavagupta writes in his notes on the relevance of ideas related to Shiva and Yoga, by stating that "people, occupied as they are with their own affairs, normally do nothing for others", and Shiva and Yoga spirituality helps one look beyond, understand interconnectedness, and thus benefit both the individual and the world towards a more blissful state of existence.
3875:, "wandering about for alms, mendicancy" ) depicts Shiva as a divine medicant. He is depicted as a nude four-armed man adorned with ornaments who holds a begging bowl in his hand and is followed by demonic attendants. He is associated with his penance for committing brahmicide as Bhirava and with his encounters with the sages and their wives in the Deodar forest.
1989:. Similarly, the use of phallic symbol as an icon for Shiva is also found for Irish, Nordic, Greek (Dionysus) and Roman deities, as was the idea of this aniconic column linking heaven and earth among early Indo-Aryans, states Roger Woodward. Others contest such proposals, and suggest Shiva to have emerged from indigenous pre-Aryan tribal origins.
9250:, pp. 218–219; Other trinities, beyond the more common "Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva", mentioned in ancient and medieval Hindu texts include: "Indra, Vishnu, Brahmanaspati", "Agni, Indra, Surya", "Agni, Vayu, Aditya", "Mahalakshmi, Mahasarasvati, and Mahakali", and others. See: David White (2006), Kiss of the Yogini, University of Chicago Press,
4738:, Shaivism and Buddhism were considered very close and allied religions, though not identical religions. The medieval-era Indonesian literature equates Buddha with Siwa (Shiva) and Janardana (Vishnu). This tradition continues in predominantly Hindu Bali Indonesia in the modern era, where Buddha is considered the younger brother of Shiva.
3464:, where it is translated in different ways each time it occurs, following a commentorial tradition of not repeating an interpretation. Sharma translates the three as "one who captivates", "one who consolidates", and "one who destroys". Kramrisch translates it as "the ravisher". Another of Shiva's fearsome forms is as
3428:) forms can be found, leading Chakravarti to conclude that "all the basic elements which created the complex Rudra-Śiva sect of later ages are to be found here". In the Mahabharata, Shiva is depicted as "the standard of invincibility, might, and terror", as well as a figure of honor, delight, and brilliance.
2346:(30–375 CE) that have survived, were images of a god who is probably Shiva. The Shiva in Kushan coins is referred to as Oesho of unclear etymology and origins, but the simultaneous presence of Indra and Shiva in the Kushan era artwork suggest that they were revered deities by the start of the Kushan Empire.
2254:– a German Indologist and professor of philosophy, describes the self-realized man as who "feels himself only as the one divine essence that lives in all", who feels identity of his and everyone's consciousness with Shiva (highest Atman), who has found this highest Atman within, in the depths of his heart.
4567:
is a festival observed in Kerala dedicated to Shiva. It is believed that on this day, Parvati met Shiva after her long penance and Shiva took her as his wife. On this day Hindu women performs the
Thiruvathirakali accompanied by Thiruvathira paattu (folk songs about Parvati and her longing and penance
4535:
Maha
Shivaratri is a major Hindu festival, but one that is solemn and theologically marks a remembrance of "overcoming darkness and ignorance" in life and the world, and meditation about the polarities of existence, of Shiva and a devotion to humankind. It is observed by reciting Shiva-related poems,
3362:
Shiva is often depicted as embodying attributes of ambiguity and paradox. His depictions are marked by the opposing themes including fierceness and innocence. This duality can be seen in the diverse epithets attributed to him and the rich tapestry of narratives that delineate his persona within Hindu
2804:
The theory and practice of Yoga, in different styles, has been a part of all major traditions of
Hinduism, and Shiva has been the patron or spokesperson in numerous Hindu Yoga texts. These contain the philosophy and techniques for Yoga. These ideas are estimated to be from or after the late centuries
2578:
Both traditions include legends about who is superior, about Shiva paying homage to Vishnu, and Vishnu paying homage to Shiva. However, in texts and artwork of either tradition, the mutual salutes are symbolism for complementarity. The
Mahabharata declares the unchanging Ultimate Reality (Brahman) to
2267:
from the birth-rebirth cycle. The
Svetasvatara Upanishad set the tone for early Shaivite thought, especially in chapter 3 verse 2 where Shiva is equated with Brahman: "Rudra is truly one; for the knowers of Brahman do not admit the existence of a second". The period of 200 BC to 100 AD also marks the
5298:
in the interior of the Indian subcontinent retained a mesolithic culture into the modern period, and there is no consistent usage of the term. The range 12,000–4,000 Before
Present is based on the combination of the ranges given by Agrawal et al. (1978) and by Sen (1999), and overlaps with the early
2050:
The term Shiva also appears simply as an epithet, that means "kind, auspicious", one of the adjectives used to describe many different Vedic deities. While fierce ruthless natural phenomenon and storm-related Rudra is feared in the hymns of the
Rigveda, the beneficial rains he brings are welcomed as
1581:
Shiva is known by many names such as
Viswanatha (lord of the universe), Mahadeva, Mahandeo, Mahasu, Mahesha, Maheshvara, Shankara, Shambhu, Rudra, Hara, Trilochana, Devendra (chief of the gods), Neelakanta, Subhankara, Trilokinatha (lord of the three realms), and Ghrneshwar (lord of compassion). The
4722:
books, Batara Guru is the king of the gods who regulates and creates the world system. In the classic book that is used as a reference for the puppeteers, it is said that
Sanghyang Manikmaya or Batara Guru was created from a sparkling light by Sang Hyang Tunggal, along with the blackish light which
2426:
dance, the mulavam (dumru), the aspect of holding fire, and restraining the proud flow of the Ganga upon his braid. The monist Shiva literature posit absolute oneness, that is Shiva is within every man and woman, Shiva is within every living being, Shiva is present everywhere in the world including
2337:
The earliest iconic artworks of Shiva may be from Gandhara and northwest parts of ancient India. There is some uncertainty as the artwork that has survived is damaged and they show some overlap with meditative Buddha-related artwork, but the presence of Shiva's trident and phallic symbolism in this
4545:
shrines. Those who visit temples, offer milk, fruits, flowers, fresh leaves and sweets to the lingam. Some communities organize special dance events, to mark Shiva as the lord of dance, with individual and group performances. According to Jones and Ryan, Maha Sivaratri is an ancient Hindu festival
3915:, "the lord who is half woman") is conjunct form of Shiva with Parvati. Adhanarishvara is depicted with one half of the body as male and the other half as female. Ardhanarishvara represents the synthesis of masculine and feminine energies of the universe (Purusha and Prakriti) and illustrates how
1836:
have been interpreted by some authors as depictions of Shiva. However, Howard Morphy states that these prehistoric rock paintings of India, when seen in their context, are likely those of hunting party with animals, and that the figures in a group dance can be interpreted in many different ways.
2858:
the creator, Vishnu the maintainer or preserver and Shiva the destroyer or transformer. These three deities have been called "the Hindu triad" or the "Great Triple deity". However, the ancient and medieval texts of Hinduism feature many triads of gods and goddesses, some of which do not include
3935:
consists of only Shiva and Parvati together, but in more elaborate forms they are accompanied by other persons, sometimes including Parvati's parents, as well as deities (often with Vishnu and Lakshmi standing as Parvati's parents, Brahma as the officiating priest, and various other deities as
2051:
Shiva aspect of him. This healing, nurturing, life-enabling aspect emerges in the Vedas as Rudra-Shiva, and in post-Vedic literature ultimately as Shiva who combines the destructive and constructive powers, the terrific and the gentle, as the ultimate recycler and rejuvenator of all existence.
3055:
to eliminate its destructive capacity. Shocked by his act, Parvati squeezed his neck and stopped it in his neck to prevent it from spreading all over the universe, supposed to be in Shiva's stomach. However the poison was so potent that it changed the color of his neck to blue. This attribute
1751:
Vishnu and Siva began to absorb countless local cults and deities within their folds. The latter were either taken to represent the multiple facets of the same god or else were supposed to denote different forms and appellations by which the god came to be known and worshipped. Siva became
4203:
states, "Shiva is signless, without color, taste, smell, that is beyond word or touch, without quality, motionless and changeless". The source of the universe is the signless, and all of the universe is the manifested Linga, a union of unchanging Principles and the ever changing nature. The
1945:
states that it is not clear from the seal that the figure has three faces, is seated in a yoga posture, or even that the shape is intended to represent a human figure. He characterizes these views as "speculative", but adds that it is nevertheless possible that there are echoes of Shaiva
3317:
are attendants of Shiva and live in Kailash. They are often referred to as the bhutaganas, or ghostly hosts, on account of their nature. Generally benign, except when their lord is transgressed against, they are often invoked to intercede with the lord on behalf of the devotee. His son
2530:(literally, the 'skull-men') co-existed with and shared many Vajrayana Buddhist rituals, engaged in esoteric practices that revered Shiva and Shakti wearing skulls, begged with empty skulls, and sometimes used meat as a part of ritual. In contrast, the esoteric tradition within
3738:
is stated to be offspring of Shiva and invoked in local exorcism rites, but this deity is not traceable in Hindu pantheon and is possibly a local tradition with "vaguely Chinese" style rituals, states Saletore. In some traditions, Shiva has daughters like the serpent-goddess
2542:
sub-traditions. The Krama sub-tradition focussed on esoteric rituals around Shiva-Kali pair. The Trika sub-tradition developed a theology of triads involving Shiva, combined it with an ascetic lifestyle focusing on personal Shiva in the pursuit of monistic self-liberation.
2496:
The Shaivism theology is broadly grouped into two: the popular theology influenced by Shiva-Rudra in the Vedas, Epics and the Puranas; and the esoteric theology influenced by the Shiva and Shakti-related Tantra texts. The Vedic-Brahmanic Shiva theology includes both monist
4540:
and meditating on ethics and virtues such as self-restraint, honesty, noninjury to others, forgiveness, introspection, self-repentance and the discovery of Shiva. The ardent devotees keep awake all night. Others visit one of the Shiva temples or go on pilgrimage to
3015:, "the one with matted hair", and Kapardin, "endowed with matted hair" or "wearing his hair wound in a braid in a shell-like (kaparda) fashion". A kaparda is a cowrie shell, or a braid of hair in the form of a shell, or, more generally, hair that is shaggy or curly.
4718:, who has been popular since ancient times, and she too has a complex character with benevolent and fierce manifestations, each visualized with different names such as Uma, Sri, Kali and others. In contrast to Hindu religious texts, whether Vedas or Puranas, in
2047:. The Rigveda has 3 out of 1,028 hymns dedicated to Rudra, and he finds occasional mention in other hymns of the same text. Hymn 10.92 of the Rigveda states that deity Rudra has two natures, one wild and cruel (Rudra), another that is kind and tranquil (Shiva).
2671:
depicting a Shiva-centric Panchayatana. A bearded Shiva sits in the centre with his wife Parvati and their infant son Ganesha; surrounded by (clockwise from left upper corner) Ganesha, Devi, Vishnu, and Surya. Shiva's mount is the bull Nandi below
4277:
Apart from anthropomorphic images of Shiva, he is also represented in aniconic form of a lingam. These are depicted in various designs. One common form is the shape of a vertical rounded column in the centre of a lipped, disk-shaped object, the
2719:) are icons to help focus on and visualize aspects of Brahman, rather than distinct beings. The ultimate goal in this practice is to transition past the use of icons, recognize the Absolute symbolized by the icons, on the path to realizing the
4421:. The Linga Purana mentions twenty-eight forms of Shiva which are sometimes seen as avatars, however such mention is unusual and the avatars of Shiva is relatively rare in Shaivism compared to the well emphasized concept of Vishnu avatars in
1541:
means "relating to the god Shiva", and this term is the Sanskrit name both for one of the principal sects of Hinduism and for a member of that sect. It is used as an adjective to characterize certain beliefs and practices, such as Shaivism.
2406:), and that Shiva is the Self, the perfection and truth within each living being. In Shiva related sub-traditions, there are ten dualistic Agama texts, eighteen qualified monism-cum-dualism Agama texts and sixty-four monism Agama texts.
15612:
4726:
The Indonesian Hindu texts present the same philosophical diversity of Shaivite traditions found in the Indian subcontinent. However, among the texts that have survived into the contemporary era, the more common are of those of
4290:
literally means 'mark, sign or emblem', and also refers to a "mark or sign from which the existence of something else can be reliably inferred". It implies the regenerative divine energy innate in nature, symbolized by Shiva.
1739:. Shiva has pre-Vedic tribal roots, having "his origins in primitive tribes, signs and symbols." The figure of Shiva as he is known today is an amalgamation of various older deities into a single figure, due to the process of
12692:
9466:
This smearing of cremation ashes emerged into a practice of some Tantra-oriented ascetics, where they would also offer meat, alcohol and sexual fluids to Bhairava (a form of Shiva), and these groups were probably not of
2563:
as the Ultimate Reality, also present Shiva and Shakti as a personalized form an equivalent to the same Ultimate Reality. The texts of Shaivism tradition similarly praise Vishnu. The Skanda Purana, for example, states:
1985:, as are their iconic associations with bull, snakes, anger, bravery, dancing and carefree life. The ancient Greek texts of the time of Alexander the Great call Shiva "Indian Dionysus", or alternatively call Dionysus
3818:, which later came to denote the powerful and masculine dance as Kala-Mahakala associated with the destruction of the world. When it requires the world or universe to be destroyed, Shiva does it by the Tandava, and
10913:
Goldberg specifically rejects the translation by Frederique Marglin (1989) as "half-man, half-woman", and instead adopts the translation by Marglin as "the lord who is half woman" as given in Marglin (1989, 216).
8035:
3457:
as "the wild one" or "the fierce god". R. K. Sharma follows this alternate etymology and translates the name as "terrible". Hara is an important name that occurs three times in the Anushasanaparvan version of the
1954:. John Keay writes that "he may indeed be an early manifestation of Lord Shiva as Pashu-pati", but a couple of his specialties of this figure does not match with Rudra. Writing in 1997, Srinivasan interprets what
12259:
8638:
is an independent deity, great in her own right, and only loosely associated with any of the great male deities. And if any one of the great gods can be said to be her closest associate, it is Visnu rather than
5400:
For quotation "An important factor in the process of Rudra's growth is his identification with Agni in the Vedic literature and this identification contributed much to the transformation of his character as
2409:
Shiva-related literature developed extensively across India in the 1st millennium CE and through the 13th century, particularly in Kashmir and Tamil Shaiva traditions. Shaivism gained immense popularity in
2244:, and assert all gods are Rudra, everyone and everything is Rudra, and Rudra is the principle found in all things, their highest goal, the innermost essence of all reality that is visible or invisible. The
2077:
have a close relationship. The identification between Agni and Rudra in the Vedic literature was an important factor in the process of Rudra's gradual transformation into Rudra-Shiva. The identification of
11960:
13411:
7885:"Some agamas argue a monist metaphysics, while others are decidedly dualist. Some claim ritual is the most efficacious means of religious attainment, while others assert that knowledge is more important".
13381:
7668:
5149:
1981:
link for Shiva, or lateral exchanges with ancient central Asian cultures. His contrasting aspects such as being terrifying or blissful depending on the situation, are similar to those of the Greek god
12769:
11999:
7636:
4286:
is typically present in its sanctum sanctorum and is the focus of votary offerings such as milk, water, flower petals, fruit, fresh leaves, and rice. According to Monier Williams and Yudit Greenberg,
1795:" existed that portrayed Shiva with many differences than how he is thought of now, and these mythical portrayals of Shiva were incorporated into later versions of him. For instance, he and the other
5168:
5097:, is considered to be evolved from Shiva. The god enjoys an exalted position as a household deity in Japan and is worshipped as the god of wealth and fortune. The name is the Japanese equivalent of
2353:
are a group of 14 minor Upanishads of Hinduism variously dated from the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE through the 17th century. These extol Shiva as the metaphysical unchanging reality
5277:
This is the source for the version presented in Chidbhavananda, who refers to it being from the Mahabharata but does not explicitly clarify which of the two Mahabharata versions he is using. See
3802:) of Shiva as "Lord of Dance". The names Nartaka ("dancer") and Nityanarta ("eternal dancer") appear in the Shiva Sahasranama. His association with dance and also with music is prominent in the
1502:. The term Shiva also connotes "liberation, final emancipation" and "the auspicious one"; this adjectival usage is addressed to many deities in Vedic literature. The term evolved from the Vedic
6335:, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages, Oxford University Press (Reprinted: Motilal Banarsidass),
5204:
In contemporary culture, Shiva is depicted in art, films, and books. He has been referred to as "the god of cool things" and a "bonafide rock hero". One popular film was the 1967 Kannada movie
3431:
The duality of Shiva's fearful and auspicious attributes appears in contrasted names. The name Rudra reflects Shiva's fearsome aspects. According to traditional etymologies, the Sanskrit name
2167:. Doniger gives several reasons for her hypothesis. Both are associated with mountains, rivers, male fertility, fierceness, fearlessness, warfare, the transgression of established mores, the
15214:
This work compares eight versions of the Śivasahasranāmāstotra with comparative analysis and Śivasahasranāmākoṣa (A Dictionary of Names). The text of the eight versions is given in Sanskrit.
4330:
in the Shiva tradition is "only a symbol of the productive and creative principle of nature as embodied in Shiva", and it has no historical trace in any obscene phallic cult. According to
2218:
show Indra as a dancer, although not identical generally resembling the dancing Shiva artwork found in Hinduism, particularly in their respective mudras. For example, in the Jain caves at
2268:
beginning of the Shaiva tradition focused on the worship of Shiva as evidenced in other literature of this period. Other scholars such as Robert Hume and Doris Srinivasan state that the
3861:. Dakshinamurti is depicted as a figure seated upon a deer-throne surrounded by sages receiving instruction. Dakshinamurti's depiction in Indian art is mostly restricted to Tamil Nadu.
2526:") tradition ignored the mythologies and Puranas related to Shiva, and depending on the sub-school developed a variety of practices. For example, historical records suggest the tantric
2951:. Other related translations have been based on the idea that the name actually refers to the oblations given to Rudra, which according to some traditions were shared with the goddess
1780:. Khandoba has been assimilated as a form of Shiva himself, in which case he is worshipped in the form of a lingam. Khandoba's varied associations also include an identification with
1747:
in post-Vedic times. How the persona of Shiva converged as a composite deity is not well documented, a challenge to trace and has attracted much speculation. According to Vijay Nath:
3003:). The ashes represent a reminder that all of material existence is impermanent, comes to an end becoming ash, and the pursuit of eternal Self and spiritual liberation is important.
12688:
5344:. Sati is generally regarded as the first wife of Shiva, who reincarnated as Parvati after her death. Out of these forms of Shakti, Parvati is considered the main consort of Shiva.
4583:(Parvati) and Shiva. The festival is one where both the Vaishnava and Shaiva communities join the celebrations, because Vishnu gives away his sister Minakshi in marriage to Shiva.
3576:), roles which have been traditionally mutually exclusive in Hindu society. When depicted as a yogi, he may be shown sitting and meditating. His epithet Mahāyogi ("the great Yogi:
3925:-murti (Sanskrit कल्याणसुन्दर-मूर्ति, literally "icon of beautiful marriage") is the depiction of Shiva's marriage to Parvati. The divine couple are often depicted performing the
12285:
11776:
2649:
concept co-mingles god Shiva and goddess Shakti by presenting an icon that is half-man and half woman, a representation and theme of union found in many Hindu texts and temples.
5725:
2555:
as supreme. However, both traditions are pluralistic and revere both Shiva and Vishnu (along with Devi), their texts do not show exclusivism, and Vaishnava texts such as the
2088:, an important early text on etymology, which says, "Agni is also called Rudra." The interconnections between the two deities are complex, and according to Stella Kramrisch:
3353:(Benares) is considered to be the city specially loved by Shiva, and is one of the holiest places of pilgrimage in India. It is referred to, in religious contexts, as Kashi.
2263:(400–200 BCE), according to Gavin Flood, presenting the earliest seeds of theistic devotion to Rudra-Shiva. Here Rudra-Shiva is identified as the creator of the cosmos and
19300:
4798:
says: "The Guru is Shiva, the Guru is Vishnu and Brahma; the Guru is Paarvati and Lakhshmi." In the same chapter, it also says: "Shiva speaks, and the Siddhas listen." In
4617:
festival. This festival cycles every 12 years, in four pilgrimage sites within India, with the event moving to the next site after a gap of three years. The biggest is in
1977:, and the pre-Islamic Indo-Iranian religion. The similarities between the iconography and theologies of Shiva with Greek and European deities have led to proposals for an
13275:
3683:. The consorts of Shiva are the source of his creative energy. They represent the dynamic extension of Shiva onto this universe. His son Ganesha is worshipped throughout
12255:
17108:
5052:, there are numerous caves that depict Shiva in the buddhist shrines through wall paintings. In addition, he is also regarded as one of thirty-three manifestations of
13305:
2551:
The Vaishnava (Vishnu-oriented) literature acknowledges and discusses Shiva. Like Shaiva literature that presents Shiva as supreme, the Vaishnava literature presents
15281:
12830:
11867:
11717:
11466:
13347:
8726:
2198:, were transferred to the adopted god Indra, who became the central deity of the developing Old Indic culture. Indra was the subject of 250 hymns, a quarter of the
2028:
Flood notes that Rudra is an ambiguous god, peripheral in the Vedic pantheon, possibly indicating non-Vedic origins. Nevertheless, both Rudra and Shiva are akin to
4606:
is celebrated by girls and women in the monsoon season, in honor of goddess Parvati, with group singing, dancing and by offering prayers in Parvati-Shiva temples.
13482:
Pensa, Corrado. "Some Internal and Comparative Problems in the Field of Indian Religions." Problems and Methods of the History of Religions. Brill, 1972. 102–122.
6969:, Quote: "The parallels between the names and legends of Shiva, Osiris and Dionysus are so numerous that there can be little doubt as to their original sameness".
3266:(Sanskrit: पशुपति), translated by Sharma as "lord of cattle" and by Kramrisch as "lord of animals", who notes that it is particularly used as an epithet of Rudra.
2945:
means "mother", and this early meaning of the word is the basis for the translation "three mothers". These three mother-goddesses who are collectively called the
13403:
3549:
13369:
10091:
For quotation regarding Yajur Veda as containing contrary sets of attributes, and marking point for emergence of all basic elements of later sect forms, see:
7658:
4822:
4218:, means sign. It is an important concept in Hindu texts, wherein Linga is a manifested sign and nature of someone or something. It accompanies the concept of
10414:
7632:
4710:. However, the Batara Guru has more aspects than the Indian Shiva, as the Indonesian Hindus blended their spirits and heroes with him. Batara Guru's wife in
4334:, westerners who are curiously passionate and have impure understanding or intelligence, incorrectly assume Siva Linga as a phallus or sex organ. Later on,
15057:
19842:
9242:, "seems to have developed from ancient cosmological and ritualistic speculations about the triple character of an individual god, in the first place of
3919:, the female principle of God, is inseparable from (or the same as, according to some interpretations) Shiva, the male principle of God, and vice versa.
3600:, yoga, and asceticism became more important, and the depiction of Shiva as an ascetic sitting in philosophical isolation reflects these later concepts.
2021:. He is usually portrayed in accordance with the element he represents as a fierce, destructive deity. In RV 2.33, he is described as the "Father of the
3056:
indicates that one can become Shiva by swallowing the worldly poisons in terms of abuses and insults with equanimity while blessing those who give them.
5307:, Volume 7, Issue 1, January 1978, 37–44: "A total time bracket of c. 6,000–2,000 B.C. will cover the dated Mesolithic sites, e.g. Langhnaj, Bagor,
4379:
gave place to the conceptions of the brightness of Shiva's body, his tawny matted hair, his blue throat, and the riding on the bull of the Shiva, the
2633:
in its explanation of the theology of Shaktism, mentions and praises Shiva such as in its verse 19. Shiva, along with Vishnu, is a revered god in the
1642:
are medieval Indian texts that list a thousand names derived from aspects and epithets of a deity. There are at least eight different versions of the
19644:
17156:
10904:
For evolution of this story from early sources to the epic period, when it was used to enhance Shiva's increasing influence, see: Chakravarti, p. 46.
10478:
4766:
as found from the wall painting from Penjikent on the river Zervashan. In this depiction, Shiva is portrayed with a sacred halo and a sacred thread (
4723:
is the origin of Ismaya. Shiva has been called Sadāśiva, Paramasiva, Mahādeva in benevolent forms, and Kāla, Bhairava, Mahākāla in his fierce forms.
2513:. Shiva temples feature items such as linga, Shiva-Parvati iconography, bull Nandi within the premises, and relief artwork showing aspects of Shiva.
15372:
2226:
in a manner similar to Shiva Nataraja. The similarities in the dance iconography suggests that there may be a link between ancient Indra and Shiva.
19817:
19802:
17118:
3822:, which is graceful and delicate and expresses emotions on a gentle level and is considered the feminine dance attributed to the goddess Parvati.
19666:
12689:
https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_III%20silk%20road_religions%20and%20religious%20movements%20II.pdf
10973:
4417:
contain occasional references to "ansh" – literally 'portion, or avatars of Shiva', but the idea of Shiva avatars is not universally accepted in
4391:, the same hymn is expanded in the shape of stories, meant to establish the glory of the great Stambha and the superiority of Shiva as Mahadeva.
7462:
For translation of RV 6.45.17 as "Thou who hast been the singers' Friend, a Friend auspicious with thine aid, As such, O Indra, favour us" see:
3814:) are found in all parts of India, with many well-defined varieties in Tamil Nadu in particular. The two most common forms of the dance are the
19827:
4156:) to be one," while "an earlier hymn to Nataraja by Manikkavachakar identifies him with the unitary supreme consciousness, by using Tamil word
2813:– a professor of Hinduism and Indian Intellectual History – states have had "a profound and lasting influence on the development of Hinduism".
2179:
is used to refer to Indra. (2.20.3, 6.45.17, and 8.93.3.) Indra, like Shiva, is likened to a bull. In the Rig Veda, Rudra is the father of the
11583:
2854:
The Trimurti is a concept in Hinduism in which the cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction are personified by the forms of
19752:
19747:
19732:
19618:
10936:
5919:
2579:
be identical to Shiva and to Vishnu, that Vishnu is the highest manifestation of Shiva, and Shiva is the highest manifestation of Vishnu.
739:
Shiva has pre-Vedic roots, and the figure of Shiva evolved as an amalgamation of various older non-Vedic and Vedic deities, including the
6857:
6099:
4896:
4586:
Some Shaktism-related festivals revere Shiva along with the goddess considered primary and Supreme. These include festivals dedicated to
4528:
in every lunar month on its 13th night/14th day, but once a year in late winter (February/March) and before the arrival of spring, marks
2187:
14834:
12281:
11768:
7449:, who has ever been the friend of those who praise you, and the insurer of their happiness by your protection, grant us felicity" see:
15921:
9652:
2929:, Shiva is depicted as three-eyed, so this name is sometimes translated as "having three eyes". However, in Vedic Sanskrit, the word
11257:
9014:
The Yoga of Delight, Wonder, and Astonishment: A Translation of the Vijnana-bhairava with an Introduction and Notes by Jaideva Singh
5721:
4621:(renamed Allahabad during the Mughal rule era), where millions of Hindus of different traditions gather at the confluence of rivers
13555:
A Prose English Translation of the Mahabharata: (translated Literally from the Original Sanskrit Text). Anushasana Parva, Volume 13
1578:
to have multiple meanings: "The Pure One", and "the One who is not affected by three Guṇas of Prakṛti (Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas)".
8275:, pp. 10–12, Quote: "(...) accept and indeed extol the transcendent and absolute nature of the other, and of the Goddess Devi too"
4561:. Across India, various Shiva temples are illuminated throughout the night. Shiva icons are carried in procession in some places.
3249:
639:. In the Shaivite tradition, Shiva is the Supreme Lord who creates, protects and transforms the universe. In the goddess-oriented
17054:
16629:
15869:
12366:
Skinner, Debra; Holland, Dorothy; Adhikari, G. B. (1994). "The Songs of Tij: A Genre of Critical Commentary for Women in Nepal".
12060:
12034:
11517:
7357:
3142:
represents Shiva's three aspects of "creator, preserver and destroyer", or alternatively it represents the equilibrium of three
2058:) of Rudra or other deities. However, post-Vedic texts such as the Mahabharata and the Puranas state the Nandi bull, the Indian
20021:
19307:
13271:
4068:
Through these transcendent categories, Śiva, the ultimate reality, becomes the efficient and material cause of all that exists.
2618:
The earliest evidence of the tradition of reverence for the feminine with Rudra-Shiva context, is found in the Hindu scripture
2120:("Flaming bright"), suggest a fusing of the two deities. Agni is said to be a bull, and Shiva possesses a bull as his vehicle,
9035:
The Yoga of Vibration and Divine Pulsation: A Translation of the Spanda Karika with Ksemaraja's Commentary, the Spanda Nirnaya
3714:
Some regional deities are also identified as Shiva's children. As one story goes, Shiva is enticed by the beauty and charm of
3024:
1927:
posture" with the knees out and feet joined. Semi-circular shapes on the head were interpreted as two horns. Scholars such as
278:
17672:
17149:
16806:
16521:
16397:
13671:
13062:
13023:
12949:
6616:
6035:
5488:
5295:
15716:
15586:
15037:
14973:
14921:
14867:
14772:
14513:
14448:
14412:
13958:
13727:
13627:
13537:
13029:
10070:
9519:
8558:
8357:
8214:
8145:
7109:
6622:
6128:
2891:
2611:
tradition of Hinduism is based on the premise that the Supreme Principle and the Ultimate Reality called Brahman is female (
1882:
Of several Indus valley seals that show animals, one seal that has attracted attention shows a large central figure, either
13297:
5243:
channel was among the most watched shows at its peak popularity. Another popular film was the 2022 Gujarati language movie
4860:. In the cosmologies of Buddhist Tantras, Shiva is depicted as passive, with Shakti being his active counterpart: Shiva as
8927:
16796:
16402:
13150:
12990:
11678:
10007:
8139:
8112:
7795:
7683:
6935:
5127:
4082:
One should know all things of the phenomenal world as of a fivefold character, for the reason that the eternal verity of
3901:. He is depicted with four arms, the upper pair holding an axe and a deer, and the lower pair wielding a bow and arrow.
3806:
period. In addition to the specific iconographic form known as Nataraja, various other types of dancing forms (Sanskrit:
2867:
749:
who may also have non-Vedic origins, into a single major deity. Shiva is a pan-Hindu deity, revered widely by Hindus in
15767:
15743:
15710:
15686:
15519:
15500:
15458:
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15336:
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15275:
15242:
15180:
15142:
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15031:
15001:
14967:
14946:
14915:
14894:
14861:
14828:
14766:
14745:
14715:
14696:
14637:
14562:
14541:
14507:
14486:
14406:
14385:
14345:
14268:
14132:
14106:
14025:
14004:
13985:
13952:
13845:
13824:
13784:
13763:
13721:
13621:
13593:
13531:
13341:
13252:
13225:
13183:
12915:
12880:
12816:
12763:
12425:
12214:
12140:
12110:
11993:
11954:
11861:
11809:
11748:
11711:
11657:
11632:
11460:
11433:
11408:
11358:
11214:
11162:
10598:
10571:
10533:
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10472:
10445:
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9888:
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9513:
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9255:
9191:
9170:
9124:
9097:
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9043:
9022:
8984:
8963:
8907:
8835:
8808:
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8720:
8687:
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8552:
8390:
8351:
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8306:
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8272:
8208:
8181:
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7103:
6990:
6962:
6890:
6851:
6824:
6340:
6171:
6093:
5516:
2739:
era (pre-300 CE). The Kushan period set includes Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Brahma and one deity whose identity is unclear.
18336:
14737:
Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls : Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal
10957:
4778:
depicts him with four legs, seated cross-legged on a cushioned seat supported by two bulls. It is also noted that the
4669:
2747:
Shiva is considered the Great Yogi who is totally absorbed in himself – the transcendental reality. He is the Lord of
20061:
14658:
14303:
13871:(Third edition). The version provided by Chidbhavananda is from chapter 17 of the Anuśāsana Parva of the Mahābharata.
11321:
8875:
8859:
4472:
1420:
19168:
11944:
8327:
1526:, which means "to injure" or "to kill", interpreting the name to connote "one who can kill the forces of darkness".
17142:
8774:
8251:
5219:
3775:
12512:
10398:
7009:
5476:
4923:. In Mahayana Buddhist texts, Shiva (Maheshvara) becomes a buddha called Bhasmeshvara Buddha ("Buddha of ashes").
2210:) probably borrowed from the BMAC religion. His rise to prominence was a peculiar trait of the Old Indic speakers.
19156:
18687:
15267:Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective: A Study of the Formative Concepts, Problems, and Methods of Śaiva Siddhānta
12753:
12404:
11983:
10692:
7075:
14788:
Nath, Vijay (March–April 2001). "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition".
6514:, pp. 180–198: "Khandoba is a local deity in Maharashtra and been Sanskritised as an incarnation of Shiva."
5374:
and represents Shiva as "he stands for complete control of the senses, and for the supreme carnal renunciation".
5358:
The ithyphallic representation of the erect shape connotes the very opposite in this context. It contextualize "
2098:
plays on the whole gamut of fire, valuing all its potentialities and phases, from conflagration to illumination.
20046:
19274:
18985:
16996:
16638:
16496:
15853:
15828:
15805:
15786:
15658:
15622:
15580:
15477:
15411:
15207:
15161:
15102:
15067:
14677:
14585:
14442:
14364:
14249:
14230:
14189:
14140:
14081:
14055:
13931:
13907:
13886:
13864:
13803:
13683:
13655:
13575:
13136:
12976:
12582:
12555:
12463:
12239:
11927:
11893:
11834:
11563:
11383:
10958:
Rao, (1916). Elements of Hindu Iconography. Vol. 2: Part I. Madras: Law Printing House, T.A. Gopinatha (1916).
10015:
8063:
7142:
5009:
4995:
4468:
15540:; Singh, Jaideva (1991). "Review: A Trident of Wisdom: Translation of Paratrisika-vivarana of Abhinavagupta".
10790:
9246:, whose births are three or threefold, and who is threefold light, has three bodies and three stations". See:
7485:, our auspicious friend, milk for us, like a richly-streaming (cow), wealth of horses, kine, and barley" see:
3997:
3931:(Sanskrit "accepting the hand") ritual from traditional Hindu wedding ceremonies. The most basic form of this
19114:
16966:
15914:
14650:
Religious Festivals in South India and Sri Lanka (Chapter: "Mahāśivaratri: the Saiva festival of repentance")
11888:
James Lochtefeld (2002), "Shiva" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N–Z, Rosen Publishing,
1955:
1920:
12082:
5294:. The term "Mesolithic" is not a useful term for the periodization of the South Asian Stone Age, as certain
19163:
16986:
16811:
16763:
16382:
16349:
13613:
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
10559:
Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature
9645:"Lord Shiva | Shiv | God Shiva | Shiva God | Mahadev | Lord Shiv | Neelkanth"
6523:
For worship of Khandoba in the form of a lingam and possible identification with Shiva based on that, see:
4105:
1978:
1974:
14322:
10462:
9271:
For Shiva as depicted with a third eye, and mention of the story of the destruction of Kama with it, see:
2386:
literature, composed between the 8th and 11th centuries, are regarded in devotional dualistic Shaivism as
1799:, from the highest gods to the least powerful gods, were thought of as somewhat human in nature, creating
20086:
19178:
17493:
17079:
16976:
16622:
15350:
15077:
46:
12724:
8619:
The Sword and the Flute: Kālī and Kṛṣṇa, Dark Visions of the Terrible and the Sublime in Hindu Mythology
3964:, is a form of Shiva depicting him as having five faces which correspond to his five divine activities (
3627:") refers to this idea, and Sharma notes that two other variants of this name that mean the same thing,
2684:. This practice consists of the use of icons or anicons of five deities considered equivalent, set in a
689:. In his fierce aspects, he is often depicted slaying demons. Shiva is also known as Adiyogi (the first
20036:
19916:
19205:
18697:
18274:
17730:
17703:
16908:
16758:
16465:
16344:
14047:
13586:Śrī Viṣṇu sahasranāma : with text, transliteration, translation and commentary of Śrī Śaṅkarācārya
12968:
A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms: with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index
12031:"Footnote 70:1 to Horace Hayman Wilson's English translation of The Vishnu Purana: Book I – Chapter IX"
11012:
For discussion of these five forms and a table summarizing the associations of these five mantras see:
4425:. Some Vaishnava literature reverentially link Shiva to characters in its Puranas. For example, in the
3527:
swam-on its own; bhu-burn/shine) "self-shining/ shining on its own", also reflects this benign aspect.
443:
15880:
15320:
Biroba, Mhaskoba und Khandoba: Ursprung, Geschichte und Umwelt von pastoralen Gottheiten in Maharastra
12057:"Footnote 83:4 to Horace Hayman Wilson's English translation of The Vishnu Purana: Book I – Chapter X"
9331:
For Vedic Sanskrit meaning Lord has three mother eyes which symbolize eyes are the Sun, Moon and Fire.
8200:
The Doctrine of Vibration: An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices Associated with Kashmir Shaivism
3496:, "beneficent" or "conferring happiness" reflects his benign form. This name was adopted by the great
1803:
they had limited control over and having the ability to get in touch with their inner natures through
1076:
19225:
18151:
17665:
17039:
16991:
16882:
16816:
16440:
16387:
16097:
10999:
It is first encountered in an almost identical form in the Rudram. For the five syllable mantra see:
5303:. D.P. Agrawal et al., "Chronology of Indian prehistory from the Mesolithic period to the Iron Age",
4853:
4376:
4251:, thus the original meaning as "sign". Furthermore, it says "Shiva, the Supreme Lord, has no liūga",
3589:
2663:
1860:
1510:
in the Epics and the Puranas, as an auspicious deity who is the "creator, reproducer and dissolver".
930:
411:
42:
17:
17804:
16142:
10039:
For quotation "Shiva is a god of ambiguity and paradox" and overview of conflicting attributes see:
3857:
represents Shiva in his aspect as a teacher of yoga, music, and wisdom and giving exposition on the
2883:
662:
Shiva has many aspects, benevolent as well as fearsome. In benevolent aspects, he is depicted as an
19019:
18677:
18601:
18307:
18089:
18064:
17613:
17449:
16435:
16076:
15907:
15053:
11598:
8008:
4315:
4227:
2422:
composing rich poetry that is replete with present features associated with the deity, such as his
2391:
2259:
1815:
sent by the other gods, who were jealous of Shiva's ascetic lifestyle he had lived for 1000 years.
945:
17839:
12083:"Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 4 Chapter 1 – English translation by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada"
4074:
3691:
as the Remover of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings and Lord of Obstacles. Kartikeya is worshipped in
3540:
2163:, the Saivite fertility myths and some of the phallic characteristics of Shiva are inherited from
2062:, in particular, as the vehicle of Rudra and of Shiva, thereby unmistakably linking them as same.
1973:
The Vedic beliefs and practices of the pre-classical era were closely related to the hypothesised
1466:) means "auspicious, propitious, gracious, benign, kind, benevolent, friendly". The root words of
20031:
19892:
18855:
18715:
18386:
17926:
17869:
17122:
16902:
16475:
15949:
10928:
10757:
10563:
9183:
Inner Tantric Yoga: Working with the Universal Shakti: Secrets of Mantras, Deities and Meditation
4402:
from 3rd-century BCE. In Shaivism pilgrimage tradition, twelve major temples of Shiva are called
4274:) meaning Shiva is transcendent, beyond any characteristic and, specifically the sign of gender.
2236:
1833:
1043:
18750:
6181:
5862:
4974:
4931:
4880:
3228:: he is garlanded with or carries a string of rosary beads in his right hand, typically made of
3200:-hand") is used to hold the drum. This drum is particularly used as an emblem by members of the
3088:(Ganga), one of the major rivers of the country, is said to have made her abode in Shiva's hair.
19488:
19198:
19151:
18361:
18084:
16918:
16801:
16615:
16470:
16445:
16392:
12577:. Oriental documents. Vol. 10. Oxford University Press, for British Academy. p. 525.
10543:
8784:
5916:
5833:
5831:
5258:
5235:
4862:
3490:"terrible" or "frightful" is a fierce form associated with annihilation. In contrast, the name
3116:). According to a legend, Vasuki was blessed by Shiva and worn by him as an ornament after the
2825:
1445:
1378:
814:
758:
651:) and the equal complementary partner of Shiva. Shiva is one of the five equivalent deities in
240:
35:
17650:
15265:
14015:
13878:
Encountering the Goddess: A translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation
13242:
13215:
12792:
12130:
11851:
11701:
11450:
11348:
11206:
11154:
9851:
9087:
8757:
8650:
8464:
8407:
8380:
7132:
6880:
6841:
6083:
5504:
4774:
shows Shiva in His Trimurti form with Shakti kneeling on her right thigh. Another site in the
4349:, the sacrificial post. In that hymn, a description is found of the beginningless and endless
1923:
and others suggested that this figure is a prototype of Shiva, with three faces, seated in a "
20091:
20051:
20026:
19320:
19293:
19220:
19173:
19146:
19109:
18366:
16981:
16923:
16526:
16455:
14818:
14735:
14375:
13774:
13331:
12905:
12856:
12204:
11799:
10588:
10514:
9340:
For discussion of the problems in translation of this name, and the hypothesis regarding the
9318:
For translation of Tryambakam as "having three mother eyes" and as an epithet of Rudra, see:
9181:
8885:
8869:
8710:
8267:
Edwin Bryant (2003), Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana, Penguin,
7787:
5312:
4702:
which means "noble lord". He is conceptualized as a kind spiritual teacher, the first of all
4689:
1936:
1413:
1262:
898:
766:
762:
19285:
18682:
15488:
15232:
14595:
Kunst, Arnold (June 1968). "Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad".
9903:
For a review of issues related to the evolution of the bull (Nandin) as Shiva's mount, see:
9453:
For discussion of the linkages between Soma, Moon, and Rudra, and citation to RV 7.74, see:
6143:
5828:
5336:, the embodiment of power; who is known under various manifestations as Uma, Sati, Parvati,
4302:
as merely a phallic symbol, although this interpretation is criticized by others, including
3988:). Five is a sacred number for Shiva. One of his most important mantras has five syllables (
20096:
20081:
20066:
19897:
19193:
19188:
19183:
19104:
18581:
18074:
18059:
17711:
17658:
17620:
17428:
17064:
16946:
16788:
16374:
16177:
16149:
16014:
14073:
4319:
3398:
icon of the fierce form of Shiva, 16th century Nepal; right: Shiva as a meditating yogi in
2394:
which consider Self within each living being and Shiva as two separate realities (dualism,
2148:
2103:
1231:
950:
865:
720:
on his forehead (the eye that turns everything in front of it into ashes when opened), the
403:
15173:
The philosophy of sādhanā : with special reference to the Trika philosophy of Kashmir
9644:
9471:
origin. These ascetics are mentioned in the ancient Pali Canon of Thervada Buddhism. See:
4609:
The ascetic, Vedic and Tantric sub-traditions related to Shiva, such as those that became
4579:
around April/May, one of the largest festivals in South India, celebrating the wedding of
8:
20056:
20041:
19857:
19463:
19243:
19210:
19089:
18980:
18915:
18765:
18624:
18504:
18376:
18204:
18141:
18094:
17543:
17298:
17044:
16951:
16928:
16897:
16849:
16834:
16712:
16425:
16420:
16083:
15940:
15114:
The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy: Grammar, Nyāya, and Mīmāṃsā
12872:
11243:
10776:
10557:
8056:
4770:). He is clad in tiger skin while his attendants are wearing Sogdian dress. A panel from
4707:
4645:
4587:
4514:
Maha Shivaratri festival is observed in the night, usually in lighted temples or special
4335:
4331:
4307:
3927:
3894:
2810:
2615:), but it treats the male as her equal and complementary partner. This partner is Shiva.
2324:
2043:
attributes of the Buddha were transferred by Brahmins to Shiva, who was also linked with
1720:
1703:
1530:
1315:
893:
575:
496:
19338:
17893:
17753:
8706:
5027:
that manifest to protect the Buddhist dharma. Statues of him are often enshrined in the
3763:
2257:
Rudra's evolution from a minor Vedic deity to a supreme being is first evidenced in the
978:
20016:
19623:
19483:
19390:
19045:
19004:
18296:
18109:
18054:
17112:
16887:
16844:
16773:
16450:
16359:
16206:
16184:
15696:
15557:
15364:
15346:
14805:
14626:
14612:
14529:
14475:
14204:
14163:
14040:
13700:
13643:
13564:
13491:
Pattanaik, Devdutt. Shiva to Shankara: Decoding the phallic symbol. Indus Source, 2006.
13465:
13107:
12420:
William Pinch (2012), Warrior Ascetics and Indian Empires, Cambridge University Press,
12383:
12348:
11287:
10967:
10500:
9484:
Antonio Rigopoulos (2013), Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 5, Brill Academic,
7980:
7945:
7663:
7051:
6802:
6710:
5064:
4904:
4888:
4751:
4572:
4121:
3593:
3256:
that serves as Shiva's mount. Shiva's association with cattle is reflected in his name
3178:. This is one of the attributes of Shiva in his famous dancing representation known as
3162:
2522:
2309:
2246:
2128:, who is sometimes characterized as a bull, are mentioned. In medieval sculpture, both
1628:
1570:
1325:
1129:
925:
18269:
18244:
12550:(in Indonesian). Vol. 1. Sekretariat Nasional Pewayangan Indonesia. p. 259.
12105:. Translated by Mayeda, Sengaku. State University of New York Press. 1979. p. 4.
12056:
12030:
11509:
7353:
6678:
6430:
5618:"Shiva | Definition, Forms, God, Symbols, Meaning, & Facts | Britannica"
5317:, 1999: "The Mesolithic period roughly ranges between 10,000 and 6,000 B.C." (p. 23).
3707:) by the names Subrahmanya, Subrahmanyan, Shanmughan, Swaminathan and Murugan, and in
3066:
pose, meditating, sometimes on a symbolic Himalayan Mount Kailasa as the Lord of Yoga.
1188:
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13903:
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13759:
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13099:
13058:
13019:
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12972:
12945:
12911:
12886:
12876:
12822:
12812:
12793:"Between China and Tibet: Mahākāla Worship and Esoteric Buddhism in the Dali Kingdom"
12759:
12711:
12626:
12578:
12551:
12421:
12235:
12210:
12136:
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11989:
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11707:
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10060:
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9884:
9857:
9509:
9485:
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6931:
6886:
6847:
6820:
6806:
6794:
6612:
6336:
6089:
5512:
5484:
5383:
For a general statement of the close relationship, and example shared epithets, see:
5068:
4884:
4876:
4803:
4795:
4775:
4763:
4399:
4303:
4256:
3957:
3908:
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3460:
2772:
2681:
2658:
2568:
Vishnu is no one but Shiva, and he who is called Shiva is but identical with Vishnu.
2378:
2350:
1997:
1714:
1439:
1018:
784:
754:
750:
652:
593:
566:
514:
487:
269:
19812:
18725:
17775:
15875:
15368:
14337:
Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs
5053:
4610:
4215:
3562:) and as a householder with his wife Parvati and sons Ganesha and Kartikeya (right).
2731:
period, and one Panchayatana set from the village of Nand (about 24 kilometers from
19978:
19887:
19877:
19503:
19473:
19365:
18995:
18905:
18796:
18396:
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18356:
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17019:
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16854:
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16354:
16306:
16248:
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16128:
15549:
15360:
15356:
15252:
15190:
14797:
14604:
13457:
13091:
12852:
12804:
12800:
12458:
12375:
12340:
11249:
7975:
7957:
7840:
7035:
6786:
6048:
For the definition "Śaivism refers to the traditions which follow the teachings of
5175:
5090:
5032:
5014:
5000:
4986:
4978:
4920:
4900:
4857:
4841:
4728:
4649:
4437:
4323:
4311:
4133:
3597:
3440:
3253:
3117:
2677:
2531:
2506:
2486:
2399:
2358:
1958:
interpreted as facial as not human but more bovine, possibly a divine buffalo-man.
1495:
1406:
1358:
1335:
1197:
1193:
1173:
1161:
1071:
921:
656:
525:
463:
385:
365:
347:
235:
18179:
15329:
Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning and Form in Multiplicity in Indian Art
3376:
19990:
19930:
19847:
19832:
19546:
19395:
19264:
19129:
19082:
19064:
19014:
18948:
18930:
18873:
18823:
18642:
18546:
18419:
18381:
18351:
18189:
18079:
17918:
17911:
17758:
17639:
17368:
17353:
17177:
16956:
16697:
16596:
16491:
16321:
16269:
16009:
15757:
15733:
15700:
15570:
15448:
15298:
15132:
15021:
14957:
14905:
14884:
14851:
14756:
14648:
14497:
14432:
14396:
14335:
14179:
14117:
13975:
13942:
13897:
13876:
13835:
13814:
13776:
The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary
13753:
13711:
13611:
13521:
13173:
13052:
13013:
12939:
12635:
12572:
12545:
12516:
12408:
12100:
11577:
11575:
11325:
10054:
9878:
9577:
For Kapardin as a name of Shiva, and description of the kaparda hair style, see,
9503:
9160:
9114:
9060:
9033:
9012:
8974:
8953:
8825:
8798:
8677:
8617:
8542:
8492:
8341:
8255:
8198:
8171:
8129:
8102:
7520:
For the lack of warlike connections and difference between Indra and Rudra, see:
7093:
7079:
7013:
6980:
6952:
6925:
6837:
6606:
6122:
5923:
5245:
5179:
5111:
5040:
5035:
4484:
4452:
4427:
4222:, which as invisible signless and existent Principle, is formless or linga-less.
4141:
3947:
3904:
3664:
3138:. The trident is a weapon or a symbol in different Hindu texts. As a symbol, the
3052:
2836:, and those by the scholars of Kashmir Shaivism such as the 10th-century scholar
2785:
2720:
2668:
2040:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1695:
1396:
1081:
1005:
940:
609:
360:
31:
17844:
15349:(2004). "Shiva as 'cosmic dancer': On Pallava origins for the Nataraja bronze".
14689:
The Shiva Samhita, A critical edition and English translation by James Mallinson
14499:
Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition
14477:
Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition
12454:"The thriving Shiva festival in Umarkot is a reminder of Sindh's Hindu heritage"
11584:"Are Dialogues Antidotes to Violence? Two Recent Examples From Hinduism Studies"
11449:
Rohit Dasgupta (2014). Michael Kimmel; Christine Milrod; Amanda Kennedy (eds.).
4059:
2365:
698:
670:
20006:
19458:
19437:
19370:
19099:
19035:
18878:
18222:
18099:
18069:
17904:
17267:
17029:
16872:
16460:
16067:
13650:(Fourth revised and enlarged ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
10225:
8923:
7594:
5291:
5224:
4779:
4711:
4550:
4168:
4097:
3953:
3922:
3893:, "ender of Tripura") is associated with his destruction of the three cities (
3841:
3719:
2727:, many Panchayatana mandalas and temples have been uncovered that are from the
2646:
2629:
2600:
2376:, present the various aspects of Shiva, mythologies, cosmology and pilgrimage (
2014:
1891:
1856:
1846:
1732:
1546:
1305:
740:
370:
17768:
14608:
13500:
Ghurye, G.S., 1952. Ascetic Origins. Sociological Bulletin, 1(2), pp. 162–184.
12808:
11674:
11572:
11065:
9967:कैलासिगिरवासी), "With his abode on Mount Kailāsa", as a name appearing in the
9116:
The Aphorisms of Siva: The Siva Sutra with Bhaskara's Commentary, the Varttika
6819:
Asko Parpola(2009), Deciphering the Indus Script, Cambridge University Press,
6790:
4706:
in Indonesian Hindu texts, mirroring the Dakshinamurti aspect of Shiva in the
3718:, Vishnu's female avatar, and procreates with her. As a result of this union,
3486:, where it is translated by Ram Karan Sharma as "(the Supreme Lord of) Time".
3412:, two contrary sets of attributes for both malignant or terrifying (Sanskrit:
2755:
to sages. As Shiva Dakshinamurthi, states Stella Kramrisch, he is the supreme
2264:
20000:
19822:
19777:
19513:
19427:
19380:
19215:
19119:
18898:
18672:
18410:
18301:
18212:
18146:
17604:
17165:
17059:
16971:
16778:
16750:
16364:
16336:
16243:
15967:
14534:
Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India
14159:
14129:
The Lord Who is Half Woman: Ardhanārīśvara in Indian and Feminist Perspective
14090:
13461:
13146:
13103:
12986:
12890:
12826:
11625:
Academic Hinduphobia: A critique of Wendy Doniger's erotic school of Indology
7971:
7962:
7563:
7410:
7047:
6798:
5229:
5098:
5028:
4845:
4755:
4674:
4443:
4338:
mentions that, this is not only a serious mistake, but also a grave blunder.
4295:
4113:
4033:
3767:
3755:
as the children of Shiva who war with him, and are later destroyed by Shiva.
3744:
3385:
2837:
2736:
2641:
2635:
2343:
2160:
1916:
1867:
and showing a possible representation of a "yogi" or "proto-Shiva" figure as
1796:
1330:
1285:
601:
259:
17014:
15886:
15200:: Eight Collections of Hymns Containing One Thousand and Eight Names of Śiva
14313:
13857:
Siva Sahasranama Stotram: With Navavali, Introduction, and English Rendering
11055:
9880:
Hindu Pilgrimage: Shifting Patterns of Worldview of Srisailam in South India
9853:
A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English
9162:
Opening to Inner Light: The Transformation of Human Nature and Consciousness
8994:
7151:
5363:
5137:
2921:), which occurs in many scriptural sources. In classical Sanskrit, the word
2587:
2144:
2054:
The Vedic texts do not mention bull or any animal as the transport vehicle (
1760:
to the name of the local deity, e.g., Bhutesvara, Hatakesvara, Chandesvara."
1719:
The Shiva-related tradition is a major part of Hinduism, found all over the
19966:
19942:
19741:
19737:
19716:
19508:
19478:
19453:
19432:
19422:
19406:
19385:
18770:
18735:
18632:
18249:
17089:
16289:
16264:
16163:
16135:
16090:
16058:
15529:
15195:
15090:
14219:
13919:
12478:
11072:
11063:
11053:
10859:
10840:
10808:
10679:
10628:
10352:
10333:
10327:
10308:
10302:
10296:
9985:
9917:
9816:
9712:
9693:
9674:
9409:
9389:
9356:
9341:
9207:
9140:
7989:
6665:
6536:
For use of the name Khandoba as a name for Karttikeya in Maharashtra, see:
6313:
6063:
6056:
6049:
5994:
5949:
5455:, ever be the friend, the benefactor, and protector of us, his worshipper".
5427:
5421:
5402:
5076:
4942:
4799:
4771:
4747:
4564:
4554:
4542:
4456:
4210:
4145:
4129:
4101:
4083:
4057:
4043:
4034:
4020:
4011:
3989:
3887:
3878:
3850:
3808:
3796:
3650:
3644:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3578:
3516:
3501:
3491:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3422:
3414:
3339:
3332:
3324:
3310:
3301:
3286:
3271:
3257:
3245:
3238:
3201:
3195:
3188:
3082:
3041:
3022:
3010:
2987:
2978:
2964:
2952:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2908:
2728:
2724:
2709:
2639:, a text of Shaktism considered by the tradition to be as important as the
2373:
2369:
2251:
2219:
2195:
2173:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2093:
1947:
1909:
1895:
1883:
1864:
1812:
1792:
1690:
1653:
1629:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1592:
1584:
1535:
1519:
1467:
1449:
1209:
1178:
1148:
1028:
101:
17309:
17134:
15218:
Singh, S. P. (1989). "Rgvedic Base of the Pasupati Seal of Mohenjo-Daro".
13217:
Folk Legends from Tono: Japan's Spirits, Deities, and Phantastic Creatures
12966:
12149:
11985:
Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa
11318:
10161:
8480:
8382:
Between Jerusalem and Benares: Comparative Studies in Judaism and Hinduism
4915:. In most forms of Buddhism, the position of Shiva is lesser than that of
4268:
2446:(an infinite fiery pillar) that narrates how Shiva is the foremost of the
2361:(Self), and include sections about rites and symbolisms related to Shiva.
1558:
1550:
701:
and the arts. The iconographical attributes of Shiva are the serpent king
586:
507:
19882:
19852:
19837:
19534:
19498:
19442:
19349:
19316:
19077:
18910:
18838:
18828:
18740:
18730:
18705:
18346:
18341:
18232:
18026:
18010:
17953:
17888:
17824:
17597:
17572:
17513:
17287:
17169:
17098:
17024:
16864:
16730:
16725:
16674:
16664:
16654:
16412:
16298:
16233:
16170:
15537:
14989:
14289:
14065:
14035:
12630:
11205:. Princeton Bollingen Series. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp.
7894:
Mark Dyczkowski (1989), The Canon of the Śaivāgama, Motilal Banarsidass,
7203:
7026:
Long, J. Bruce (1971). "Siva and Dionysos: Visions of Terror and Bliss".
6456:
For Shiva as a composite deity whose history is not well documented, see
5617:
5367:
5359:
5214:
5206:
5184:
5072:
5057:
5045:
4952:
4912:
4694:
4653:
4614:
4558:
4422:
4403:
3864:
3708:
3692:
3559:
2824:) ideas with Yoga philosophy and inspired the theoretical development of
2510:
2478:
2439:
2339:
2330:
2223:
2010:
1942:
1928:
1887:
1765:
1662:
1639:
1373:
1242:
1238:
1201:
663:
332:
193:
14907:
Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess
14208:
14167:
12180:
11253:
9305:
in classical Sanskrit and connection to the Mahabharata depiction, see:
8248:
7082:, History of Religions, Vol. 20, No. 1/2 (Aug. – Nov., 1980), pp. 81–111
7006:
5740:
5290:
Temporal range for Mesolithic in South Asia is from 12000 to 4000 years
4174:
2493:
in the Shaiva traditions. Shiva is also Part of 'Om' (ॐ) as a 'U' (उ).
19660:
19639:
19612:
19584:
19417:
19400:
19375:
19360:
19354:
18975:
18943:
18888:
18745:
18454:
18291:
18264:
18046:
17819:
17579:
17508:
17222:
17094:
16735:
16702:
16551:
16326:
16279:
15992:
15735:
The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination
15561:
14809:
13675:
13111:
13080:"The Origins and Development of the Pensive Bodhisattva Images of Asia"
13079:
12509:
12387:
12352:
10104:
For summary of Shiva's contrasting depictions in the Mahabharata, see:
9468:
8385:. State University of New York Press. pp. 120–125 with footnotes.
7816:
7072:
7055:
5780:
5387:, p. 11. For an overview of the Rudra-Fire complex of ideas, see:
5133:
5107:
5086:
5023:
4916:
4807:
4153:
3939:
3752:
3735:
3696:
3588:= "one who practices Yoga") refers to his association with yoga. While
2817:
2277:
1829:
1804:
1785:
1455:
1295:
1038:
1033:
846:
710:
198:
88:
73:
13240:
12401:
10282:
For the ascetic yogin form as reflecting Epic period influences, see:
9112:
6730:
2805:
of the 1st millennium CE, and have survived as Yoga texts such as the
2183:, but he is never associated with their warlike exploits as is Indra.
1894:, surrounded by animals. This figure was named by early excavators of
19797:
19757:
19589:
19523:
19493:
19447:
19334:
19094:
18883:
18833:
18806:
18755:
18720:
18710:
18662:
18561:
18529:
18474:
18371:
18326:
18000:
17567:
17498:
17388:
17331:
17247:
17069:
16892:
16877:
16720:
16692:
16682:
16659:
16316:
16104:
16031:
15987:
14428:
14175:
13997:
Ritual in an Oscillating Universe: Worshipping Śiva in Medieval India
13678:(Set of four volumes). Parimal Sanskrit Series No. 45; 2003 reprint:
13126:
11337:
Monier Williams (1899), Sanskrit to English Dictionary, लिङ्ग, p. 901
10826:
For description of the form as representing teaching functions, see:
10400:
Splitting the difference: gender and myth in ancient Greece and India
9748:
9239:
7130:
5115:
4849:
4811:
4783:
4682:
4618:
4602:, as well as in northern, central and western India, the festival of
4595:
4182:
4010:
3943:
3704:
3612:
3409:
3399:
3282:
3263:
3230:
2904:
2876:
2875:
flowing through his matted hair, wearing ornaments of serpents and a
2705:
2592:
2419:
2411:
2319:
2273:
2033:
1962:
1932:
1900:
1868:
1807:
like humans. In that era, Shiva was widely viewed as both the god of
1728:
1582:
highest reverence for Shiva in Shaivism is reflected in his epithets
1310:
1290:
1280:
1183:
1134:
1066:
983:
973:
935:
888:
717:
686:
430:
311:
296:
219:
156:
19782:
15816:
15553:
14801:
13095:
12453:
12379:
12344:
7378:
For the parallel between the horns of Agni as bull, and Rudra, see:
7039:
4451:
to be a portion of Shiva. Some medieval era writers have called the
4406:, which means "linga of light", and these are located across India.
4116:
including ether. Nataraja is a significant visual interpretation of
1252:
19985:
19867:
19862:
19792:
19787:
19543:
19344:
19139:
18958:
18953:
18843:
18780:
18760:
18591:
18427:
18254:
18227:
18194:
18136:
18036:
18031:
18005:
17930:
17814:
17686:
17634:
17590:
17562:
17532:
17518:
17438:
17398:
17383:
17242:
17185:
16740:
16687:
16311:
16274:
16211:
16036:
15997:
15982:
15972:
15962:
15930:
14093:. 2015. Shiva: the lord of yoga. Twin Lakes, WI : Lotus Press.
12799:. Studies on East Asian Religions. Vol. 1. Leiden and Boston:
11038:
For association with the five faces and other groups of five, see:
10794:
10651:नर्तक) and Nityanarta (Sanskrit नित्यनर्त) as names of Shiva, see:
5300:
5188:
5061:
5049:
4956:
4908:
4826:
4641:
4580:
4418:
4161:
4125:
4028:
4019:
3868:
3845:
3787:
3783:
3771:
3723:
3680:
3676:
3573:
3487:
3395:
3350:
3179:
3144:
3134:
3105:
3048:
2910:
2849:
2783:
which includes transcendence of human misery by the dissolution of
2685:
2527:
2482:
2474:
2468:
2442:
is a Shaiva sectarian icon where Shiva is depicted rising from the
2133:
2005:
Shiva as we know him today shares many features with the Vedic god
1982:
1905:
1769:
1514:
1484:
1300:
1139:
836:
831:
792:
743:
729:
721:
706:
640:
628:
624:
613:
605:
375:
291:
254:
183:
148:
140:
115:
105:
78:
17968:
12941:
Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement
12591:
12490:
12331:
Manju Bhatnagar (1988). "The Monsoon Festival Teej in Rajasthan".
10243:
For the contrast between ascetic and householder depictions, see:
9440:
For the moon iconography as marking the rise of Rudra-Shiva, see:
8898:
Ramaswamy, Krishnan; de Nicolas, Antonio; Banerjee, Aditi (2007).
8107:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17, 48–49, 65–67, 155–161.
7421:
5974:
4375:
plant, and the ox that used to carry on its back the wood for the
3838:
dances are associated with the destruction-creation of the world.
1851:
1776:. The foremost center of worship of Khandoba in Maharashtra is in
123:
19872:
19578:
19564:
19518:
19412:
19040:
18893:
18811:
18801:
18576:
18566:
18539:
18534:
18524:
18479:
18464:
18459:
18239:
18184:
18169:
18161:
18128:
17995:
17898:
17873:
17849:
17748:
17738:
17584:
17557:
17418:
17393:
17373:
17341:
17336:
17326:
17252:
17232:
17227:
17217:
17212:
17102:
16563:
16026:
16019:
14647:
Long, Bruce (1982). Guy Richard Welbon and Glenn E. Yocum (ed.).
14199:
Granoff, Phyllis (2003). "Mahakala's Journey: from Gana to God".
14181:
Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions
12086:
8622:. University of California Press. pp. 102 with footnote 42.
7828:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5240:
4576:
4448:
4432:
4414:
4364:
4351:
4341:
The worship of the lingam originated from the famous hymn in the
4248:
4240:
4236:
4219:
4117:
3815:
3803:
3748:
3727:
3608:
3604:
3497:
3319:
3278:
3214:
3129:
3000:
2977:
2715:
Philosophically, the Smarta tradition emphasizes that all idols (
2701:
2693:
2620:
2596:
2560:
2490:
2447:
2423:
2354:
2296:
2215:
2186:
Indra himself may have been adopted by the Vedic Aryans from the
2084:
2009:, and both Shiva and Rudra are viewed as the same personality in
1800:
1652:) listing many names of Shiva. The version appearing in Book 13 (
1648:
1340:
1247:
1205:
1061:
883:
860:
682:
678:
674:
436:
407:
264:
214:
188:
17834:
17690:
16607:
15859:; original text, transliteration, English translation and notes.
15670:
Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement
10886:
9615:
For Shiva drinking the poison churned from the world ocean see:
8428:
7804:
7400:
For flaming hair of Agni and Bhairava see: Sivaramamurti, p. 11.
6387:
6124:
Shaivism in Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to C.A.D. 300
5886:
4656:
celebration at the temple is attended by around 250,000 people.
3649:
in epic literature is known by many names, including the benign
2800:
Adiyogi Shiva (the first Yogi) statue in Coimbatore, south India
2688:
pattern. Shiva is one of the five deities, others being Vishnu,
2435:
2402:. Other Shaiva Agamas teach that these are one reality (monism,
1752:
identified with countless local cults by the sheer suffixing of
68:
19569:
19559:
19554:
19072:
19050:
18863:
18816:
18775:
18657:
18647:
18586:
18494:
18437:
18432:
18286:
17973:
17809:
17795:
17780:
17680:
17528:
17523:
17488:
17476:
17466:
17433:
17423:
17358:
17277:
17257:
17195:
17190:
16558:
16546:
16216:
16119:
16115:
16004:
15977:
15604:
Shaman, Saiva and Sufi: A Study of the Evolution of Malay Magic
15355:. Vol. 36. The Journal of Modern Craft. pp. 432–450.
12740:
Neighboring Faiths: A Christian Introduction to World Religions
11650:
Invading the Sacred: An Analysis of Hinduism Studies in America
10189:
9552:
For translation of Kapardin as "Endowed with matted hair" see:
9038:. State University of New York Press. pp. xxv–xxxii, 2–4.
8412:. Vol. CXII. Riverside Press, Cambridge. pp. 835–836.
8134:. University of California Press. pp. 2–5, 15–17, 38, 80.
6562:
5333:
5018:
5004:
4990:
4982:
4970:
4892:
4759:
4719:
4626:
4622:
4494:
4194:
4178:
4042:
3916:
3740:
3731:
3715:
3700:
3660:
3443:
notes a different etymology connected with the adjectival form
3174:
3150:
3113:
3109:
3101:
3080:" (Ganges). The Ganga flows from the matted hair of Shiva. The
2999:: Shiva iconography shows his body covered with ashes (bhasma,
2872:
2855:
2723:
identity of one's Atman (Self) and the Brahman. Popularized by
2608:
2552:
2517:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2383:
2180:
2022:
1777:
1368:
1363:
1320:
1257:
1103:
1099:
1090:
853:
733:
725:
702:
648:
636:
632:
415:
342:
327:
306:
301:
286:
228:
41:"Nilkanth" and "Manjunatha" redirect here. For other uses, see
14708:
The Yoga of Truth: Jnana: The Ancient Path of Silent Knowledge
11804:. Eicher Goodearth and Madhya Pradesh Government. p. 25.
11223:
9736:
9673:
For alternate stories about this feature, and use of the name
9225:
For the term "Great Trinity" in relation to the Trimurti see:
9139:
For quotation defining the Trimurti see Matchett, Freda. "The
6954:
Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus
6380:
For complete Sanskrit text, translations, and commentary see:
5768:
5655:
4659:
3592:
was conceived mainly in terms of sacrifice, it was during the
2222:, extensive carvings show dancing Indra next to the images of
800:
19315:
18968:
18963:
18667:
18637:
18571:
18551:
18489:
18469:
18281:
17983:
17883:
17829:
17785:
17763:
17552:
17471:
17403:
17363:
17348:
17272:
17237:
16041:
13431:
13429:
13015:
India in the Chinese Imagination: Myth, Religion, and Thought
12857:"Integration of Sūtra and Tantra: Śiva, Śakti interpreted as
12312:
12300:
11423:
11398:
11373:
11277:
11275:
9534:
8635:
6505:
5586:
5337:
5159:
5155:
5141:
5094:
5080:
4966:
4868:
4715:
4629:. In the Hindu tradition, the Shiva-linked ascetic warriors (
4599:
4368:
4109:
3898:
3819:
3688:
3684:
3668:
3476:"great time", which ultimately destroys all things. The name
3453:
3293:
3222:
are held in Shiva's hands in Odisha & south Indian icons.
3183:
3156:
3077:
2796:
2759:
who "teaches in silence the oneness of one's innermost self (
2732:
2716:
2697:
2415:
2387:
2241:
2164:
2152:
2070:
2044:
2018:
2006:
1791:
Myths about Shiva that were "roughly contemporary with early
1781:
1773:
1724:
1499:
1086:
1000:
995:
916:
870:
841:
746:
713:
540:
161:
15781:. Asian Educational Services; Facsimile of 1931 ed edition.
15062:, New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers India (1994 Reprint),
13941:
Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine A.; York, Michael (2008).
12435:
12433:
12256:"Tubers are the veggies of choice to celebrate Thiruvathira"
12170:
12168:
11849:
11699:
11537:
11535:
11242:
K.V, Anantharaman. "Chapter X – Omnipotence of Siva Linga".
10664:
For prominence of these associations in puranic times, see:
10438:
Same-sex love in India: readings from literature and history
9627:
9625:
9206:
For definition of Trimurti as "the unified form" of Brahmā,
8229:
8082:
7927:
7925:
7615:
7613:
7305:
7016:, East and West, Vol. 55, No. 1/4 (December 2005), pp. 71–80
6777:
McEvilley, Thomas (1 March 1981). "An Archaeology of Yoga".
6482:
6480:
6478:
6248:
6246:
6244:
5962:
4959:, China. The two are at the bottom right of the bottom image
4505:
4231:
states one of the three significations, the primary one, of
4056:
Shiva's body is said to consist of five mantras, called the
2194:
Many of the qualities of Indo-Iranian god of might/victory,
19009:
18938:
18920:
18868:
18652:
18596:
18556:
18516:
18499:
18484:
18449:
17878:
17790:
17503:
17443:
17408:
17378:
17318:
17292:
17282:
17262:
17207:
15899:
13899:
Devī Māhātmya, The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition
10464:
The man who was a woman and other queer tales of Hindu lore
9724:
8897:
8849:
8847:
8452:
8284:
Ludo Rocher (1986), The Puranas, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag,
7747:
7707:
7527:
7293:
7281:
7257:
6420:
6418:
6023:
5576:
5574:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5341:
4735:
4703:
4678:
4603:
4537:
4263:
4149:
3747:. According to Doniger, two regional stories depict demons
3672:
3656:
3569:
3322:
was chosen as their leader by Shiva, hence Ganesha's title
3309:
3063:
2790:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2689:
2612:
2129:
2125:
2079:
2074:
2059:
2029:
1951:
1950:
themes, such as half-moon shapes resembling the horns of a
1924:
1808:
1682:, is a devotional hymn to Shiva hailing him by many names.
1226:
1095:
1023:
875:
774:
770:
694:
690:
666:
644:
581:
557:
551:
531:
502:
478:
380:
92:
84:
13426:
13011:
12527:
12525:
11272:
11171:
11126:
11097:
10056:
The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms
9089:
The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India
8509:
8507:
8440:
7584:
7582:
7354:"Rig Veda: Rig-Veda, Book 6: HYMN XLVIII. Agni and Others"
7073:
Dionysus and Siva: Parallel Patterns in Two Pairs of Myths
4282:, symbolism for the goddess Shakti. In Shiva temples, the
3942:
is the depiction of Shiva, Parvati, and their son Skanda (
3009:: Shiva's distinctive hair style is noted in the epithets
2603:
concept, the icon is presented as half-man and half woman.
469:
17682:
14291:
A World Full of Gods: The Strange Triumph of Christianity
13054:
India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods
12623:
Het Buddhisme Java en Sumatra in Zijn laatste boeiperiods
12603:
12430:
12165:
11899:
11532:
10403:. London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 263–265.
10201:
9941:
9622:
8585:
8173:
The Variegated Plumage: Encounters with Indian Philosophy
7922:
7856:
7610:
7478:स न इन्द्रः सिवः सखाश्चावद् गोमद्यवमत् । उरूधारेव दोहते ॥
7334:
7095:
Divine Play, Sacred Laughter, and Spiritual Understanding
6904:
6902:
6758:
6552:
6550:
6475:
6299:
For appearance of the name in the Shiva Sahasranama see:
6281:
6241:
6229:
5511:. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 2008. pp. 445–448.
2963:: Shiva bears on his head the crescent moon. The epithet
1961:
The interpretation of the seal continues to be disputed.
1564:, "the Red one", in Tamil) and that Rudra is also called
472:
30:
This article is about the Hindu god. For other uses, see
14628:
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2
14099:
The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and society in India
12411:, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 98(1): 61–75
12135:. State University of New York Press. pp. 152–153.
11553:
11346:
9760:
9017:. State University of New York Press. pp. xii–xvi.
8844:
8416:
8070:
7996:
7719:
7659:"Speaking Tree: The Trika Tradition of Kashmir Shaivism"
7442:यो गृणतामिदासिथापिरूती शिवः सखा । स त्वं न इन्द्र मृलय ॥
7269:
6415:
6403:
6013:
6011:
5792:
5704:
5702:
5571:
5525:
3558:
Shiva is depicted both as an ascetic mendicant (left as
2458:
on the right are depicted bowing to Shiva in the centre.
1685:
1476:
which means "in whom all things lie, pervasiveness" and
17743:
14068:(2003). "The Śaiva Traditions". In Flood, Gavin (ed.).
13798:(Second Revised ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
12522:
12229:
11582:
Balagangadhara, S. N.; Claerhout, Sarah (Spring 2008).
11581:
10771:
Radha, Sivananda (1992). "Mantra of Muladhara Chakra".
9508:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 775–776, 789–790, 551.
8634:, Quote: "In the Devi Mahatmya, it is quite clear that
8524:
8522:
8504:
7911:
JS Vasugupta (2012), Śiva Sūtras, Motilal Banarsidass,
7579:
7539:
7163:
6930:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 60–67, 79–80.
6586:
5929:
5852:
5850:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5639:
4613:
during the Islamic rule period of India, celebrate the
4001:
The 10th century five headed Shiva, Sadashiva, Cambodia
3234:. This symbolises grace, mendicant life and meditation.
2168:
1556:
meaning "red", noting that Shiva is linked to the Sun (
15759:
Prehistoric Rock Paintings of Bhimbetka, Central India
14597:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
14377:
World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India
13812:
13584:
13404:"Mahadev tops TRP charts with a new record of 8.2 TVR"
12365:
10177:
10149:
9754:
9212:
and Śiva and use of the phrase "the Hindu triad" see:
8597:
7759:
7551:
6899:
6698:
6574:
6547:
6149:
5549:
5547:
5545:
4633:) get the honor of starting the event by entering the
4371:(sacrificial) fire, its smoke, ashes, and flames, the
3172:: A small drum shaped like an hourglass is known as a
2871:
Shiva with Parvati. Shiva is depicted three-eyed, the
2039:
According to Sadasivan, during the development of the
1840:
19914:
15617:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
15079:
Amritabindu and Kaivalya Upanishads with Commentaries
14580:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
14119:
Saivism in Indonesia During the Hindu-Javanese Period
14101:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
13999:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
12519:, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 209–226
12282:"Thiruvathira – Kerala's own version of Karva Chauth"
12075:
12049:
12023:
9797:
9785:
8196:
8169:
8100:
7633:"Svetasvatara Upanishad - Chap 3 the Highest Reality"
7245:
6008:
5699:
5624:
5598:
5559:
2342:
research suggests that numerous coins of the ancient
1811:
and of asceticism. In one story, he was seduced by a
14225:(New Revised ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
13374:
had 52 songs by top singers: Director Dheeraj Kumar"
13018:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 79–80.
11314:
11312:
11310:
11192:
11190:
11188:
11186:
10435:
10213:
10121:
meaning "cry, howl" as a traditional etymology see:
9427:
For translation "Having the moon as his crest" see:
9119:. State University of New York Press. pp. 7–8.
9065:. State University of New York Press. pp. 1–2.
8701:
8699:
8573:
8519:
8330:
Shankara Samhita Part 1, Verses 1.8.20–21 (Sanskrit)
8131:
The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas: Two Lost Śaivite Sects
8036:"Devi bhagwat Purana Skandh 5 Chapter 1 Verse 22-23"
6957:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 49–50.
6159:
5847:
5672:
5636:
5239:(2011–2014), a television serial about Shiva on the
4536:
chanting prayers, remembering Shiva, fasting, doing
4112:
period, an abstract or 'cosmic' symbolism linked to
3285:
is his traditional abode. In Hindu mythology, Mount
554:
548:
475:
17944:
12102:
A Thousand Teachings: The Upadesasahasri of Sankara
11922:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 87–88.
11149:
The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent
10364:
10313:as names in the Shiva Sahasranama literature, see:
10269:For name Mahāyogi and associations with yoga, see,
10021:
9876:
9856:. State University of New York Press. p. 257.
9058:
8752:
The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent
8682:. State University of New York Press. p. xix.
8301:EO James (1997), The Tree of Life, Brill Academic,
8258:, University of Manitoba, Canada, IEP, Section 1(d)
7498:For the bull parallel between Indra and Rudra see:
7175:
5542:
4435:is identified as the eleventh avatar of Shiva. The
2895:
Siva with Moustache from Archaeological Museum GOA.
2414:as early as the 7th century CE, with poets such as
2202:. He was associated more than any other deity with
545:
537:
534:
528:
466:
15406:First Indian Edition: Munshiram Manoharlal, 2003,
14625:
14573:
14474:
14039:
13667:Ṛgveda Saṃhitā: Sanskrit Text, English Translation
13563:
12574:The British in Java, 1811–1816: a Javanese account
12132:Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia
12020:Sri Ramakrishna Math (1985) "Hanuman Chalisa" p. 5
11762:
11760:
11503:
11501:
11499:
11198:
11146:
11071:, both of which mean "five faces", as epithets of
8749:
7943:
7779:
7233:
7221:
6843:The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective
6746:
6498:For Jejuri as the foremost center of worship see:
6463:
4571:Regional festivals dedicated to Shiva include the
4549:Another major festival involving Shiva worship is
4546:which probably originated around the 5th-century.
3100:: Shiva is often shown garlanded with the serpent
2887:A seated Shiva holds an axe and deer in his hands.
2171:sound, the Supreme Self. In the Rig Veda the term
15572:Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India
13241:Charles Russell Coulter; Patricia Turner (2013).
11739:Harding, Elizabeth U. (1998). "God, the Father".
11591:Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies
11307:
11183:
10839:For the deer-throne and the audience of sages as
10593:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 72, 206.
9113:Jaideva Vasugupta; Mark S. G. Dyczkowski (1992).
9010:
8696:
8675:
8648:
8203:. State University of New York Press. p. 9.
8127:
5756:
5483:. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. 1998. p. 115.
5448:स नो युवेन्द्रो जोहूत्रः सखा शिवो नरामस्तु पाता ।
5079:("Non-returners") who are already on the path to
4247:as "sign", a mark that provides the existence of
3515:), who is also known as Shankaracharya. The name
2280:, rather than being a text just on Shiva theism.
2017:with fearsome powers, was the god of the roaring
19998:
15634:Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization
15614:Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization
14359:. Havelte, Holland: Binkey Kok Publications BV.
13940:
13203:. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. p. 180.
12965:Hodous, Lewis; Soothill, William Edward (2004).
12845:
11981:
11769:"The Paris congress of the history of religions"
11672:
11090:For variation in attributions among texts, see:
9834:
9284:For a review of 4 theories about the meaning of
9092:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 237–239.
9031:
8951:
8705:
8615:
8405:
8379:Barbara Holdrege (2012). Hananya Goodman (ed.).
8378:
8318:Gregor Maehle (2009), Ashtanga Yoga, New World,
7944:Somasundaram, Ottilingam; Murthy, Tejus (2017).
7777:
7131:Walter Friedrich Otto; Robert B. Palmer (1965).
6927:Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult
6923:
6882:Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman Cult
6878:
5592:
5420:For "Note Agni-Rudra concept fused" in epithets
4731:(locally also called Siwa Siddhanta, Sridanta).
3603:As a family man and householder, he has a wife,
3394:Shiva is represented in his many aspects. Left:
3094:: Shiva is often shown seated upon a tiger skin.
2013:. The two names are used synonymously. Rudra, a
647:) is regarded as the energy and creative power (
15795:
15679:The Meanings of Hindu Gods, Goddesses and Myths
15402:The Illustrated Dictionary of Hindu Iconography
15156:(Second ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
14466:Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization
12330:
12124:
12122:
11946:Hanuman's tale: the messages of a divine monkey
11829:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 88.
11757:
11706:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 543 footnote 4.
11496:
11488:Sen, Amiya P. (2006). "Editor's Introduction".
10962:. Madras: Law Printing House. pp. 338–343.
10877:
10059:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 25–26.
8972:
8823:
8540:
7067:
7065:
6885:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 242–.
6034:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAhmed8_nApte1965 (
5311:, Adamgarh, Lekhahia, etc." (p. 38). S.N. Sen,
4734:During the pre-Islamic period on the island of
4214:texts builds on this foundation. Linga, states
2879:, covered in ashes, and seated on a tiger skin.
1968:
616:, one of the major traditions within Hinduism.
15798:Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism, in three volumes
15653:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
15175:. Albany: State University of New York Press.
14886:The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition
14672:. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
13854:
13833:
13124:
12964:
12903:
12671:
12669:
12667:
12665:
12663:
12570:
12234:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 95–96.
12209:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 12–13.
12128:
11850:Winternitz, Moriz; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1981).
11700:Winternitz, Moriz; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1981).
11622:
11448:
11196:
11144:
10791:"Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 1 Chapter 2 Verse 23"
10379:For regional name variants of Karttikeya see:
10052:
9849:
9742:
9603:
9540:
9006:
9004:
8947:
8945:
8796:
8747:
8741:
7476:
7440:
6978:
6950:
6265:
6219:
5722:"Shiva In Mythology: Let's Reimagine The Lord"
5446:
5278:
4786:took on the iconographic appearance of Shiva.
4167:." This may point to an "osmosis" of ideas in
4088:is of the character of the fivefold Brahman. (
3522:
3030:
2970:
2916:
2318:Shaiva devotees and ascetics are mentioned in
2155:, dedicated to Shiva as the lord of all beings
1483:The word Shiva is used as an adjective in the
19301:
17666:
17150:
16623:
15915:
15891:
15296:
15251:
15052:
13755:The Anthropological Romance of Bali 1597–1972
13742:
13519:
12683:
12681:
12510:The Goddess Durgā in the East-Javanese Period
10960:Elements of Hindu Iconography. Vol. 2: Part I
10892:
10814:
10586:
9699:
9415:
9179:
9158:
8830:. Oxford University Press. pp. 313–314.
8679:The Yoga of Delight, Wonder, and Astonishment
8339:
7810:
7604:
7569:
7417:. Oxford University Press US. pp. 84–89.
7204:"Rudra | Hinduism, Shiva, Vedas | Britannica"
7091:
7007:A Dionysian Scheme on a Seal from Gupta India
6919:
6917:
6688:
6604:
6381:
6153:
5917:Sanskrit to English Dictionary with Etymology
5433:
5384:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5083:and who will attain enlightenment are born.
4644:, major Shivaratri celebration occurs at the
2708:or any personal god of devotee's preference (
2032:, the Germanic God of rage ("wütte") and the
1939:have expressed doubts about this suggestion.
1708:
1414:
15695:
15472:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
15010:
14853:Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora
14528:
13743:Bongard-Levin, Grigoriĭ Maksimovich (1985).
13447:
13333:Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema
13213:
12737:
12119:
11988:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 10–11.
11732:
10732:
10730:
10702:
9501:
8800:Outline of the Religious Literature of India
8712:Mandalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions
8165:
8163:
7946:"Siva - The Mad Lord: A Puranic perspective"
7834:
7062:
6692:
6650:. For a drawing of the seal see Figure 1 in
6081:
6029:
5955:as an epithet for other Vedic deities, see:
5451:and translation as "May that young adorable
4993:: Móxīshǒuluótiān) is considered one of the
3711:by the names Skanda, Kumara, or Karttikeya.
2001:Three-headed Shiva, Gandhara, 2nd century AD
1433:
17164:
15536:
15439:Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship
15436:
15300:Satarudriya: Vibhuti Or Shiva's Iconography
13793:
13456:(2). Sociological Bulletin, 1(2): 162–184.
12660:
12647:
12644:, pp. 4–6, 14–16, 94–96, 160–161, 253.
12202:
12129:Karen Pechilis (2012). Selva J. Raj (ed.).
11797:
11301:
10972:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
10921:
10865:
10846:
10686:
10665:
10562:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp.
10555:
10512:
10339:
10332:as the oldest name, and variants including
10283:
10270:
10257:
10256:For Shiva's representation as a yogi, see:
10231:
10092:
9904:
9730:
9680:
9454:
9441:
9375:
9362:
9306:
9289:
9085:
9001:
8942:
8541:Jamison, Stephanie; Brereton, Joel (2020).
7786:. University of California Press. pp.
7521:
7499:
7379:
7299:
7287:
7263:
6872:
6325:
5980:
5968:
5956:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5408:
4660:Beyond the Indian subcontinent and Hinduism
4132:or "Being, Consciousness and Bliss" in the
3366:
2915:) to ashes, called "Tryambakam" (Sanskrit:
2816:Other famed Shiva-related texts influenced
2473:Shaivism is one of the four major sects of
2430:
1886:or wearing a horned headdress and possibly
1513:Sharma presents another etymology with the
19308:
19294:
17673:
17659:
17157:
17143:
16630:
16616:
15922:
15908:
15817:"Vṛṣabhavāhanamūrti in Literature and Art"
15345:
15326:
15317:
15257:Śatarudrīya: Vibhūti of Śiva's Iconography
15011:Rosen, Steven; Schweig, Graham M. (2006).
14623:
14571:
14333:
13916:
13796:The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages
13435:
13325:
13323:
12944:. Columbia University Press. p. 151.
12851:
12678:
12543:
12452:Kalhoro, Zulfiqar Ali (27 February 2018).
11949:. Oxford University Press US. p. 44.
11942:
11641:
11541:
11281:
11229:
11177:
11132:
11103:
10721:India's Kathak Dance, Past Present, Future
10719:Massey, Reginald. "India's Kathak Dance".
10698:
10613:For description of the nataraja form see:
10370:Search for Meaning By Antonio R. Gualtieri
10167:
9637:
8501:, pp. 19–24, 40, 65, Narayani p. 232.
8446:
7740:, p. 205 For date of Mahabhasya see:
7701:
7340:
7311:
7275:
6914:
6764:
6724:
6511:
6486:
6287:
6252:
6235:
5666:
5347:
3663:(divine energy) as well as goddesses like
3530:
3297:, representing the center of the universe.
1421:
1407:
122:
15814:
15648:
15450:Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture
15263:
15019:
14903:
14882:
14686:
14667:
14550:
14395:Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006).
14394:
14258:
14244:. Bombay: Somaiya Publications Pvt. Ltd.
13837:Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses
13665:Arya, Ravi Prakash; Joshi, K. L. (2001).
13664:
13441:
13220:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 131.
12439:
12318:
12306:
12186:
12174:
12159:
11917:
11905:
11856:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 543–544.
11824:
11743:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 156–157.
11507:
11455:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 107.
11120:
11091:
11039:
11026:
11013:
11000:
10987:
10827:
10727:
10590:The Bedtrick: Tales of Sex and Masquerade
10580:
10506:
10460:
10429:
10358:
10207:
10171:
10143:
10122:
9947:
9718:
9631:
9578:
9565:
9428:
9319:
8881:
8865:
8534:
8486:
8474:
8422:
8176:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 125–126.
8160:
7979:
7961:
7782:Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.–A.D. 700
7693:
7486:
7450:
7427:
7137:. Indiana University Press. p. 164.
6776:
6424:
6368:
6319:
5837:
5814:
5786:
5750:
5388:
3826:is regarded as the female counterpart of
2382:) associated with him. The Shiva-related
2206:, a stimulant drug (perhaps derived from
1890:, seated in a posture reminiscent of the
1828:Prehistoric rock paintings dating to the
1772:is a patron deity of farming and herding
1764:An example of assimilation took place in
1545:Some authors associate the name with the
128:A statue of Shiva in Bengaluru, Karnataka
15843:
15776:
15705:. State University of University Press.
15667:
15601:
15568:
15491:The Making of India: A Historical Survey
15393:Shiva: The Wild God of Power and Ecstasy
15134:Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction
14955:
14816:
14754:
14733:
14705:
14334:Issitt, Micah Lee; Main, Carlyn (2014).
14215:
14150:Gonda, Jan (1969). "The Hindu Trinity".
14126:
13698:
13689:
13476:
13448:Ghurye, G.S. (1952). "Ascetic Origins".
12938:Davidson, Ronald M. (18 December 2002).
12937:
12795:. In Bentor, Yael; Shahar, Meir (eds.).
11853:A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1
11703:A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1
11293:
10915:
10539:
10136:Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary
9766:
8853:
8513:
8235:
8088:
8076:
7463:
7251:
7169:
6908:
6672:
6592:
6213:
6187:
6177:
5935:
5926:, Oxford University Press, pp. 1074–1076
5902:
5822:
5604:
4821:
4668:
4532:which means "the Great Night of Shiva".
4173:
3996:
3762:
3730:– is born. In outskirts of Ernakulam in
2890:
2882:
2866:
2795:
2789:, which is why Shiva is associated with
2662:
2586:
2434:
2143:
2136:have flaming hair as a special feature.
1996:
1850:
1689:
17085:Temple in the Sea (Trinidad and Tobago)
15779:Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization
15752:
15676:
15509:
15467:
15399:
14495:
14472:
14463:
14287:
14277:
14198:
14013:
13924:: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings
13709:
13609:
13566:Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa
13561:
13485:
13320:
13171:
12451:
11773:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda
11766:
11741:Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar
11738:
11616:
11547:
11350:Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions
10751:
10736:
10396:
9995:
9923:
9916:For spelling of alternate proper names
8958:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. xv–xx.
8652:I.A. Richards and Indian Theory of Rasa
8591:
8470:
8458:
8343:Iconography of Śiva in Pahāṛī Paintings
7822:
7765:
7753:
7713:
7600:
7588:
7545:
7533:
7409:
6836:
6647:
6580:
6568:
6556:
6444:
6207:
5876:
5818:
5774:
5630:
5314:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
4895:, a deva residing in the 6th heaven of
4746:The worship of Shiva became popular in
4467:For list of the temples by nation, see
3357:
3062:: his iconography often shows him in a
1666:provides one such list. Shiva also has
677:as well as a householder with his wife
14:
19999:
15738:. State University of New York Press.
15731:
15631:
15610:
15446:
15417:
15230:
15189:
15170:
15151:
15130:
15111:
15075:
14988:
14936:
14910:. State University of New York Press.
14889:. State University of New York Press.
14837:from the original on 28 September 2018
14354:
14096:
13895:
13881:. State University of New York Press.
13874:
13588:. Madras: Sri Ramakrishna Math. 1986.
13298:"Shiva, the brand God who never fails"
13266:
13264:
13050:
12790:
12414:
12394:
10652:
10635:
10614:
10357:identified as the wife of Shiva, see:
10314:
10183:
10155:
10105:
9972:
9935:
9803:
9791:
9590:
9553:
9238:The Trimurti idea of Hinduism, states
9226:
8891:
8655:. Sarup & Sons. pp. 117–118.
8603:
8498:
8434:
8022:
8002:
7874:
7850:
7741:
7725:
7227:
7160:, pp. 3 with footnote 2, 102–105.
7157:
7098:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 41–60.
6351:
6300:
6275:
6200:
6165:
6017:
5844:, pp. 3 with footnote 2, 102–105.
5841:
5708:
5649:
5553:
5536:
5021:: Èrshísì zhūtiān) who are a group of
3420:) and benign or auspicious (Sanskrit:
2286:Self-realization and Shaiva Upanishads
2114:("Of golden red hue as of flame") and
2082:with Rudra is explicitly noted in the
19289:
17654:
17138:
16611:
15903:
15890:
15821:Annali del Istituto Orientale, Naples
15514:. Adyar Library and Research Center.
15486:
15387:
15217:
15154:Elements of Poetry in the Mahābhārata
15086:
14870:from the original on 10 November 2023
14594:
14373:
14239:
14174:
14149:
14115:
14064:
14034:
13994:
13973:
13926:. New York: Oxford University Press.
13772:
13329:
13012:John Kieschnick; Meir Shahar (2013).
12797:Chinese and Tibetan Esoteric Buddhism
12675:Puri, P. 133 Buddhism in Central Asia
12641:
12609:
12597:
12531:
12496:
12487:, pp. 16, 123, 494–495, 550–552.
12484:
12155:
12037:from the original on 9 September 2006
11779:from the original on 24 February 2021
11520:from the original on 18 February 2018
11297:
11260:from the original on 30 December 2021
10770:
10549:
10436:Vanita, Ruth; Kidwai, Saleem (2001).
10380:
10244:
10219:
10040:
9655:from the original on 27 November 2020
9616:
9472:
9272:
9260:
9247:
9146:
8976:The Shiva Samhita: A Critical Edition
8780:
8579:
8528:
8018:
8014:
7931:
7878:
7862:
7846:
7737:
7697:
7671:from the original on 2 September 2022
7619:
7328:
7239:
7181:
6846:. Rowman Altamira. pp. 140–144.
6740:
6736:
6720:
6716:
6704:
6684:
6651:
6643:
6537:
6436:
6393:
6120:
6069:
5896:
5868:
5856:
5798:
5762:
5746:
5693:
5580:
5565:
5199:
5158:is a fierce Shiva adaptation in both
3758:
3568:Shiva is depicted as both an ascetic
1818:
1694:An ancient sculpture of Shiva at the
1686:Historical development and literature
1670:(10,000 names) that are found in the
513:
15719:from the original on 19 October 2023
15589:from the original on 16 January 2024
14849:
14787:
14724:
14646:
14536:. Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
14516:from the original on 11 January 2023
14427:
14415:from the original on 20 October 2022
14320:
13751:
13730:from the original on 15 January 2023
13642:
13552:
13384:from the original on 2 December 2021
12698:from the original on 28 October 2016
12288:from the original on 7 February 2017
12262:from the original on 10 January 2020
12190:
11870:from the original on 19 October 2023
11720:from the original on 19 October 2023
11469:from the original on 19 October 2023
11078:
10864:as a mostly south Indian form, see:
10807:For iconographic description of the
10685:and prevalence in South India, see:
10519:. Abhinav Publications. p. 93.
10454:
10195:
10027:
9822:
9779:
9396:
9213:
8803:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 180.
8729:from the original on 16 January 2024
8561:from the original on 10 October 2023
7689:
7573:
7557:
7025:
6860:from the original on 20 January 2023
6752:
6524:
6499:
6469:
6457:
6440:
6409:
6397:
6194:
6002:
5892:
5880:
5872:
5728:from the original on 30 October 2022
5332:In scriptures, Shiva is paired with
5223:was also based on legends of Shiva.
4806:has mentioned two avatars of Rudra:
4692:the popular name for Shiva has been
4148:, "which holds the individual Self (
2680:of Hinduism, Shiva is a part of its
1859:discovered during excavation of the
1568:(brown, or red) in the Rigveda. The
19270:
15569:Williams, Joanna Gottfried (1981).
14468:. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
14261:The Essentials of Indian Philosophy
14070:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism
13570:. Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd.
13261:
13178:. Infobase Publishing. p. 28.
13077:
12910:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 43.
11918:Parrinder, Edward Geoffrey (1982).
11825:Parrinder, Edward Geoffrey (1982).
11648:"The Hindu Goddess Reinterpreted".
11492:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 25–26.
11487:
11403:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
11378:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10882:. Universität zu Köln. p. 756.
10741:. Abhinav Publications. p. 96.
10234:, pp. 28 (note 7), and p. 177.
10073:from the original on 13 August 2023
10008:Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend
8930:from the original on 12 August 2021
8346:. Mittal Publications. p. 94.
7639:from the original on 1 October 2022
6127:. Meenakshi Prakashan. p. 81.
4844:and worshipped as the fierce deity
3722:– identified with regional deities
3047:= "throat"). Since Shiva drank the
2809:(literally, 'Shiva's song'), which
2767:)." Shiva is also an archetype for
2652:
2624:, in a hymn called the Devi Sukta.
1841:Indus Valley and the Pashupati seal
1480:which means "embodiment of grace".
24:
15642:
15441:. Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd.
15318:Sontheimer, Günther-Dietz (1976).
15284:from the original on 31 March 2024
15116:. American Philosophical Society.
15040:from the original on 31 March 2024
14976:from the original on 31 March 2024
14924:from the original on 31 March 2024
14775:from the original on 31 March 2024
14727:Temples and Legends of Maharashtra
14668:Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1996).
14481:. University of California Press.
14133:State University of New York Press
13961:from the original on 21 April 2023
13630:from the original on 31 March 2024
13540:from the original on 31 March 2024
13526:. Central Chinmaya Mission Trust.
13350:from the original on 31 March 2024
13308:from the original on 23 March 2016
13278:from the original on 11 April 2017
13153:from the original on 31 March 2024
13032:from the original on 29 March 2017
12993:from the original on 31 March 2024
12833:from the original on 31 March 2024
12772:from the original on 31 March 2024
12742:. InterVarsiry Press. p. 377.
12402:Warrior Ascetics in Indian History
12063:from the original on 5 August 2012
12002:from the original on 31 March 2024
11963:from the original on 31 March 2024
11681:from the original on 10 April 2021
11452:Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis
11426:The Hindus: An Alternative History
11424:O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (2009).
11399:O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (2013).
11374:O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (1981).
11153:. Yale University Press. pp.
10986:For five as a sacred number, see:
10793:. 23 November 2010. Archived from
10723:. Abhinav Publications. p. 8.
10718:
10481:from the original on 31 March 2024
10440:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 69.
10417:from the original on 31 March 2024
9522:from the original on 31 March 2024
9374:For the moon on the forehead see:
8924:"Samhara, Saṃhāra: 18 definitions"
8756:. Yale University Press. pp.
8360:from the original on 31 March 2024
8217:from the original on 31 March 2024
8148:from the original on 31 March 2024
7360:from the original on 25 March 2010
7112:from the original on 31 March 2024
6625:from the original on 31 March 2024
6131:from the original on 31 March 2024
6102:from the original on 31 March 2024
4951:Paintings of Shiva and Parvati in
3770:statue depicting Shiva dancing as
2735:) has been dated to belong to the
2398:), are the foundational texts for
2338:art suggests it was likely Shiva.
2291:He who sees himself in all beings,
2108:, some epithets of Rudra, such as
1823:
724:or trident as his weapon, and the
716:flowing from his matted hair, the
25:
20108:
16637:
15863:
15848:. Chennai: Sri Ramakrishna Math.
15831:from the original on 13 June 2022
15702:A Survey of Hinduism, 3rd Edition
15636:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
15375:from the original on 13 June 2022
14956:Prentiss, Karen Pechilis (2000).
14729:. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
14327:The Thirteen Principal Upanishads
14097:Fuller, Christopher John (2004).
13773:Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1998).
13705:. University of California Press.
13690:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009).
13648:The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary
13414:from the original on 6 April 2017
12547:Ensiklopedi wayang Indonesia: A-B
11558:. Red Wheel/Weiser. p. 294.
11554:Swami Agehananda Bharati (1970).
11516:. The Divine Life Trust Society.
11347:Yudit Kornberg Greenberg (2008).
10939:from the original on 8 March 2011
10878:Monier-Williams, Monier (2008) .
9839:. Lalit Kalā Akademi. p. 41.
9062:Lord Siva's Song: The Isvara Gita
7413:(1973). "The Vedic Antecedents".
7071:Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1980),
6985:. Penguin Books. pp. 10–11.
4698:, which is derived from Sanskrit
4473:List of Shiva Temples in Pakistan
3451:nature", and translates the name
2975:"Having the moon as his crest" –
2903:: Shiva is often depicted with a
728:. He is usually worshiped in the
693:), regarded as the patron god of
19984:
19972:
19960:
19948:
19936:
19924:
19533:
19269:
19259:
19250:
19249:
19238:
17943:
17689:
17681:
17308:
17055:Kokkadicholai Thaanthonreeswaram
16759:Emarald/Rathinam, Thiruvalangadu
16591:
16582:
16581:
16057:
14710:. Rochester, VT: Destiny Books.
14451:from the original on 3 July 2023
13557:. Calcutta: Dass, Elysium Press.
13494:
13396:
13362:
13290:
13234:
13207:
13192:
13165:
13118:
13071:
13044:
13005:
12958:
12931:
12897:
12784:
12746:
12731:
12615:
12564:
12537:
12502:
12466:from the original on 16 May 2020
12445:
12359:
12324:
12274:
12248:
12230:Muriel Marion Underhill (1991).
12223:
12196:
12093:
12014:
11975:
11936:
11911:
11882:
11843:
11818:
11791:
11693:
11666:
11481:
11442:
11417:
11392:
11367:
11340:
11331:
11235:
11138:
11109:
11084:
11045:
11032:
11019:
11006:
10993:
10980:
10951:
10907:
10898:
10871:
10852:
10833:
10820:
10801:
10783:
10764:
10745:
10712:
10671:
10658:
10641:
10620:
10607:
10493:
10390:
10373:
10345:
10320:
10289:
10276:
10263:
10250:
10237:
10128:
10111:
10098:
10085:
10046:
10033:
10001:
9978:
9953:
9929:
9910:
9897:
9870:
9843:
9828:
9809:
9772:
9705:
9686:
9667:
9609:
9596:
9584:
9571:
9559:
9546:
9495:
9478:
9460:
9447:
9434:
9421:
9402:
9381:
9368:
9349:
9334:
9325:
9312:
9295:
9278:
9265:
9232:
9219:
9200:
9152:
9133:
9106:
9079:
9052:
8916:
8902:. Rupa Publication. p. 59.
8817:
8790:
8669:
8642:
8609:
8489:, pp. 85–86, 119, 144, 171.
8399:
8372:
8333:
8312:
8295:
8278:
8261:
8241:
8190:
8121:
8094:
8028:
7937:
7905:
7888:
7868:
7771:
7731:
7651:
7625:
7514:
7505:
7492:
7469:
7456:
7433:
7403:
7394:
7385:
7372:
7346:
7317:
6779:Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics
5439:
5414:
5394:
5377:
5233:has sold over a million copies.
5167:
5148:
5126:
4941:
4930:
4504:
4493:
4394:The oldest known archaeological
4359:, and it is shown that the said
3776:Los Angeles County Museum of Art
3548:
3539:
3384:
3375:
1390:
799:
643:tradition, the Supreme Goddess (
524:
462:
19239:
17090:Tribhuvanamāhesvaram (Cambodia)
15800:. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons.
15796:Parmeshwaranand, Swami (2004).
15327:Srinivasan, Doris Meth (1997).
14670:A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary
14464:Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1998).
14203:. 77, Fasc. 1/4 (1/4): 95–114.
13977:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide
13813:Sitansu S. Chakravarti (1991).
13699:Berreman, Gerald Duane (1963).
13272:"Shiva, the god of cool things"
13244:Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities
13198:
11428:. United States: Viking Press.
11241:
10754:A Dictionary of Asian Mythology
9883:. Routledge. pp. 114–115.
9778:For definition and shape, see:
8021:, pp. 3–20, 35–36, 49–51;
7196:
7187:
7124:
7085:
7019:
7005:Pierfrancesco Callieri (2005),
6999:
6972:
6944:
6830:
6813:
6770:
6657:
6637:
6611:. Routledge. pp. 364–366.
6598:
6530:
6517:
6492:
6450:
6374:
6357:
6345:
6306:
6293:
6258:
6114:
6075:
6062:) and which focus on the deity
6042:
5986:
5941:
5915:Monier Monier-Williams (1899),
5804:
5714:
5509:Encyclopedia of World Religions
5481:Indian Civilization and Culture
5326:
5284:
5271:
5101:, the Buddhist name for Shiva.
4973:, Shiva, better known there as
4758:. Shaivism was also popular in
4741:
4637:first for bathing and prayers.
4594:and those related to Durga. In
4557:over the three demons known as
4363:is put in place of the eternal
2907:, with which he burned Desire (
2595:, depicting Shiva with goddess
2132:and the form of Shiva known as
1768:, where a regional deity named
1448:Sanskrit dictionary, the word "
19164:Relations with other religions
15361:10.1080/1468936042000282726821
15259:. Delhi: Abhinav Publications.
15171:Sharma, Debabrata Sen (1990).
14761:. Princeton University Press.
14557:. Philadelphia Museum of Art.
13855:Chidbhavananda, Swami (1997).
13758:. Cambridge University Press.
13669:. Delhi: Parimal Publications.
13616:. Princeton University Press.
13562:Ganguli, Kisari Mohan (2004).
13057:. Concept Publishing Company.
11353:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 572–573.
11025:For distinct iconography, see
10933:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
10501:Mohini#Relationship with Shiva
9414:as an iconographic form, see:
8715:. Brill Academic. p. 60.
8477:, pp. 113, 119, 144, 171.
8197:Mark S. G. Dyczkowski (1987).
8170:Narendranath B. Patil (2003).
8104:A History of Indian Philosophy
8101:Surendranath Dasgupta (1973).
7825:, p. 556, 769 footnote 1.
6121:Tyagi, Ishvar Chandra (1982).
5789:, pp. 113, 119, 144, 171.
5610:
5593:Cush, Robinson & York 2008
5497:
5469:
5174:Statue of Shiva depicted as a
5071:, highest of the Śuddhāvāsa ("
4469:List of Shiva temples in India
4120:and a dance posture of Shiva.
3439:, which means "to cry, howl".
3252:(nandin)), is the name of the
2546:
2229:
705:around his neck, the adorning
501:'The Auspicious One',
13:
1:
20022:Characters in the Mahabharata
15231:Sircar, Dineschandra (1998).
15015:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
14820:Prehistoric Rock Art of India
14284:Originally published in 1915.
14282:. New York: Biblo and Tannen.
14278:Hopkins, E. Washburn (1969).
14201:Rivista degli studi orientali
13859:. Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam.
13794:Chakravarti, Mahadev (1986).
13694:. Princeton University Press.
13520:Chinmayananda, Swami (2002).
13051:Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (2007).
11597:(19): 118–143. Archived from
11490:The Indispensable Vivekananda
11081:, p. 578, middle column.
10752:Leeming, David Adams (2001).
6088:. Weiser Books. p. 213.
5462:
5213:A 1990s television series of
4830:
4750:through the influence of the
4114:five elements (Pancha Bhoota)
4004:
3505:
3291:is conceived as resembling a
2925:denotes "an eye", and in the
2862:
2763:) with the ultimate reality (
2501:) and devotional traditions (
2328:(2nd-century BCE) and in the
1872:
1698:, Maharashtra. 6th century CE
1494:), as an epithet for several
1488:
97:Master of Poison and Medicine
17040:Kadhalishwaram ruins (China)
15929:
15681:. New Delhi: Rupa & Co.
15668:Davidson, Ronald M. (2004).
15510:Warrier, AG Krishna (1967).
15470:Yoga and the Hindu Tradition
14996:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
14502:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
14288:Hopkins, Keith (July 2001).
14242:Karttikeya: The Son of Shiva
14017:Sixty Upanishads of the Veda
13917:Courtright, Paul B. (1985).
13716:. Harvard University Press.
13710:Blurton, T. Richard (1993).
13603:
13553:Dutt, Manmatha Nath (1905).
13131:. Sri Satguru Publications.
12625:, T.B.G., pp. 522–539, 550;
12600:, pp. 155–157, 462–463.
12571:P. B. R. Carey, ed. (1992).
12499:, pp. 130–131, 550–552.
11675:"The interpretation of gods"
9984:For identification of Mount
9877:Prabhavati C. Reddy (2014).
9346:see: Hopkins (1968), p. 220.
9165:. J.P. Tarcher. p. 61.
9059:Andrew J. Nicholson (2014).
8326:, p. 17; for Sanskrit, see:
7950:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
7853:, pp. 187–188, 222–228.
6331:Sir Monier Monier-Williams,
6085:Tantra: Cult of the Feminine
6082:van Lysebeth, Andre (2002).
4664:
4478:
4106:Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram
3960:: पञ्चानन), also called the
3128:: Shiva typically carries a
1975:Proto-Indo-European religion
1969:Proto-Indo-European elements
631:trinity which also includes
7:
15732:Mahony, William K. (1998).
15437:Tattwananda, Swami (1984).
15420:The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy
15322:(in German). Franz Steiner.
15196:
15137:. Oxford University Press.
15091:
15076:Sastri, A Mahadeva (1898).
14962:. Oxford University Press.
14740:. Oxford University Press.
14691:. Woodstock, NY: YogVidya.
14572:Kramrisch, Stella (1994a).
14220:
14042:An Introduction to Hinduism
13920:
13745:Ancient Indian Civilization
12971:. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
12869:Buddhist Thought and Ritual
11943:Lutgendorf, Philip (2007).
11201:The Myths and Gods of India
11073:
11064:
11054:
10880:Sanskrit-English Dictionary
10860:
10841:
10809:
10680:
10629:
10461:Pattanaik, Devdutt (2001).
10353:
10334:
10328:
10309:
10303:
10297:
10198:, p. 727, left column.
9986:
9918:
9817:
9755:Sitansu S. Chakravarti 1991
9713:
9694:
9675:
9505:Sechzig Upaniṣad's des Veda
9410:
9390:
9357:
9342:
9208:
9141:
9032:Vasugupta; Jaideva (1980).
8979:. Yoga. pp. xiii–xiv.
8952:Vasugupta; Jaideva (1979).
8547:. Oxford University Press.
6666:
6314:
6264:For appearance of the name
6150:Sri Vishnu Sahasranama 1986
6064:
6057:
6050:
5995:
5950:
5428:
5422:
5403:
5252:
4817:
4398:as an icon of Shiva is the
4322:, and others. According to
4269:
4144:, or "abstract monism," of
4084:
4058:
4044:
4035:
4021:
4012:
3990:
3950:Dynasty in southern India.
3888:
3851:
3809:
3797:
3651:
3645:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3579:
3517:
3492:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3423:
3415:
3340:
3333:
3325:
3311:
3302:
3287:
3272:
3258:
3239:
3202:
3196:
3189:
3182:. A specific hand gesture (
3083:
3051:poison churned up from the
3042:
3023:
3011:
2988:
2979:
2965:
2953:
2947:
2940:
2932:
2909:
2843:
2591:Ardhanarishvara sculpture,
2582:
2462:
2174:
2116:
2110:
2094:
1915:), an epithet of the later
1910:
1654:
1630:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1593:
1585:
1559:
1551:
1536:
1520:
1468:
1450:
587:
508:
47:Manjunatha (disambiguation)
10:
20113:
15844:Tulsidas, Goswami (1985).
15815:Rajarajan, R.K.K. (1996).
15611:Zimmer, Heinrich (1972) .
15602:Winstedt, Richard (2020).
15400:Stutley, Margaret (1985).
15297:Sivaramamurti, C. (2004).
15152:Sharma, Ram Karan (1988).
14758:Hinduism: Past and Present
14624:Lochtefeld, James (2002).
14551:Kramrisch, Stella (1981).
14329:. Oxford University Press.
14323:"Shvetashvatara Upanishad"
14122:. University of Hong Kong.
14116:Ghose, Rajeshwari (1966).
14048:Cambridge University Press
13995:Davis, Richard H. (1992).
13896:Coburn, Thomas B. (2002).
13875:Coburn, Thomas B. (1991).
13610:Anthony, David W. (2007).
13512:
13507:
13247:. Routledge. p. 182.
13201:Indian Sculpture: 700–1800
12400:David N. Lorenzen (1978),
11245:Siva Gita A Critical Study
10626:For interpretation of the
10134:Citation to M. Mayrhofer,
9011:Jaideva Vasugupta (1991).
8676:Jaideva Vasugupta (1991).
8649:Gupteshwar Prasad (1994).
8249:Kashmiri Shaiva Philosophy
8128:David N. Lorenzen (1972).
7704:, pp. 96–97 and Chapter 9.
7439:For text of RV 6.45.17 as
6671:as "Lord of Animals" see:
6210:, Chapter 17 of Volume 13.
6197:, Chapter 17 of Volume 13.
6030:Ahmed, 8 n & Apte 1965
5445:For text of RV 2.20.3a as
5305:Journal of Human Evolution
4840:Shiva is mentioned in the
4789:
4720:Javanese puppetry (wayang)
4482:
4466:
4409:
4383:gave place in time to the
4192:
3782:The depiction of Shiva as
2847:
2656:
2599:as his equal half. In the
2466:
2025:", a group of storm gods.
1844:
1712:
1709:Assimilation of traditions
1701:
1437:
40:
29:
19770:
19725:
19698:
19675:
19653:
19632:
19605:
19598:
19542:
19531:
19327:
19236:
19063:
19028:
18854:
18789:
18696:
18623:
18616:
18515:
18418:
18409:
18317:
18203:
18160:
18127:
18045:
18019:
17991:
17982:
17961:
17952:
17941:
17860:
17729:
17720:
17699:
17630:
17541:
17459:
17317:
17306:
17176:
17005:
16947:275 Paadal Petra Sthalams
16937:
16863:
16825:
16787:
16779:Art/Chithiram, Courtallam
16749:
16711:
16673:
16645:
16577:
16539:
16484:
16411:
16373:
16335:
16297:
16288:
16258:Festivals and observances
16257:
16194:
16114:
16098:Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta
16066:
16055:
15948:
15937:
15897:
15892:Links to related articles
15632:Zimmer, Heinrich (2000).
15202:. Delhi: Nag Publishers.
15112:Scharf, Peter M. (1996).
15087:Sarup, Lakshman (1998) .
15054:Radhakrishnan, Sarvapalli
15023:A Social History of India
15020:Sadasivan, S. N. (2000).
14904:Pintchman, Tracy (2014).
14883:Pintchman, Tracy (2015).
14687:Mallinson, James (2007).
14609:10.1017/S0041977X00146531
14437:. New York: Grove Press.
14357:The Book of Hindu Imagery
14355:Jansen, Eva Rudy (1993).
14240:Gupta, Shakti M. (1988).
13175:Japanese Mythology A to Z
12907:What Is Tantric Practice?
12809:10.1163/9789004340503_019
11982:Catherine Ludvík (1994).
11801:Omkareshwar and Maheshwar
11677:. University of Chicago.
11673:Amy M. Braverman (2004).
11514:Lord Siva and His Worship
11508:Sivananda, Swami (1996).
10467:. Routledge. p. 71.
10142:"rudra", is provided in:
10018:) by Anna L. Dallapiccola
9835:C. Sivaramamurti (1963).
8616:David R. Kinsley (1975).
8437:, pp. 1, 53–56, 280.
8406:Charles Johnston (1913).
7778:Pratapaditya Pal (1986).
7477:
7475:For text of RV 8.93.3 as
7441:
6924:Roger D. Woodard (2010).
6879:Roger D. Woodard (2006).
6791:10.1086/RESv1n1ms20166655
6266:
5447:
4462:
4459:an incarnation of Shiva.
4260:
4188:
3655:. She is identified with
3523:
3435:is derived from the root
3031:
2971:
2917:
2776:
2214:The texts and artwork of
1743:and the emergence of the
1462:, also transliterated as
1459:
1434:Etymology and other names
580:'The Great God',
570:
491:
421:
399:
394:
353:
341:
320:
277:
248:
227:
208:
176:
133:
121:
113:
61:
56:
43:Nilkanth (disambiguation)
20062:Names of God in Hinduism
18308:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
17614:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
17123:Kamphaeng Phet province
17109:Hx thewalay kestr phiman
17075:Sivan temple (Singapore)
17045:Kethishwaram (Sri Lanka)
17020:Fire temple (Azerbaijan)
16517:Meenakshi Sundareshwarar
16077:Shvetashvatara Upanishad
15762:. Abhinav Publications.
15677:Debnath, Sailen (2009).
15649:Chatterji, J.C. (1986).
15606:. Library of Alexandria.
15542:Philosophy East and West
15453:. Abhinav Publications.
15447:Thakur, Upendra (1986).
15303:. Abhinav Publications.
15059:The Principal Upanishads
14959:The Embodiment of Bhakti
14941:. Taylor & Francis.
14817:Neumayer, Erwin (2013).
14706:Marchand, Peter (2007).
14398:Encyclopedia of Hinduism
14216:Griffith, T. H. (1973).
14154:. 63/64 (1/2): 212–226.
14127:Goldberg, Ellen (2002).
13944:Encyclopedia of Hinduism
13692:Empires of the Silk Road
13462:10.1177/0038022919520206
13172:Roberts, Jeremy (2009).
12544:Sena Wangi, ed. (1999).
12508:Hariani Santiko (1997),
12232:The Hindu Religious Year
11376:Śiva, the erotic ascetic
10858:For characterization of
10737:Moorthy, Vijaya (2001).
9395:as crest or crown, see:
8973:James Mallinson (2007).
8824:Edwin F. Bryant (2007).
8473:, pp. 50, 103–104;
7963:10.4103/0019-5545.204441
7481:and translation as "May
7415:Śiva, the erotic ascetic
7078:20 December 2016 at the
7012:20 December 2016 at the
6693:Rosen & Schweig 2006
6571:, pp. 243–244, 261.
6224:Siva Sahasranama Stotram
5922:27 February 2017 at the
5264:
5187:Guanyin Dharma Realm in
5007:: Èrshí Zhūtiān) or the
4794:The Japuji Sahib of the
4714:is the same Hindu deity
4568:for Shiva's affection).
4316:Swami Agehananda Bharati
4237:the imperishable Purusha
4228:Shvetashvatara Upanishad
3984:), and revealing grace (
3447:, which means "wild, of
3367:Destroyer and Benefactor
2573:Skanda Purana, 1.8.20–21
2431:Position within Hinduism
2301:not by any other means.
2270:Shvetashvatara Upanishad
2260:Shvetashvatara Upanishad
2190:. According to Anthony,
2188:Bactria–Margiana Culture
2139:
1992:
19893:Shwe Kyunbin Maunghnama
19717:Shwesitthin Myinbyushin
18387:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
17070:Shivagraham (Indonesia)
17050:Koneshwaram (Sri Lanka)
17025:Ganga Talao (Mauritius)
17015:Bhadreshwaram (Vietnam)
16807:Thiruvanaikaval (Water)
16774:Copper/Thamiram, Nellai
15881:Encyclopædia Britannica
15777:Marshall, John (1996).
15422:. Motilal Banarsidass.
15270:. Motilal Banarsidass.
15237:. Motilal Banarsidass.
15131:Sharma, Arvind (2000).
15097:. Motilal Banarsidass.
14937:Powell, Robert (2016).
14755:Michaels, Axel (2004).
14734:McDaniel, June (2004).
14554:Manifestations of Shiva
14496:Kinsley, David (1998).
14473:Kinsley, David (1988).
14263:. Motilal Banarsidass.
14020:. Motilal Banarsidass.
13834:Suresh Chandra (1998).
13819:. Motilal Banarsidass.
13816:Hinduism, a Way of Life
13752:Boon, James A. (1977).
13702:Hindus of the Himalayas
13125:Watson, Burton (1999).
12904:Barnaby B. Dhs (2006).
12657:By Mariasusai Dhavamony
12407:5 November 2020 at the
11652:. Rupa & Co. 2007.
11623:Rajiv Malhotra (2016).
11510:"Worship of Siva Linga"
11328:Encyclopædia Britannica
11324:11 October 2016 at the
11197:Alain Daniélou (1991).
11145:James C. Harle (1994).
10758:Oxford University Press
10397:Doniger, Wendy (1999).
10273:, pp. 23, 32, 150.
10053:George Michell (1977).
9850:John A. Grimes (1996).
9731:Wayman & Singh 1991
9692:For description of the
8797:J. N. Farquhar (1984).
8748:James C. Harle (1994).
8062:CS1 maint: url-status (
7744:, page 1 with footnote.
7489:, p. 48, volume 2.
7453:, p. 91, volume 3.
7430:, p. 48, volume 2.
7134:Dionysus: Myth and Cult
6979:Namita Gokhale (2009).
6951:Alain Daniélou (1992).
6363:For an overview of the
6318:as "Supreme Lord" see:
5983:, pp. 1, 7, 21–23.
5777:, pp. 50, 103–104.
5067:, Maheśvara resides in
4907:, Shiva is depicted as
4891:, Shiva is depicted as
4879:, Shiva is depicted as
4294:Some scholars, such as
3936:attendants or guests).
3531:Ascetic and householder
3076:, "Bearer of the river
2820:, integrated monistic (
2742:
2237:Atharvashiras Upanishad
2065:
1863:archaeological site of
1834:Bhimbetka rock shelters
659:tradition of Hinduism.
27:Major deity in Hinduism
19489:Pareinma Shin Mingaung
19396:Aung Pinle Hsinbyushin
18362:Eighteen Greater Texts
16398:Tiruvanaikaval (Water)
15697:Klostermaier, Klaus K.
15672:. Motilal Banarsidass.
15487:Vohra, Ranbir (2000).
15468:Varenne, Jean (1976).
15443:First revised edition.
15418:Tagare, G. V. (2002).
15264:Sivaraman, K. (1973).
14530:Klostermaier, Klaus K.
14259:Hiriyanna, M. (2000).
14014:Deussen, Paul (1997).
13974:Dalal, Roshen (2010).
13380:. IANS. 16 June 2020.
13330:Dwyer, Rachel (2006).
12791:Bryson, Megan (2017).
12515:22 August 2018 at the
12368:Asian Folklore Studies
12333:Asian Folklore Studies
11920:Avatar and incarnation
11827:Avatar and incarnation
10677:For popularity of the
10587:Wendy Doniger (2005).
9683:, pp. 59 and 109.
9301:For usage of the word
9180:David Frawley (2009).
9159:Ralph Metzner (1986).
8340:Saroj Panthey (1987).
8292:, p. 23 with footnotes
7092:Patrick Laude (2005).
6605:Howard Morphy (2014).
5667:Issitt & Main 2014
5370:) and illustration of
5236:Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev
4911:, a dharma protecting
4837:
4685:
4345:sung in praise of the
4185:
4094:
4070:
4002:
3946:), popular during the
3779:
3572:and as a householder (
3104:.Vasuki is the second
2896:
2888:
2880:
2826:Indian classical dance
2801:
2673:
2604:
2576:
2459:
2304:
2293:And all beings in him,
2212:
2156:
2100:
2002:
1879:
1871:(Lord of the Animals"
1762:
1699:
1472:in folk etymology are
681:and his two children,
241:Mahamrityunjaya Mantra
36:Shiva (disambiguation)
20047:Hindu tantric deities
19633:Ayeyarwady Delta nats
19321:Burmese folk religion
19115:Hindu gurus and sants
18367:Eighteen Lesser Texts
17095:Thewasathan Bot Phram
17065:Pashupatinath (Nepal)
16802:Tiruvannamalai (Fire)
16769:Silver/Velli, Madurai
16393:Tiruvannamalai (Fire)
15395:. Simon and Schuster.
15197:Śivasahasranāmāṣṭakam
14380:. Algora Publishing.
14321:Hume, Robert (1921).
13450:Sociological Bulletin
13378:www.outlookindia.com/
13214:Ronald Morse (2015).
13078:Lee, Junghee (1993).
12440:Jones & Ryan 2006
12319:Jones & Ryan 2006
12307:Jones & Ryan 2006
12187:Jones & Ryan 2006
12175:Jones & Ryan 2006
12160:Jones & Ryan 2006
12158:, pp. 137, 186;
11906:Jones & Ryan 2006
11556:The Tantric Tradition
11117:Pañcabrahma Upanishad
9711:For Shiva supporting
9502:Paul Deussen (1980).
9186:. Lotus. p. 25.
8827:Krishna: A Sourcebook
8423:Jones & Ryan 2006
8254:12 March 2017 at the
7692:, pp. 399, 403;
7487:Arya & Joshi 2001
7451:Arya & Joshi 2001
7428:Arya & Joshi 2001
7323:For translation from
7193:Doniger, pp. 221–223.
6206:For translation see:
6193:For translation see:
5038:along with the other
4825:
4672:
4177:
4171:, states Srinivasan.
4090:Pañcabrahma Upanishad
4080:
4075:Pañcabrahma Upanishad
4066:
4000:
3980:), concealing grace (
3766:
3659:, the Divine Mother;
3639:, also appear in the
3596:that the concepts of
2894:
2886:
2870:
2799:
2751:, and the teacher of
2666:
2607:The goddess-oriented
2590:
2566:
2438:
2283:
2192:
2147:
2090:
2000:
1937:Doris Meth Srinivasan
1854:
1749:
1693:
19898:Pyelepyin Maunghnama
19713:Shwepyay Myinbyushin
19685:Pale Yin (Amay Pale)
19105:Anti-Hindu sentiment
17080:Sthūlādri (Thailand)
17035:Katas Raj (Pakistan)
17030:Iraivan temple (USA)
16812:Chidambaram (Ether)
16789:Panchabhuta Sthalams
16375:Pancha Bhuta Sthalam
14725:Mate, M. S. (1988).
14632:. Rosen Publishing.
14576:The Presence of Śiva
14074:Blackwell Publishing
13902:. South Asia Books.
13840:. Sarup & Sons.
12853:Kalupahana, David J.
12803:. pp. 402–428.
12203:Cath Senker (2007).
11798:Swati Mitra (2011).
11767:Vivekananda, Swami.
11319:Lingam: Hindu symbol
10797:on 23 November 2010.
10556:Vettam Mani (1975).
10513:RN Saletore (1981).
9837:South Indian Bronzes
9717:upon his head, see:
9086:David Smith (2003).
8760:–142, 191, 201–203.
8409:The Atlantic Monthly
8017:, pp. 208–212;
7849:, pp. 205–206;
7837:, pp. 134, 371.
7603:, pp. 792–793;
7445:and translation as "
7356:. Sacred-texts.com.
6723:, pp. 204–205;
6439:, pp. 148–149;
6412:, pp. 143, 205.
6152:, pp. 47, 122;
5947:For use of the term
5871:, pp. 148–149;
5749:, pp. 17, 153;
5669:, pp. 147, 168.
5583:, pp. 137, 186.
4343:Atharva-Veda Samhitâ
4320:S. N. Balagangadhara
4241:the absolute reality
4152:) and supream Self (
4104:, he testifies that
3358:Forms and depictions
2828:. These include the
2295:attains the highest
2272:presents pluralism,
2234:A few texts such as
2149:Pashupatinath Temple
1678:, also known as the
1676:Shri Rudram Chamakam
1646:, devotional hymns (
1492: 1700–1100 BCE
951:Siddhanta Shikhamani
911:Scriptures and texts
19858:Four Heavenly Kings
19464:Shwe Hpyin Naungdaw
19211:Hinduism by country
18377:Iraiyanar Akapporul
18337:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
17060:Mt. Kailash (Tibet)
16865:Jyotirlinga Sthalas
16817:Srikalahasthi (Air)
16797:Kanchipuram (Earth)
16713:Pancharama Kshetras
16403:Kanchipuram (Earth)
16388:Tirukalahasti (Air)
16383:Chidambaram (Ether)
16084:Shivarahasya Purana
15347:Srinivasan, Sharada
15082:. Thomson & Co.
14850:Owen, Lisa (2012).
14374:Javid, Ali (2008).
13747:. Arnold-Heinemann.
13644:Apte, Vaman Shivram
13302:Economic Times Blog
13199:Pal, Pratapaditya.
12873:Motilal Banarsidass
12621:J.L. Moens (1974),
12612:, pp. 160–165.
12321:, pp. 39, 140.
12309:, pp. 112–113.
12193:, pp. 189–217.
11232:, pp. 171–185.
11016:, pp. 182–189.
10777:Motilal Banarsidass
10739:Romance of the Raga
10647:For names Nartaka (
10638:, pp. 151–157.
10617:, pp. 110–111.
9743:Suresh Chandra 1998
9649:www.dadabhagwan.org
9604:Chidbhavananda 1997
9541:Chidbhavananda 1997
8900:Invading the Sacred
8461:, pp. 101–105.
8238:, pp. 215–216.
8091:, pp. 216–218.
7934:, pp. 162–169.
7865:, pp. 208–212.
7756:, pp. 84, 103.
7716:, pp. 792–793.
7622:, pp. 204–205.
7572:, pp. 41, 59;
7536:, pp. 454–455.
6838:Possehl, Gregory L.
6743:, pp. 204–205.
6663:For translation of
6220:Chidbhavananda 1997
5879:, pp. 95–114;
5801:, pp. 17, 153.
5724:. 28 October 2022.
5539:, pp. 124–126.
5279:Chidbhavananda 1997
4883:, a deva living in
4708:Indian subcontinent
4690:Indonesian Shaivism
4646:Umarkot Shiv Mandir
4336:Sivananda Saraswati
4332:Sivananda Saraswati
4308:Sivananda Saraswati
4138:Kunchitangrim Bhaje
2477:, the others being
2368:, particularly the
1987:"god of the Orient"
1721:Indian subcontinent
1704:History of Shaivism
1397:Hinduism portal
63:God of Destruction
20087:Time and fate gods
19663:(Nankaraing Medaw)
19624:Taungdaw Thakhinma
19484:Htibyuhsaung Medaw
17113:Sukhothai province
16502:Kailash Mansarovar
16207:Pashupata Shaivism
16185:Hara Hara Mahadeva
15754:Mathpal, Yashodhar
15575:. Brill Academic.
15389:Storl, Wolf-Dieter
15026:. APH Publishing.
15013:Essential Hinduism
14939:Himalayan Drawings
14856:. Brill Academic.
14184:. Brill Academic.
13408:The Times of India
12738:Winfried Corduan.
12655:Classical Hinduism
12089:on 29 August 2012.
11627:. Voice of India.
10895:, pp. 34, 49.
10893:Sivaramamurti 1976
10815:Sivaramamurti 1976
10247:, pp. 150–151
9907:, pp. 99–105.
9700:Sivaramamurti 1976
9475:, pp. 92, 161
9416:Sivaramamurti 1976
9365:, pp. 17, 37.
8053:|archive-url=
7881:, p. 167 note 21,
7813:, pp. 41, 59.
7811:Sivaramamurti 2004
7696:, pp. 32–36;
7664:The Times of India
7605:Radhakrishnan 1953
7570:Sivaramamurti 2004
7208:www.britannica.com
6739:, pp. 28–29;
6719:, pp. 28–29;
6689:Bongard-Levin 1985
6447:, pp. 95–114.
6382:Sivaramamurti 1976
6354:, pp. viii–ix
6154:Chinmayananda 2002
5434:Sivaramamurti 1976
5385:Sivaramamurti 1976
5200:In popular culture
5065:Buddhist cosmology
4985:: Dàzìzàitiān; or
4905:Vajrayana Buddhism
4889:Theravada Buddhism
4885:Akanishta Devaloka
4838:
4752:Hephthalite Empire
4686:
4573:Chithirai festival
4415:Puranic scriptures
4186:
4122:Sharada Srinivasan
4003:
3780:
3759:Iconographic forms
2897:
2889:
2881:
2802:
2674:
2605:
2460:
2310:Kaivalya Upanishad
2265:liberator of Selfs
2250:similarly, states
2247:Kaivalya Upanishad
2157:
2003:
1904:(Lord of Animals,
1880:
1819:Pre-Vedic elements
1700:
1668:Dasha-Sahasranamas
1636:("Supreme Lord").
1571:Vishnu sahasranama
1168:Non - Saiddhantika
619:Shiva is known as
444:See list of others
20037:Hindu eschatology
19912:
19911:
19906:
19905:
19843:Pakhan U Min Gyaw
19808:U Din Kyaw Khaung
19766:
19765:
19710:Kanni Myinbyushin
19707:Yamma Myinbyushin
19469:Shwe Hpyin Nyidaw
19328:Official pantheon
19283:
19282:
19059:
19058:
18612:
18611:
18405:
18404:
18319:Sangam literature
18275:Yājñavalkya Smṛti
18123:
18122:
17939:
17938:
17648:
17647:
17132:
17131:
16764:Gold/Pon, Thillai
16647:Trilinga Kshetras
16605:
16604:
16535:
16534:
15352:World Archaeology
15253:Sivaramamurti, C.
15191:Sharma, Ram Karan
14218:The Hymns of the
13980:. Penguin Books.
13523:Vishnusahasranama
13064:978-81-8069-457-8
13025:978-0-8122-4560-8
12951:978-0-231-50102-6
12758:. Hemkunt Press.
12719:Missing or empty
12534:, pp. 15–17.
11604:on 20 August 2009
11304:, pp. 49–52.
11051:For the epithets
10703:Klostermaier 1984
10516:Indian Witchcraft
10108:, pp. 20–21.
9969:Shiva Sahasranama
9602:See: name #93 in
9457:, pp. 57–58.
9309:, pp. 38–39.
9292:, pp. 37–39.
8926:. 3 August 2014.
8594:, pp. 77–84.
8025:, pp. 83–94.
8005:, pp. 16–19.
7877:, pp. 9–14;
7835:Klostermaier 1984
7728:, pp. 80–82.
7576:, pp. 25–29.
7560:, pp. 25–29.
7314:, pp. 14–15.
6982:The Book of Shiva
6707:, pp. 28–29.
6618:978-1-317-59808-4
6443:, p. xxvii;
6371:, pp. 71–74.
6272:Shiva Sahasranama
5971:, pp. 21–22.
5895:, p. xxvii;
5875:, p. xxvii;
5620:. 10 August 2024.
5568:, pp. 20–21.
5490:978-81-7533-083-2
5391:, pp. 15–19.
5360:seminal retention
5010:Twenty-Four Devas
4877:Mahayana Buddhism
4804:Guru Gobind Singh
4796:Guru Granth Sahib
4776:Taklamakan Desert
4764:Kingdom of Yutian
4673:Shiva sculpture,
4596:Himalayan regions
4400:Gudimallam lingam
4304:Swami Vivekananda
4243:, where says the
4140:, resembling the
4072:According to the
4054:
4053:
3972:), preservation (
3621:("The husband of
3484:Shiva Sahasranama
3461:Shiva sahasranama
3108:(the first being
3106:king of the nāgas
2682:Panchayatana puja
2659:Panchayatana puja
2534:has featured the
2505:), such as Tamil
2351:Shaiva Upanishads
2092:The fire myth of
1921:Sir John Marshall
1919:Shiva and Rudra.
1723:, such as India,
1715:Roots of Hinduism
1644:Shiva Sahasranama
1444:According to the
1440:Shiva Sahasranama
1431:
1430:
653:Panchayatana puja
602:principal deities
579:
518:), also known as
500:
455:
454:
102:The Supreme Being
79:The Cosmic Dancer
16:(Redirected from
20104:
19989:
19988:
19977:
19976:
19975:
19965:
19964:
19963:
19953:
19952:
19951:
19941:
19940:
19939:
19929:
19928:
19927:
19920:
19888:Kayin Maunghnama
19726:Five Mother nats
19701:White Horse nats
19603:
19602:
19537:
19504:Myaukhpet Shinma
19474:Mintha Maungshin
19366:Taungoo Mingaung
19310:
19303:
19296:
19287:
19286:
19273:
19272:
19263:
19253:
19252:
19242:
19241:
19152:Pilgrimage sites
18906:Ganesh Chaturthi
18621:
18620:
18416:
18415:
18397:Vedarthasamgraha
18392:Vinayagar Agaval
18357:Five Great Epics
18332:Divya Prabandham
18245:Minor Upanishads
17989:
17988:
17959:
17958:
17947:
17946:
17727:
17726:
17693:
17685:
17675:
17668:
17661:
17652:
17651:
17312:
17159:
17152:
17145:
17136:
17135:
17119:Hx Phar Ishvaran
16903:Kashi Vishvanath
16632:
16625:
16618:
16609:
16608:
16595:
16585:
16584:
16295:
16294:
16239:Siddha Siddhanta
16202:Shaiva Siddhanta
16129:Om Namah Shivaya
16061:
15924:
15917:
15910:
15901:
15900:
15888:
15887:
15872:, Peter Bisschop
15858:
15840:
15838:
15836:
15811:
15792:
15773:
15749:
15728:
15726:
15724:
15692:
15673:
15664:
15651:Kashmir Shaivism
15637:
15628:
15607:
15598:
15596:
15594:
15565:
15533:
15506:
15494:
15483:
15464:
15442:
15433:
15405:
15396:
15384:
15382:
15380:
15342:
15323:
15314:
15293:
15291:
15289:
15260:
15248:
15234:The Śākta Pīṭhas
15227:
15213:
15199:
15186:
15167:
15148:
15127:
15108:
15094:
15083:
15072:
15049:
15047:
15045:
15016:
15007:
14985:
14983:
14981:
14952:
14933:
14931:
14929:
14900:
14879:
14877:
14875:
14846:
14844:
14842:
14813:
14790:Social Scientist
14784:
14782:
14780:
14751:
14730:
14721:
14702:
14683:
14664:
14643:
14631:
14620:
14591:
14579:
14568:
14547:
14525:
14523:
14521:
14492:
14480:
14469:
14460:
14458:
14456:
14434:India: A History
14424:
14422:
14420:
14391:
14370:
14351:
14330:
14317:
14283:
14274:
14255:
14236:
14223:
14212:
14195:
14171:
14146:
14123:
14112:
14087:
14061:
14045:
14031:
14010:
13991:
13970:
13968:
13966:
13937:
13923:
13913:
13892:
13870:
13851:
13830:
13809:
13790:
13769:
13748:
13739:
13737:
13735:
13706:
13695:
13670:
13661:
13639:
13637:
13635:
13599:
13581:
13569:
13558:
13549:
13547:
13545:
13501:
13498:
13492:
13489:
13483:
13480:
13474:
13473:
13445:
13439:
13433:
13424:
13423:
13421:
13419:
13400:
13394:
13393:
13391:
13389:
13366:
13360:
13359:
13357:
13355:
13327:
13318:
13317:
13315:
13313:
13294:
13288:
13287:
13285:
13283:
13268:
13259:
13258:
13238:
13232:
13231:
13211:
13205:
13204:
13196:
13190:
13189:
13169:
13163:
13162:
13160:
13158:
13122:
13116:
13115:
13090:(3/4): 311–357.
13075:
13069:
13068:
13048:
13042:
13041:
13039:
13037:
13009:
13003:
13002:
13000:
12998:
12962:
12956:
12955:
12935:
12929:
12928:
12926:
12924:
12901:
12895:
12894:
12849:
12843:
12842:
12840:
12838:
12801:Brill Publishers
12788:
12782:
12781:
12779:
12777:
12750:
12744:
12743:
12735:
12729:
12728:
12722:
12717:
12715:
12707:
12705:
12703:
12697:
12685:
12676:
12673:
12658:
12651:
12645:
12639:
12633:
12619:
12613:
12607:
12601:
12595:
12589:
12588:
12568:
12562:
12561:
12541:
12535:
12529:
12520:
12506:
12500:
12494:
12488:
12482:
12476:
12475:
12473:
12471:
12449:
12443:
12437:
12428:
12418:
12412:
12398:
12392:
12391:
12363:
12357:
12356:
12328:
12322:
12316:
12310:
12304:
12298:
12297:
12295:
12293:
12278:
12272:
12271:
12269:
12267:
12252:
12246:
12245:
12227:
12221:
12220:
12200:
12194:
12184:
12178:
12172:
12163:
12153:
12147:
12146:
12126:
12117:
12116:
12097:
12091:
12090:
12085:. Archived from
12079:
12073:
12072:
12070:
12068:
12053:
12047:
12046:
12044:
12042:
12027:
12021:
12018:
12012:
12011:
12009:
12007:
11979:
11973:
11972:
11970:
11968:
11940:
11934:
11933:
11915:
11909:
11903:
11897:
11886:
11880:
11879:
11877:
11875:
11847:
11841:
11840:
11822:
11816:
11815:
11795:
11789:
11788:
11786:
11784:
11764:
11755:
11754:
11736:
11730:
11729:
11727:
11725:
11697:
11691:
11690:
11688:
11686:
11670:
11664:
11663:
11645:
11639:
11638:
11620:
11614:
11613:
11611:
11609:
11603:
11588:
11579:
11570:
11569:
11551:
11545:
11539:
11530:
11529:
11527:
11525:
11505:
11494:
11493:
11485:
11479:
11478:
11476:
11474:
11446:
11440:
11439:
11421:
11415:
11414:
11396:
11390:
11389:
11371:
11365:
11364:
11344:
11338:
11335:
11329:
11316:
11305:
11302:Tattwananda 1984
11291:
11285:
11279:
11270:
11269:
11267:
11265:
11239:
11233:
11227:
11221:
11220:
11204:
11194:
11181:
11175:
11169:
11168:
11152:
11142:
11136:
11130:
11124:
11113:
11107:
11101:
11095:
11088:
11082:
11076:
11069:
11059:
11049:
11043:
11036:
11030:
11023:
11017:
11010:
11004:
10997:
10991:
10984:
10978:
10977:
10971:
10963:
10955:
10949:
10948:
10946:
10944:
10929:"Ardhanārīśvara"
10925:
10919:
10911:
10905:
10902:
10896:
10890:
10884:
10883:
10875:
10869:
10866:Chakravarti 1986
10863:
10856:
10850:
10847:Chakravarti 1986
10844:
10837:
10831:
10824:
10818:
10812:
10805:
10799:
10798:
10787:
10781:
10780:
10768:
10762:
10761:
10749:
10743:
10742:
10734:
10725:
10724:
10716:
10710:
10707:Shiva the Dancer
10696:
10690:
10687:Chakravarti 1986
10683:
10675:
10669:
10666:Chakravarti 1986
10662:
10656:
10645:
10639:
10632:
10624:
10618:
10611:
10605:
10604:
10584:
10578:
10577:
10553:
10547:
10537:
10531:
10530:
10510:
10504:
10497:
10491:
10490:
10488:
10486:
10458:
10452:
10451:
10433:
10427:
10426:
10424:
10422:
10394:
10388:
10377:
10371:
10368:
10362:
10356:
10349:
10343:
10340:Chakravarti 1986
10337:
10331:
10324:
10318:
10312:
10306:
10300:
10293:
10287:
10284:Chakravarti 1986
10280:
10274:
10271:Chakravarti 1986
10267:
10261:
10258:Chakravarti 1986
10254:
10248:
10241:
10235:
10232:Chakravarti 1986
10229:
10223:
10217:
10211:
10205:
10199:
10193:
10187:
10181:
10175:
10165:
10159:
10153:
10147:
10132:
10126:
10115:
10109:
10102:
10096:
10093:Chakravarti 1986
10089:
10083:
10082:
10080:
10078:
10050:
10044:
10037:
10031:
10025:
10019:
10005:
9999:
9989:
9982:
9976:
9957:
9951:
9945:
9939:
9933:
9927:
9922:and Nandin see:
9921:
9914:
9908:
9905:Chakravarti 1986
9901:
9895:
9894:
9874:
9868:
9867:
9847:
9841:
9840:
9832:
9826:
9820:
9813:
9807:
9801:
9795:
9789:
9783:
9776:
9770:
9764:
9758:
9752:
9746:
9740:
9734:
9728:
9722:
9716:
9709:
9703:
9697:
9690:
9684:
9681:Chakravarti 1986
9678:
9671:
9665:
9664:
9662:
9660:
9641:
9635:
9629:
9620:
9613:
9607:
9600:
9594:
9588:
9582:
9575:
9569:
9563:
9557:
9550:
9544:
9538:
9532:
9531:
9529:
9527:
9499:
9493:
9482:
9476:
9464:
9458:
9455:Chakravarti 1986
9451:
9445:
9442:Chakravarti 1986
9438:
9432:
9425:
9419:
9413:
9406:
9400:
9393:
9385:
9379:
9376:Chakravarti 1986
9372:
9366:
9363:Chakravarti 1986
9360:
9353:
9347:
9345:
9338:
9332:
9329:
9323:
9316:
9310:
9307:Chakravarti 1986
9299:
9293:
9290:Chakravarti 1986
9282:
9276:
9269:
9263:
9236:
9230:
9223:
9217:
9211:
9204:
9198:
9197:
9176:
9156:
9150:
9144:
9137:
9131:
9130:
9110:
9104:
9103:
9083:
9077:
9076:
9056:
9050:
9049:
9028:
9008:
8999:
8998:
8969:
8949:
8940:
8939:
8937:
8935:
8920:
8914:
8913:
8895:
8889:
8879:
8873:
8863:
8857:
8851:
8842:
8841:
8821:
8815:
8814:
8794:
8788:
8778:
8772:
8771:
8755:
8745:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8734:
8707:Gudrun Bühnemann
8703:
8694:
8693:
8673:
8667:
8666:
8646:
8640:
8633:
8613:
8607:
8601:
8595:
8589:
8583:
8577:
8571:
8570:
8568:
8566:
8538:
8532:
8526:
8517:
8511:
8502:
8496:
8490:
8484:
8478:
8468:
8462:
8456:
8450:
8444:
8438:
8432:
8426:
8420:
8414:
8413:
8403:
8397:
8396:
8376:
8370:
8369:
8367:
8365:
8337:
8331:
8316:
8310:
8299:
8293:
8282:
8276:
8265:
8259:
8247:David Lawrence,
8245:
8239:
8233:
8227:
8226:
8224:
8222:
8194:
8188:
8187:
8167:
8158:
8157:
8155:
8153:
8125:
8119:
8118:
8098:
8092:
8086:
8080:
8074:
8068:
8067:
8060:
8054:
8049:
8047:
8039:
8032:
8026:
8012:
8006:
8000:
7994:
7993:
7983:
7965:
7941:
7935:
7929:
7920:
7909:
7903:
7892:
7886:
7883:Quote (page 13):
7872:
7866:
7860:
7854:
7844:
7838:
7832:
7826:
7820:
7814:
7808:
7802:
7801:
7785:
7775:
7769:
7763:
7757:
7751:
7745:
7735:
7729:
7723:
7717:
7711:
7705:
7687:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7667:. 27 July 2009.
7655:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7644:
7629:
7623:
7617:
7608:
7598:
7592:
7586:
7577:
7567:
7561:
7555:
7549:
7543:
7537:
7531:
7525:
7522:Chakravarti 1986
7518:
7512:
7509:
7503:
7500:Chakravarti 1986
7496:
7490:
7480:
7479:
7473:
7467:
7460:
7454:
7444:
7443:
7437:
7431:
7425:
7419:
7418:
7407:
7401:
7398:
7392:
7391:RV 8.49; 10.155.
7389:
7383:
7380:Chakravarti 1986
7376:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7365:
7350:
7344:
7338:
7332:
7321:
7315:
7309:
7303:
7300:Chakravarti 1986
7297:
7291:
7288:Chakravarti 1986
7285:
7279:
7273:
7267:
7264:Chakravarti 1986
7261:
7255:
7249:
7243:
7237:
7231:
7225:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7200:
7194:
7191:
7185:
7179:
7173:
7167:
7161:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7128:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7089:
7083:
7069:
7060:
7059:
7023:
7017:
7003:
6997:
6996:
6976:
6970:
6968:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6921:
6912:
6906:
6897:
6896:
6876:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6834:
6828:
6817:
6811:
6810:
6774:
6768:
6762:
6756:
6750:
6744:
6734:
6728:
6714:
6708:
6702:
6696:
6682:
6676:
6669:
6661:
6655:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6630:
6608:Animals Into Art
6602:
6596:
6590:
6584:
6578:
6572:
6566:
6560:
6554:
6545:
6534:
6528:
6521:
6515:
6509:
6503:
6496:
6490:
6484:
6473:
6467:
6461:
6454:
6448:
6434:
6428:
6422:
6413:
6407:
6401:
6400:, p. xxvii.
6391:
6385:
6378:
6372:
6361:
6355:
6349:
6343:
6329:
6323:
6317:
6310:
6304:
6297:
6291:
6285:
6279:
6269:
6268:
6262:
6256:
6250:
6239:
6233:
6227:
6217:
6211:
6204:
6198:
6191:
6185:
6175:
6169:
6163:
6157:
6147:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6079:
6073:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6027:
6021:
6015:
6006:
5998:
5990:
5984:
5981:Chakravarti 1986
5978:
5972:
5969:Chakravarti 1986
5966:
5960:
5957:Chakravarti 1986
5953:
5945:
5939:
5933:
5927:
5913:
5900:
5890:
5884:
5866:
5860:
5854:
5845:
5835:
5826:
5808:
5802:
5796:
5790:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5766:
5760:
5754:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5718:
5712:
5706:
5697:
5691:
5670:
5664:
5653:
5647:
5634:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5614:
5608:
5602:
5596:
5590:
5584:
5578:
5569:
5563:
5557:
5551:
5540:
5534:
5523:
5522:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5473:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5443:
5437:
5431:
5425:
5418:
5412:
5409:Chakravarti 1986
5406:
5398:
5392:
5381:
5375:
5356:
5345:
5330:
5318:
5288:
5282:
5275:
5176:Chinese Buddhist
5171:
5152:
5140:fusion deity in
5130:
5112:Buddhist deities
5091:Seven Lucky Gods
5033:Chinese Buddhist
4945:
4934:
4858:Tibetan Buddhism
4854:Chinese Esoteric
4842:Buddhist Tantras
4835:
4832:
4729:Shaiva Siddhanta
4652:. The three-day
4611:ascetic warriors
4553:, commemorating
4508:
4497:
4438:Bhagavata Purana
4324:Moriz Winternitz
4312:Stella Kramrisch
4272:
4262:
4142:Advaita doctrine
4134:Shaiva Siddhanta
4128:is described as
4108:had, by the pre-
4087:
4063:
4047:
4038:
4024:
4015:
4005:
3993:
3976:), destruction (
3911:: अर्धनारीश्वर;
3891:
3855:, " south form")
3854:
3812:
3800:
3734:, a deity named
3654:
3648:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3607:, and two sons,
3582:
3552:
3543:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3495:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3441:Stella Kramrisch
3426:
3418:
3388:
3379:
3343:
3336:
3328:
3314:
3305:
3290:
3275:
3261:
3242:
3205:
3199:
3192:
3118:Samudra Manthana
3086:
3053:Samudra Manthana
3045:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3014:
2991:
2982:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2956:
2950:
2943:
2935:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2811:Andrew Nicholson
2778:
2678:Smarta tradition
2653:Smarta tradition
2574:
2557:Bhagavata Purana
2532:Kashmir Shaivism
2507:Shaiva Siddhanta
2491:Absolute Reality
2487:Smarta Tradition
2454:on the left and
2400:Shaiva Siddhanta
2314:
2177:
2119:
2113:
2097:
2011:Hindu scriptures
1913:
1877:
1874:
1659:
1633:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1596:
1588:
1562:
1554:
1539:
1523:
1496:Rigvedic deities
1493:
1490:
1471:
1461:
1453:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1174:Kashmir Shaivism
968:Three Components
803:
780:
779:
600:, is one of the
590:
574:
572:
564:
563:
560:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
543:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
517:
511:
495:
493:
485:
484:
481:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
386:Bhairava Ashtami
236:Om Namah Shivaya
126:
54:
53:
21:
20112:
20111:
20107:
20106:
20105:
20103:
20102:
20101:
19997:
19996:
19995:
19983:
19973:
19971:
19961:
19959:
19949:
19947:
19937:
19935:
19925:
19923:
19915:
19913:
19908:
19907:
19902:
19848:Shinma Aungphyu
19833:Mogaung Kyawzwa
19762:
19721:
19700:
19694:
19676:Nine Towns nats
19671:
19649:
19645:Kwin Paing Ahpo
19628:
19594:
19538:
19529:
19323:
19319:and spirits of
19314:
19284:
19279:
19246:
19232:
19055:
19024:
19015:Vasant Panchami
18949:Pahela Baishakh
18931:Makar Sankranti
18850:
18785:
18692:
18608:
18511:
18401:
18382:Abhirami Antati
18352:Kamba Ramayanam
18313:
18199:
18156:
18119:
18041:
18015:
17978:
17948:
17935:
17919:Vishishtadvaita
17856:
17716:
17695:
17679:
17649:
17644:
17640:Hindu mythology
17626:
17537:
17455:
17313:
17304:
17172:
17163:
17133:
17128:
17001:
16933:
16905:
16859:
16821:
16783:
16745:
16707:
16698:Madhyamaheshwar
16669:
16641:
16636:
16606:
16601:
16573:
16531:
16527:Vadakkum Nathan
16480:
16407:
16369:
16331:
16322:Madhyamaheshwar
16284:
16270:Maha Shivaratri
16253:
16190:
16143:Mahāmrityunjaya
16110:
16062:
16053:
16010:Ardhanarishvara
15944:
15933:
15928:
15893:
15866:
15856:
15846:Hanuman Chalisa
15834:
15832:
15808:
15789:
15770:
15746:
15722:
15720:
15713:
15689:
15661:
15645:
15643:Further reading
15640:
15625:
15592:
15590:
15583:
15554:10.2307/1399778
15522:
15512:Śākta Upaniṣads
15503:
15495:. M.E. Sharpe.
15480:
15461:
15430:
15378:
15376:
15339:
15311:
15287:
15285:
15278:
15245:
15210:
15183:
15164:
15145:
15124:
15105:
15095:and The Nirukta
15070:
15043:
15041:
15034:
15004:
14979:
14977:
14970:
14949:
14927:
14925:
14918:
14897:
14873:
14871:
14864:
14840:
14838:
14831:
14802:10.2307/3518337
14778:
14776:
14769:
14748:
14718:
14699:
14680:
14661:
14640:
14588:
14565:
14544:
14519:
14517:
14510:
14489:
14454:
14452:
14445:
14418:
14416:
14409:
14388:
14367:
14348:
14306:
14271:
14252:
14233:
14192:
14143:
14109:
14084:
14058:
14028:
14007:
13988:
13964:
13962:
13955:
13934:
13910:
13889:
13867:
13848:
13827:
13806:
13787:
13766:
13733:
13731:
13724:
13658:
13633:
13631:
13624:
13606:
13596:
13578:
13543:
13541:
13534:
13515:
13510:
13505:
13504:
13499:
13495:
13490:
13486:
13481:
13477:
13446:
13442:
13436:Kramrisch 1994a
13434:
13427:
13417:
13415:
13402:
13401:
13397:
13387:
13385:
13372:Om Namah Shivay
13368:
13367:
13363:
13353:
13351:
13344:
13328:
13321:
13311:
13309:
13296:
13295:
13291:
13281:
13279:
13270:
13269:
13262:
13255:
13239:
13235:
13228:
13212:
13208:
13197:
13193:
13186:
13170:
13166:
13156:
13154:
13139:
13128:The lotus sutra
13123:
13119:
13096:10.2307/3250524
13076:
13072:
13065:
13049:
13045:
13035:
13033:
13026:
13010:
13006:
12996:
12994:
12979:
12963:
12959:
12952:
12936:
12932:
12922:
12920:
12918:
12902:
12898:
12883:
12850:
12846:
12836:
12834:
12819:
12789:
12785:
12775:
12773:
12766:
12752:
12751:
12747:
12736:
12732:
12720:
12718:
12709:
12708:
12701:
12699:
12695:
12687:
12686:
12679:
12674:
12661:
12652:
12648:
12640:
12636:
12620:
12616:
12608:
12604:
12596:
12592:
12585:
12569:
12565:
12558:
12542:
12538:
12530:
12523:
12517:Wayback Machine
12507:
12503:
12495:
12491:
12483:
12479:
12469:
12467:
12450:
12446:
12438:
12431:
12419:
12415:
12409:Wayback Machine
12399:
12395:
12380:10.2307/1178647
12364:
12360:
12345:10.2307/1178252
12329:
12325:
12317:
12313:
12305:
12301:
12291:
12289:
12280:
12279:
12275:
12265:
12263:
12254:
12253:
12249:
12242:
12228:
12224:
12217:
12201:
12197:
12189:, p. 269;
12185:
12181:
12173:
12166:
12154:
12150:
12143:
12127:
12120:
12113:
12099:
12098:
12094:
12081:
12080:
12076:
12066:
12064:
12055:
12054:
12050:
12040:
12038:
12029:
12028:
12024:
12019:
12015:
12005:
12003:
11996:
11980:
11976:
11966:
11964:
11957:
11941:
11937:
11930:
11916:
11912:
11904:
11900:
11887:
11883:
11873:
11871:
11864:
11848:
11844:
11837:
11823:
11819:
11812:
11796:
11792:
11782:
11780:
11775:. Vol. 4.
11765:
11758:
11751:
11737:
11733:
11723:
11721:
11714:
11698:
11694:
11684:
11682:
11671:
11667:
11660:
11647:
11646:
11642:
11635:
11621:
11617:
11607:
11605:
11601:
11586:
11580:
11573:
11566:
11552:
11548:
11542:Kramrisch 1994a
11540:
11533:
11523:
11521:
11506:
11497:
11486:
11482:
11472:
11470:
11463:
11447:
11443:
11436:
11422:
11418:
11411:
11397:
11393:
11386:
11372:
11368:
11361:
11345:
11341:
11336:
11332:
11326:Wayback Machine
11317:
11308:
11296:, p. 216;
11292:
11288:
11282:Kramrisch 1994a
11280:
11273:
11263:
11261:
11240:
11236:
11230:Kramrisch 1994a
11228:
11224:
11217:
11195:
11184:
11180:, pp. 447.
11178:Srinivasan 2004
11176:
11172:
11165:
11143:
11139:
11133:Srinivasan 2004
11131:
11127:
11115:Quotation from
11114:
11110:
11104:Kramrisch 1994a
11102:
11098:
11089:
11085:
11050:
11046:
11037:
11033:
11024:
11020:
11011:
11007:
10998:
10994:
10985:
10981:
10965:
10964:
10956:
10952:
10942:
10940:
10927:
10926:
10922:
10916:Goldberg (2002)
10912:
10908:
10903:
10899:
10891:
10887:
10876:
10872:
10857:
10853:
10838:
10834:
10825:
10821:
10806:
10802:
10789:
10788:
10784:
10769:
10765:
10750:
10746:
10735:
10728:
10717:
10713:
10705:, p. 151,
10701:, p. 439;
10699:Kramrisch 1994a
10697:
10693:
10676:
10672:
10663:
10659:
10646:
10642:
10625:
10621:
10612:
10608:
10601:
10585:
10581:
10574:
10554:
10550:
10538:
10534:
10527:
10511:
10507:
10498:
10494:
10484:
10482:
10475:
10459:
10455:
10448:
10434:
10430:
10420:
10418:
10411:
10395:
10391:
10378:
10374:
10369:
10365:
10350:
10346:
10325:
10321:
10294:
10290:
10281:
10277:
10268:
10264:
10255:
10251:
10242:
10238:
10230:
10226:
10218:
10214:
10206:
10202:
10194:
10190:
10182:
10178:
10170:, p. 476;
10168:Kramrisch 1994a
10166:
10162:
10154:
10150:
10133:
10129:
10116:
10112:
10103:
10099:
10090:
10086:
10076:
10074:
10067:
10051:
10047:
10038:
10034:
10026:
10022:
10006:
10002:
9990:as the central
9983:
9979:
9961:Kailāsagirivāsī
9958:
9954:
9946:
9942:
9934:
9930:
9915:
9911:
9902:
9898:
9891:
9875:
9871:
9864:
9848:
9844:
9833:
9829:
9814:
9810:
9802:
9798:
9790:
9786:
9777:
9773:
9765:
9761:
9753:
9749:
9741:
9737:
9729:
9725:
9710:
9706:
9691:
9687:
9672:
9668:
9658:
9656:
9643:
9642:
9638:
9630:
9623:
9614:
9610:
9601:
9597:
9589:
9585:
9576:
9572:
9564:
9560:
9551:
9547:
9539:
9535:
9525:
9523:
9516:
9500:
9496:
9483:
9479:
9465:
9461:
9452:
9448:
9439:
9435:
9426:
9422:
9407:
9403:
9386:
9382:
9373:
9369:
9354:
9350:
9339:
9335:
9330:
9326:
9317:
9313:
9300:
9296:
9283:
9279:
9270:
9266:
9259:
9237:
9233:
9224:
9220:
9205:
9201:
9194:
9178:
9173:
9157:
9153:
9138:
9134:
9127:
9111:
9107:
9100:
9084:
9080:
9073:
9057:
9053:
9046:
9030:
9025:
9009:
9002:
8987:
8971:
8966:
8950:
8943:
8933:
8931:
8922:
8921:
8917:
8910:
8896:
8892:
8880:
8876:
8864:
8860:
8856:, pp. 1–4.
8852:
8845:
8838:
8822:
8818:
8811:
8795:
8791:
8779:
8775:
8768:
8746:
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8602:
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8578:
8574:
8564:
8562:
8555:
8539:
8535:
8527:
8520:
8512:
8505:
8497:
8493:
8485:
8481:
8469:
8465:
8457:
8453:
8447:Lochtefeld 2002
8445:
8441:
8433:
8429:
8421:
8417:
8404:
8400:
8393:
8377:
8373:
8363:
8361:
8354:
8338:
8334:
8317:
8313:
8300:
8296:
8283:
8279:
8266:
8262:
8256:Wayback Machine
8246:
8242:
8234:
8230:
8220:
8218:
8211:
8195:
8191:
8184:
8168:
8161:
8151:
8149:
8142:
8141:978-0520-018426
8126:
8122:
8115:
8114:978-81208-04166
8099:
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8029:
8013:
8009:
8001:
7997:
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7923:
7910:
7906:
7893:
7889:
7873:
7869:
7861:
7857:
7845:
7841:
7833:
7829:
7821:
7817:
7809:
7805:
7798:
7797:978-0520-059917
7776:
7772:
7764:
7760:
7752:
7748:
7736:
7732:
7724:
7720:
7712:
7708:
7702:Srinivasan 1997
7688:
7684:
7674:
7672:
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7656:
7652:
7642:
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7631:
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7568:
7564:
7556:
7552:
7544:
7540:
7532:
7528:
7519:
7515:
7510:
7506:
7497:
7493:
7474:
7470:
7461:
7457:
7438:
7434:
7426:
7422:
7408:
7404:
7399:
7395:
7390:
7386:
7377:
7373:
7363:
7361:
7352:
7351:
7347:
7341:Kramrisch 1994a
7339:
7335:
7322:
7318:
7312:Kramrisch 1994a
7310:
7306:
7302:, pp. 1–9.
7298:
7294:
7290:, pp. 2–3.
7286:
7282:
7276:Kramrisch 1994a
7274:
7270:
7266:, pp. 1–2.
7262:
7258:
7250:
7246:
7238:
7234:
7226:
7222:
7212:
7210:
7202:
7201:
7197:
7192:
7188:
7180:
7176:
7168:
7164:
7156:
7152:
7145:
7129:
7125:
7115:
7113:
7106:
7090:
7086:
7080:Wayback Machine
7070:
7063:
7040:10.2307/3269768
7024:
7020:
7014:Wayback Machine
7004:
7000:
6993:
6977:
6973:
6965:
6949:
6945:
6938:
6937:978-0252-092954
6922:
6915:
6907:
6900:
6893:
6877:
6873:
6863:
6861:
6854:
6835:
6831:
6818:
6814:
6775:
6771:
6765:Srinivasan 1997
6763:
6759:
6751:
6747:
6735:
6731:
6725:Srinivasan 1997
6715:
6711:
6703:
6699:
6683:
6679:
6662:
6658:
6642:
6638:
6628:
6626:
6619:
6603:
6599:
6591:
6587:
6579:
6575:
6567:
6563:
6555:
6548:
6535:
6531:
6522:
6518:
6512:Sontheimer 1976
6510:
6506:
6497:
6493:
6487:Courtright 1985
6485:
6476:
6468:
6464:
6455:
6451:
6435:
6431:
6423:
6416:
6408:
6404:
6392:
6388:
6379:
6375:
6362:
6358:
6350:
6346:
6330:
6326:
6311:
6307:
6298:
6294:
6288:Kramrisch 1994a
6286:
6282:
6263:
6259:
6253:Kramrisch 1994a
6251:
6242:
6236:Lochtefeld 2002
6234:
6230:
6218:
6214:
6205:
6201:
6192:
6188:
6176:
6172:
6164:
6160:
6148:
6144:
6134:
6132:
6119:
6115:
6105:
6103:
6096:
6080:
6076:
6047:
6043:
6033:
6028:
6024:
6016:
6009:
5991:
5987:
5979:
5975:
5967:
5963:
5946:
5942:
5934:
5930:
5924:Wayback Machine
5914:
5903:
5891:
5887:
5867:
5863:
5855:
5848:
5840:, p. 148;
5836:
5829:
5825:for Jnana Yoga.
5809:
5805:
5797:
5793:
5785:
5781:
5773:
5769:
5761:
5757:
5745:
5741:
5731:
5729:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5707:
5700:
5692:
5673:
5665:
5656:
5648:
5637:
5629:
5625:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5603:
5599:
5591:
5587:
5579:
5572:
5564:
5560:
5552:
5543:
5535:
5526:
5519:
5503:
5502:
5498:
5491:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5459:
5444:
5440:
5419:
5415:
5399:
5395:
5382:
5378:
5362:", practice of
5357:
5348:
5331:
5327:
5322:
5321:
5289:
5285:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5255:
5246:Har Har Mahadev
5220:Om Namah Shivay
5202:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5172:
5163:
5153:
5144:
5131:
5120:
5119:
5106:Shiva has been
4963:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4836:Tibetan Thangka
4833:
4820:
4792:
4744:
4667:
4662:
4555:Shiva's victory
4530:Maha Shivaratri
4522:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4487:
4485:Maha Shivaratri
4481:
4476:
4465:
4453:Advaita Vedanta
4428:Hanuman Chalisa
4412:
4377:Vedic sacrifice
4197:
4191:
4096:In the hymn of
3905:Ardhanarishvara
3848:दक्षिणामूर्ति;
3761:
3695:(especially in
3665:Tripura Sundari
3566:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3545:
3544:
3533:
3512:
3508:
3482:appears in the
3406:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3381:
3380:
3369:
3360:
3338:, "lord of the
3194:(Sanskrit for "
3060:Meditating yogi
2865:
2852:
2846:
2822:Advaita Vedanta
2745:
2669:Raja Ravi Varma
2661:
2655:
2585:
2575:
2572:
2559:while praising
2549:
2471:
2465:
2433:
2316:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2232:
2142:
2124:. The horns of
2068:
2041:Hindu synthesis
1995:
1971:
1875:
1849:
1843:
1826:
1824:Prehistoric art
1821:
1745:Hindu synthesis
1741:Sanskritization
1737:Bali, Indonesia
1717:
1711:
1706:
1696:Elephanta Caves
1688:
1656:Anuśāsanaparvan
1610:("Great Lord";
1491:
1446:Monier-Williams
1442:
1436:
1427:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1216:
1144:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1082:Maha Shivaratri
1057:
1049:
1048:
1008:
964:
956:
955:
912:
904:
903:
880:
820:(Supreme being)
818:
811:
769:(especially in
544:
527:
523:
465:
461:
451:
390:
361:Maha Shivaratri
337:
316:
204:
172:
129:
109:
100:
50:
39:
32:Shiva (Judaism)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
20110:
20100:
20099:
20094:
20089:
20084:
20079:
20074:
20069:
20064:
20059:
20054:
20049:
20044:
20039:
20034:
20032:Destroyer gods
20029:
20024:
20019:
20014:
20009:
19994:
19993:
19981:
19969:
19957:
19945:
19933:
19910:
19909:
19904:
19903:
19901:
19900:
19895:
19890:
19885:
19880:
19875:
19870:
19865:
19860:
19855:
19850:
19845:
19840:
19835:
19830:
19825:
19820:
19818:Lay Kyun Maung
19815:
19810:
19805:
19803:Koe Thein Shin
19800:
19795:
19790:
19785:
19780:
19774:
19772:
19768:
19767:
19764:
19763:
19761:
19760:
19755:
19750:
19745:
19735:
19729:
19727:
19723:
19722:
19720:
19719:
19714:
19711:
19708:
19704:
19702:
19696:
19695:
19693:
19692:
19689:
19686:
19683:
19679:
19677:
19673:
19672:
19670:
19669:
19664:
19657:
19655:
19651:
19650:
19648:
19647:
19642:
19636:
19634:
19630:
19629:
19627:
19626:
19621:
19616:
19609:
19607:
19600:
19596:
19595:
19593:
19592:
19587:
19582:
19572:
19567:
19562:
19557:
19551:
19549:
19540:
19539:
19532:
19530:
19528:
19527:
19521:
19516:
19511:
19506:
19501:
19496:
19491:
19486:
19481:
19476:
19471:
19466:
19461:
19459:Mandalay Bodaw
19456:
19451:
19445:
19440:
19438:Medaw Shwezaga
19435:
19430:
19425:
19420:
19415:
19410:
19404:
19398:
19393:
19388:
19383:
19378:
19373:
19368:
19363:
19358:
19352:
19347:
19342:
19331:
19329:
19325:
19324:
19313:
19312:
19305:
19298:
19290:
19281:
19280:
19278:
19277:
19267:
19257:
19237:
19234:
19233:
19231:
19230:
19229:
19228:
19223:
19213:
19208:
19203:
19202:
19201:
19196:
19191:
19186:
19181:
19176:
19171:
19161:
19160:
19159:
19149:
19144:
19143:
19142:
19132:
19127:
19122:
19117:
19112:
19107:
19102:
19097:
19092:
19087:
19086:
19085:
19080:
19069:
19067:
19061:
19060:
19057:
19056:
19054:
19053:
19048:
19043:
19038:
19032:
19030:
19026:
19025:
19023:
19022:
19017:
19012:
19007:
19001:
19000:
18999:
18998:
18993:
18988:
18983:
18973:
18972:
18971:
18966:
18961:
18956:
18951:
18946:
18941:
18933:
18928:
18923:
18918:
18913:
18908:
18903:
18902:
18901:
18896:
18891:
18881:
18879:Raksha Bandhan
18876:
18871:
18866:
18860:
18858:
18852:
18851:
18849:
18848:
18847:
18846:
18841:
18836:
18831:
18821:
18820:
18819:
18814:
18809:
18804:
18793:
18791:
18787:
18786:
18784:
18783:
18778:
18773:
18768:
18763:
18758:
18753:
18748:
18743:
18738:
18733:
18728:
18723:
18718:
18713:
18708:
18702:
18700:
18694:
18693:
18691:
18690:
18685:
18680:
18675:
18670:
18665:
18660:
18655:
18650:
18645:
18640:
18635:
18629:
18627:
18618:
18614:
18613:
18610:
18609:
18607:
18606:
18599:
18594:
18589:
18584:
18579:
18574:
18569:
18564:
18559:
18554:
18549:
18544:
18543:
18542:
18537:
18532:
18521:
18519:
18513:
18512:
18510:
18509:
18502:
18497:
18492:
18487:
18482:
18477:
18472:
18467:
18462:
18457:
18452:
18447:
18446:
18445:
18440:
18435:
18424:
18422:
18413:
18407:
18406:
18403:
18402:
18400:
18399:
18394:
18389:
18384:
18379:
18374:
18369:
18364:
18359:
18354:
18349:
18344:
18339:
18334:
18329:
18323:
18321:
18315:
18314:
18312:
18311:
18304:
18299:
18294:
18289:
18284:
18279:
18278:
18277:
18272:
18267:
18257:
18252:
18247:
18242:
18237:
18236:
18235:
18230:
18220:
18215:
18209:
18207:
18201:
18200:
18198:
18197:
18192:
18187:
18182:
18177:
18172:
18166:
18164:
18158:
18157:
18155:
18154:
18149:
18144:
18139:
18133:
18131:
18125:
18124:
18121:
18120:
18118:
18117:
18112:
18107:
18102:
18097:
18092:
18090:Shvetashvatara
18087:
18082:
18077:
18072:
18067:
18065:Brihadaranyaka
18062:
18057:
18051:
18049:
18043:
18042:
18040:
18039:
18034:
18029:
18023:
18021:
18017:
18016:
18014:
18013:
18008:
18003:
17998:
17992:
17986:
17980:
17979:
17977:
17976:
17971:
17965:
17963:
17962:Classification
17956:
17950:
17949:
17942:
17940:
17937:
17936:
17934:
17933:
17924:
17923:
17922:
17915:
17908:
17896:
17891:
17886:
17881:
17876:
17866:
17864:
17858:
17857:
17855:
17854:
17853:
17852:
17847:
17842:
17837:
17832:
17827:
17822:
17817:
17812:
17801:
17800:
17799:
17798:
17793:
17788:
17783:
17772:
17771:
17766:
17761:
17756:
17751:
17746:
17741:
17735:
17733:
17724:
17718:
17717:
17715:
17714:
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16952:Brihadeeswaram
16949:
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16823:
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16814:
16809:
16804:
16799:
16793:
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16679:
16677:
16675:Pancha Kedaras
16671:
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16651:
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16578:
16575:
16574:
16572:
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16566:
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16556:
16555:
16554:
16543:
16541:
16540:Related topics
16537:
16536:
16533:
16532:
16530:
16529:
16524:
16519:
16514:
16509:
16504:
16499:
16497:Brihadeeswarar
16494:
16488:
16486:
16482:
16481:
16479:
16478:
16473:
16468:
16463:
16458:
16456:Ramanathaswamy
16453:
16448:
16443:
16438:
16433:
16428:
16423:
16417:
16415:
16409:
16408:
16406:
16405:
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16395:
16390:
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16371:
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16319:
16314:
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16286:
16285:
16283:
16282:
16277:
16272:
16267:
16261:
16259:
16255:
16254:
16252:
16251:
16249:Shaiva Smartas
16246:
16241:
16236:
16234:Veera Shaivism
16231:
16229:Trika Shaivism
16226:
16225:
16224:
16219:
16209:
16204:
16198:
16196:
16192:
16191:
16189:
16188:
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16087:
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16064:
16063:
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16045:
16044:
16039:
16029:
16024:
16023:
16022:
16017:
16012:
16002:
16001:
16000:
15995:
15990:
15985:
15980:
15975:
15970:
15965:
15954:
15952:
15946:
15945:
15938:
15935:
15934:
15927:
15926:
15919:
15912:
15904:
15898:
15895:
15894:
15885:
15884:
15873:
15865:
15864:External links
15862:
15861:
15860:
15854:
15841:
15827:(3): 305–310.
15812:
15806:
15793:
15787:
15774:
15769:978-8170171935
15768:
15750:
15745:978-0791435793
15744:
15729:
15712:978-0791470824
15711:
15693:
15688:978-8129114815
15687:
15674:
15665:
15659:
15644:
15641:
15639:
15638:
15629:
15623:
15608:
15599:
15581:
15566:
15548:(2): 266–268.
15534:
15521:978-0835673181
15520:
15507:
15502:978-0765607119
15501:
15484:
15478:
15465:
15460:978-8170172079
15459:
15444:
15434:
15429:978-8120818927
15428:
15415:
15397:
15385:
15343:
15338:978-9004107588
15337:
15324:
15315:
15310:978-8170170389
15309:
15294:
15277:978-8120817715
15276:
15261:
15249:
15244:978-8120808799
15243:
15228:
15215:
15208:
15187:
15182:978-0791403471
15181:
15168:
15162:
15149:
15144:978-0195644418
15143:
15128:
15123:978-0871698636
15122:
15109:
15103:
15084:
15073:
15068:
15050:
15033:978-8176481700
15032:
15017:
15008:
15003:978-3447025225
15002:
14986:
14969:978-0195351903
14968:
14953:
14948:978-1317709091
14947:
14934:
14917:978-0791490495
14916:
14901:
14896:978-1438416182
14895:
14880:
14863:978-9004206298
14862:
14847:
14830:978-0198060987
14829:
14814:
14796:(3/4): 19–50.
14785:
14768:978-0691089522
14767:
14752:
14747:978-0195347135
14746:
14731:
14722:
14717:978-1594771651
14716:
14703:
14698:978-0971646650
14697:
14684:
14678:
14665:
14659:
14644:
14639:978-0823931798
14638:
14621:
14603:(2): 309–314.
14592:
14586:
14569:
14564:978-0876330395
14563:
14548:
14543:978-0889201583
14542:
14526:
14509:978-8120803947
14508:
14493:
14488:978-0520908833
14487:
14470:
14461:
14443:
14425:
14408:978-0816075645
14407:
14392:
14387:978-0875864846
14386:
14371:
14365:
14352:
14347:978-1610694780
14346:
14331:
14318:
14304:
14285:
14280:Epic Mythology
14275:
14270:978-8120813304
14269:
14256:
14250:
14237:
14231:
14213:
14196:
14190:
14172:
14147:
14141:
14124:
14113:
14108:978-0691120485
14107:
14094:
14091:Frawley, David
14088:
14082:
14072:. Malden, MA:
14062:
14056:
14032:
14027:978-8120814677
14026:
14011:
14006:978-0691073866
14005:
13992:
13987:978-0143414216
13986:
13971:
13954:978-0700712670
13953:
13938:
13932:
13914:
13908:
13893:
13887:
13872:
13865:
13852:
13847:978-8176250399
13846:
13831:
13826:978-8120808997
13825:
13810:
13804:
13791:
13786:978-0791439395
13785:
13779:. SUNY Press.
13770:
13765:978-0521213981
13764:
13749:
13740:
13723:978-0674391895
13722:
13707:
13696:
13687:
13662:
13656:
13640:
13623:978-0691058870
13622:
13605:
13602:
13601:
13600:
13595:978-8171204205
13594:
13582:
13576:
13559:
13550:
13533:978-8175972452
13532:
13516:
13514:
13511:
13509:
13506:
13503:
13502:
13493:
13484:
13475:
13440:
13438:, p. 218.
13425:
13395:
13361:
13343:978-1134380701
13342:
13319:
13289:
13260:
13254:978-1135963903
13253:
13233:
13227:978-1442248236
13226:
13206:
13191:
13185:978-1438128023
13184:
13164:
13137:
13117:
13070:
13063:
13043:
13024:
13004:
12977:
12957:
12950:
12930:
12917:978-1465330093
12916:
12896:
12882:978-8120817739
12881:
12875:. p. 95.
12844:
12818:978-9004340497
12817:
12783:
12765:978-8170103257
12764:
12745:
12730:
12677:
12659:
12646:
12634:
12614:
12602:
12590:
12583:
12563:
12556:
12536:
12521:
12501:
12489:
12477:
12444:
12442:, p. 301.
12429:
12426:978-1107406377
12413:
12393:
12374:(2): 259–305.
12358:
12323:
12311:
12299:
12273:
12247:
12240:
12222:
12216:978-1404237315
12215:
12195:
12179:
12177:, p. 269.
12164:
12162:, p. 269.
12148:
12142:978-0791482001
12141:
12118:
12112:978-0791409435
12111:
12092:
12074:
12048:
12022:
12013:
11995:978-8120811225
11994:
11974:
11956:978-0195309218
11955:
11935:
11928:
11910:
11908:, p. 474.
11898:
11881:
11863:978-8120802643
11862:
11842:
11835:
11817:
11811:978-9380262246
11810:
11790:
11756:
11750:978-8120814509
11749:
11731:
11713:978-8120802643
11712:
11692:
11665:
11659:978-8129111821
11658:
11640:
11634:978-9385485015
11633:
11615:
11571:
11564:
11546:
11531:
11495:
11480:
11462:978-0759123144
11461:
11441:
11435:978-0143116691
11434:
11416:
11410:978-0199360079
11409:
11391:
11384:
11366:
11360:978-1851099801
11359:
11339:
11330:
11306:
11300:, p. 29;
11286:
11284:, p. 221.
11271:
11234:
11222:
11216:978-0892813544
11215:
11182:
11170:
11164:978-0300062175
11163:
11137:
11135:, p. 446.
11125:
11123:, p. 182.
11121:Kramrisch 1981
11108:
11106:, p. 184.
11096:
11094:, p. 187.
11092:Kramrisch 1981
11083:
11044:
11042:, p. 182.
11040:Kramrisch 1981
11031:
11029:, p. 185.
11027:Kramrisch 1981
11018:
11014:Kramrisch 1981
11005:
11003:, p. 182.
11001:Kramrisch 1981
10992:
10990:, p. 182.
10988:Kramrisch 1981
10979:
10950:
10920:
10906:
10897:
10885:
10870:
10851:
10849:, p. 155.
10832:
10830:, p. 472.
10828:Kramrisch 1981
10819:
10800:
10782:
10779:. p. 304.
10773:Kuṇḍalinī Yoga
10763:
10744:
10726:
10711:
10691:
10670:
10657:
10655:, p. 289.
10640:
10619:
10606:
10600:978-0226156439
10599:
10579:
10573:978-0842608220
10572:
10548:
10532:
10526:978-0391024809
10525:
10505:
10492:
10474:978-1560231813
10473:
10453:
10447:978-0312293246
10446:
10428:
10410:978-0226156415
10409:
10389:
10372:
10363:
10359:Kramrisch 1981
10344:
10319:
10317:, p. 278.
10288:
10275:
10262:
10249:
10236:
10224:
10212:
10210:, p. 481.
10208:Kramrisch 1981
10200:
10188:
10186:, p. 280.
10176:
10174:, p. 474.
10172:Kramrisch 1981
10160:
10158:, p. 301.
10148:
10144:Kramrisch 1981
10127:
10123:Kramrisch 1981
10110:
10097:
10084:
10066:978-0226532301
10065:
10045:
10032:
10020:
10000:
9977:
9975:, p. 281.
9952:
9950:, p. 479.
9948:Kramrisch 1981
9940:
9928:
9909:
9896:
9890:978-1317806318
9889:
9869:
9863:978-0791430675
9862:
9842:
9827:
9825:, p. 461.
9808:
9796:
9784:
9782:, p. 461.
9771:
9769:, p. 218.
9759:
9747:
9745:, p. 309.
9735:
9733:, p. 266.
9723:
9721:, p. 473.
9719:Kramrisch 1981
9704:
9685:
9666:
9636:
9634:, p. 473.
9632:Kramrisch 1981
9621:
9608:
9595:
9583:
9579:Macdonell 1996
9570:
9568:, p. 475.
9566:Kramrisch 1981
9558:
9556:, p. 279.
9545:
9533:
9515:978-8120814677
9514:
9494:
9490:978-9004178960
9477:
9459:
9446:
9433:
9431:, p. 472.
9429:Kramrisch 1981
9420:
9401:
9399:, p. 926.
9380:
9378:, p. 109.
9367:
9361:variant, see:
9348:
9333:
9324:
9322:, p. 483.
9320:Kramrisch 1981
9311:
9294:
9277:
9275:, p. 151.
9264:
9256:978-0226894843
9231:
9218:
9216:, p. 485.
9199:
9193:978-0940676503
9192:
9172:978-0874773538
9171:
9151:
9132:
9126:978-0791412640
9125:
9105:
9099:978-0521528658
9098:
9078:
9072:978-1438451022
9071:
9051:
9045:978-0791411797
9044:
9024:978-0791410738
9023:
9000:
8986:978-0971646650
8985:
8965:978-8120804074
8964:
8941:
8915:
8909:978-8129111821
8908:
8890:
8882:Kramrisch 1981
8874:
8866:Kramrisch 1981
8858:
8843:
8837:978-0199724314
8836:
8816:
8810:978-8120820869
8809:
8789:
8773:
8767:978-0300062175
8766:
8740:
8722:978-9004129023
8721:
8695:
8689:978-0791410738
8688:
8668:
8662:978-8185431376
8661:
8641:
8629:978-0520026759
8628:
8608:
8606:, p. 193.
8596:
8584:
8572:
8554:978-0190633394
8553:
8533:
8518:
8503:
8491:
8487:Pintchman 2014
8479:
8475:Pintchman 2015
8463:
8451:
8449:, p. 426.
8439:
8427:
8415:
8398:
8392:978-1438404370
8391:
8371:
8353:978-8170990161
8352:
8332:
8324:978-1577316695
8311:
8307:978-9004016125
8294:
8290:978-3447025225
8277:
8273:978-0141913377
8260:
8240:
8228:
8210:978-0887064319
8209:
8189:
8183:978-8120819535
8182:
8159:
8140:
8120:
8113:
8093:
8081:
8079:, p. 216.
8069:
8027:
8007:
7995:
7956:(1): 119–122.
7936:
7921:
7919:, pp. 252, 259
7917:978-8120804074
7904:
7900:978-8120805958
7887:
7867:
7855:
7839:
7827:
7815:
7803:
7796:
7770:
7758:
7746:
7730:
7718:
7706:
7694:Hiriyanna 2000
7682:
7650:
7624:
7609:
7607:, p. 929.
7593:
7591:, p. 769.
7578:
7562:
7550:
7548:, p. 454.
7538:
7526:
7513:
7504:
7491:
7468:
7466:, p. 310.
7455:
7432:
7420:
7411:Doniger, Wendy
7402:
7393:
7384:
7371:
7345:
7333:
7331:, p. 155.
7316:
7304:
7292:
7280:
7268:
7256:
7244:
7232:
7220:
7195:
7186:
7174:
7172:, p. 316.
7162:
7150:
7143:
7123:
7105:978-1403980588
7104:
7084:
7061:
7034:(3): 180–209.
7018:
6998:
6992:978-0143067610
6991:
6971:
6964:978-0892813742
6963:
6943:
6936:
6913:
6898:
6892:978-0252092954
6891:
6871:
6853:978-0759116429
6852:
6829:
6825:978-0521795661
6812:
6769:
6767:, p. 181.
6757:
6745:
6729:
6727:, p. 181.
6709:
6697:
6691:, p. 45;
6677:
6675:, p. 312.
6656:
6636:
6617:
6597:
6595:, p. 104.
6585:
6583:, p. 244.
6573:
6561:
6559:, p. 243.
6546:
6529:
6527:, p. 176.
6516:
6504:
6502:, p. 162.
6491:
6489:, p. 205.
6474:
6462:
6449:
6429:
6427:, p. 148.
6425:Sadasivan 2000
6414:
6402:
6396:, p. 17;
6386:
6373:
6369:Kramrisch 1981
6356:
6344:
6341:978-8120831056
6324:
6322:, p. 479.
6320:Kramrisch 1981
6305:
6292:
6290:, p. 477.
6280:
6257:
6255:, p. 476.
6240:
6238:, p. 247.
6228:
6212:
6199:
6186:
6170:
6158:
6142:
6113:
6095:978-0877288459
6094:
6074:
6041:
6032:, p. 927.
6022:
6020:, p. 306.
6007:
6005:, p. 910.
5985:
5973:
5961:
5940:
5938:, p. 199.
5928:
5901:
5885:
5861:
5859:, p. 152.
5846:
5838:Sadasivan 2000
5827:
5821:, p. 82;
5815:Mallinson 2007
5803:
5791:
5787:Pintchman 2015
5779:
5767:
5755:
5753:, p. 131.
5751:Sivaraman 1973
5739:
5713:
5711:, p. 314.
5698:
5696:, p. 151.
5671:
5654:
5635:
5623:
5609:
5597:
5585:
5570:
5558:
5541:
5524:
5518:978-1593394912
5517:
5496:
5489:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5438:
5413:
5393:
5389:Kramrisch 1981
5376:
5346:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5292:before present
5283:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5254:
5251:
5225:Amish Tripathi
5201:
5198:
5194:
5193:
5173:
5166:
5164:
5154:
5147:
5145:
5132:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5054:Avalokitesvara
5029:Mahavira Halls
4950:
4949:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4866:and Shakti as
4834: 1500 CE
4819:
4816:
4791:
4788:
4743:
4740:
4712:Southeast Asia
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4551:Kartik Purnima
4513:
4512:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4483:Main article:
4480:
4477:
4464:
4461:
4411:
4408:
4387:. In the text
4367:. Just as the
4216:Alain Daniélou
4193:Main article:
4190:
4187:
4169:medieval India
4160:, rather than
4098:Manikkavacakar
4052:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4040:
4031:
4026:
4017:
3923:Kalyanasundara
3913:Ardhanārīśvara
3760:
3757:
3709:Northern India
3693:Southern India
3615:. His epithet
3590:Vedic religion
3557:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3393:
3392:
3383:
3382:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3345:
3298:
3267:
3235:
3223:
3207:
3167:
3123:
3121:
3095:
3089:
3072:: The epithet
3067:
3057:
3021:: The epithet
3016:
3004:
2994:
2958:
2864:
2861:
2848:Main article:
2845:
2842:
2744:
2741:
2657:Main article:
2654:
2651:
2647:Ardhanarisvara
2630:Devi Upanishad
2601:Ardhanarisvara
2584:
2581:
2570:
2548:
2545:
2467:Main article:
2464:
2461:
2432:
2429:
2366:Shaiva Puranas
2289:
2282:
2231:
2228:
2141:
2138:
2067:
2064:
2015:Rigvedic deity
1994:
1991:
1970:
1967:
1892:Lotus position
1857:Pashupati seal
1847:Pashupati seal
1845:Main article:
1842:
1839:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1733:Southeast Asia
1710:
1707:
1687:
1684:
1590:("Great god";
1438:Main article:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1306:Manikkavacakar
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1165:
1164:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1093:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1003:
998:
992:
991:
990:Three bondages
987:
986:
981:
976:
970:
969:
965:
962:
961:
958:
957:
954:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
919:
913:
910:
909:
906:
905:
902:
901:
896:
894:Forms of Shiva
891:
886:
879:
878:
873:
868:
863:
857:
856:
850:
849:
844:
839:
834:
828:
827:
812:
809:
808:
805:
804:
796:
795:
789:
788:
515:[ɕɪʋɐ]
453:
452:
450:
449:
448:
447:
440:
434:
425:
423:
419:
418:
401:
397:
396:
392:
391:
389:
388:
383:
378:
373:
371:Kartik Purnima
368:
363:
357:
355:
351:
350:
345:
339:
338:
336:
335:
330:
324:
322:
318:
317:
315:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
283:
281:
275:
274:
273:
272:
267:
262:
257:
250:
246:
245:
244:
243:
238:
231:
225:
224:
223:
222:
217:
210:
206:
205:
203:
202:
196:
191:
186:
180:
178:
174:
173:
171:
170:
167:
164:
159:
154:
151:
146:
143:
137:
135:
131:
130:
127:
119:
118:
111:
110:
99:
98:
95:
81:
76:
71:
64:
62:
59:
58:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
20109:
20098:
20095:
20093:
20090:
20088:
20085:
20083:
20080:
20078:
20075:
20073:
20070:
20068:
20065:
20063:
20060:
20058:
20055:
20053:
20050:
20048:
20045:
20043:
20040:
20038:
20035:
20033:
20030:
20028:
20025:
20023:
20020:
20018:
20015:
20013:
20010:
20008:
20005:
20004:
20002:
19992:
19987:
19982:
19980:
19970:
19968:
19958:
19956:
19946:
19944:
19934:
19932:
19922:
19921:
19918:
19899:
19896:
19894:
19891:
19889:
19886:
19884:
19883:Mani Maykhala
19881:
19879:
19876:
19874:
19871:
19869:
19866:
19864:
19861:
19859:
19856:
19854:
19851:
19849:
19846:
19844:
19841:
19839:
19836:
19834:
19831:
19829:
19826:
19824:
19823:Ma Ngwe Taung
19821:
19819:
19816:
19814:
19811:
19809:
19806:
19804:
19801:
19799:
19796:
19794:
19791:
19789:
19788:Beikthano Nat
19786:
19784:
19781:
19779:
19778:Shin Upagutta
19776:
19775:
19773:
19771:Miscellaneous
19769:
19759:
19756:
19754:
19751:
19749:
19746:
19743:
19739:
19736:
19734:
19731:
19730:
19728:
19724:
19718:
19715:
19712:
19709:
19706:
19705:
19703:
19697:
19690:
19687:
19684:
19681:
19680:
19678:
19674:
19668:
19667:Ko Aung Naing
19665:
19662:
19659:
19658:
19656:
19652:
19646:
19643:
19641:
19638:
19637:
19635:
19631:
19625:
19622:
19620:
19617:
19614:
19611:
19610:
19608:
19604:
19601:
19597:
19591:
19588:
19586:
19583:
19580:
19576:
19573:
19571:
19568:
19566:
19563:
19561:
19558:
19556:
19553:
19552:
19550:
19548:
19545:
19541:
19536:
19525:
19522:
19520:
19517:
19515:
19512:
19510:
19507:
19505:
19502:
19500:
19497:
19495:
19492:
19490:
19487:
19485:
19482:
19480:
19477:
19475:
19472:
19470:
19467:
19465:
19462:
19460:
19457:
19455:
19452:
19449:
19446:
19444:
19441:
19439:
19436:
19434:
19431:
19429:
19428:Minye Aungdin
19426:
19424:
19421:
19419:
19416:
19414:
19411:
19408:
19405:
19402:
19399:
19397:
19394:
19392:
19389:
19387:
19384:
19382:
19381:Shwe Nawrahta
19379:
19377:
19374:
19372:
19369:
19367:
19364:
19362:
19359:
19356:
19353:
19351:
19348:
19346:
19343:
19340:
19336:
19333:
19332:
19330:
19326:
19322:
19318:
19311:
19306:
19304:
19299:
19297:
19292:
19291:
19288:
19276:
19268:
19266:
19262:
19258:
19256:
19248:
19247:
19245:
19235:
19227:
19224:
19222:
19219:
19218:
19217:
19216:Hindu temples
19214:
19212:
19209:
19207:
19204:
19200:
19197:
19195:
19192:
19190:
19187:
19185:
19182:
19180:
19177:
19175:
19172:
19170:
19167:
19166:
19165:
19162:
19158:
19155:
19154:
19153:
19150:
19148:
19145:
19141:
19138:
19137:
19136:
19133:
19131:
19128:
19126:
19123:
19121:
19120:Hindu studies
19118:
19116:
19113:
19111:
19108:
19106:
19103:
19101:
19098:
19096:
19093:
19091:
19090:Denominations
19088:
19084:
19081:
19079:
19076:
19075:
19074:
19071:
19070:
19068:
19066:
19062:
19052:
19049:
19047:
19044:
19042:
19039:
19037:
19034:
19033:
19031:
19027:
19021:
19018:
19016:
19013:
19011:
19008:
19006:
19003:
19002:
18997:
18994:
18992:
18989:
18987:
18984:
18982:
18979:
18978:
18977:
18974:
18970:
18967:
18965:
18962:
18960:
18957:
18955:
18952:
18950:
18947:
18945:
18942:
18940:
18937:
18936:
18934:
18932:
18929:
18927:
18924:
18922:
18919:
18917:
18914:
18912:
18909:
18907:
18904:
18900:
18899:Vijayadashami
18897:
18895:
18892:
18890:
18887:
18886:
18885:
18882:
18880:
18877:
18875:
18872:
18870:
18867:
18865:
18862:
18861:
18859:
18857:
18853:
18845:
18842:
18840:
18837:
18835:
18832:
18830:
18827:
18826:
18825:
18822:
18818:
18815:
18813:
18810:
18808:
18805:
18803:
18800:
18799:
18798:
18795:
18794:
18792:
18788:
18782:
18779:
18777:
18774:
18772:
18769:
18767:
18764:
18762:
18759:
18757:
18754:
18752:
18749:
18747:
18744:
18742:
18739:
18737:
18734:
18732:
18729:
18727:
18724:
18722:
18719:
18717:
18716:Simantonayana
18714:
18712:
18709:
18707:
18704:
18703:
18701:
18699:
18695:
18689:
18686:
18684:
18681:
18679:
18676:
18674:
18671:
18669:
18666:
18664:
18661:
18659:
18656:
18654:
18651:
18649:
18646:
18644:
18641:
18639:
18636:
18634:
18631:
18630:
18628:
18626:
18622:
18619:
18615:
18605:
18604:
18600:
18598:
18595:
18593:
18590:
18588:
18585:
18583:
18580:
18578:
18575:
18573:
18570:
18568:
18565:
18563:
18560:
18558:
18555:
18553:
18550:
18548:
18545:
18541:
18538:
18536:
18533:
18531:
18528:
18527:
18526:
18523:
18522:
18520:
18518:
18514:
18508:
18507:
18503:
18501:
18498:
18496:
18493:
18491:
18488:
18486:
18483:
18481:
18478:
18476:
18473:
18471:
18468:
18466:
18463:
18461:
18458:
18456:
18453:
18451:
18448:
18444:
18441:
18439:
18436:
18434:
18431:
18430:
18429:
18426:
18425:
18423:
18421:
18417:
18414:
18412:
18408:
18398:
18395:
18393:
18390:
18388:
18385:
18383:
18380:
18378:
18375:
18373:
18370:
18368:
18365:
18363:
18360:
18358:
18355:
18353:
18350:
18348:
18345:
18343:
18340:
18338:
18335:
18333:
18330:
18328:
18325:
18324:
18322:
18320:
18316:
18310:
18309:
18305:
18303:
18302:Yoga Vasistha
18300:
18298:
18295:
18293:
18290:
18288:
18285:
18283:
18280:
18276:
18273:
18271:
18268:
18266:
18263:
18262:
18261:
18258:
18256:
18253:
18251:
18248:
18246:
18243:
18241:
18238:
18234:
18231:
18229:
18226:
18225:
18224:
18221:
18219:
18216:
18214:
18213:Bhagavad Gita
18211:
18210:
18208:
18206:
18202:
18196:
18193:
18191:
18188:
18186:
18183:
18181:
18178:
18176:
18173:
18171:
18168:
18167:
18165:
18163:
18159:
18153:
18152:Sthapatyaveda
18150:
18148:
18145:
18143:
18140:
18138:
18135:
18134:
18132:
18130:
18126:
18116:
18113:
18111:
18108:
18106:
18103:
18101:
18098:
18096:
18093:
18091:
18088:
18086:
18083:
18081:
18078:
18076:
18073:
18071:
18068:
18066:
18063:
18061:
18058:
18056:
18053:
18052:
18050:
18048:
18044:
18038:
18035:
18033:
18030:
18028:
18025:
18024:
18022:
18018:
18012:
18009:
18007:
18004:
18002:
17999:
17997:
17994:
17993:
17990:
17987:
17985:
17981:
17975:
17972:
17970:
17967:
17966:
17964:
17960:
17957:
17955:
17951:
17932:
17928:
17925:
17921:
17920:
17916:
17914:
17913:
17909:
17907:
17906:
17902:
17901:
17900:
17897:
17895:
17892:
17890:
17887:
17885:
17882:
17880:
17877:
17875:
17871:
17868:
17867:
17865:
17863:
17859:
17851:
17848:
17846:
17843:
17841:
17838:
17836:
17833:
17831:
17828:
17826:
17823:
17821:
17818:
17816:
17813:
17811:
17808:
17807:
17806:
17803:
17802:
17797:
17794:
17792:
17789:
17787:
17784:
17782:
17779:
17778:
17777:
17774:
17773:
17770:
17767:
17765:
17762:
17760:
17757:
17755:
17752:
17750:
17747:
17745:
17742:
17740:
17737:
17736:
17734:
17732:
17728:
17725:
17723:
17719:
17713:
17710:
17707:
17705:
17702:
17701:
17698:
17692:
17688:
17684:
17676:
17671:
17669:
17664:
17662:
17657:
17656:
17653:
17641:
17638:
17636:
17633:
17632:
17629:
17623:
17622:
17618:
17616:
17615:
17611:
17607:
17606:
17605:Bhagavad Gita
17602:
17601:
17600:
17599:
17595:
17593:
17592:
17588:
17586:
17583:
17581:
17578:
17574:
17571:
17569:
17566:
17564:
17561:
17559:
17556:
17555:
17554:
17551:
17550:
17548:
17545:
17540:
17534:
17530:
17527:
17525:
17522:
17520:
17517:
17515:
17512:
17510:
17507:
17505:
17502:
17500:
17497:
17495:
17492:
17490:
17487:
17483:
17480:
17478:
17475:
17474:
17473:
17470:
17468:
17465:
17464:
17462:
17460:Other deities
17458:
17452:
17451:
17447:
17445:
17442:
17440:
17437:
17435:
17432:
17430:
17427:
17425:
17422:
17420:
17417:
17415:
17412:
17410:
17407:
17405:
17402:
17400:
17397:
17395:
17392:
17390:
17387:
17385:
17382:
17380:
17377:
17375:
17372:
17370:
17367:
17365:
17362:
17360:
17357:
17355:
17352:
17350:
17347:
17343:
17340:
17338:
17335:
17333:
17330:
17329:
17328:
17325:
17324:
17322:
17320:
17316:
17311:
17301:
17300:
17296:
17294:
17291:
17289:
17286:
17284:
17281:
17279:
17276:
17274:
17271:
17269:
17266:
17264:
17261:
17259:
17256:
17254:
17251:
17249:
17246:
17244:
17241:
17239:
17236:
17234:
17231:
17229:
17226:
17224:
17221:
17219:
17216:
17214:
17211:
17209:
17206:
17202:
17199:
17197:
17194:
17192:
17189:
17188:
17187:
17184:
17183:
17181:
17179:
17175:
17171:
17167:
17166:Hindu deities
17160:
17155:
17153:
17148:
17146:
17141:
17140:
17137:
17124:
17120:
17117:
17114:
17110:
17107:
17104:
17100:
17099:sao ching cha
17096:
17093:
17091:
17088:
17086:
17083:
17081:
17078:
17076:
17073:
17071:
17068:
17066:
17063:
17061:
17058:
17056:
17053:
17051:
17048:
17046:
17043:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17031:
17028:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17012:
17010:
17008:
17004:
16998:
16995:
16993:
16990:
16988:
16985:
16983:
16980:
16978:
16975:
16973:
16972:Kudalasangama
16970:
16968:
16965:
16963:
16960:
16958:
16955:
16953:
16950:
16948:
16945:
16944:
16942:
16940:
16936:
16930:
16927:
16925:
16922:
16920:
16917:
16915:
16912:
16910:
16909:Trimbakeshwar
16907:
16904:
16901:
16899:
16896:
16894:
16891:
16889:
16886:
16884:
16883:Mahakaleshwar
16881:
16879:
16876:
16874:
16871:
16870:
16868:
16866:
16862:
16856:
16855:Thondeshwaram
16853:
16851:
16850:Naguleshwaram
16848:
16846:
16843:
16841:
16838:
16836:
16833:
16832:
16830:
16828:
16824:
16818:
16815:
16813:
16810:
16808:
16805:
16803:
16800:
16798:
16795:
16794:
16792:
16790:
16786:
16780:
16777:
16775:
16772:
16770:
16767:
16765:
16762:
16760:
16757:
16756:
16754:
16752:
16751:Pancha Sabhas
16748:
16742:
16739:
16737:
16734:
16732:
16729:
16727:
16724:
16722:
16719:
16718:
16716:
16714:
16710:
16704:
16701:
16699:
16696:
16694:
16691:
16689:
16686:
16684:
16681:
16680:
16678:
16676:
16672:
16666:
16663:
16661:
16658:
16656:
16653:
16652:
16650:
16648:
16644:
16640:
16639:Shiva temples
16633:
16628:
16626:
16621:
16619:
16614:
16613:
16610:
16598:
16594:
16590:
16588:
16580:
16579:
16576:
16570:
16567:
16565:
16562:
16560:
16557:
16553:
16550:
16549:
16548:
16545:
16544:
16542:
16538:
16528:
16525:
16523:
16520:
16518:
16515:
16513:
16510:
16508:
16505:
16503:
16500:
16498:
16495:
16493:
16490:
16489:
16487:
16483:
16477:
16474:
16472:
16469:
16467:
16466:Trimbakeshwar
16464:
16462:
16459:
16457:
16454:
16452:
16449:
16447:
16444:
16442:
16441:Mahakaleshwar
16439:
16437:
16434:
16432:
16429:
16427:
16424:
16422:
16419:
16418:
16416:
16414:
16410:
16404:
16401:
16399:
16396:
16394:
16391:
16389:
16386:
16384:
16381:
16380:
16378:
16376:
16372:
16366:
16363:
16361:
16358:
16356:
16353:
16351:
16348:
16346:
16343:
16342:
16340:
16338:
16337:Pancha Sabhai
16334:
16328:
16325:
16323:
16320:
16318:
16315:
16313:
16310:
16308:
16305:
16304:
16302:
16300:
16296:
16293:
16291:
16290:Shiva temples
16287:
16281:
16278:
16276:
16273:
16271:
16268:
16266:
16263:
16262:
16260:
16256:
16250:
16247:
16245:
16244:Shiva Advaita
16242:
16240:
16237:
16235:
16232:
16230:
16227:
16223:
16220:
16218:
16215:
16214:
16213:
16210:
16208:
16205:
16203:
16200:
16199:
16197:
16193:
16187:
16186:
16182:
16180:
16179:
16178:Shiva Mahimna
16175:
16173:
16172:
16168:
16166:
16165:
16161:
16159:
16158:
16154:
16152:
16151:
16150:Shiva Tandava
16147:
16145:
16144:
16140:
16138:
16137:
16133:
16131:
16130:
16126:
16125:
16123:
16121:
16117:
16113:
16107:
16106:
16102:
16100:
16099:
16095:
16093:
16092:
16088:
16086:
16085:
16081:
16079:
16078:
16074:
16073:
16071:
16069:
16065:
16060:
16050:
16047:
16043:
16040:
16038:
16035:
16034:
16033:
16030:
16028:
16025:
16021:
16018:
16016:
16013:
16011:
16008:
16007:
16006:
16003:
15999:
15996:
15994:
15991:
15989:
15986:
15984:
15981:
15979:
15976:
15974:
15971:
15969:
15968:Dakshinamurti
15966:
15964:
15961:
15960:
15959:
15956:
15955:
15953:
15951:
15947:
15943:
15942:
15936:
15932:
15925:
15920:
15918:
15913:
15911:
15906:
15905:
15902:
15896:
15889:
15883:
15882:
15877:
15874:
15871:
15868:
15867:
15857:
15851:
15847:
15842:
15830:
15826:
15822:
15818:
15813:
15809:
15803:
15799:
15794:
15790:
15784:
15780:
15775:
15771:
15765:
15761:
15760:
15755:
15751:
15747:
15741:
15737:
15736:
15730:
15718:
15714:
15708:
15704:
15703:
15698:
15694:
15690:
15684:
15680:
15675:
15671:
15666:
15662:
15656:
15652:
15647:
15646:
15635:
15630:
15626:
15620:
15616:
15615:
15609:
15605:
15600:
15588:
15584:
15578:
15574:
15573:
15567:
15563:
15559:
15555:
15551:
15547:
15543:
15539:
15535:
15531:
15527:
15523:
15517:
15513:
15508:
15504:
15498:
15493:
15492:
15485:
15481:
15475:
15471:
15466:
15462:
15456:
15452:
15451:
15445:
15440:
15435:
15431:
15425:
15421:
15416:
15413:
15409:
15403:
15398:
15394:
15390:
15386:
15374:
15370:
15366:
15362:
15358:
15354:
15353:
15348:
15344:
15340:
15334:
15330:
15325:
15321:
15316:
15312:
15306:
15302:
15301:
15295:
15283:
15279:
15273:
15269:
15268:
15262:
15258:
15254:
15250:
15246:
15240:
15236:
15235:
15229:
15225:
15221:
15216:
15211:
15205:
15201:
15198:
15192:
15188:
15184:
15178:
15174:
15169:
15165:
15159:
15155:
15150:
15146:
15140:
15136:
15135:
15129:
15125:
15119:
15115:
15110:
15106:
15100:
15096:
15093:
15085:
15081:
15080:
15074:
15071:
15065:
15061:
15060:
15055:
15051:
15039:
15035:
15029:
15025:
15024:
15018:
15014:
15009:
15005:
14999:
14995:
14991:
14987:
14975:
14971:
14965:
14961:
14960:
14954:
14950:
14944:
14940:
14935:
14923:
14919:
14913:
14909:
14908:
14902:
14898:
14892:
14888:
14887:
14881:
14869:
14865:
14859:
14855:
14854:
14848:
14836:
14832:
14826:
14823:. OUP India.
14822:
14821:
14815:
14811:
14807:
14803:
14799:
14795:
14791:
14786:
14774:
14770:
14764:
14760:
14759:
14753:
14749:
14743:
14739:
14738:
14732:
14728:
14723:
14719:
14713:
14709:
14704:
14700:
14694:
14690:
14685:
14681:
14675:
14671:
14666:
14662:
14660:9780836409000
14656:
14652:
14651:
14645:
14641:
14635:
14630:
14629:
14622:
14618:
14614:
14610:
14606:
14602:
14598:
14593:
14589:
14583:
14578:
14577:
14570:
14566:
14560:
14556:
14555:
14549:
14545:
14539:
14535:
14531:
14527:
14515:
14511:
14505:
14501:
14500:
14494:
14490:
14484:
14479:
14478:
14471:
14467:
14462:
14450:
14446:
14440:
14436:
14435:
14430:
14426:
14414:
14410:
14404:
14400:
14399:
14393:
14389:
14383:
14379:
14378:
14372:
14368:
14362:
14358:
14353:
14349:
14343:
14339:
14338:
14332:
14328:
14324:
14319:
14315:
14311:
14307:
14305:0-452-28261-6
14301:
14297:
14293:
14292:
14286:
14281:
14276:
14272:
14266:
14262:
14257:
14253:
14247:
14243:
14238:
14234:
14228:
14224:
14222:
14214:
14210:
14206:
14202:
14197:
14193:
14187:
14183:
14182:
14177:
14173:
14169:
14165:
14161:
14157:
14153:
14148:
14144:
14138:
14134:
14130:
14125:
14121:
14120:
14114:
14110:
14104:
14100:
14095:
14092:
14089:
14085:
14079:
14075:
14071:
14067:
14063:
14059:
14053:
14049:
14046:. Cambridge:
14044:
14043:
14037:
14033:
14029:
14023:
14019:
14018:
14012:
14008:
14002:
13998:
13993:
13989:
13983:
13979:
13978:
13972:
13960:
13956:
13950:
13947:. Routledge.
13946:
13945:
13939:
13935:
13929:
13925:
13922:
13915:
13911:
13905:
13901:
13900:
13894:
13890:
13884:
13880:
13879:
13873:
13868:
13862:
13858:
13853:
13849:
13843:
13839:
13838:
13832:
13828:
13822:
13818:
13817:
13811:
13807:
13801:
13797:
13792:
13788:
13782:
13778:
13777:
13771:
13767:
13761:
13757:
13756:
13750:
13746:
13741:
13729:
13725:
13719:
13715:
13714:
13708:
13704:
13703:
13697:
13693:
13688:
13685:
13681:
13677:
13673:
13668:
13663:
13659:
13653:
13649:
13645:
13641:
13629:
13625:
13619:
13615:
13614:
13608:
13607:
13597:
13591:
13587:
13583:
13579:
13573:
13568:
13567:
13560:
13556:
13551:
13539:
13535:
13529:
13525:
13524:
13518:
13517:
13497:
13488:
13479:
13471:
13467:
13463:
13459:
13455:
13451:
13444:
13437:
13432:
13430:
13413:
13409:
13405:
13399:
13383:
13379:
13375:
13373:
13365:
13349:
13345:
13339:
13336:. Routledge.
13335:
13334:
13326:
13324:
13307:
13303:
13299:
13293:
13277:
13273:
13267:
13265:
13256:
13250:
13246:
13245:
13237:
13229:
13223:
13219:
13218:
13210:
13202:
13195:
13187:
13181:
13177:
13176:
13168:
13152:
13148:
13144:
13140:
13134:
13130:
13129:
13121:
13113:
13109:
13105:
13101:
13097:
13093:
13089:
13085:
13084:Artibus Asiae
13081:
13074:
13066:
13060:
13056:
13055:
13047:
13031:
13027:
13021:
13017:
13016:
13008:
12992:
12988:
12984:
12980:
12974:
12970:
12969:
12961:
12953:
12947:
12943:
12942:
12934:
12919:
12913:
12909:
12908:
12900:
12892:
12888:
12884:
12878:
12874:
12871:. New Delhi:
12870:
12866:
12864:
12860:
12854:
12848:
12832:
12828:
12824:
12820:
12814:
12810:
12806:
12802:
12798:
12794:
12787:
12771:
12767:
12761:
12757:
12756:
12749:
12741:
12734:
12726:
12713:
12694:
12690:
12684:
12682:
12672:
12670:
12668:
12666:
12664:
12656:
12650:
12643:
12638:
12632:
12628:
12624:
12618:
12611:
12606:
12599:
12594:
12586:
12580:
12576:
12575:
12567:
12559:
12553:
12549:
12548:
12540:
12533:
12528:
12526:
12518:
12514:
12511:
12505:
12498:
12493:
12486:
12481:
12465:
12461:
12460:
12455:
12448:
12441:
12436:
12434:
12427:
12423:
12417:
12410:
12406:
12403:
12397:
12389:
12385:
12381:
12377:
12373:
12369:
12362:
12354:
12350:
12346:
12342:
12338:
12334:
12327:
12320:
12315:
12308:
12303:
12287:
12283:
12277:
12261:
12257:
12251:
12243:
12237:
12233:
12226:
12218:
12212:
12208:
12207:
12206:My Hindu Year
12199:
12192:
12188:
12183:
12176:
12171:
12169:
12161:
12157:
12152:
12144:
12138:
12134:
12133:
12125:
12123:
12114:
12108:
12104:
12103:
12096:
12088:
12084:
12078:
12062:
12058:
12052:
12036:
12032:
12026:
12017:
12001:
11997:
11991:
11987:
11986:
11978:
11962:
11958:
11952:
11948:
11947:
11939:
11931:
11925:
11921:
11914:
11907:
11902:
11895:
11891:
11885:
11869:
11865:
11859:
11855:
11854:
11846:
11838:
11832:
11828:
11821:
11813:
11807:
11803:
11802:
11794:
11778:
11774:
11770:
11763:
11761:
11752:
11746:
11742:
11735:
11719:
11715:
11709:
11705:
11704:
11696:
11680:
11676:
11669:
11661:
11655:
11651:
11644:
11636:
11630:
11626:
11619:
11600:
11596:
11592:
11585:
11578:
11576:
11567:
11561:
11557:
11550:
11544:, p. 26.
11543:
11538:
11536:
11519:
11515:
11511:
11504:
11502:
11500:
11491:
11484:
11468:
11464:
11458:
11454:
11453:
11445:
11437:
11431:
11427:
11420:
11412:
11406:
11402:
11395:
11387:
11381:
11377:
11370:
11362:
11356:
11352:
11351:
11343:
11334:
11327:
11323:
11320:
11315:
11313:
11311:
11303:
11299:
11295:
11294:Michaels 2004
11290:
11283:
11278:
11276:
11259:
11255:
11251:
11247:
11246:
11238:
11231:
11226:
11218:
11212:
11208:
11203:
11202:
11193:
11191:
11189:
11187:
11179:
11174:
11166:
11160:
11156:
11151:
11150:
11141:
11134:
11129:
11122:
11118:
11112:
11105:
11100:
11093:
11087:
11080:
11075:
11070:
11068:
11067:
11060:
11058:
11057:
11048:
11041:
11035:
11028:
11022:
11015:
11009:
11002:
10996:
10989:
10983:
10975:
10969:
10961:
10954:
10938:
10934:
10930:
10924:
10917:
10910:
10901:
10894:
10889:
10881:
10874:
10868:, p. 62.
10867:
10862:
10855:
10848:
10843:
10836:
10829:
10823:
10817:, p. 47.
10816:
10811:
10804:
10796:
10792:
10786:
10778:
10774:
10767:
10760:. p. 45.
10759:
10755:
10748:
10740:
10733:
10731:
10722:
10715:
10708:
10704:
10700:
10695:
10689:, p. 63.
10688:
10684:
10682:
10674:
10668:, p. 62.
10667:
10661:
10654:
10650:
10644:
10637:
10633:
10631:
10623:
10616:
10610:
10602:
10596:
10592:
10591:
10583:
10575:
10569:
10565:
10561:
10560:
10552:
10545:
10541:
10540:McDaniel 2004
10536:
10528:
10522:
10518:
10517:
10509:
10502:
10496:
10480:
10476:
10470:
10466:
10465:
10457:
10449:
10443:
10439:
10432:
10416:
10412:
10406:
10402:
10401:
10393:
10386:
10382:
10376:
10367:
10361:, p. 479
10360:
10355:
10348:
10342:, p. 40.
10341:
10336:
10330:
10323:
10316:
10311:
10305:
10299:
10292:
10286:, p. 32.
10285:
10279:
10272:
10266:
10260:, p. 32.
10259:
10253:
10246:
10240:
10233:
10228:
10222:, p. 92.
10221:
10216:
10209:
10204:
10197:
10192:
10185:
10180:
10173:
10169:
10164:
10157:
10152:
10145:
10141:
10137:
10131:
10124:
10120:
10114:
10107:
10101:
10094:
10088:
10072:
10068:
10062:
10058:
10057:
10049:
10043:, p. 150
10042:
10036:
10030:, p. 33.
10029:
10024:
10017:
10013:
10009:
10004:
9997:
9993:
9988:
9981:
9974:
9970:
9966:
9962:
9959:For the name
9956:
9949:
9944:
9938:, p. 291
9937:
9932:
9926:, p. 98.
9925:
9920:
9913:
9906:
9900:
9892:
9886:
9882:
9881:
9873:
9865:
9859:
9855:
9854:
9846:
9838:
9831:
9824:
9819:
9812:
9806:, p. 25.
9805:
9800:
9794:, p. 44.
9793:
9788:
9781:
9775:
9768:
9767:Michaels 2004
9763:
9757:, p. 51.
9756:
9751:
9744:
9739:
9732:
9727:
9720:
9715:
9708:
9701:
9696:
9689:
9682:
9677:
9670:
9654:
9650:
9646:
9640:
9633:
9628:
9626:
9618:
9612:
9606:, p. 31.
9605:
9599:
9593:, p. 290
9592:
9587:
9581:, p. 62.
9580:
9574:
9567:
9562:
9555:
9549:
9543:, p. 22.
9542:
9537:
9521:
9517:
9511:
9507:
9506:
9498:
9492:, pp. 182–183
9491:
9487:
9481:
9474:
9470:
9463:
9456:
9450:
9444:, p. 58.
9443:
9437:
9430:
9424:
9418:, p. 56.
9417:
9412:
9411:Candraśekhara
9405:
9398:
9394:
9392:
9384:
9377:
9371:
9364:
9359:
9352:
9344:
9337:
9328:
9321:
9315:
9308:
9304:
9298:
9291:
9287:
9281:
9274:
9268:
9262:
9257:
9253:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9235:
9229:, p. 83.
9228:
9222:
9215:
9210:
9203:
9195:
9189:
9185:
9184:
9174:
9168:
9164:
9163:
9155:
9149:, p. 139
9148:
9143:
9136:
9128:
9122:
9118:
9117:
9109:
9101:
9095:
9091:
9090:
9082:
9074:
9068:
9064:
9063:
9055:
9047:
9041:
9037:
9036:
9026:
9020:
9016:
9015:
9007:
9005:
8996:
8992:
8988:
8982:
8978:
8977:
8967:
8961:
8957:
8956:
8948:
8946:
8929:
8925:
8919:
8911:
8905:
8901:
8894:
8887:
8883:
8878:
8871:
8867:
8862:
8855:
8854:Williams 1981
8850:
8848:
8839:
8833:
8829:
8828:
8820:
8812:
8806:
8802:
8801:
8793:
8786:
8782:
8777:
8769:
8763:
8759:
8754:
8753:
8744:
8728:
8724:
8718:
8714:
8713:
8708:
8702:
8700:
8691:
8685:
8681:
8680:
8672:
8664:
8658:
8654:
8653:
8645:
8637:
8631:
8625:
8621:
8620:
8612:
8605:
8600:
8593:
8588:
8582:, p. 77.
8581:
8576:
8560:
8556:
8550:
8546:
8545:
8537:
8531:, p. 26.
8530:
8525:
8523:
8516:, p. 90.
8515:
8514:McDaniel 2004
8510:
8508:
8500:
8495:
8488:
8483:
8476:
8472:
8467:
8460:
8455:
8448:
8443:
8436:
8431:
8425:, p. 43.
8424:
8419:
8411:
8410:
8402:
8394:
8388:
8384:
8383:
8375:
8359:
8355:
8349:
8345:
8344:
8336:
8329:
8328:Skanda Purana
8325:
8321:
8315:
8309:, pp. 150–153
8308:
8304:
8298:
8291:
8287:
8281:
8274:
8270:
8264:
8257:
8253:
8250:
8244:
8237:
8236:Michaels 2004
8232:
8216:
8212:
8206:
8202:
8201:
8193:
8185:
8179:
8175:
8174:
8166:
8164:
8147:
8143:
8137:
8133:
8132:
8124:
8116:
8110:
8106:
8105:
8097:
8090:
8089:Michaels 2004
8085:
8078:
8077:Michaels 2004
8073:
8065:
8058:
8045:
8037:
8031:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8011:
8004:
7999:
7991:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7973:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7940:
7933:
7928:
7926:
7918:
7914:
7908:
7901:
7897:
7891:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7871:
7864:
7859:
7852:
7848:
7843:
7836:
7831:
7824:
7819:
7812:
7807:
7799:
7793:
7789:
7784:
7783:
7774:
7768:, p. 84.
7767:
7762:
7755:
7750:
7743:
7739:
7734:
7727:
7722:
7715:
7710:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7686:
7670:
7666:
7665:
7660:
7654:
7638:
7634:
7628:
7621:
7616:
7614:
7606:
7602:
7597:
7590:
7585:
7583:
7575:
7571:
7566:
7559:
7554:
7547:
7542:
7535:
7530:
7523:
7517:
7508:
7502:, p. 89.
7501:
7495:
7488:
7484:
7472:
7465:
7464:Griffith 1973
7459:
7452:
7448:
7436:
7429:
7424:
7416:
7412:
7406:
7397:
7388:
7382:, p. 89.
7381:
7375:
7359:
7355:
7349:
7343:, p. 18.
7342:
7337:
7330:
7326:
7320:
7313:
7308:
7301:
7296:
7289:
7284:
7277:
7272:
7265:
7260:
7253:
7252:Winstedt 2020
7248:
7241:
7236:
7229:
7224:
7209:
7205:
7199:
7190:
7184:, p. 73.
7183:
7178:
7171:
7170:Michaels 2004
7166:
7159:
7154:
7146:
7140:
7136:
7135:
7127:
7111:
7107:
7101:
7097:
7096:
7088:
7081:
7077:
7074:
7068:
7066:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7022:
7015:
7011:
7008:
7002:
6994:
6988:
6984:
6983:
6975:
6966:
6960:
6956:
6955:
6947:
6939:
6933:
6929:
6928:
6920:
6918:
6911:, p. 32.
6910:
6909:Beckwith 2009
6905:
6903:
6894:
6888:
6884:
6883:
6875:
6859:
6855:
6849:
6845:
6844:
6839:
6833:
6827:, pp. 240–250
6826:
6822:
6816:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6773:
6766:
6761:
6755:, p. 14.
6754:
6749:
6742:
6738:
6733:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6713:
6706:
6701:
6695:, p. 45.
6694:
6690:
6686:
6681:
6674:
6673:Michaels 2004
6670:
6668:
6660:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6640:
6624:
6620:
6614:
6610:
6609:
6601:
6594:
6593:Neumayer 2013
6589:
6582:
6577:
6570:
6565:
6558:
6553:
6551:
6543:
6539:
6533:
6526:
6520:
6513:
6508:
6501:
6495:
6488:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6472:, p. 31.
6471:
6466:
6460:, p. 147
6459:
6453:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6433:
6426:
6421:
6419:
6411:
6406:
6399:
6395:
6390:
6383:
6377:
6370:
6366:
6360:
6353:
6348:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6328:
6321:
6316:
6309:
6303:, p. 299
6302:
6296:
6289:
6284:
6278:, p. 297
6277:
6273:
6261:
6254:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6237:
6232:
6225:
6221:
6216:
6209:
6203:
6196:
6190:
6183:
6179:
6178:Berreman 1963
6174:
6168:, p. 27.
6167:
6162:
6156:, p. 24.
6155:
6151:
6146:
6130:
6126:
6125:
6117:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6087:
6086:
6078:
6072:, p. 149
6071:
6066:
6061:
6059:
6052:
6045:
6037:
6031:
6026:
6019:
6014:
6012:
6004:
6000:
5997:
5989:
5982:
5977:
5970:
5965:
5959:, p. 28.
5958:
5954:
5952:
5944:
5937:
5936:Prentiss 2000
5932:
5925:
5921:
5918:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5899:, p. 17.
5898:
5894:
5889:
5883:, p. 31.
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5865:
5858:
5853:
5851:
5843:
5839:
5834:
5832:
5824:
5823:Marchand 2007
5820:
5816:
5812:
5811:Shiva Samhita
5807:
5800:
5795:
5788:
5783:
5776:
5771:
5764:
5759:
5752:
5748:
5743:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5710:
5705:
5703:
5695:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5668:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5652:, p. 65.
5651:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5633:, p. 35.
5632:
5627:
5619:
5613:
5607:, p. 62.
5606:
5605:Williams 1981
5601:
5595:, p. 78.
5594:
5589:
5582:
5577:
5575:
5567:
5562:
5556:, p. 58.
5555:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5538:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5520:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5492:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5472:
5468:
5454:
5442:
5436:, p. 45.
5435:
5430:
5424:
5417:
5411:, p. 17.
5410:
5405:
5397:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5329:
5325:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5299:Neolithic at
5297:
5293:
5287:
5280:
5274:
5270:
5260:
5259:Shiva temples
5257:
5256:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5231:
5230:Shiva Trilogy
5227:'s 2010 book
5226:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5170:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5124:
5123:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5102:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5089:, one of the
5088:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4958:
4954:
4944:
4933:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4828:
4824:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4756:Kushan Empire
4753:
4749:
4739:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4675:Dieng Plateau
4671:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4544:
4539:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4517:
4507:
4496:
4486:
4474:
4470:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4444:Vishnu Purana
4440:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4296:Wendy Doniger
4292:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4265:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4086:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4048:
4046:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4006:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3968:): creation (
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3885:त्रिपुरांतक;
3884:
3880:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3847:
3843:
3842:Dakshinamurti
3839:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3794:) is a form (
3793:
3789:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3768:Chola dynasty
3765:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3745:Ashokasundari
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3551:
3542:
3528:
3519:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3463:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3411:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3378:
3364:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3248:, (Sanskrit:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3027:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2967:
2966:Candraśekhara
2962:
2961:Crescent moon
2959:
2955:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2885:
2878:
2877:skull garland
2874:
2869:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2841:
2839:
2838:Abhinavagupta
2835:
2834:Shiva Samhita
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2737:Kushan Empire
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2670:
2667:Oleograph by
2665:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2642:Bhagavad Gita
2638:
2637:
2636:Devi Mahatmya
2632:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2580:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:Shaiva Agamas
2389:
2385:
2381:
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2197:
2191:
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2166:
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2161:Wendy Doniger
2159:According to
2154:
2150:
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2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2107:
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2057:
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2048:
2046:
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2031:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:Indo-European
1976:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1956:John Marshall
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1938:
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1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:Hindu deities
1914:
1912:
1907:
1903:
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1634:
1632:
1626:"lord"), and
1625:
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1609:
1607:
1601:
1597:
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1589:
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1387:
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1379:Shiva Temples
1377:
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1360:
1357:
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1286:Abhinavagupta
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1264:
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1259:
1256:
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1037:
1035:
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1030:
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1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:other aspects
1012:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
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993:
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985:
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977:
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781:
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742:
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735:
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723:
719:
715:
712:
708:
704:
700:
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692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
669:who lives an
668:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:The Destroyer
617:
615:
611:
610:Supreme Being
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:[mɐɦaːd̪eːʋɐh
591:
589:
583:
577:
568:
562:
521:
516:
512:
510:
504:
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295:
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292:Crescent Moon
290:
288:
285:
284:
282:
280:
276:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
260:Pashupatastra
258:
256:
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139:
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132:
125:
120:
117:
112:
107:
103:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
80:
77:
75:
74:Lord of Yogis
72:
70:
66:
65:
60:
55:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
20092:Indian yogis
20052:Justice gods
20027:Creator gods
19828:Medaw Lay Ba
19783:Shin Thiwali
19742:Amay Yay Yin
19574:
19509:Anauk Mibaya
19479:Htibyuhsaung
19454:Maung Minbyu
19433:Shwe Sitthin
19423:Tabinshwehti
19407:Maungminshin
19386:Aungzwamagyi
19357:(Naga Medaw)
19226:Architecture
18829:Brahmacharya
18771:Samavartanam
18736:Annaprashana
18602:
18505:
18442:
18306:
18260:Dharmaśāstra
18250:Arthashastra
18085:Maitrayaniya
17917:
17910:
17903:
17825:Brahmacharya
17619:
17612:
17603:
17596:
17589:
17514:Gramadevatas
17448:
17297:
17200:
17007:Out of India
17006:
16938:
16929:Grishneshwar
16898:Bhimashankar
16845:Munneshwaram
16835:Kethishwaram
16522:Tiruchengode
16426:Grishneshwar
16421:Bhimashankar
16413:Jyotirlingas
16265:Kanwar Yatra
16183:
16176:
16169:
16162:
16155:
16148:
16141:
16136:Rudrashtakam
16134:
16127:
16103:
16096:
16091:Shiva Purana
16089:
16082:
16075:
15957:
15939:
15879:
15845:
15833:. Retrieved
15824:
15820:
15797:
15778:
15758:
15734:
15721:. Retrieved
15701:
15678:
15669:
15650:
15633:
15613:
15603:
15591:. Retrieved
15571:
15545:
15541:
15538:Wayman, Alex
15511:
15490:
15469:
15449:
15438:
15419:
15401:
15392:
15379:11 September
15377:. Retrieved
15351:
15328:
15319:
15299:
15286:. Retrieved
15266:
15256:
15233:
15223:
15219:
15194:
15172:
15153:
15133:
15113:
15088:
15078:
15058:
15042:. Retrieved
15022:
15012:
14993:
14990:Rocher, Ludo
14980:23 September
14978:. Retrieved
14958:
14938:
14926:. Retrieved
14906:
14885:
14872:. Retrieved
14852:
14839:. Retrieved
14819:
14793:
14789:
14777:. Retrieved
14757:
14736:
14726:
14707:
14688:
14669:
14649:
14627:
14600:
14596:
14575:
14553:
14533:
14520:17 September
14518:. Retrieved
14498:
14476:
14465:
14453:. Retrieved
14433:
14419:26 September
14417:. Retrieved
14401:. Infobase.
14397:
14376:
14356:
14340:. ABC-CLIO.
14336:
14326:
14294:. New York:
14290:
14279:
14260:
14241:
14217:
14200:
14180:
14151:
14128:
14118:
14098:
14069:
14066:Flood, Gavin
14041:
14036:Flood, Gavin
14016:
13996:
13976:
13965:12 September
13963:. Retrieved
13943:
13918:
13898:
13877:
13856:
13836:
13815:
13795:
13775:
13754:
13744:
13732:. Retrieved
13712:
13701:
13691:
13666:
13647:
13632:. Retrieved
13612:
13585:
13565:
13554:
13542:. Retrieved
13522:
13496:
13487:
13478:
13453:
13449:
13443:
13416:. Retrieved
13407:
13398:
13386:. Retrieved
13377:
13371:
13364:
13354:11 September
13352:. Retrieved
13332:
13310:. Retrieved
13301:
13292:
13280:. Retrieved
13243:
13236:
13216:
13209:
13200:
13194:
13174:
13167:
13155:. Retrieved
13127:
13120:
13087:
13083:
13073:
13053:
13046:
13034:. Retrieved
13014:
13007:
12995:. Retrieved
12967:
12960:
12940:
12933:
12921:. Retrieved
12906:
12899:
12868:
12862:
12858:
12847:
12835:. Retrieved
12796:
12786:
12774:. Retrieved
12755:Dasam Granth
12754:
12748:
12739:
12733:
12721:|title=
12700:. Retrieved
12654:
12649:
12637:
12622:
12617:
12605:
12593:
12573:
12566:
12546:
12539:
12504:
12492:
12480:
12468:. Retrieved
12457:
12447:
12416:
12396:
12371:
12367:
12361:
12339:(1): 63–72.
12336:
12332:
12326:
12314:
12302:
12290:. Retrieved
12284:. Manorama.
12276:
12264:. Retrieved
12250:
12231:
12225:
12205:
12198:
12182:
12151:
12131:
12101:
12095:
12087:the original
12077:
12065:. Retrieved
12051:
12039:. Retrieved
12025:
12016:
12004:. Retrieved
11984:
11977:
11965:. Retrieved
11945:
11938:
11919:
11913:
11901:
11884:
11872:. Retrieved
11852:
11845:
11826:
11820:
11800:
11793:
11781:. Retrieved
11772:
11740:
11734:
11722:. Retrieved
11702:
11695:
11683:. Retrieved
11668:
11649:
11643:
11624:
11618:
11606:. Retrieved
11599:the original
11594:
11590:
11555:
11549:
11522:. Retrieved
11513:
11489:
11483:
11471:. Retrieved
11451:
11444:
11425:
11419:
11400:
11394:
11375:
11369:
11349:
11342:
11333:
11289:
11262:. Retrieved
11254:10603/295754
11244:
11237:
11225:
11200:
11173:
11148:
11140:
11128:
11119:31 is from:
11116:
11111:
11099:
11086:
11062:
11052:
11047:
11034:
11021:
11008:
10995:
10982:
10959:
10953:
10941:. Retrieved
10932:
10923:
10918:, p. 1.
10909:
10900:
10888:
10879:
10873:
10861:Dakṣiṇāmūrti
10854:
10842:Dakṣiṇāmūrti
10835:
10822:
10810:Dakṣiṇāmūrti
10803:
10795:the original
10785:
10772:
10766:
10753:
10747:
10738:
10720:
10714:
10706:
10694:
10678:
10673:
10660:
10648:
10643:
10627:
10622:
10609:
10589:
10582:
10558:
10551:
10535:
10515:
10508:
10495:
10483:. Retrieved
10463:
10456:
10437:
10431:
10419:. Retrieved
10399:
10392:
10384:
10375:
10366:
10347:
10322:
10291:
10278:
10265:
10252:
10239:
10227:
10215:
10203:
10191:
10179:
10163:
10151:
10139:
10135:
10130:
10125:, p. 5.
10118:
10113:
10100:
10087:
10075:. Retrieved
10055:
10048:
10035:
10023:
10003:
9996:Stutley 1985
9991:
9980:
9968:
9964:
9960:
9955:
9943:
9931:
9924:Stutley 1985
9912:
9899:
9879:
9872:
9852:
9845:
9836:
9830:
9811:
9799:
9787:
9774:
9762:
9750:
9738:
9726:
9707:
9702:, p. 8.
9688:
9669:
9657:. Retrieved
9648:
9639:
9619:, p. 78
9611:
9598:
9586:
9573:
9561:
9548:
9536:
9524:. Retrieved
9504:
9497:
9480:
9462:
9449:
9436:
9423:
9404:
9388:
9383:
9370:
9351:
9336:
9327:
9314:
9302:
9297:
9285:
9280:
9267:
9243:
9234:
9221:
9202:
9182:
9161:
9154:
9135:
9115:
9108:
9088:
9081:
9061:
9054:
9034:
9013:
8975:
8954:
8932:. Retrieved
8918:
8899:
8893:
8877:
8861:
8826:
8819:
8799:
8792:
8776:
8751:
8743:
8731:. Retrieved
8711:
8678:
8671:
8651:
8644:
8618:
8611:
8599:
8592:Warrier 1967
8587:
8575:
8565:17 September
8563:. Retrieved
8543:
8536:
8494:
8482:
8471:Kinsley 1988
8466:
8459:Kinsley 1988
8454:
8442:
8430:
8418:
8408:
8401:
8381:
8374:
8362:. Retrieved
8342:
8335:
8314:
8297:
8280:
8263:
8243:
8231:
8219:. Retrieved
8199:
8192:
8172:
8150:. Retrieved
8130:
8123:
8103:
8096:
8084:
8072:
8030:
8010:
7998:
7953:
7949:
7939:
7907:
7890:
7882:
7870:
7858:
7842:
7830:
7823:Deussen 1997
7818:
7806:
7781:
7773:
7766:Blurton 1993
7761:
7754:Blurton 1993
7749:
7733:
7721:
7714:Deussen 1997
7709:
7685:
7673:. Retrieved
7662:
7653:
7641:. Retrieved
7627:
7601:Deussen 1997
7596:
7589:Deussen 1997
7565:
7553:
7546:Anthony 2007
7541:
7534:Anthony 2007
7529:
7524:, p. 8.
7516:
7507:
7494:
7482:
7471:
7458:
7446:
7435:
7423:
7414:
7405:
7396:
7387:
7374:
7362:. Retrieved
7348:
7336:
7324:
7319:
7307:
7295:
7283:
7278:, p. 7.
7271:
7259:
7247:
7235:
7223:
7211:. Retrieved
7207:
7198:
7189:
7177:
7165:
7153:
7133:
7126:
7114:. Retrieved
7094:
7087:
7031:
7027:
7021:
7001:
6981:
6974:
6953:
6946:
6926:
6881:
6874:
6862:. Retrieved
6842:
6832:
6815:
6782:
6778:
6772:
6760:
6748:
6732:
6712:
6700:
6680:
6664:
6659:
6654:, p. 29
6648:Kenoyer 1998
6639:
6627:. Retrieved
6607:
6600:
6588:
6581:Hopkins 2001
6576:
6569:Hopkins 2001
6564:
6557:Hopkins 2001
6544:, and p. 40.
6541:
6532:
6519:
6507:
6494:
6465:
6452:
6445:Granoff 2003
6432:
6405:
6389:
6376:
6364:
6359:
6347:
6333:sahasranAman
6332:
6327:
6315:Parameśhvara
6308:
6295:
6283:
6271:
6260:
6231:
6223:
6215:
6208:Ganguli 2004
6202:
6189:
6173:
6161:
6145:
6133:. Retrieved
6123:
6116:
6104:. Retrieved
6084:
6077:
6055:
6044:
6025:
5993:
5988:
5976:
5964:
5948:
5943:
5931:
5888:
5877:Granoff 2003
5864:
5819:Varenne 1976
5810:
5806:
5794:
5782:
5775:Kinsley 1988
5770:
5758:
5742:
5730:. Retrieved
5716:
5631:Kinsley 1998
5626:
5612:
5600:
5588:
5561:
5508:
5499:
5480:
5477:"Yogeshvara"
5471:
5452:
5441:
5416:
5396:
5379:
5372:Urdhva Retas
5371:
5328:
5313:
5308:
5304:
5286:
5281:, p. 5.
5273:
5244:
5234:
5228:
5218:
5212:
5205:
5203:
5178:
5085:
5039:
5022:
5008:
4996:Twenty Devas
4994:
4964:
4874:
4867:
4861:
4839:
4800:Dasam Granth
4793:
4772:Dandan Oilik
4767:
4748:Central Asia
4745:
4742:Central Asia
4733:
4725:
4699:
4693:
4687:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4608:
4591:
4585:
4570:
4565:Thiruvathira
4563:
4548:
4543:Jyotirlingam
4534:
4529:
4525:
4523:
4515:
4457:Adi Shankara
4455:philosopher
4442:
4436:
4426:
4413:
4395:
4393:
4389:Linga Purana
4388:
4384:
4381:Yupa-Skambha
4380:
4372:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4347:Yupa-Stambha
4346:
4342:
4340:
4327:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4267:
4252:
4244:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4209:
4206:Linga Purana
4205:
4201:Linga Purana
4200:
4198:
4179:Shiva Lingam
4164:
4157:
4146:Adi Shankara
4137:
4130:Satcitananda
4124:notes that,
4102:Thiruvasagam
4095:
4089:
4081:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4060:pañcabrahman
4055:
3991:namaḥ śivāya
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3952:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3921:
3912:
3903:
3889:Tripurāntaka
3886:
3879:Tripurantaka
3877:
3872:
3863:
3858:
3852:Dakṣiṇāmūrti
3849:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3807:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3713:
3640:
3602:
3585:
3577:
3567:
3502:Adi Shankara
3500:philosopher
3483:
3459:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3430:
3421:
3413:
3407:
3363:mythology.
3361:
3347:
3331:
3323:
3300:
3292:
3269:
3237:
3229:
3226:Rosary beads
3225:
3219:
3213:
3209:
3190:ḍamaru-hasta
3187:
3173:
3169:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3125:
3097:
3091:
3081:
3073:
3070:Sacred Ganga
3069:
3059:
3040:
3036:
3018:
3006:
2996:
2986:
2976:
2960:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2900:
2853:
2833:
2830:Shiva Sutras
2829:
2821:
2815:
2806:
2803:
2784:
2780:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2746:
2729:Gupta Empire
2725:Adi Shankara
2714:
2710:Ishta Devata
2675:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2619:
2617:
2606:
2577:
2567:
2556:
2550:
2539:
2535:
2521:
2515:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2472:
2408:
2403:
2395:
2390:. Dualistic
2377:
2374:Linga Purana
2370:Shiva Purana
2363:
2348:
2336:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2308:
2305:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2269:
2258:
2256:
2252:Paul Deussen
2245:
2235:
2233:
2224:Tirthankaras
2213:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2196:Verethraghna
2193:
2185:
2172:
2158:
2104:
2101:
2091:
2083:
2069:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2038:
2027:
2004:
1986:
1972:
1960:
1948:iconographic
1941:
1908:
1899:
1896:Mohenjo-daro
1881:
1865:Mohenjo-Daro
1861:Indus Valley
1827:
1793:Christianity
1790:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1718:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1627:
1619:
1618:"great" and
1611:
1603:
1599:
1598:"Great" and
1591:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1534:
1528:
1518:
1512:
1507:
1506:to the noun
1503:
1498:, including
1482:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1443:
1219:
1179:Pratyabhijna
1167:
1166:
1156:Saiddhantika
1155:
1154:
1149:Mantra marga
1147:
1122:
1072:Panchakshara
1029:Satkaryavada
946:Svetasvatara
824:
819:
815:Parameshvara
813:
738:
671:ascetic life
661:
620:
618:
608:. He is the
597:
585:
519:
506:
457:
456:
442:
51:
20097:Horned gods
20082:Wisdom gods
20067:Savior gods
19853:Ma Phae Wah
19838:Mya Nan Nwe
19753:Myauk Medaw
19748:Taung Medaw
19738:Anauk Medaw
19733:Ashay Medaw
19699:Lord of the
19682:Ko Myo Shin
19619:Koyin Maung
19565:Maha Peinne
19526:(Ma Hnelay)
19499:Min Kyawzwa
19443:Maung Po Tu
19350:Hnamadawgyi
19275:WikiProject
19147:Persecution
19135:Nationalism
19125:Iconography
19005:Ratha Yatra
18916:Janmashtami
18911:Rama Navami
18839:Vanaprastha
18790:Varnashrama
18766:Ritushuddhi
18751:Vidyarambha
18741:Chudakarana
18731:Nishkramana
18706:Garbhadhana
18347:Thirukkural
18342:Thiruppugal
18270:Nāradasmṛti
18233:Mahabharata
18011:Atharvaveda
17889:Vaisheshika
17776:Puruṣārthas
17598:Mahabharata
17509:Kuladevatas
17288:Vishvakarma
16939:Significant
16924:Rameshwaram
16888:Omkareshwar
16840:Koneshwaram
16731:Ksheerarama
16726:Daksharamam
16665:Kaleshwaram
16655:Daksharamam
16569:Other names
16451:Omkareshwar
16436:Mallikarjun
16299:Panch Kedar
16171:Shri Rudram
16157:Sahasranama
15044:25 December
14994:The Puranas
14653:. Manohar.
13370:"TV series
12702:29 December
11401:On Hinduism
11066:pañcavaktra
10813:form, see:
10653:Sharma 1996
10636:Zimmer 1972
10615:Jansen 1993
10566:, 515–516.
10503:for details
10315:Sharma 1996
10184:Sharma 1996
10156:Sharma 1996
10106:Sharma 1988
9973:Sharma 1996
9936:Sharma 1996
9815:For use by
9804:Jansen 1993
9792:Jansen 1993
9698:form, see:
9591:Sharma 1996
9554:Sharma 1996
9258:, pp. 4, 29
9227:Jansen 1993
8955:Śiva Sūtras
8604:Rocher 1986
8544:The Rigveda
8499:Coburn 1991
8435:Coburn 2002
8023:Thakur 1986
8003:Tagare 2002
7902:, pl. 43–44
7875:Sharma 1990
7851:Rocher 1986
7742:Scharf 1996
7726:Sastri 1898
7675:2 September
7643:2 September
7327:10.7, see:
7228:Zimmer 2000
7158:Sircar 1998
6365:Śatarudriya
6352:Sharma 1996
6301:Sharma 1996
6276:Sharma 1996
6166:Powell 2016
6068:... " see:
6018:Sharma 1996
5842:Sircar 1998
5709:Sharma 1996
5650:Sharma 2000
5554:Fuller 2004
5537:Zimmer 1972
5423:Sasipañjara
5368:Brahmacarya
5215:DD National
5207:Gange Gowri
5185:Mount Putuo
5136:is a Shiva-
5075:") wherein
5073:Pure Abodes
5058:Lotus Sutra
5046:Kizil Caves
5024:dharmapalas
4953:Kizil Caves
4921:Sakra Indra
4913:Bodhisattva
4901:Sakra Indra
4899:along with
4810:Avatar and
4780:Zoroastrian
4768:Yajnopavita
4695:Batara Guru
4654:Shivarathri
4615:Kumbha Mela
4559:Tripurasura
4524:There is a
4447:claim sage
4423:Vaishnavism
4404:Jyotirlinga
4385:Shiva-Linga
3962:pañcabrahma
3928:panigrahana
3865:Bhikshatana
3641:sahasranama
3594:Epic period
3584:= "great",
3560:Bhikshatana
3521:(Sanskrit:
3470:"time" and
3019:Blue throat
3007:Matted hair
2969:(Sanskrit:
2927:Mahabharata
2918:त्र्यम्बकम्
2807:Isvara Gita
2781:dissolution
2547:Vaishnavism
2511:Lingayatism
2479:Vaishnavism
2440:Lingodbhava
2340:Numismatics
2331:Mahabharata
2230:Development
2111:Sasipañjara
2105:Śatarudrīya
1943:Gavin Flood
1929:Gavin Flood
1888:ithyphallic
1876: 2350
1766:Maharashtra
1680:Śatarudriya
1663:Mahabharata
1640:Sahasranama
1631:Parameśvara
1574:interprets
1504:Rudra-Shiva
1374:Jyotirlinga
1243:Lingayatism
1239:Veerashaiva
1162:Siddhantism
931:Shivasutras
623:within the
333:Thrayodashi
194:Parabrahman
177:Affiliation
134:Other names
20057:Dance gods
20042:Hindu gods
20001:Categories
19955:Bangladesh
19878:Wathondare
19661:Bago Medaw
19640:U Shin Gyi
19615:(Me Wunna)
19613:Popa Medaw
19599:Other nats
19585:Thuyathadi
19579:Paramethwa
19418:Nyaunggyin
19409:(Shin Byu)
19403:(Shin Nyo)
19401:Taungmagyi
19376:Thandawgan
19361:Thonbanhla
19355:Shwe Nabay
18976:Kumbh Mela
18944:Gudi Padwa
18889:Durga Puja
18874:Shivaratri
18746:Karnavedha
18726:Namakarana
18688:Tirthatana
18455:Dattatreya
18292:Subhashita
18265:Manusmriti
18142:Dhanurveda
18075:Taittiriya
18060:Kaushitaki
18047:Upanishads
17820:Aparigraha
17722:Philosophy
17580:Upanishads
17499:Gandharvas
17223:Dattatreya
16987:Thiruvarur
16919:Nageshvara
16914:Vaidyanath
16736:Kumararama
16703:Kalpeshwar
16552:Rasalingam
16476:Vishwanath
16471:Vaidyanath
16327:Kalpeshwar
16280:Shiva Puja
16195:Traditions
15993:Tatpurusha
15855:8171200869
15807:8176254274
15788:8120611799
15660:8176254274
15624:0691017786
15582:9004064982
15479:0226851168
15412:8121510872
15220:Purātattva
15209:8170813506
15163:8120805445
15104:8120813812
15069:8172231245
14679:8121507154
14587:0691019304
14444:0802137970
14429:Keay, John
14366:9074597076
14251:8170391865
14232:812080046X
14191:9004043306
14176:Gonda, Jan
14142:079145326X
14131:. Albany:
14083:1405132515
14057:0521438780
13933:0195057422
13909:8120805577
13888:0791404463
13866:8120805674
13805:8120800532
13684:8170200709
13676:B008RXWY7O
13657:8120805674
13577:8121505933
13388:2 December
13138:8170306337
12978:0203641868
12923:13 October
12776:7 November
12642:Ghose 1966
12610:Ghose 1966
12598:Ghose 1966
12584:0197260624
12557:9799240018
12532:Ghose 1966
12497:Ghose 1966
12485:Ghose 1966
12241:8120605233
12156:Dalal 2010
12006:7 November
11967:7 November
11929:0195203615
11894:0823922871
11836:0195203615
11783:17 January
11608:18 January
11565:0877282536
11524:18 January
11385:0195202503
11298:Flood 1996
11056:pañcamukha
10943:26 January
10681:nṛtyamūrti
10634:form see:
10542:, p.
10485:7 November
10421:7 November
10381:Gupta 1988
10245:Flood 1996
10220:Flood 1996
10041:Flood 1996
10016:0500510881
9695:Gaṅgādhara
9676:Gaṅgādhara
9659:5 December
9617:Flood 1996
9473:Flood 1996
9273:Flood 1996
9261:Gonda 1969
9248:Gonda 1969
9147:Flood 2003
8884:, p.
8868:, p.
8783:, p.
8781:Flood 1996
8580:Brown 1998
8529:Brown 1998
8019:Gonda 1975
8015:Flood 2003
7932:Flood 1996
7879:Davis 1992
7863:Flood 2003
7847:Flood 2003
7738:Flood 2003
7698:Kunst 1968
7620:Flood 2003
7329:Sarup 1998
7240:Storl 2004
7182:Flood 2003
7144:0253208912
6741:Flood 2003
6737:Flood 1996
6721:Flood 2003
6717:Flood 1996
6705:Flood 1996
6685:Vohra 2000
6652:Flood 1996
6644:Singh 1989
6629:30 January
6538:Gupta 1988
6437:Flood 1996
6394:Flood 1996
6180:, p.
6070:Flood 1996
5897:Flood 1996
5869:Flood 1996
5857:Flood 1996
5799:Flood 1996
5763:Gonda 1969
5747:Flood 1996
5732:30 October
5694:Flood 1996
5581:Dalal 2010
5566:Javid 2008
5505:"Hinduism"
5463:References
5429:Tivaṣīmati
5404:Rudra-Śiva
5138:Ōkuninushi
5134:Daikokuten
5116:East Asian
5087:Daikokuten
4917:Mahabrahma
4881:Maheshvara
4808:Dattatreya
4700:Bhattāraka
4526:Shivaratri
4211:Shiva Gita
3966:pañcakṛtya
3940:Somaskanda
3873:Bhikṣāṭana
3871:भिक्षाटन;
3810:nṛtyamūrti
3753:Jalandhara
3736:Vishnumaya
3697:Tamil Nadu
3513: 820
3511: – c.
3509: 788
3112:'s mount,
3092:Tiger skin
3074:Gangadhara
3039:= "blue",
3029:(Sanskrit
3025:Nīlakaṇtha
2985:= "moon";
2972:चन्द्रशेखर
2863:Attributes
2818:Hatha Yoga
2325:Mahābhāṣya
2278:henotheism
2117:Tivaṣīmati
2095:Rudra-Śiva
1830:Mesolithic
1813:prostitute
1805:asceticism
1786:Karttikeya
1735:, such as
1713:See also:
1702:See also:
1547:Tamil word
1456:Devanagari
1296:Utpaladeva
1263:Indonesian
1248:Siddharism
1039:Svatantrya
1034:Abhasavada
1019:36 Tattvas
963:Philosophy
847:Virabhadra
759:Bangladesh
711:holy river
709:moon, the
699:meditation
664:omniscient
410:and other
270:Pinaka bow
201:(Shaivism)
199:Paramatman
114:Member of
89:Meditation
83:Patron of
20017:Arts gods
19979:Sri Lanka
19813:Lawka Nat
19798:Bo Bo Gyi
19758:Amay Gyan
19654:Bago nats
19606:Popa nats
19555:Beikthano
19524:Shin Nemi
19494:Min Sithu
19448:Yun Bayin
19391:Ngazishin
19335:Thagyamin
19199:Theosophy
19130:Mythology
19110:Criticism
19078:Etymology
19036:Svādhyāya
18935:New Year
18884:Navaratri
18856:Festivals
18834:Grihastha
18807:Kshatriya
18781:Antyeshti
18756:Upanayana
18721:Jatakarma
18711:Pumsavana
18698:Sanskaras
18663:Naivedhya
18617:Practices
18562:Mahavidya
18530:Saraswati
18517:Goddesses
18475:Kartikeya
18372:Athichudi
18327:Tirumurai
18180:Vyākaraṇa
18147:Natyaveda
18095:Chandogya
18020:Divisions
18001:Yajurveda
17519:Rakshasas
17389:Mahavidya
17332:Saraswati
17319:Goddesses
17248:Kartikeya
16992:Khajuraho
16893:Kedarnath
16878:Srisailam
16721:Amararama
16693:Rudranath
16683:Kedarnath
16660:Srisailam
16512:Lingaraja
16507:Katas Raj
16446:Nageshvar
16431:Kedarnath
16317:Rudranath
16307:Kedarnath
16105:Tirumurai
16032:Kartikeya
15988:Sadyojata
15723:6 October
15593:6 October
15331:. Brill.
14928:6 October
14874:6 October
14779:6 October
14617:179086253
14160:0257-9774
14152:Anthropos
13734:6 October
13713:Hindu Art
13604:Secondary
13470:220049343
13147:247391640
13104:0004-3648
12987:275253538
12891:487199178
12855:(2001) .
12827:2452-0098
12191:Long 1982
11079:Apte 1965
10968:cite book
10196:Apte 1965
10077:6 October
10028:Keay 2000
9823:Apte 1965
9818:Kāpālikas
9780:Apte 1965
9526:6 October
9469:Brahmanic
9397:Apte 1965
9286:tryambaka
9240:Jan Gonda
9214:Apte 1965
8934:12 August
8733:6 October
8364:6 October
8221:6 October
8152:6 October
7972:0019-5545
7690:Hume 1921
7574:Owen 2012
7558:Owen 2012
7116:6 October
7048:0029-5973
6807:192221643
6799:0277-1322
6753:Keay 2000
6525:Mate 1988
6500:Mate 1988
6470:Nath 2001
6458:Keay 2000
6441:Keay 2000
6410:Boon 1977
6398:Keay 2000
6195:Dutt 1905
6003:Apte 1965
5992:For root
5893:Keay 2000
5881:Nath 2001
5873:Keay 2000
5309:Bhimbetka
5162:and Japan
5081:Arhathood
5069:Akaniṣṭha
5017:: 二十四諸天,
4975:Maheśvara
4897:Kamadhatu
4850:Vajrayana
4812:Parasnath
4784:Vayu-Vata
4782:wind god
4683:Indonesia
4665:Indonesia
4588:Annapurna
4479:Festivals
4183:tripundra
4158:Or Unarve
4154:Paramātmā
4036:Tatpuruṣa
4013:Sadyojāta
3982:tirobhāva
3954:Pañcānana
3944:Kartikeya
3897:) of the
3705:Karnataka
3613:Kartikeya
3410:Yajurveda
3400:Rishikesh
3348:Varanasi:
3334:gaṇa-pati
3283:Himalayas
3264:Pashupati
3231:Rudraksha
3186:) called
2905:third eye
2901:Third eye
2692:(such as
2593:Khajuraho
2528:Kapalikas
2420:Sambandar
2412:Tamilakam
2320:Patanjali
2274:pantheism
2034:wild hunt
1963:McEvilley
1933:John Keay
1901:Pashupati
1878:–2000 BCE
1729:Sri Lanka
1672:Mahanyasa
1660:) of the
1606:Maheśvara
1331:Srikantha
1311:Meykandar
1291:Vasugupta
1281:Lakulisha
1253:Sroutaism
1232:Inchegeri
1135:Kalamukha
1130:Pashupata
1123:Ati marga
1067:Rudraksha
1056:Practices
936:Tirumurai
889:Kartikeya
767:Indonesia
763:Sri Lanka
744:storm god
718:third eye
687:Kartikeya
588:Mahādevaḥ
431:Kartikeya
395:Genealogy
354:Festivals
312:Third eye
297:Tripundra
220:Shmashana
157:Pashupati
153:Maheśvara
18:Neelkanth
20077:Trimurti
20072:Shaivism
20012:Ascetics
19991:Religion
19931:Hinduism
19868:Bhummaso
19863:Akathaso
19793:Ponmagyi
19590:Thukanda
19450:(Mekuti)
19345:Mahagiri
19255:Category
19206:Glossary
19174:Buddhism
19140:Hindutva
19100:Calendar
18981:Haridwar
18959:Vaisakhi
18954:Puthandu
18844:Sannyasa
18761:Keshanta
18592:Shashthi
18428:Trimurti
18255:Nitisara
18228:Ramayana
18223:Itihasas
18195:Jyotisha
18137:Ayurveda
18129:Upavedas
18110:Mandukya
18055:Aitareya
18037:Aranyaka
18032:Brahmana
18006:Samaveda
17931:Charvaka
17731:Concepts
17712:Timeline
17704:Glossary
17687:Hinduism
17635:Hinduism
17591:Ramayana
17533:Yakshini
17439:Shashthi
17399:Matrikas
17384:Mahadevi
17186:Trimurti
16982:Thrissur
16962:Lingaraj
16957:Amarnath
16741:Somarama
16688:Tungnath
16587:Category
16492:Amarnath
16365:Chitiram
16360:Thamiram
16345:Rathinam
16312:Tungnath
16275:Pradosha
16212:Kapalika
16037:Devasena
15998:Vamadeva
15983:Nataraja
15973:Harihara
15963:Bhairava
15931:Shaivism
15870:Shaivism
15835:21 March
15829:Archived
15756:(1984).
15717:Archived
15699:(2007).
15587:Archived
15391:(2004).
15373:Archived
15369:26503807
15282:Archived
15255:(1976).
15226:: 19–26.
15193:(1996).
15092:Nighaṇṭu
15056:(1953),
15038:Archived
14992:(1986).
14974:Archived
14922:Archived
14868:Archived
14835:Archived
14773:Archived
14532:(1984).
14514:Archived
14449:Archived
14431:(2000).
14413:Archived
14314:47286228
14209:41913237
14178:(1975).
14168:40457085
14038:(1996).
13959:Archived
13728:Archived
13646:(1965).
13634:18 April
13628:Archived
13544:22 April
13538:Archived
13418:11 April
13412:Archived
13382:Archived
13348:Archived
13312:11 April
13306:Archived
13282:11 April
13276:Archived
13157:26 April
13151:Archived
13036:29 March
13030:Archived
12997:26 April
12991:Archived
12837:8 August
12831:Archived
12770:Archived
12712:cite web
12693:Archived
12631:10404094
12513:Archived
12470:5 August
12464:Archived
12405:Archived
12286:Archived
12260:Archived
12061:Archived
12035:Archived
12000:Archived
11961:Archived
11896:, p. 635
11868:Archived
11777:Archived
11718:Archived
11679:Archived
11518:Archived
11467:Archived
11322:Archived
11258:Archived
10937:Archived
10935:. 2011.
10649:Sanskrit
10630:naṭarāja
10479:Archived
10415:Archived
10310:Umādhava
10304:Umākānta
10071:Archived
9998:, p. 62.
9965:Sanskrit
9653:Archived
9520:Archived
9355:For the
8995:76143968
8928:Archived
8727:Archived
8709:(2003).
8559:Archived
8358:Archived
8252:Archived
8215:Archived
8146:Archived
8044:cite web
7990:28529371
7669:Archived
7637:Archived
7511:RV 7.19.
7358:Archived
7110:Archived
7076:Archived
7010:Archived
6858:Archived
6840:(2002).
6667:paśupati
6623:Archived
6129:Archived
6100:Archived
6058:śivaśāna
5920:Archived
5726:Archived
5407:." see:
5364:celibacy
5301:Mehrgarh
5253:See also
5189:Zhejiang
5118:Buddhism
5099:Mahākāla
5062:Mahayana
5050:Xinjiang
5003:: 二十諸天,
4989:: 摩醯首羅天
4981:: 大自在天;
4957:Xinjiang
4909:Mahakala
4846:Mahākāla
4827:Mahakala
4818:Buddhism
4814:Avatar.
4762:and the
4642:Pakistan
4598:such as
4592:Annakuta
4590:such as
4581:Minakshi
4518:(above).
4441:and the
4419:Shaivism
4257:Sanskrit
4208:and the
4162:Sanskrit
4150:Jīvātman
4126:Nataraja
4022:Vāmadeva
3986:anugraha
3958:Sanskrit
3909:Sanskrit
3883:Sanskrit
3869:Sanskrit
3859:shastras
3846:Sanskrit
3792:Naṭarāja
3788:Sanskrit
3784:Nataraja
3772:Nataraja
3724:Ayyappan
3681:Minakshi
3677:Kamakshi
3636:Umādhava
3630:Umākānta
3574:grihasta
3488:Bhairava
3473:Mahākāla
3396:Bhairava
3351:Varanasi
3326:gaṇa-īśa
3259:Paśupati
3203:Kāpālika
3180:Nataraja
3135:Trishula
3049:Halahala
2850:Trimurti
2844:Trimurti
2773:Sanskrit
2686:quincunx
2583:Shaktism
2571:—
2485:and the
2483:Shaktism
2475:Hinduism
2469:Shaivism
2463:Shaivism
2448:Trimurti
2372:and the
2357:and the
2240:mention
2200:Rig Veda
2134:Bhairava
1983:Dionysus
1911:paśupati
1906:Sanskrit
1869:Paśupati
1801:emotions
1770:Khandoba
1602:"god"),
1586:Mahādeva
1531:Sanskrit
1515:Sanskrit
1485:Rig Veda
1364:Tantrism
1316:Nirartha
1301:Nayanars
1275:Scholars
1189:Dakshina
1140:Kapalika
941:Vachanas
837:Bhairava
832:Sadasiva
793:Shaivism
785:a series
783:Part of
741:Rigvedic
732:form of
730:aniconic
722:trishula
707:crescent
625:Trimurti
614:Shaivism
606:Hinduism
567:Sanskrit
520:Mahadeva
488:Sanskrit
422:Children
376:Pradosha
366:Shravana
255:Trishula
184:Trimurti
169:Shankara
149:Mahakala
145:Mahadeva
141:Bhairava
116:Trimurti
106:Shaivism
19917:Portals
19873:Yokkaso
19691:Hkuntha
19688:Hkuncho
19519:Shingwa
19514:Shingon
19413:Shindaw
19371:Mintara
19244:Outline
19194:Sikhism
19189:Judaism
19184:Jainism
19065:Related
19041:Namaste
18894:Ramlila
18824:Ashrama
18812:Vaishya
18802:Brahmin
18625:Worship
18577:Rukmini
18567:Matrika
18540:Parvati
18535:Lakshmi
18525:Tridevi
18480:Krishna
18465:Hanuman
18460:Ganesha
18411:Deities
18297:Tantras
18287:Stotras
18240:Puranas
18185:Nirukta
18175:Chandas
18170:Shiksha
18162:Vedanga
18115:Prashna
18105:Mundaka
18027:Samhita
17996:Rigveda
17927:Nāstika
17912:Advaita
17899:Vedanta
17894:Mīmāṃsā
17874:Samkhya
17862:Schools
17850:Akrodha
17769:Saṃsāra
17749:Ishvara
17739:Brahman
17585:Puranas
17573:Atharva
17542:Texts (
17529:Yakshas
17524:Vahanas
17494:Dikpāla
17467:Apsaras
17419:Rukmini
17394:Matangi
17342:Parvati
17337:Lakshmi
17327:Tridevi
17253:Krishna
17233:Hanuman
17228:Ganesha
17218:Chandra
17213:Ashvins
17103:Bangkok
16997:More...
16967:Gokarna
16873:Somnath
16564:Vibhuti
16461:Somnath
16164:Chalisa
16027:Ganesha
16020:Parvati
15950:Deities
15941:History
15878:at the
15562:1399778
15530:2606086
15288:7 April
14841:1 March
14810:3518337
13513:Primary
13508:Sources
13112:3250524
12653:P. 377
12388:1178647
12353:1178252
12292:6 March
12266:6 March
12067:17 July
12041:17 July
11685:19 July
11473:14 July
11264:16 July
11077:, see:
10845:, see:
10385:Preface
10354:Pārvatī
10338:, see:
10335:Pārvatī
10298:Umāpati
10146:, p. 5.
10095:, p. 7.
9994:, see:
9987:Kailāsa
9971:, see:
9821:, see:
9391:śekhara
9343:Ambikās
9288:, see:
9145:", in:
9142:Purāṇas
8055:value (
7981:5418997
7325:Nirukta
7056:3269768
6542:Preface
6270:in the
5813:, e.g.
5241:Life OK
5217:titled
5191:, China
5077:Anāgāmi
5056:in the
5036:temples
5015:Chinese
5001:Chinese
4987:Chinese
4979:Chinese
4790:Sikhism
4650:Umarkot
4648:in the
4619:Prayaga
4577:Madurai
4449:Durvasa
4433:Hanuman
4410:Avatars
4365:Brahman
4361:Skambha
4357:Skambha
4352:Stambha
4298:, view
4249:Brahman
4220:Brahman
4118:Brahman
3978:saṃhāra
3974:sthithi
3948:Pallava
3895:Tripura
3832:Tandava
3828:Tandava
3816:Tandava
3804:Puranic
3790:नटराज;
3749:Andhaka
3728:Aiyanar
3652:Pārvatī
3618:Umāpati
3609:Ganesha
3605:Parvati
3498:Vedanta
3493:Śaṇkara
3320:Ganesha
3288:Kailāsa
3281:in the
3279:Kailasa
3273:Kailāsa
3250:नन्दिन्
3215:Parashu
3140:Trishul
3132:called
3130:trident
3126:Trident
3032:नीलकण्ठ
3001:vibhuti
2989:śekhara
2948:Ambikās
2859:Shiva.
2769:samhara
2765:brahman
2721:nondual
2702:Ganesha
2694:Parvati
2676:In the
2621:Rigveda
2597:Parvati
2561:Krishna
2520:Shiva (
2518:Tantric
2499:Advaita
2424:tandava
2404:advaita
2355:Brahman
2297:Brahman
2216:Jainism
2208:Ephedra
2102:In the
2085:Nirukta
1649:stotras
1552:śivappu
1353:Related
1341:Navnath
1336:Appayya
1326:Sharana
1206:Kubjika
1116:Schools
1091:Niyamas
1062:Vibhuti
926:Tantras
884:Ganesha
861:Parvati
810:Deities
683:Ganesha
679:Parvati
675:Kailasa
655:of the
578:
571:महादेव:
499:
437:Ganesha
408:Parvati
400:Consort
279:Symbols
265:Parashu
215:Kailasa
189:Ishvara
166:Shambhu
67:God of
19560:Byamma
19265:Portal
19169:Baháʼí
19073:Hindus
19051:Tilaka
19020:Others
18996:Ujjain
18991:Prayag
18986:Nashik
18926:Pongal
18864:Diwali
18817:Shudra
18776:Vivaha
18683:Dhyāna
18658:Bhajan
18648:Bhakti
18633:Temple
18587:Shakti
18495:Varuna
18438:Vishnu
18433:Brahma
18282:Sutras
18218:Agamas
17974:Smriti
17905:Dvaita
17870:Āstika
17815:Asteya
17810:Ahimsa
17796:Moksha
17781:Dharma
17694:topics
17489:Devata
17482:Danava
17477:Daitya
17472:Asuras
17434:Shakti
17424:Sanjna
17414:Rohini
17374:Shachi
17359:Chhaya
17278:Varuna
17268:Shasta
17258:Kubera
17196:Vishnu
17191:Brahma
16977:Vaikom
16597:Portal
16559:Siddha
16547:Lingam
16485:Others
16217:Aghori
16120:Stotra
16116:Mantra
16005:Shakti
15978:Ishana
15852:
15804:
15785:
15766:
15742:
15709:
15685:
15657:
15621:
15579:
15560:
15528:
15518:
15499:
15476:
15457:
15426:
15410:
15367:
15335:
15307:
15274:
15241:
15206:
15179:
15160:
15141:
15120:
15101:
15066:
15030:
15000:
14966:
14945:
14914:
14893:
14860:
14827:
14808:
14765:
14744:
14714:
14695:
14676:
14657:
14636:
14615:
14584:
14561:
14540:
14506:
14485:
14455:2 July
14441:
14405:
14384:
14363:
14344:
14312:
14302:
14267:
14248:
14229:
14221:Ṛgveda
14207:
14188:
14166:
14158:
14139:
14105:
14080:
14054:
14024:
14003:
13984:
13951:
13930:
13921:Gaṇeśa
13906:
13885:
13863:
13844:
13823:
13802:
13783:
13762:
13720:
13682:
13674:
13654:
13620:
13592:
13574:
13530:
13468:
13340:
13251:
13224:
13182:
13145:
13135:
13110:
13102:
13061:
13022:
12985:
12975:
12948:
12914:
12889:
12879:
12859:Prajña
12825:
12815:
12762:
12629:
12581:
12554:
12424:
12386:
12351:
12238:
12213:
12139:
12109:
11992:
11953:
11926:
11892:
11874:8 June
11860:
11833:
11808:
11747:
11724:8 June
11710:
11656:
11631:
11562:
11459:
11432:
11407:
11382:
11357:
11213:
11209:–224.
11161:
11157:–310.
10597:
10570:
10523:
10471:
10444:
10407:
10063:
10014:
9887:
9860:
9512:
9488:
9358:Ambikā
9303:ambaka
9254:
9190:
9169:
9123:
9096:
9069:
9042:
9021:
8993:
8983:
8962:
8906:
8834:
8807:
8764:
8719:
8686:
8659:
8639:Siva".
8626:
8551:
8389:
8350:
8322:
8305:
8288:
8271:
8207:
8180:
8138:
8111:
8051:Check
7988:
7978:
7970:
7915:
7898:
7794:
7364:6 June
7213:8 June
7141:
7102:
7054:
7046:
6989:
6961:
6934:
6889:
6864:2 July
6850:
6823:
6805:
6797:
6785:: 51.
6615:
6339:
6267:महादेव
6135:2 July
6106:2 July
6092:
5515:
5487:
5340:, and
5334:Shakti
5296:tribes
5108:merged
5019:pinyin
5005:pinyin
4991:pinyin
4983:pinyin
4971:Taiwan
4893:Ishana
4863:Prajña
4856:, and
4760:Sogdia
4635:Sangam
4627:Yamuna
4623:Ganges
4516:prabha
4463:Temple
4326:, the
4233:Lingam
4195:Lingam
4189:Lingam
4029:Aghora
3917:Shakti
3899:Asuras
3830:. The
3741:Manasa
3732:Kerala
3720:Shasta
3716:Mohini
3701:Kerala
3661:Shakti
3518:Śambhu
3445:raudra
3270:Mount
3218:) and
3197:ḍamaru
3175:damaru
3151:sattva
3114:Shesha
3110:Vishnu
3102:Vasuki
3098:Vasuki
3043:kaṇtha
2980:candra
2954:Ambikā
2941:ambikā
2923:ambaka
2873:Ganges
2856:Brahma
2832:, the
2706:Skanda
2672:Shiva.
2645:. The
2609:Shakti
2553:Vishnu
2503:Dvaita
2456:Vishnu
2452:Brahma
2444:Lingam
2396:dvaita
2384:Tantra
2379:Tirtha
2220:Ellora
2181:Maruts
2056:vahana
2023:Rudras
1884:horned
1778:Jejuri
1774:castes
1758:Isvara
1731:, and
1674:. The
1622:īśvara
1566:Babhru
1369:Bhakti
1321:Basava
1258:Aghori
1220:Others
1202:Yamala
1104:Jangam
899:Others
854:Shakti
734:lingam
726:damaru
703:Vasuki
657:Smarta
649:Shakti
641:Shakta
637:Vishnu
633:Brahma
627:, the
416:Shakti
328:Monday
307:Vasuki
302:Damaru
287:Lingam
249:Weapon
229:Mantra
20007:Shiva
19967:Nepal
19943:India
19575:Thiwa
19570:Sandi
19544:Hindu
19339:Śakra
19179:Islam
19157:India
19046:Bindi
19029:Other
18969:Ugadi
18964:Vishu
18797:Varna
18678:Tapas
18668:Yajna
18638:Murti
18572:Radha
18552:Durga
18547:Bhumi
18490:Surya
18470:Indra
18443:Shiva
18205:Other
18190:Kalpa
18080:Katha
17984:Vedas
17969:Śruti
17954:Texts
17884:Nyaya
17840:Damah
17830:Satya
17786:Artha
17764:Karma
17754:Atman
17708:Index
17568:Yajur
17553:Vedas
17404:Radha
17369:Ganga
17364:Durga
17354:Bhumi
17349:Aditi
17273:Surya
17238:Indra
17201:Shiva
17170:texts
16355:Velli
16222:Kaula
16068:Texts
16049:Nandi
16042:Valli
15958:Shiva
15876:Shiva
15558:JSTOR
15365:S2CID
14806:JSTOR
14613:S2CID
14296:Plume
14205:JSTOR
14164:JSTOR
13466:S2CID
13108:JSTOR
12863:Upāya
12696:(PDF)
12384:JSTOR
12349:JSTOR
11602:(PDF)
11587:(PDF)
9992:linga
9919:Nandī
9714:Gaṅgā
9679:see:
9209:Viṣṇu
8636:Durga
7790:–80.
7483:Indra
7447:Indra
7052:JSTOR
7028:Numen
6803:S2CID
6367:see:
6274:see:
6001:see:
5453:Indra
5432:see:
5338:Durga
5265:Notes
5160:China
5156:Acala
5142:Japan
5110:with
5095:Japan
5060:. In
5044:. In
5041:devas
4967:China
4903:. In
4887:. In
4869:Upāya
4716:Durga
4704:Gurus
4631:Nagas
4600:Nepal
4396:linga
4369:Yajna
4328:linga
4300:linga
4288:linga
4284:linga
4270:liūga
4253:liuga
4245:linga
4181:with
4136:text
4110:Chola
4045:Īsāna
3970:sṛṣṭi
3933:murti
3836:Lasya
3824:Lasya
3820:Lasya
3798:mūrti
3689:Nepal
3685:India
3669:Durga
3598:tapas
3524:शम्भु
3454:Rudra
3449:rudra
3433:Rudra
3416:rudra
3341:gaṇas
3294:Linga
3262:, or
3246:Nandī
3240:Nandī
3206:sect.
3184:mudra
3163:tamas
3157:rajas
3145:guṇas
3084:Gaṅgā
3078:Ganga
3012:Jaṭin
2997:Ashes
2779:) or
2777:संहार
2761:atman
2749:Yogis
2733:Ajmer
2717:murti
2698:Surya
2540:Trika
2536:Krama
2416:Appar
2388:Sruti
2359:Atman
2276:, or
2242:Rudra
2165:Indra
2153:Nepal
2140:Indra
2122:Nandi
2071:Rudra
2045:Rudra
2030:Wodan
2019:storm
2007:Rudra
1993:Rudra
1832:from
1782:Surya
1725:Nepal
1576:Shiva
1560:śivan
1537:śaiva
1533:word
1517:root
1508:Shiva
1500:Rudra
1464:shiva
1359:Nandi
1210:Netra
1198:Trika
1194:Kaula
1100:Linga
1087:Yamas
1077:Bilva
1001:Karma
996:Anava
984:Pasam
979:Pashu
922:Agama
917:Vedas
871:Durga
842:Rudra
825:Shiva
755:Nepal
751:India
747:Rudra
714:Ganga
629:Hindu
596:) or
458:Shiva
439:(son)
433:(son)
412:forms
348:Nandi
343:Mount
209:Abode
162:Rudra
57:Shiva
19547:nats
19317:Nats
19221:List
19083:List
19010:Teej
18939:Bihu
18921:Onam
18869:Holi
18673:Homa
18653:Japa
18643:Puja
18603:more
18597:Sita
18582:Sati
18557:Kali
18506:more
18500:Vayu
18485:Rama
18450:Agni
18420:Gods
18100:Kena
18070:Isha
17879:Yoga
17845:Dayā
17835:Dāna
17805:Niti
17791:Kama
17759:Maya
17621:more
17563:Sama
17544:list
17504:Gana
17450:more
17444:Sita
17429:Sati
17409:Rati
17379:Kali
17299:more
17293:Yama
17283:Vayu
17263:Rama
17243:Kama
17208:Agni
17178:Gods
17168:and
16015:Sati
15850:ISBN
15837:2017
15802:ISBN
15783:ISBN
15764:ISBN
15740:ISBN
15725:2016
15707:ISBN
15683:ISBN
15655:ISBN
15619:ISBN
15595:2016
15577:ISBN
15526:OCLC
15516:ISBN
15497:ISBN
15474:ISBN
15455:ISBN
15424:ISBN
15408:ISBN
15381:2021
15333:ISBN
15305:ISBN
15290:2017
15272:ISBN
15239:ISBN
15204:ISBN
15177:ISBN
15158:ISBN
15139:ISBN
15118:ISBN
15099:ISBN
15089:The
15064:ISBN
15046:2020
15028:ISBN
14998:ISBN
14982:2017
14964:ISBN
14943:ISBN
14930:2016
14912:ISBN
14891:ISBN
14876:2016
14858:ISBN
14843:2017
14825:ISBN
14781:2016
14763:ISBN
14742:ISBN
14712:ISBN
14693:ISBN
14674:ISBN
14655:ISBN
14634:ISBN
14582:ISBN
14559:ISBN
14538:ISBN
14522:2020
14504:ISBN
14483:ISBN
14457:2015
14439:ISBN
14421:2016
14403:ISBN
14382:ISBN
14361:ISBN
14342:ISBN
14310:OCLC
14300:ISBN
14265:ISBN
14246:ISBN
14227:ISBN
14186:ISBN
14156:ISSN
14137:ISBN
14103:ISBN
14078:ISBN
14052:ISBN
14022:ISBN
14001:ISBN
13982:ISBN
13967:2017
13949:ISBN
13928:ISBN
13904:ISBN
13883:ISBN
13861:ISBN
13842:ISBN
13821:ISBN
13800:ISBN
13781:ISBN
13760:ISBN
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