5324:
769:
3987:
4444:
1748:
38:
466:
2418:
2672:
4992:
3228:
815:
and published in 1595—is structured much like a contemporary Latin grammar. While this structure is not optimal, it certainly served its purpose of allowing its intended readership (Catholic priests familiar with Latin grammars) to get enough of a basic grasp of the language to be able to communicate
1017:
The nasal vowels are fully vocalic, without any trace of a trailing or . They are pronounced with the mouth open and the palate relaxed, not blocking the air from resounding through the nostrils. These approximations, however, must be taken with caution, as no actual recording exists, and Tupi had
1955:
Old Tupi verbs are divided in two classes. First class are conjugated, with person markers coming at the beginning of the word. In addition, verbs can represent a present, past, or future action because, unlike
Portuguese, they do not express time. (The future, in particular, is done by adding the
3435:
In Old Tupi, there are only numerals from one to four, both cardinal and ordinal, as the need for mathematical precision was small in a primitive economy. Cardinal numerals can either come after or before the noun they refer to, while ordinals only come after. For example, in the case of cardinal
759:
in the interior of Brazil, and these new colonists spoke only their mother tongue. Old Tupi survived as a spoken language (used by
Europeans and Indian populations alike) only in isolated inland areas, far from the major urban centres. Its use by a few non-Indian speakers in those isolated areas
5728:
Old Tupi literature was composed mainly of religious and grammatical texts developed by Jesuit missionaries working among the colonial
Brazilian people. The greatest poet to express in written Tupi language, and its first grammarian was José de Anchieta, who wrote over eighty poems and plays,
1546:
According to most sources, Tupi semivowels were more consonantal than their IPA counterparts. The Î, for instance, was rather fricative, thus resembling a very slight , and Û had a distinct similarity with the voiced stop (possibly via , which would likewise be a fricative counterpart of the
3310:
The degrees of the noun (augmentative and diminutive) are made by the suffixes "-'ĩ' or '-'i'", for the diminutive, and "-ûasu' or '-usu'" for the augmentative (these suffixes may suffer several phonetic transformations. Here are some examples with their explanations:
816:
with and evangelise the natives. Also, the grammar sometimes regularised or glossed over some regional differences in the expectation that the student, once "in the field", would learn these finer points of the particular dialect through use with his flock.
693:, but also encouraged the natives to keep it. As a part of their missionary work, they translated some literature into it and also produced some original work written directly in Tupi. José de Anchieta reportedly wrote more than 4,000 lines of poetry in
4226:
Although Tupi verbs were not inflected, a number of pronominal variations existed to form a rather complex set of aspects regarding who did what to whom. That, together with the temporal inflection of the noun and the presence of tense markers like
514:
It belonged to the Tupi–Guarani language family, which stood out among other South
American languages for the vast territory it covered. Until the 16th century, these languages were found throughout nearly the entirety of the Brazilian coast, from
819:
Significant works were a Jesuit catechism of 1618, with a second edition of 1686; another grammar written in 1687 by another Jesuit priest, Luís
Figueira; an anonymous dictionary of 1795 (again published by the Jesuits); a dictionary published by
1597:
The writing system employed by
Anchieta is still the basis for most modern scholars. It is easily typed with regular Portuguese or French typewriters and computer keyboards (but not with character sets such as ISO-8859-1, which cannot produce
3614:
They are the same as prepositions, but they come after the term they refer to. They are divided into unstressed postpositions, which are appended to the previous word, and stressed postpositions, which are written separately.
5353:, spoken throughout the country by white and Indian settlers alike until the early 18th century, and still heard in isolated pockets until the early 20th century, Tupi left a strong mark on the Portuguese language of Brazil.
746:
from Brazil in 1759, the language started to wane quickly, as few
Brazilians were literate in it. A new rush of Portuguese immigration had been taking place since the early 18th century, due to the discovery of
718:
4382:
tended to be free, as the presence of pronouns made it easy to tell the subject from the object. Nevertheless, native Tupi sentences tended to be quite short, as the
Indians were not used to complex
648:
The first accounts of the Old Tupi language date back from the early 16th century, but the first written documents containing actual information about it were produced from 1575 onwards – when
1770:, i.e., a distiction between inclusive (including the adressee) and exclusive (excluding the adressee) first-person pronouns. Personal pronouns in Tupi come in two series, each with its own uses.
365:). It also names several plants and animals, and many proper names are tupi names, such as Moacir, Iara, Iracema and Jandaia. It has a rich literature, which includes cathechisms, poems and plays.
2365:
Verbs from the second class are not conjugated and are used only with pronouns of the second series. This is because they are actually adjectives generally indicating a state or characteristic.
5493:, country): palm country. Today this is used to refer to the country of Brazil, but this use (or any other referring to the whole region natives lived in) is not attested in Old Tupi.
419:
It presents a system of vowel symmetry where each of the six phonemic oral vowels has its nasal phonemic counterpart: /i/, /ĩ/; /ɨ/, /ɨ̃/; /u/, /ũ/; /ɛ/, /ɛ̃/; /ɔ/, /ɔ̃/; /a/, /ã/.
1594:
Scientific reconstruction of Tupi suggests that
Anchieta either simplified or overlooked the phonetics of the actual language when he was devising his grammar and his dictionary.
2696:
is always added to the last word in the sentence, independent of its grammatical class. This clitic has other meanings and may then be used as a particle in different positions.
6170:
808:
777:
702:
740:
671:, wrote the first (and possibly only) Tupi "phrasebook", in which he transcribed entire dialogues. Lery's work is the best available record of how Tupi was actually spoken.
714:
6326:
4203:"me" signified the person was not. The two types could be used alone or combined in transitive clauses, and they then functioned like subject and object in English:
342:
throughout Brazil by
Europeans and Amerindians, and had literary usage, but it was later suppressed almost to extinction. Today, its sole living descendant is the
5720:, like the Europeans, cherished traditional names which sometimes had become archaic. Some of such names are Moacir (reportedly meaning "son of pain") and Moema.
5323:
5013:
321:, "it is the classical indigenous language of Brazil, and the one which had the utmost importance to the cultural and spiritual formation of the country".
796:
the natives. To do so most effectively, doing so in the natives' own languages was convenient, so the first Europeans to study Tupi were those priests.
4160:
There is a distinction of nouns in two classes: "higher" (for things related to human beings or spirits) and "lower" (for things related to animals or
7988:
1571:
It would have been almost impossible to reconstruct the phonology of Tupi if it did not have a wide geographic distribution. The surviving Amazonian
768:
5516:
7998:
6380:
4704:
Tupi plays a huge role in the naming of many South American animals introduced to European knowledge and/or borrowed into their languages:
7983:
4321:
Without proper verbal inflection, all Tupi sentences were in the present or in the past. When needed, tense is indicated by adverbs like
2428:. The indian shot the jaguar with an arrow. (literally: the indian shot with an arrow it, the jaguar.) This is an example of the object
7253:
4187:
Adjectives cannot be used in the place of nouns, neither as the subject nor as the object nucleus (in fact, they cannot be used alone).
6094:
4412:
With respect to the concepts expressed: complex, of pure relation, that is, it expresses material and relational content by means of
1311:
3986:
1905:
First series pronouns are generally used alone or along with verbs of the first class (those that are conjugated). For example:
450:
It contains an inclusive first person plural (inclusive "we"), as well as an exclusive one, which does not include the listener.
6348:
413:
405:
6155:
6133:
6043:
5919:
5835:
5772:
4550:= man (as opposed to woman), Indian or Native-American (as opposed to European), human being (as opposed to the animal world)
3247:
Unlike the Portuguese language, the tense of an action, in old Tupi, is expressed by the noun, not the verb. Such tenses are
4115:
features (nasal mutation of stop consonants in compounding, the use of some prefixes and suffixes), although Tupi is not a
7562:
6342:
7993:
7978:
7861:
6013:
1337:
The glottal stop is found only between a sequence of two consecutive vowels and at the beginning of vowel-initial words (
1268:
743:
260:
4443:
4292:
The notion of gender was expressed, once again, together with the notion of age and that of "humanity" or "animality".
4195:
grammatical alignment. Verbs were preceded by pronouns, which could be subject or object forms. Subject pronouns like
6373:
6231:
6205:
6179:
1901:
means this/these or that/those, but it can also be used as a third-person personal pronoun, both singular and plural.
81:
59:
52:
7973:
6485:
4310:
Unlike Indo-European languages, nouns were not implicitly masculine except for those provided with natural gender:
1231:
250:
2771:
Tupi verbs are divided into its verbal and its nominal forms. Each division contains its respective verb moods.
784:
When the Portuguese first arrived on the shores of modern-day Brazil, most of the tribes they encountered spoke
7246:
5749:
meaning "you are my brother", the old Tupi salutation which was adopted as the Brazilian version of the German
1588:
799:
The priests modeled their analysis of the new language after the one with which they had already experienced:
5315:(temptation) have been borrowed, as such concepts would be rather difficult to express with pure Tupi words.
1591:) provide material that linguistic research can still use for an approximate reconstruction of the language.
713:
1628. In the second half of the 18th century, the works of Anchieta and Figueira were republished and Father
7485:
6366:
5733:. Later Brazilian authors, writing in Portuguese, employed Tupi in the speech of some of their characters.
2762:
is insterted between the verb and the clitic to avoid consonants meeting, which isn't possible in Old Tupi)
1960:
to the end of the sentence, but this does not change the fact that the verb itself does not express time.)
1221:
683:
349:
As the most important native language of Brazil, it is the origin of most city names of indigenous origin (
5360:
A few thousand words (some of them hybrids or corrupted) for animals, plants, fruit and cultural entities.
1729:
1707:
1688:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1469:
1457:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1395:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1007:
1003:
989:
985:
978:
974:
962:
958:
953:
949:
944:
940:
873:
863:
642:
638:
409:
1738:
are not used to separate the components of compounds except in the dictionary or for didactical purposes.
1685:
1251:
821:
6330:
7569:
7519:
6500:
6223:
6197:
6143:
6121:
5823:
5096:
1576:
1280:
1173:
1163:
846:
In Brazil, tupinology is the study of tupi language and literature. It began in 1901, with the work of
835:
318:
157:
5383:
4134:(by means of prepositioning subject or object pronouns) but not for tense or mood (the very notion of
7663:
7239:
7098:
5936:
5105:
3975:
The woman sees that the child doesn't sleep (literally: the woman sees the not sleeping of the child)
1747:
1211:
7370:
7088:
6034:
Papavero, Nelson; Teixeira, Dante Martins (2014). "37. Catálogo da fauna brasileira no Século XVI".
5531:
Among the many Tupi loanwords in Portuguese, the following are noteworthy for their widespread use:
3150:
All nouns in old Tupi end in a vowel. In the case of a verb or adjective substantivized, the suffix
7583:
7124:
6636:
1290:
496:
46:
17:
7712:
6747:
5985:
5795:
862:
has some interesting and unusual features. For instance, it does not have the lateral approximant
524:
7365:
7119:
6853:
6429:
6408:
4610:= Portuguese (neologism, from "Pero", old variant of "Pedro" = "Peter", a common Portuguese name)
1185:
631:
488:
7897:
6732:
5328:
7968:
7790:
4460:
4251:
Tupi had no means to inflect words for gender, so used adjectives instead. Some of these were:
4116:
4108:
4006:
3240:
1241:
1142:
1130:
1120:
572:
564:
540:
520:
63:
7316:
5336:
5081:
4562:= Frenchman (the name of a mythological figure that the Indians associated with the Frenchmen)
7933:
7772:
7597:
6974:
5742:
1939:
1484:
This scheme does not regard Ŷ as a separate semivowel, does not consider the existence of G (
1074:
1064:
876:. It also has a rather small inventory of consonants and a large number of pure vowels (12).
729:
660:
504:
7881:
7444:
7292:
6699:
6475:
6275:. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José, 1955. (3ª ed.: Livraria São José, Rio de Janeiro, 1967)
7698:
7548:
7360:
7129:
7103:
6918:
6651:
6403:
6102:
5632:
5340:
4146:
1668:
1552:
1084:
7851:
7842:
7736:
7717:
7033:
6982:
6888:
6762:
4398:
911:). It is also a double pun because Brazil has not had a king for more than two centuries.
473:
8:
7887:
7722:
7460:
6987:
6893:
6727:
6621:
6389:
4825:
4713:
1410:
According to Nataniel Santos Gomes, however, the phonetic inventory of Tupi was simpler:
830:
397:
379:
293:
110:
7902:
7800:
7778:
7760:
7636:
7355:
7083:
7028:
6908:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6583:
6578:
6515:
5077:
2656:(to kill), the incorporated object is absorbed by the verb since it already begins with
1580:
812:
709:
was another important figure of this time, who wrote the second Tupi grammar, published
656:
480:
120:
7870:
7832:
7822:
7687:
7674:
7475:
7400:
7286:
7155:
6941:
6873:
6863:
6782:
6679:
6535:
6467:
6280:
6215:
6189:
6165:
6076:
6059:
Simpson, George Gaylord (February 1941). "Vernacular Names of South American Mammals".
5008:
Here are some basic phrases in Old Tupi, some of which were attested by europeans like
4568:= foreigner, white man (literally means "spirit of a dead person"). Means also prophet.
4431:
4420:
4192:
4181:
4154:
4131:
1094:
850:. An individual who dedicates themselves to the field of tupinology is a tupinologist.
548:
469:
426:
7810:
7766:
7707:
7337:
7327:
7053:
7008:
6992:
6848:
6777:
6767:
6742:
6641:
6606:
6530:
5464:
240:
7631:
7617:
7528:
7413:
7408:
7395:
7190:
7145:
7038:
6807:
6792:
6787:
6737:
6689:
6593:
6540:
6510:
6505:
6490:
6227:
6201:
6175:
6151:
6129:
6039:
5958:
5915:
5831:
5762:
5741:
Tupi is also remembered as distinctive trait of nationalism in Brazil. In the 1930s,
4456:
4142:
4112:
2460:-, etc.) in first class verbs, but before the root. For an example of incorporation:
2444:
in Old Tupi may come in many positions relative to the verb: either before, after or
1692:
1645:
1051:
1041:
1036:
725:
652:
623:
568:
124:
7875:
7591:
7509:
7380:
7375:
7018:
6931:
6868:
6830:
6772:
6545:
6336:
5640:
It is interesting, however, that two of the most distinctive Brazilian animals, the
5502:
5364:
1759:
1584:
637:. One of the main differences between the two languages was the replacement of Tupi
576:
560:
465:
256:
7892:
7816:
7626:
7576:
7542:
7469:
7430:
7322:
7310:
7302:
7270:
7262:
7215:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7023:
7013:
6926:
6840:
6797:
6757:
6684:
6674:
6666:
6646:
6631:
6611:
6555:
6525:
6480:
6441:
6424:
6068:
5948:
5682:
5073:
1508:) as independent phonemes, but mere combinations of P, T, and K with nasalization.
1031:
870:
847:
828:
published by Dr Ernesto Ferreira França in 1859. The most recent dictionary is the
789:
785:
649:
619:
615:
611:
369:
329:
325:
314:
298:
152:
7784:
7537:
7493:
6568:
6495:
706:
7827:
7750:
7680:
7669:
7450:
7438:
7347:
7332:
7279:
7220:
7210:
7185:
7165:
7150:
7063:
7058:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6903:
6883:
6858:
6752:
6722:
6656:
6626:
6601:
6573:
6520:
5909:
5410:
4833:
4727:
4430:
With respect to the degree of cohesion of the semantic elements of the sentence:
4123:
2441:
1113:
1046:
867:
634:
460:
350:
333:
144:
6815:
5767:
5009:
2499:, even if the object is present elsewhere in the phrase. Monosyllabic verbs use
7949:
7924:
7646:
7419:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7093:
7048:
7043:
6949:
6825:
6616:
6446:
4452:
4135:
3256:
1512:
1382:
1303:
422:
Its consonantal inventory, on the other hand, is considered "relatively small".
176:
27:
Extinct Tupian language native to the indigenous peoples of southeastern Brazil
6007:
5335:
in 1500. They quickly found natives and tried to communicate, all recorded by
3797:
Just like in Portuguese or English, some verbs require certain postpositions:
3199:
The same occurs when a noun and an adjective are in composition. In this way:
396:
The following is a summary of the main characteristics of Classical Tupi, its
7962:
7606:
7385:
6898:
6563:
6303:
Descripción del tupinambá en el período colonial: el arte de José de Anchieta
5962:
4424:
580:
441:, rather displaying features of each, with none significantly more prevalent.
438:
434:
338:
5580:(a carnivorous fish, also slang for immoral women) literally: "toothed fish"
5430:
2417:
483:, who lived under cultural and social conditions very unlike those found in
6820:
5953:
5349:
5332:
4571:
4405:
4375:
1715:
1664:
1196:
825:
668:
310:
183:
5716:
Some names of distinct Indian ancestry have obscure etymology because the
4164:). The usual manifestation of the distinction was the use of the prefixes
721:. By that time, the language had made its way into the clergy and was the
556:
219:
212:
205:
5937:"Os nomes de origem indígena dos municípios paulistas: uma classificação"
5017:
4150:
1630:
1516:
793:
544:
302:
1543:) in the works of the early missionaries and by the surviving dialects.
1349:, etc.). When it is indicated in writing, it is generally written as an
899:(king) could not be pronounced by a native Tupi speaker (they would say
528:
6126:
Método moderno de tupi antigo: a língua do Brasil dos primeiros séculos
6080:
4379:
3290:= forest that was (place where there is no more forest; hence the word
1350:
1058:
824:, a well-known 19th century Brazilian poet and scholar, in 1858; and a
6358:
5454:
5372:
4180:
meant "the eye of an animal". Some authors argue that it is a type of
3454:
are equivalent terms, meaning "two pigeons". In the case of ordinals,
610:
It is a common mistake to speak of the "Tupi–Guarani language": Tupi,
362:
7728:
6878:
6307:
Colóquio sobre a descrição das línguas ameríndias no período colonial
5555:
5539:
3259:, of Portuguese. They are indicated, respectively, by the adjectives
2671:
1767:
1649:
1367:
1262:
1205:
1156:
772:
674:
In the first two or three centuries of Brazilian history, nearly all
604:
584:
492:
343:
233:
196:
135:
6072:
5424:
4419:
With respect to the manner in which such concepts are expressed: a)
4199:"I" expressed the person was in control, while object pronouns like
7231:
5596:
5572:(a type of badminton game played with bare hands) literally: "slap"
5496:
5440:
4855:
4768:
4387:
4383:
4295:
The notion of plural was also expressed by adjectives or numerals:
3291:
3232:
2492:
1719:
1572:
804:
756:
736:
675:
627:
600:
588:
430:
358:
268:
6038:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Arquivos do NEHiLP. pp. 248–300.
4991:
2723:
for expressing the future always goes at the end of the sentence.)
552:
536:
368:
The names Old Tupi or Classical Tupi are used for the language in
6436:
5576:
5564:(a type of small frog, also slang for vulva), literally: "hopper"
5393:
4161:
2491:
When the object is not incorporated, then in it is replaced by a
1735:
1394:
The actual pronunciation of ŷ is the corresponding semivowel for
1107:
752:
614:
and a number of other minor or major languages all belong to the
596:
500:
354:
264:
5368:
4126:
did not follow the same conventions of Indo-European languages:
2732:. The night shall be cold (there is no verb "to be" in Old Tupi)
532:
516:
332:
spanning the 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries. In the early
7555:
7160:
6148:
Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil
5828:
Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil
5641:
5600:(a tidal phenomenon in the Amazon firth) literally: "confusion"
5568:
3267:. These, when in composition with the noun, receive the suffix
3248:
3227:
2690:
778:
Art of Grammar of the Most Used Language on the Coast of Brazil
728:
of Brazil – though it was probably seldom written, as the
484:
306:
5645:
4777:
4759:
4413:
3875:
Used to negate verbs in the indicative mood. Before a vowel,
2448:
into it. In the las case, it comes after the person markers (
1626:
800:
686:
and with other early colonists who had adopted the language.
664:
527:. Today, Tupi languages are still heard in Brazil (states of
5659:
A significant number of Brazilians have Tupi names as well:
472:(1534–1597), the first grammarian of Tupi, as envisioned by
5448:
4792:
4408:'s categories, Old Tupi could be characterized as follows:
4393:
Most of the available data about Old Tupi are based on the
3252:
1488:), and does not differentiate between the two types of NG (
748:
682:
variant of Tupi, as a means of communication with both the
592:
4234:
Word order played a key role in the formation of meaning:
267:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6171:
Arte de gramática da língua mais usada na costa do Brasil
3231:
Although the martial art is of African origin, the word "
1920:
Second series pronouns are used in many different cases:
1519:, which is attested by the fitful spelling of words like
880:
6353:
5745:
used it as the source of most of its catchphrases (like
4328:
Adjectives and nouns, however, had temporal inflection:
1551:. As a consequence of that character, Tupi loanwords in
444:
There is no number, case or gender distinction in nouns.
5592:(originally meaning "bald", now a slang term for penis)
5656:, despite being named in English with Tupi loanwords.
4397:
dialect, spoken in what is now the Brazilian state of
4345:
That was often used as a semantic derivation process:
4073:
Negates verbs in the imperative and permissive moods.
3865:
There are many ways to negate a sentence in Old Tupi.
223: – Old Tupi (this code has been merged into
6009:
CURSO DE TUPI ANTIGO PELA INTERNET – LIÇÃO 8, parte 1
5214:
Nossa comida, a que é de cada dia, dá hoje para nós,
4622:= slave (also the term for non-Tupi speaking Indians)
1914:
1724:
1680:
1362:
Some authors remark that the actual pronunciation of
887:(have neither faith, nor law, nor king) as the words
6245:
Tupis e Guaranis, Estudos de Etnonímia e Lingüística
5363:
Multiple names of locations, including states (e.g.
4216:= me catch, "Someone has caught me" or "I'm caught".
3255:
and a time called "unreal", which is similar to the
1547:
labiovelar semivowel), thus being sometimes written
6261:. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria Brasiliana, 1969. 304 p.
6259:
Estudos tupi e tupi-guaranis: confrontos e revisões
6150:(in Portuguese) (1st ed.). São Paulo: Global.
6128:(in Portuguese) (3rd ed.). São Paulo: Global.
5830:(in Portuguese) (1st ed.). São Paulo: Global.
5210:
Oré remi'u, 'ara îabi'õndûara, eîme'eng kori orébe.
4231:"today," made up a fully functional verbal system.
3993:: no more will I love the Demon, from Anchieta's
3279:= forest that will be (that has not yet been born;
1373:. Also, most sources describe some dialects having
382:). It has previously been known, in Portuguese, as
6247:. Salvador: Museu do Estado da Bahia, 1947. 220 p.
5648:, are best known in Portuguese by non-Tupi names,
4241:(village + man + tiny) = tiny man from the village
4094:Let they not see the sun anymore. (from Anchieta,
3301:= tree that would be (if it had not been cut down)
2715:. We shall eat what fattens us. (The verb here is
2689:To express something happening in the future, the
6254:. Bahia: Livraria Progresso Editora, 1958. 157 p.
6036:Zoonímia tupi nos escritos quinhentistas europeus
3154:is added, if it does not already end in a vowel.
102:Old Tupi, Ancient Tupi, Classical Tupi, Tupinambá
7960:
6033:
5983:
5798:, there was no exact translation for "four", so
5310:
5304:
4721:
3966:Negates verbs in the infinitive or gerund form.
689:The Jesuits, however, not only learned to speak
383:
373:
309:, mostly those who inhabited coastal regions in
5790:
5788:
4423:, b) symbolic or of internal inflection (using
4138:is absent). All verbs are in the present tense.
5554:(small or juvenile) as in "escoteiro-mirim" ("
3305:
667:stories into the language. Another foreigner,
408:language but was influenced by its Portuguese
7247:
6374:
5318:
5217:Our food, which is every day, give us today,
4013:Used to negate a noun, pronoun or an adverb.
3239:, which means "forest that was". Painting by
372:and by modern scholars (it is referred to as
7502:
6174:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Edições Loyola.
5935:Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida (23 July 2021).
5785:
4037:Negates sentences in the future. The clitic
1931:with verbs of the second class (see below):
883:about this language, that native Brazilians
7518:
6316:. São Paulo: Editora Nacional, 1987. 360 p.
6226:(2nd ed.). São Paulo: Martins Fontes.
6200:(2nd ed.). São Paulo: Martins Fontes.
5379:Some municipalities which have Tupi names:
4427:of syllables, functionally differentiated).
1496:), probably because it does not regard MB (
7254:
7240:
6381:
6367:
6291:. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José, 1970.
6284:. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José, 1956.
6268:. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria São José, 1951.
5887:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5275:Não nos deixes tu fazer cair em tentação,
4950:= barren, contaminated, unhealthy, unlucky
3848:
3839:
3830:
3819:
3810:
3801:
3779:
3766:
3747:
3734:
3714:
3701:
3682:
3669:
3650:
3637:
3592:
3575:
3560:
3547:
3532:
3519:
3504:
3491:
3464:
3455:
3446:
3437:
1398:. It may not have existed in all dialects.
5952:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5847:
4401:, but there were other dialects as well.
4001:(to love) is a transitive verb requiring
3809:(Peter is afraid of his mother; the verb
792:priests who accompanied them) set out to
391:
317:. In the words of Brazilian tupinologist
82:Learn how and when to remove this message
7989:Languages attested from the 16th century
6309:. Ibero-amerikanisches Institut, Berlim.
6214:
6188:
6164:
5482:): salty lagoon (literally: "small sea")
5356:Tupi has given the Portuguese language:
5322:
4990:
4442:
4374:With respect to syntax, Tupi was mostly
4102:
3985:
3226:
2706:. The indian will go to the woods today.
2670:
2536:is incorporated and becomes a diphthong.
2416:
1746:
767:
464:
45:This article includes a list of general
6388:
6298:. Separata de "Letras". Curitiba, 1953.
6142:
6120:
6058:
5934:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5822:
5753:, or the Roman "Ave") and terminology.
5586:(popcorn) literally "explosion of skin"
5278:Don't let us you fall into temptation,
5271:Oré mo'arukar umẽ îepé "tentação" pupé,
4005:incorporation. Portrait of Anchieta by
3838:(The father looks at his son; the verb
3235:" comes from Tupi, more precisely from
2257:We (inclusive) eat/ate, walk/walked...
2206:We (exclusive) eat/ate, walk/walked...
788:. The Portuguese (and particularly the
261:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
7961:
6000:
5941:Estudos Linguísticos (São Paulo. 1978)
5844:
5252:as we also have forgiven our debtors.
5137:as the one hallowed your name may be.
5134:como o que é louvado teu nome esteja.
4556:= Frenchman (literally "yellow heads")
3930:The same rule applies for adjectives:
1691:, a spelling convention common in the
7235:
6362:
5773:List of Brazil state name etymologies
2308:You (plural) eat/ate, walk/walked...
760:would last for over a century still.
292:
7261:
6252:O caráter da segunda conjugação tupi
5897:
4438:
2981:You (pl.) kill me (subject: peîepé)
2522:(literally: the fish, I it poke) or
31:
6016:from the original on 26 August 2022
5461:): bad to navigation or "bad river"
5327:Painting portraying the arrival of
5226:Nde nhyrõ oré angaîpaba resé orébe,
4997:Catechism in the Brasílica Language
4455:, red river. It is the river where
4222:= I-him-catch, "I have caught him".
4082:Don't kill people! (from Anchieta,
3791:Postposition with several meanings
3370:was added later by the colonizers)
3109:(we (incl.)) killing/burying Pedro
3095:(we (excl.)) killing/burying Pedro
2412:
1511:Santos Gomes also remarks that the
1405:
447:There are no marks of definiteness.
400:and other distinguishing features.
301:which was spoken by the indigenous
24:
7984:Extinct languages of South America
6354:TuLaR (Tupian Languages Resources)
6289:Pequeno vocabulário Português-Tupi
6273:Pequeno vocabulário Tupi–Português
6266:Pequeno Vocabulário Tupi–Português
5914:. Editora Contexto. 2 April 2024.
5802:and its variants were little used.
5303:Notice that two Portuguese words,
5095:Literal Portuguese translation by
4854:= grass, ivy (from which the word
3185:(noun): the going, the going away.
3123:(you (pl.)) killing/burying Pedro
3067:(you (sg.)) killing/burying Pedro
1693:languages of the Iberian Peninsula
1575:and the close Guarani correlates (
732:held a near monopoly of literacy.
134:16th century-present; survives as
51:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
8010:
6320:
5984:Gabriel Collares (8 March 2023).
5542:, literally: "fruit with thorns")
5294:but free us you from bad things.
5291:mas livra-nos tu das coisas más.
5281:And lead us not into temptation,
4145:by means of suffixing the aspect
3991:N'a-s-aûsu benhẽ-î xûé Anhanga-ne
3463:means "first son (of a man)" and
1566:
1310:
1289:
1279:
1267:
1250:
1240:
1230:
1220:
1210:
1195:
1184:
1172:
1162:
1141:
1129:
1119:
1093:
1083:
1073:
1063:
834:(2013), by the Brazilian scholar
719:a new and more complete catechism
678:coming to Brazil would learn the
479:Old Tupi was first spoken by the
6337:An elementary course of Old Tupi
6220:Poemas: lírica portuguesa e tupi
5287:oré pysyrõte îepé mba'eaíba suí.
5230:Perdoa tu nossos pecados a nós,
5067:
5003:
4050:I won't go to your village today
3971:Kunhã osepyîak pitanga ker-e'yma
3609:
2608:: Saint Peter pulled the sword (
803:, which they had studied in the
763:
36:
6222:(in Portuguese). Translated by
6196:(in Portuguese). Translated by
6113:
6087:
6052:
6027:
5421:): where bamboo knives are made
5220:Give us today our daily bread.
5121:Our father, the one in heaven,
4986:
4341:"he who shall be a man someday"
4210:= I-fly, "I can fly", "I flew".
4030:
3081:(he/she) killing/burying Pedro
1964:First class intransitive verbs
1018:at least seven known dialects.
224:
5986:"Modos verbais em tupi antigo"
5976:
5928:
5911:O português e o tupi no Brasil
5816:
5201:as the doing of it in heaven!
5130:i moetepyramo nde rera t'oîkó.
5118:Nosso pai, o que está no céu,
3222:
2897:WITH STRESSED OBJECT PRONOUNS
2791:WITH STRESSED OBJECT PRONOUNS
2645:: you (pl.) killed the jaguar.
1388:
1356:
1331:
811:—written by the Jesuit priest
13:
1:
7999:Subject–object–verb languages
5893:Método Moderno de Tupi Antigo
5809:
5736:
5723:
5499:("pirá" + "caia"): fried fish
5249:as for those who mistreat us
5233:Forgive you our sins for us,
5198:como o fazer-se dela no céu!
5083:Catecismo na língua brasílica
4416:and word order, respectively.
4084:Catecismo na Língua Brasílica
4062:
3995:Catecismo na Língua Brasílica
3979:
3137:(they) killing/burying Pedro
3044:(ixé) gûi-gûatábo / gûi-nhana
2766:
2633:Catecismo na Língua Brasílica
2606:São Pedro itangapema o-s-ekyî
2359:They eat/ate, walk/walked...
2155:He eats/ate, walks/walked...
1021:
841:
786:very closely related dialects
503:, but it was adopted by many
487:. It is quite different from
6327:Tupi Swadesh-vocabulary list
6314:O Tupi na Geografia Nacional
6301:Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna.
6294:Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna.
5527:): where the cacti will grow
5246:como aos que nos tratam mal
5162:T'onhemonhang nde remimotara
5101:Literal English translation
4995:The Lord's Prayer as in the
4318:"woman/girl"; for instance.
4247:= man from the small village
4172:for low-class ones, so that
3788:The father looks at his son
3744:inside, with (instrumental)
3694:The Indian speaks to Maria.
3662:The leader left the village
3103:(we (incl.)) walking/running
3089:(we (excl.)) walking/running
3058:(endé) gûi-guatábo / e-nhana
3036:GERUND (INTRANSITIVE VERBS)
2925:You kill me (subject: îepé)
2861:(today) we (incl.) walk/run
2847:(today) we (excl.) walk/run
2586:The monosyllabic nasal verb
2507:close to nasals) instead of
2477:is the first-person marker,
2104:You eat/ate, walk/walked...
994:
967:
933:
885:não têm fé, nem lei, nem rei
853:
7:
6224:Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida
6198:Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida
6144:Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida
6122:Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida
6012:(in Brazilian Portuguese),
5824:Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida
5756:
5705:, "lord of the trees/lance"
5624:(a kind of poisonous snake)
5419:itá + takûara + kesé + tyba
5194:ybakype i nhemonhanga îabé!
5088:
4130:Verbs are "conjugated" for
3959:
3868:
3860:
3430:
3306:Augmentative and diminutive
3117:(you (pl.)) walking/running
3106:(îandé) Pedro îukábo / tyma
3061:(you (sg.)) walking/running
2875:(today) you (pl.) walk/run
2819:(today) you (sg.) walk/run
1742:
1728:to represent the semivowel
1686:voiceless palatal fricative
328:language family, and has a
10:
8015:
7979:Cultural history of Brazil
6343:Another course of Old Tupi
5670:Bartira, Potira (female):
5319:Presence of Tupi in Brazil
5297:but deliver us from evil.
5236:And forgive us our debts,
4932:= brilliant, gleamy, shiny
4046:N'asóî xué nde tápe korine
3064:(endé) Pedro îukábo / tyma
3053:(I) killing/burying Pedro
3039:GERUND (TRANSITIVE VERBS)
3003:INFINITIVE (OR NOUN FORM)
2967:we (incl.) kill you (pl.)
2953:we (excl.) kill you (pl.)
2886:(kori) îandé gûatá / nhaní
2858:(kori) îandé gûatá / nhaní
2833:(today) he/she walks/runs
2053:I eat/ate, walk/walked...
1754:excludes those listening,
836:Eduardo de Almeida Navarro
458:
454:
7943:
7923:
7860:
7841:
7799:
7749:
7697:
7664:Paulista General Language
7645:
7616:
7527:
7484:
7459:
7429:
7394:
7346:
7301:
7269:
7138:
7112:
7099:Paulista General Language
7076:
7001:
6973:
6940:
6917:
6839:
6806:
6698:
6665:
6592:
6554:
6466:
6457:
6417:
6396:
5427:("itá + una"): black rock
5033:(Where do you come from?)
4168:for high-class nouns and
4141:Nouns are "declined" for
3914:: we (incl.) didn't speak
3908:: we (excl.) didn't smoke
3818:requires the preposition
3482:
3479:
3335:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3165:: the going out, the exit
3134:(a'e) Pedro îukábo / tyma
3120:(peẽ) Pedro îukábo / tyma
3092:(oré) Pedro îukábo / tyma
3078:(a'e) Pedro îukábo / tyma
3072:(a'e) o-gûatábo / o-nhana
3038:
3035:
3002:
2999:
2896:
2893:
2889:(today) we they walk/run
2790:
2787:
2782:
2779:
2710:Oro'u onhemongyraba'erama
2681:: I will sleep at night.
2666:
1302:
1261:
1204:
1106:
1057:
1028:
914:
809:the first grammar of Tupi
641:by the glottal fricative
618:, in the same sense that
290:Portuguese pronunciation:
247:
231:
194:
189:
173:
141:
130:
116:
106:
101:
96:
6296:Morfologia do Verbo Tupi
6257:Edelweiss, Frederico G.
6250:Edelweiss, Frederico G.
6243:Edelweiss, Frederico G.
5891:Eduardo Navarro (2005),
5778:
5731:Lírica Portuguesa e Tupi
5242:oré rerekomemûãsara supé
5166:Que se faça tua vontade
5114:Oré rub, ybakype tekoar,
4740:= parrot, lory, lorykeet
4153:) but not for gender or
4111:with moderate degree of
4090:Tosepîaky bé umẽ kûarasy
3854:code: tpw is deprecated
3845:code: tpw is deprecated
3836:code: tpw is deprecated
3825:code: tpw is deprecated
3816:code: tpw is deprecated
3807:code: tpw is deprecated
3785:code: tpw is deprecated
3772:code: tpw is deprecated
3756:code: tpw is deprecated
3740:code: tpw is deprecated
3729:Unstressed postposition
3723:code: tpw is deprecated
3707:code: tpw is deprecated
3691:code: tpw is deprecated
3675:code: tpw is deprecated
3659:code: tpw is deprecated
3643:code: tpw is deprecated
3598:code: tpw is deprecated
3581:code: tpw is deprecated
3566:code: tpw is deprecated
3553:code: tpw is deprecated
3538:code: tpw is deprecated
3525:code: tpw is deprecated
3510:code: tpw is deprecated
3497:code: tpw is deprecated
3470:code: tpw is deprecated
3461:code: tpw is deprecated
3452:code: tpw is deprecated
3443:code: tpw is deprecated
3145:
3075:(he/she) walking/running
2872:(kori) peẽ gûatá / nhaní
2844:(kori) oré gûatá / nhaní
2758:. The night will fall. (
2515:instead. Some examples:
1950:
1698:The use of the digraphs
879:This led to a Brazilian
324:Old Tupi belongs to the
7974:Agglutinative languages
6409:Brazilian Sign Language
5618:(the Brazilian vulture)
5169:May your will be done,
5153:May your kingdom come!
5140:hallowed be your name,
4894:= tree, (piece of) wood
4358:"skull" (of a skeleton)
4335:"he who was once a man"
4176:meant "human eye", and
3849:
3840:
3832:Tuba oma'ẽ o a'yra resé
3831:
3820:
3811:
3802:
3781:Tuba oma'ẽ o a'yra resé
3780:
3767:
3759:The boy is in the boat
3748:
3735:
3715:
3702:
3683:
3670:
3651:
3638:
3593:
3576:
3561:
3548:
3533:
3520:
3505:
3492:
3465:
3456:
3447:
3438:
3086:oro-gûatábo / oro-nhana
3050:(ixé) Pedro îukábo/tyma
2802:(kori) xe gûatá / nhaní
2775:Verb moods in Old Tupi
2741:. The frog will begin (
2546:: you visit us (excl.).
2511:, and a few others use
1911:Abápe morubixaba? – Ixé
1758:includes them. (Father
715:João Filipe Bettendorff
489:Indo-European languages
216: – Tupiniquim
66:more precise citations.
7994:Tupi–Guarani languages
6349:Ancient Tupi Home Page
6095:"Curso de Tupi Antigo"
5954:10.21165/el.v50i2.2865
5698:, a type of black bird
5400:): bad, fishless water
5344:
5311:
5305:
5124:Our Father in heaven,
5076:in Tupi, according to
5000:
4837:
4829:
4731:
4722:
4717:
4464:
4461:independence of Brazil
4421:fusional-agglutinative
4117:polysynthetic language
4109:agglutinative language
4054:Kunimĩ n'okuruki xuéne
4010:
4007:Oscar Pereira da Silva
3920:: you (pl) didn't swim
3271:, as explained above.
3244:
3241:Johann Moritz Rugendas
3131:(they) walking/running
2830:(kori) o gûatá / nhaní
2816:(kori) i gûatá / nhaní
2686:
2553:The monosyllabic verb
2437:
1933:nde ma'enduar ixé resé
1924:alongside adjectives:
1763:
1695:but unusual elsewhere.
1678:The use of the letter
1621:Its key features are:
822:Antônio Gonçalves Dias
781:
703:the first Tupi grammar
616:Tupian language family
476:
392:Linguistic description
388:"Brazilian language".
384:
374:
249:This article contains
209: – Tupinambá
7104:Portunhol fronteiriço
6331:Swadesh-list appendix
5743:Brazilian Integralism
5667:, "mother of the day"
5630:(the common name for
5437:): small black jaguar
5347:As the basis for the
5326:
5150:Que venha teu Reino!
4994:
4864:= plant, wood, forest
4519:= rock, stone, metal,
4446:
4103:Grammatical structure
4058:The boy won't grumble
3989:
3896:: you (sg.) didn't go
3803:Pedo osykyîé o sy suí
3230:
3175:: the jump, the leap.
3114:pe-gûatábo / pe-nhana
3100:îa-gûatábo / îa-nhana
2674:
2420:
1940:genitive construction
1762:preaching to natives)
1750:
771:
730:Roman Catholic Church
525:Río de la Plata basin
468:
336:, Tupi was used as a
6281:Curso de Tupi antigo
6061:Journal of Mammalogy
5633:Melipona scutellaris
5341:Manuel I of Portugal
5329:Pedro Álvares Cabral
5204:as it is in heaven.
5039:(Where do you live?)
4276:= girl, young female
4026:(I'm not the jaguar)
3726:I went to Nhoesembé
2495:third-person pronoun
2396:(we forgive) (incl.)
1553:Brazilian Portuguese
744:expelled the Jesuits
507:born in Brazil as a
412:toward the latter's
6390:Languages of Brazil
6329:(from Wiktionary's
5489:, "palm tree", and
5172:your will be done,
5156:your kingdom come,
5045:(What's your name?)
3955:(he/she isn't tall)
3943:(I'm not beautiful)
3902:: he/she didn't eat
3619:
3476:
3472:means "third day".
3402:Little child, baby
3315:
3206:: beautiful woman (
3128:o-gûatábo / o-nhana
2961:may we (incl.) walk
2947:may we (excl.) walk
2805:(today) I walk/run
2776:
2701:Abá kori ka'ape osó
2623:(to pull) requires
2579:: I hide the arrow.
1965:
1775:
831:Old Tupi Dictionary
659:began to translate
111:Coastline of Brazil
7366:Gavião of Jiparaná
6854:Gavião of Jiparaná
6418:Regional languages
6312:Sampaio, Teodoro.
6287:Lemos Barbosa, A.
6278:Lemos Barbosa, A.
6271:Lemos Barbosa, A.
6264:Lemos Barbosa, A.
5701:Ubirajara (male):
5694:Janaína (female):
5435:îagûara + 'í + una
5345:
5146:T'our nde "Reino"!
5031:Mamõ suípe ereîur?
5001:
4465:
4193:split-intransitive
4024:Na îagûara ruã ixé
4011:
3618:
3475:
3314:
3245:
3031:tyma (the burial)
3028:îuká (the killing)
2975:may you (pl.) walk
2919:may you (sg.) walk
2774:
2736:Kururu opererekypy
2687:
2438:
1963:
1935:, you remember me.
1774:Personal pronouns
1773:
1764:
1589:Paraguayan Guarani
1515:shifted easily to
1147:⟨ŋg⟩
1135:⟨nd⟩
1125:⟨mb⟩
1089:⟨nh⟩
782:
549:Mato Grosso do Sul
477:
470:Joseph of Anchieta
344:Nheengatu language
7956:
7955:
7950:extinct languages
7919:
7918:
7915:
7914:
7911:
7910:
7740:
7731:
7600:
7586:
7579:
7572:
7565:
7558:
7551:
7229:
7228:
7072:
7071:
6758:Laklãnõ (Xokléng)
6397:Official language
6216:Anchieta, José de
6190:Anchieta, José de
6166:Anchieta, José de
6157:978-85-260-1933-1
6135:978-85-260-1058-1
6045:978-85-7506-230-2
5943:(in Portuguese).
5921:978-85-7244-472-9
5837:978-85-260-1933-1
5763:Jesuit Reductions
5447:): valley of the
5301:
5300:
5051:(Good afternoon!)
4439:Sample vocabulary
4270:= boy, young male
4182:gender inflection
3926:: they don't fear
3890:: I didn't arrive
3795:
3794:
3776:for, in favor of
3607:
3606:
3603:
3586:
3428:
3427:
3365:means river; the
3141:
3140:
3025:walk (you (pl.))!
3011:walk (you (sg.))!
2643:pe-îuká îagûareté
2631:. From Anchieta,
2467:(I poke the fish)
2390:(we fail) (excl.)
2384:(she gives birth)
2378:(you cough) (sg.)
2363:
2362:
1894:
1893:
1646:circumflex accent
1327:
1326:
1316:⟨r⟩
1295:⟨ŷ⟩
1285:⟨î⟩
1273:⟨û⟩
1256:⟨h⟩
1246:⟨g⟩
1236:⟨x⟩
1226:⟨s⟩
1216:⟨b⟩
1190:⟨k⟩
1178:⟨t⟩
1168:⟨p⟩
1159:
1116:
1099:⟨ŋ⟩
1079:⟨n⟩
1069:⟨m⟩
1015:
1014:
858:The phonology of
741:Marquis of Pombal
726:national language
697:(which he called
684:Indigenous people
579:), as well as in
569:Rio Grande do Sul
474:Antônio Parreiras
297:) is a classical
275:
274:
257:rendering support
253:phonetic symbols.
92:
91:
84:
16:(Redirected from
8006:
7734:
7727:
7596:
7582:
7575:
7568:
7561:
7554:
7547:
7525:
7524:
7516:
7515:
7500:
7499:
7263:Tupian languages
7256:
7249:
7242:
7233:
7232:
6464:
6463:
6383:
6376:
6369:
6360:
6359:
6237:
6211:
6185:
6161:
6139:
6107:
6106:
6101:. Archived from
6099:www.fflch.usp.br
6091:
6085:
6084:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5956:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5906:
5895:
5889:
5842:
5841:
5820:
5803:
5792:
5729:compiled at his
5708:Ubiratã (male):
5683:lady of the lake
5677:Iara (female): '
5663:Araci (female):
5485:Pindorama (from
5475:): dangerous sea
5331:and his crew at
5314:
5308:
5089:
5043:Marãpe nde rera?
4966:= bad, old, dead
4725:
4476:= yellow, golden
4162:inanimate beings
4020:(I'm the jaguar)
3949:(he/she is tall)
3855:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3826:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3786:
3783:
3773:
3770:
3757:
3754:
3741:
3738:
3724:
3721:
3708:
3705:
3692:
3689:
3676:
3673:
3660:
3657:
3652:Morubixaba osem
3644:
3641:
3620:
3617:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3567:
3564:
3554:
3551:
3539:
3536:
3526:
3523:
3511:
3508:
3498:
3495:
3483:Ordinal numbers
3480:Cardinal numbers
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3316:
3313:
3017:nhana (the run)
3014:gûatá (the walk)
3000:IMPERATIVE MOOD
2972:peẽ t'e pe-gûatá
2958:îandé t'îa-gûatá
2939:he/she kills me
2916:endé t'ere-gûatá
2894:PERMISSIVE MOOD
2788:INDICATIVE MOOD
2777:
2773:
2442:transitive verbs
2436:close to nasals.
2413:Transitive verbs
2402:(you moan) (pl.)
1966:
1962:
1928:, I'm beautiful.
1776:
1772:
1731:
1709:
1690:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1471:
1459:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1406:Alternative view
1399:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1335:
1317:
1314:
1296:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1274:
1271:
1257:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1217:
1214:
1199:
1191:
1188:
1179:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1136:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1112:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1026:
1025:
1009:
1005:
991:
987:
980:
976:
964:
960:
955:
951:
946:
942:
919:
918:
875:
871:rhotic consonant
868:multiple vibrant
865:
848:Theodoro Sampaio
813:José de Anchieta
699:lingua Brasilica
657:José de Anchieta
644:
640:
481:Tupinambá people
387:
385:língua brasílica
377:
315:Southeast Brazil
296:
291:
243:
226:
222:
215:
208:
199:
179:
147:
94:
93:
87:
80:
76:
73:
67:
62:this article by
53:inline citations
40:
39:
32:
21:
8014:
8013:
8009:
8008:
8007:
8005:
8004:
8003:
7959:
7958:
7957:
7952:
7939:
7925:Proto-languages
7907:
7856:
7837:
7795:
7745:
7693:
7641:
7612:
7514:
7498:
7480:
7455:
7425:
7399:
7390:
7342:
7297:
7265:
7260:
7230:
7225:
7134:
7108:
7068:
6997:
6969:
6936:
6913:
6835:
6802:
6694:
6661:
6588:
6550:
6459:
6453:
6413:
6392:
6387:
6345:(in Portuguese)
6339:(in Portuguese)
6323:
6240:
6234:
6208:
6182:
6158:
6136:
6116:
6111:
6110:
6105:on 25 May 2009.
6093:
6092:
6088:
6073:10.2307/1374677
6057:
6053:
6046:
6032:
6028:
6019:
6017:
6006:
6005:
6001:
5991:
5989:
5988:(in Portuguese)
5981:
5977:
5967:
5965:
5933:
5929:
5922:
5908:
5907:
5898:
5890:
5845:
5838:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5806:
5793:
5786:
5781:
5759:
5739:
5726:
5513:): "fish water"
5411:Itaquaquecetuba
5407:): devil's rock
5321:
5262:nós perdoamos.
5258:oré nhyrõ îabé.
5097:Eduardo Navarro
5070:
5061:Tiá nde pytuna!
5057:(Good morning!)
5055:Tiá nde ko'ema!
5049:Tiá nde karuka!
5006:
4989:
4843:
4806:= game (animal)
4746:= macaw, parrot
4531:= earth, ground
4441:
4288:= female animal
4264:= woman, female
4124:parts of speech
4105:
4071:
4041:is still used.
4035:
3984:
3964:
3937:(I'm beautiful)
3906:n'oro-petymbu-î
3873:
3863:
3853:
3844:
3835:
3824:
3815:
3806:
3787:
3784:
3771:
3758:
3755:
3739:
3725:
3722:
3711:in, to (place)
3706:
3693:
3690:
3674:
3661:
3658:
3642:
3612:
3600:
3597:
3583:
3580:
3565:
3552:
3537:
3524:
3509:
3496:
3469:
3460:
3451:
3442:
3433:
3417:Mountain range
3369:
3308:
3299:ybyrá-rambûer-a
3225:
3181:(verb): to go.
3148:
3022:(peẽ) pe-gûatá!
3008:(endé) e-gûatá!
2992:xe oro-îuká a'e
2944:oré t'oro-gûatá
2933:may he/she walk
2855:We walk (incl.)
2841:We walk (excl.)
2769:
2669:
2557:(to visit) has
2481:means fish and
2415:
1953:
1860:We (inclusive)
1845:We (exclusive)
1745:
1667:indicating the
1569:
1513:stop consonants
1408:
1403:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1361:
1357:
1336:
1332:
1315:
1294:
1284:
1272:
1255:
1245:
1235:
1225:
1215:
1189:
1177:
1167:
1146:
1134:
1124:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1068:
1024:
917:
856:
844:
766:
739:Prime Minister
635:language family
505:Luso-Brazilians
463:
461:History of Tupi
457:
394:
351:Pindamonhangaba
334:colonial period
330:written history
319:Eduardo Navarro
299:Tupian language
294:[tuˈpi]
289:
255:Without proper
239:
218:
217:
211:
210:
204:
203:
195:
180:
175:
169:
148:
145:Language family
143:
88:
77:
71:
68:
58:Please help to
57:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8012:
8002:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7954:
7953:
7944:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7937:
7929:
7927:
7921:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7878:
7873:
7867:
7865:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7854:
7848:
7846:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7814:
7806:
7804:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7788:
7781:
7776:
7769:
7764:
7756:
7754:
7747:
7746:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7741:
7732:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7704:
7702:
7695:
7694:
7692:
7691:
7684:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7660:
7652:
7650:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7623:
7621:
7614:
7613:
7611:
7610:
7603:
7602:
7601:
7589:
7588:
7587:
7580:
7573:
7566:
7559:
7552:
7540:
7534:
7532:
7522:
7513:
7512:
7506:
7504:
7497:
7496:
7490:
7488:
7486:Maweti–Guarani
7482:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7473:
7465:
7463:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7453:
7448:
7441:
7435:
7433:
7427:
7426:
7424:
7423:
7416:
7411:
7405:
7403:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7352:
7350:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7313:
7307:
7305:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7295:
7290:
7283:
7275:
7273:
7267:
7266:
7259:
7258:
7251:
7244:
7236:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7176:Haitian Creole
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7142:
7140:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7120:Brazilian Sign
7116:
7114:
7113:Sign languages
7110:
7109:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7080:
7078:
7077:Interlanguages
7074:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7005:
7003:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6979:
6977:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6946:
6944:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6923:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6845:
6843:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6812:
6810:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6704:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6671:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6598:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6560:
6558:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6472:
6470:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6439:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6393:
6386:
6385:
6378:
6371:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6340:
6334:
6322:
6321:External links
6319:
6318:
6317:
6310:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6276:
6269:
6262:
6255:
6248:
6239:
6238:
6232:
6212:
6206:
6186:
6180:
6162:
6156:
6140:
6134:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6086:
6051:
6044:
6026:
5999:
5975:
5947:(2): 733–752.
5927:
5920:
5896:
5843:
5836:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5758:
5755:
5738:
5735:
5725:
5722:
5714:
5713:
5706:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5675:
5668:
5638:
5637:
5625:
5619:
5613:
5607:
5601:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5573:
5565:
5559:
5549:
5543:
5529:
5528:
5514:
5500:
5494:
5483:
5478:Paraná-mirim (
5476:
5462:
5452:
5438:
5428:
5422:
5408:
5401:
5391:
5390:): great river
5377:
5376:
5361:
5320:
5317:
5309:(Kingdom) and
5299:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5102:
5099:
5093:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5037:Mamõpe ereîkó?
5034:
5028:
5027:(Who are you?)
5005:
5002:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4973:
4967:
4957:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4920:
4914:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4841:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4786:
4785:= snake, cobra
4780:
4771:
4762:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4525:= water, river
4520:
4514:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4470:
4469:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4428:
4417:
4372:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4343:
4342:
4336:
4325:, "this day".
4308:
4307:
4290:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4265:
4259:
4249:
4248:
4242:
4224:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4158:
4139:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4092:
4087:
4080:
4078:Eporapiti umẽ!
4070:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4051:
4048:
4034:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4021:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3941:Na xe porang-i
3938:
3928:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3912:n'îa-nhe'eng-i
3909:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3828:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3777:
3774:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3745:
3742:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3712:
3709:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3680:
3679:to (a person)
3677:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3648:
3647:from (origin)
3645:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3590:
3587:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3558:
3555:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3530:
3527:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3502:
3499:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3410:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3385:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3334:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3284:
3257:future perfect
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3176:
3166:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:xe îuká peîepé
2976:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:îandé opo-îuká
2962:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2869:You (pl.) walk
2867:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2852:îandé îa-guatá
2849:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2813:You (sg.) walk
2811:
2810:endé ere-gûatá
2807:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2783:Nominal forms
2781:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2750:
2733:
2724:
2707:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2614:
2613:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2590:(to hide) has
2581:
2580:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2548:
2547:
2544:ere-îo-sub oré
2540:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2527:
2526:
2524:a-î-kutuk pirá
2520:pirá a-î-kutuk
2489:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2469:
2468:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:(they breathe)
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1936:
1929:
1909:: I ate well.
1907:ixé a-karukatu
1903:
1902:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1766:Tupi features
1760:Antônio Vieira
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1696:
1676:
1661:
1642:
1568:
1567:Writing system
1565:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1387:
1383:free variation
1355:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1248:
1238:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1170:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1127:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1091:
1081:
1071:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1001:
999:
993:
992:
983:
981:
972:
966:
965:
956:
947:
938:
932:
931:
928:
925:
922:
916:
913:
855:
852:
843:
840:
765:
762:
630:belong to the
577:Espírito Santo
573:Rio de Janeiro
565:Santa Catarina
521:Santa Catarina
459:Main article:
456:
453:
452:
451:
448:
445:
442:
425:It is neither
423:
420:
417:
393:
390:
286:Classical Tupi
273:
272:
259:, you may see
245:
244:
237:
229:
228:
200:
192:
191:
190:Language codes
187:
186:
181:
177:Writing system
174:
171:
170:
168:
167:
166:
165:
151:
149:
142:
139:
138:
132:
128:
127:
118:
114:
113:
108:
107:Native to
104:
103:
99:
98:
90:
89:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8011:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7969:Tupi language
7967:
7966:
7964:
7951:
7947:
7942:
7936:
7935:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7926:
7922:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7883:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7859:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7840:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7812:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7798:
7792:
7791:Xingu Asurini
7789:
7787:
7786:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7774:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7762:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7748:
7739:
7738:
7733:
7730:
7726:
7725:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7696:
7690:
7689:
7685:
7683:
7682:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7665:
7661:
7659:
7658:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7644:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7615:
7609:
7608:
7604:
7599:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7590:
7585:
7584:West Bolivian
7581:
7578:
7574:
7571:
7567:
7564:
7563:East Bolivian
7560:
7557:
7553:
7550:
7546:
7545:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7517:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7503:Aweti–Guarani
7501:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7487:
7483:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7471:
7467:
7466:
7464:
7462:
7458:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7446:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7432:
7428:
7422:
7421:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7404:
7402:
7397:
7393:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7371:Guariba Arára
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7345:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7300:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7288:
7284:
7282:
7281:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7257:
7252:
7250:
7245:
7243:
7238:
7237:
7234:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7111:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7075:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7000:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6976:
6972:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6939:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6916:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6838:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6553:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6465:
6462:
6456:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6416:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6384:
6379:
6377:
6372:
6370:
6365:
6364:
6361:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6344:
6341:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6315:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6297:
6293:
6290:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6274:
6270:
6267:
6263:
6260:
6256:
6253:
6249:
6246:
6242:
6241:
6235:
6233:85-336-1956-1
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6207:85-336-2142-6
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6181:85-15-00171-3
6177:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6118:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6090:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6055:
6047:
6041:
6037:
6030:
6015:
6011:
6010:
6003:
5987:
5979:
5964:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5931:
5923:
5917:
5913:
5912:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5839:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5819:
5815:
5801:
5797:
5796:Lemos Barbosa
5794:According to
5791:
5789:
5784:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5734:
5732:
5721:
5719:
5712:, "hard wood"
5711:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5687:Jaci (both):
5686:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5560:
5557:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5480:paranã + mirĩ
5477:
5474:
5473:paranã + aíba
5470:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5415:takûakesétyba
5412:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5316:
5313:
5307:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5075:
5074:Lord's Prayer
5068:Lord's Prayer
5063:(Good night!)
5062:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5014:Yves d'Évreux
5011:
5004:Basic phrases
4998:
4993:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4824:= armadillo (
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4586:= young woman
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4482:= blue, green
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4459:declared the
4458:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4425:reduplication
4422:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4404:According to
4402:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4282:= male animal
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4033:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3918:na pe-'ytab-i
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3879:just becomes
3878:
3871:
3866:
3851:
3842:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3813:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3753:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3720:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3688:
3687:
3684:Abá onhe'eng
3681:
3678:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3656:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3623:Postposition
3622:
3621:
3616:
3610:Postpositions
3602:(little used)
3595:
3594:(oîo)irundyka
3591:
3588:
3585:(little used)
3578:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3466:'ara mosapyra
3458:
3449:
3440:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:means stone)
3383:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3322:Augmentative
3317:
3312:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3283:means forest)
3282:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3217:
3214:, beautiful;
3213:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3191:: beautiful.
3190:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3006:
2998:
2995:They kill us
2994:
2991:
2989:may they walk
2988:
2986:a'e t'o-gûatá
2985:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2930:a'e t'o-gûatá
2929:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2902:ixé t'a-gûatá
2901:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2838:oré oro-gûatá
2837:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2786:
2780:Verbal forms
2778:
2772:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2727:Pytuna i ro'y
2725:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2598:incorporated.
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2561:incorporated.
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2422:Abá îagûara o
2419:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:xe ma'endurar
2368:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1737:
1734:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1648:indicating a
1647:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1477:
1474:
1472:), u, ĩ, ỹ, ũ
1467:
1466:
1464:
1455:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1391:
1384:
1369:
1359:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1002:
1000:
998:
995:
984:
982:
973:
971:
968:
957:
948:
939:
937:
934:
929:
926:
923:
921:
920:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
872:
869:
861:
851:
849:
839:
837:
833:
832:
827:
823:
817:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
780:
779:
774:
770:
764:Tupi research
761:
758:
754:
750:
745:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:Luís Figueira
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
651:
646:
636:
633:
632:Indo-European
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:French Guiana
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
512:
510:
509:lingua franca
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
475:
471:
467:
462:
449:
446:
443:
440:
439:polysynthetic
436:
435:agglutinative
432:
428:
424:
421:
418:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:
401:
399:
389:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
340:
339:lingua franca
335:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
287:
283:
279:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
252:
246:
242:
238:
236:
235:
230:
221:
214:
207:
201:
198:
193:
188:
185:
182:
178:
172:
164:
161:
160:
159:
156:
155:
154:
150:
146:
140:
137:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
109:
105:
100:
95:
86:
83:
75:
65:
61:
55:
54:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
7945:
7934:Proto-Tupian
7932:
7888:Urubu–Kaapor
7880:
7809:
7783:
7773:Ararandewara
7771:
7759:
7735:
7713:Avá-Canoeiro
7686:
7679:
7662:
7656:
7655:
7605:
7598:Pai Tavytera
7520:Tupi–Guarani
7468:
7443:
7418:
7315:
7285:
7278:
7139:Non-official
7125:Ka'apor Sign
6708:Akwẽ-Xerénte
6501:Enawenê-Nawê
6313:
6306:
6302:
6295:
6288:
6279:
6272:
6265:
6258:
6251:
6244:
6219:
6193:
6169:
6147:
6125:
6114:Bibliography
6103:the original
6098:
6089:
6064:
6060:
6054:
6035:
6029:
6018:, retrieved
6008:
6002:
5990:. Retrieved
5978:
5966:. Retrieved
5944:
5940:
5930:
5910:
5892:
5827:
5818:
5799:
5768:Língua Geral
5750:
5746:
5740:
5730:
5727:
5717:
5715:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5658:
5653:
5649:
5639:
5631:
5627:
5621:
5615:
5609:
5603:
5595:
5589:
5583:
5575:
5567:
5561:
5551:
5545:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5520:
5510:
5506:
5490:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5468:
5458:
5444:
5434:
5418:
5414:
5404:
5397:
5387:
5378:
5355:
5350:língua geral
5348:
5346:
5333:Porto Seguro
5302:
5286:
5270:
5265:we forgive.
5257:
5241:
5225:
5209:
5193:
5177:
5161:
5145:
5129:
5113:
5082:
5072:This is the
5071:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5010:Jean de Léry
5007:
4996:
4987:Sample texts
4979:
4975:
4972:= many, much
4969:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4929:
4916:
4910:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4879:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4851:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4788:
4782:
4773:
4764:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4709:
4703:
4692:
4686:
4680:
4674:
4668:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4547:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4448:
4406:Edward Sapir
4403:
4394:
4392:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4309:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4121:
4107:Tupi was an
4106:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4053:
4045:
4038:
4036:
4032:na ... i xué
4031:
4023:
4017:
4012:
4002:
3998:
3997:. Note that
3994:
3990:
3980:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3929:
3924:n'o-sykyîé-î
3923:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3880:
3876:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3796:
3750:
3749:Kunumĩ oîkó
3718:Nhoesembé-pe
3717:
3685:
3653:
3613:
3577:(oîo)irundyk
3448:pykasu mokõî
3439:mokõî pykasu
3434:
3423:, mountain)
3420:
3418:
3412:
3405:
3403:
3397:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3366:
3362:
3361:Big river ('
3356:
3352:Little bird
3347:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3309:
3298:
3287:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3246:
3236:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3204:Kunhãporanga
3203:
3198:
3195:: the beauty
3192:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3149:
3142:
2950:oré opo-îuká
2922:xe îuká îepé
2908:ixé oro-îuká
2866:peẽ pe-guatá
2827:He/she walks
2770:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2728:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2693:
2688:
2685:means night.
2682:
2677:
2675:
2657:
2653:
2642:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2554:
2543:
2533:
2532:The pronoun
2523:
2519:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2465:a-pirá-kutuk
2464:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2446:incorporated
2445:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2372:(I remember)
2369:
2364:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2284:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2131:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2002:Translation
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1957:
1954:
1943:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1917:? - I (am).
1913:: who's the
1910:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1885:
1880:
1870:
1865:
1855:
1850:
1840:
1835:
1825:
1820:
1810:
1805:
1795:
1790:
1785:Translation
1765:
1755:
1751:
1723:
1716:intervocalic
1711:
1703:
1699:
1679:
1672:
1665:acute accent
1657:
1653:
1638:
1634:
1631:nasalisation
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1570:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1483:
1417:p, t, k, ' (
1414:Consonants:
1409:
1390:
1358:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1114:prenasalized
1016:
996:
969:
935:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
878:
859:
857:
845:
829:
826:chrestomathy
818:
798:
783:
776:
734:
722:
710:
698:
694:
690:
688:
679:
673:
669:Jean de Lery
663:prayers and
653:André Thévet
647:
645:in Guarani.
609:
513:
508:
478:
410:superstratum
395:
367:
348:
337:
326:Tupi–Guarani
323:
285:
282:Ancient Tupi
281:
277:
276:
248:
232:
162:
158:Tupi–Guarani
78:
69:
50:
29:
7898:Wayampipukú
7361:Cinta Larga
7151:Vlax Romani
7130:Terena Sign
7094:Macarrônico
6975:Nambikwaran
6733:Djeoromitxí
6067:(1): 1–17.
5968:7 September
5525:ũbu + arama
5459:pará + aíba
5445:paka + embu
5405:itá + añãgá
5403:Itanhangá (
5025:Abápe endé?
5018:XVI century
5016:during the
4956:= beautiful
4598:= young man
4596:kunumĩgûasu
4537:= air, wind
4258:= man, male
4245:taba-im abá
4239:taba abá-im
4191:Tupi had a
4151:Nominal TAM
4018:Îagûara ixé
3388:Kunumĩgûasu
3319:Diminutive
3288:ka'a-pûer-a
3261:-ram, -pûer
3237:ka'a-pûer-a
3223:Noun tenses
3171:: to jump.
3161:: to exit.
3047:(I) walking
2936:xe îûká a'e
2911:I kill you
2880:a'e o-guatá
2824:a'e o-gûatá
2796:ixé a-gûatá
2753:Pytuna o'ar
2745:) to jump (
2676:Aker pytuna
2627:instead of
2440:Objects of
2394:îandé nhyrõ
2388:oré rambûer
1782:2nd series
1629:indicating
1555:often have
1517:nasal stops
807:. In fact,
794:proselytise
545:Mato Grosso
375:tupi antigo
303:Tupi people
263:instead of
227:since 2022)
64:introducing
7963:Categories
7819:(Jau-Navo)
7723:Tenetehara
7699:Tenetehara
7577:Paraguayan
7317:Kepkiriwát
7089:Lanc-Patuá
6988:Nambikwara
6919:Chapacuran
6894:Tenetehara
6768:Mẽbêngôkre
6728:Chiquitano
6637:Pará Arára
6622:Hixkaryana
6458:Indigenous
6430:Pomeranian
6404:Portuguese
5810:References
5737:Recurrence
5724:Literature
5703:ybyrá îara
5691:, the moon
5674:, "flower"
5612:(anaconda)
5431:Jaguariúna
5185:on earth,
5182:na terra,
4924:Adjectives
4826:Portuguese
4765:ka'apiûara
4714:Portuguese
4602:morubixaba
4505:Substances
4449:Y-pirang-a
4384:rhetorical
4380:word order
4370:"teenager"
4314:"man" and
4306:= many men
3981:na ... ruã
3953:N'i puku-î
3894:n'ere-só-î
3751:ygara pupé
3686:Maria supé
3404:(Child is
3392:Young man
3277:ka'a-ram-a
2905:may I walk
2767:Verb moods
2610:itangapema
2493:pleonastic
2382:i membyrar
1946:, her son.
1875:You (pl.)
1815:You (sg.)
1779:1st series
1722:), and of
1671:syllable:
1559:for Î and
1504:) and NG (
1475:e, o, õ, ẽ
1351:apostrophe
1022:Consonants
895:(law) and
842:Tupinology
737:Portuguese
523:, and the
497:morphology
404:Tupi is a
380:Portuguese
202:Variously:
125:Tupiniquim
72:March 2017
47:references
7948:indicate
7882:Takunyapé
7871:Emerillon
7833:Uru-Pa-In
7823:Kagwahiva
7729:Guajajara
7688:Potiguara
7675:Nheengatu
7476:Munduruku
7461:Munduruku
7445:Maritsauá
7293:Karitiâna
7287:Kabixiana
7156:Hungarian
6879:Nheengatu
6874:Munduruku
6864:Kagwahiva
6783:Rikbaktsa
6680:Kashinawa
6536:Wapishana
6476:Asháninka
6460:languages
6020:26 August
5963:1413-0939
5751:Sieg Heil
5718:tupinambá
5710:ybyrá-atã
5696:îandá una
5556:Boy Scout
5540:pineapple
5469:paranãíba
5465:Paranaíba
5188:on earth
5104:English (
5092:Old tupi
4919:= village
4712:= sloth (
4584:kunhãmuku
4578:kunhãtã'ĩ
4432:synthetic
4399:São Paulo
4395:tupinambá
4356:akangûera
4220:A-î-pysyk
4214:Xe pysyka
3935:Xe porang
3900:n'o-karuî
3888:n'a-syk-i
3847:requires
3457:ta'yr-ypy
3436:numbers,
3413:Ybytyrusu
3380:Pebbles (
3218:, suffix)
3210:, woman;
2883:They walk
2619:The verb
2573:a-nho-mim
2503:(or also
2432:becoming
2400:pe poasem
1956:particle
1944:i membyra
1926:xe porang
1768:clusivity
1714:(to make
1702:(for Ŷ),
1650:semivowel
1438:m, n, ñ (
1368:retroflex
1263:Semivowel
1206:Fricative
1157:voiceless
891:(faith),
860:tupinambá
854:Phonology
773:Facsimile
735:When the
695:tupinambá
691:tupinambá
680:tupinambá
676:colonists
605:Argentina
585:Venezuela
557:São Paulo
493:phonology
427:isolating
234:Glottolog
197:ISO 639-3
136:Nheengatu
121:Tupinambá
117:Ethnicity
7862:Northern
7852:Kamayurá
7843:Kamayurá
7817:Karipuna
7737:Turiwára
7718:Tapirapé
7657:Old Tupi
7632:Pauserna
7414:Puruborá
7401:Ramarama
7396:Puruborá
7191:Romanian
7146:Japanese
7039:Katawixi
7034:Kanamarí
6983:Mamaindê
6942:Tukanoan
6889:Tapirapé
6788:Tapayúna
6763:Maxakalí
6738:Kaingang
6700:Macro-Jê
6690:Yaminawa
6652:Ye'kuana
6569:Jamamadí
6541:Warekena
6511:Mehinaku
6506:Mapidian
6491:Barawana
6468:Arawakan
6218:(2004).
6192:(2006).
6168:(1990).
6146:(2013).
6124:(2005).
6014:archived
5826:(2013).
5757:See also
5644:and the
5597:pororoca
5562:perereca
5548:(caiman)
5521:ũbuarama
5517:Umuarama
5497:Piracaia
5491:(r)etama
5441:Pacaembu
5398:y panema
5337:Pero Vaz
5312:tentação
5078:Anchieta
4944:= little
4942:mirĩ, 'í
4900:= flower
4856:capybara
4818:= toucan
4810:tapi'ira
4769:capybara
4752:= jaguar
4681:(t)etimã
4627:The body
4620:tapy'yîa
4616:= mother
4453:Ipiranga
4388:literary
4113:fusional
3961:-e'ym(a)
3870:na ... i
3861:Negation
3716:Ixé asó
3654:taba suí
3629:Example
3626:Meaning
3562:mosapyra
3431:Numerals
3297:Unreal:
3292:capoeira
3275:Future:
3265:-rambûer
3233:capoeira
3173:Perereka
2569:a-îo-mim
2485:to poke.
2316:(they*)
1987:(sleep)
1743:Pronouns
1720:unvoiced
1684:for the
1669:stressed
1581:Nhandéva
1573:Nhengatu
805:seminary
753:diamonds
723:de facto
665:biblical
661:Catholic
628:Sanskrit
624:Romanian
601:Paraguay
589:Colombia
541:Amazonas
529:Maranhão
431:fusional
398:typology
359:Botucatu
278:Old Tupi
269:Help:IPA
241:tupi1287
18:Old Tupi
7946:Italics
7893:Wayampi
7801:Kawahíb
7779:Araweté
7761:Amanayé
7637:Sirionó
7627:Guarayu
7618:Guarayu
7549:Chiripá
7543:Guarani
7529:Guarani
7470:Kuruaya
7356:Aruáshi
7323:Makurap
7311:Akuntsu
7216:Chinese
7206:Turkish
7201:Tagalog
7196:Russian
7084:Cafundó
7029:Kadiwéu
7024:Irantxe
7014:Arutani
6927:Oro Win
6808:Nadahup
6798:Xavante
6793:Timbira
6748:Kĩsêdjê
6718:Arikapú
6713:Apinajé
6685:Shipibo
6675:Amawaka
6647:Sikiana
6632:Macushi
6612:Bakairi
6594:Cariban
6584:Zuruahá
6579:Paumarí
6526:Tariana
6516:Palikúr
6481:Atorada
6442:Italian
6437:Hunsrik
6081:1374677
5992:10 July
5800:irundyk
5672:Ybotyra
5577:piranha
5536:abacaxi
5523:, from
5471:, from
5455:Paraíba
5417:, from
5394:Ipanema
5373:Paraíba
5080:in his
4954:poranga
4913:= house
4905:Society
4898:ybotyra
4888:= plant
4882:= fruit
4812:= tapir
4750:îagûara
4700:Animals
4671:= heart
4641:= mouth
4604:= chief
4574:= woman
4566:karaíba
4500:= black
4494:= white
4457:Pedro I
4414:affixes
4368:abárama
4339:abárama
4333:abáûera
4304:abá-etá
4302:= man;
4274:kuñãtãĩ
4256:apyŷaba
3549:mosapyr
3421:ybytyra
3406:pitanga
3398:Pitangĩ
3348:Gûyra'ĩ
3193:Poranga
3169:Pererek
2747:pererek
2376:nde u'u
2347:pererek
2296:pererek
2245:pererek
2194:pererek
2143:pererek
2092:pererek
2041:pererek
1993:(jump)
1991:pererek
1981:(walk)
1915:cacique
1830:He/she
1736:Hyphens
1563:for Û.
1500:), ND (
1465:Vowels
1108:Plosive
1052:Glottal
1042:Palatal
1037:Coronal
927:Central
866:or the
775:of the
650:Jesuits
620:English
612:Guarani
597:Bolivia
501:grammar
455:History
370:English
363:Jacareí
355:Ubatuba
265:Unicode
60:improve
7864:(VIII)
7828:Kayabi
7811:Apiaká
7767:Anambé
7708:Akwáwa
7681:Omagua
7670:Cocama
7556:Jopara
7451:Xipaya
7439:Juruna
7431:Yuruna
7338:Wayoró
7333:Tupari
7328:Mekens
7303:Tupari
7280:Arikem
7271:Arikem
7221:Slovak
7211:Korean
7186:Polish
7166:French
7161:Arabic
7064:Xukuru
7059:Ticuna
7054:Pirahã
7009:Aikanã
7002:Others
6993:Sabanê
6965:Wanano
6960:Tuyuca
6955:Tukano
6904:Xipaya
6884:Omagua
6859:Juruna
6849:Akwáwa
6841:Tupian
6778:Panará
6753:Krenak
6743:Karajá
6723:Bororo
6667:Panoan
6657:Waiwai
6642:Salumá
6627:Ikpeng
6607:Apalaí
6602:Amonap
6574:Kulina
6556:Arawan
6531:Terêna
6521:Paresi
6486:Baniwa
6447:Talian
6425:German
6230:
6204:
6194:Teatro
6178:
6154:
6132:
6079:
6042:
5961:
5918:
5834:
5679:y îara
5665:ara sy
5642:jaguar
5610:sucuri
5606:(crab)
5590:piroca
5584:pipoca
5569:peteca
5546:jacaré
5425:Itaúna
5388:y ûasú
5384:Iguaçu
5365:Paraná
5178:ybype,
4999:(1618)
4970:(s)etá
4948:panema
4938:= good
4930:beraba
4876:= leaf
4874:(s)oba
4870:= pine
4858:comes)
4852:ka'api
4846:Plants
4834:French
4816:tukana
4800:= fish
4728:French
4695:= face
4693:(t)obá
4689:= nose
4675:(t)esá
4665:= foot
4659:= hand
4635:= head
4633:akanga
4590:kunumĩ
4580:= girl
4542:People
4513:= fire
4511:(t)atá
4486:pirang
4480:(s)oby
4468:Colors
4390:uses.
4378:, but
4352:"head"
4350:akanga
4323:ko ara
4268:kunumĩ
4208:A-bebé
4155:number
4147:marker
4132:person
4096:Teatro
3947:I puku
3812:sykyîé
3632:Notes
3534:mokõîa
3419:(from
3357:Ygûasu
3286:Past:
3249:future
3243:(1835)
3212:porang
3189:Porang
2799:I walk
2719:, but
2691:clitic
2683:Pytuna
2667:Future
2406:i pytu
2265:(you)
2112:(he*)
2061:(you)
1999:(run)
1975:(eat)
1969:Pron.
1585:Kaiowá
1468:i, y (
1449:), î (
1431:s, x (
1059:Nasals
1032:Labial
915:Vowels
790:Jesuit
755:, and
717:wrote
701:) and
626:, and
603:, and
575:, and
561:Paraná
499:, and
485:Europe
307:Brazil
153:Tupian
49:, but
7876:Guajá
7845:(VII)
7751:Xingu
7649:(III)
7592:Kaiwá
7510:Awetï
7420:Urumi
7381:Suruí
7376:Mondé
7348:Mondé
7181:Greek
7171:Dutch
7049:Ninam
7044:Kwaza
7019:Guató
6950:Cubeo
6932:Wariʼ
6869:Kaiwá
6831:Nadëb
6826:Kakwa
6773:Ofayé
6617:Carib
6546:Waurá
6077:JSTOR
5779:Notes
5747:Anaûé
5646:tapir
5628:uruçu
5622:urutu
5616:urubu
5552:mirim
5503:Piraí
5487:pindó
5449:pacas
5306:Reino
4982:= big
4960:pûera
4892:ybyrá
4838:tatou
4783:mboîa
4778:coati
4774:koati
4760:Tayra
4756:heira
4744:arara
4738:aîuru
4723:aígue
4683:= leg
4677:= eye
4653:= ear
4651:nambi
4647:= arm
4592:= boy
4572:kunhã
4560:maíra
4554:aîuba
4535:ybytu
4498:(s)un
4488:= red
4364:"man"
4229:koára
4143:tense
4122:Tupi
3521:mokõî
3493:oîepé
3376:Ita'ĩ
3337:-ûasu
3208:kunhã
3146:Nouns
2717:oro'u
2596:-nho-
2577:u'ubá
2505:-nho-
2483:kutuk
2434:-nho-
2331:gûatá
2280:gûatá
2229:gûatá
2214:(we)
2212:Îandé
2178:gûatá
2163:(we)
2127:gûatá
2076:gûatá
2025:gûatá
1979:gûatá
1951:Verbs
1938:in a
1890:They
1856:îandé
1851:îandé
1756:îandé
1706:(for
1627:tilde
1047:Velar
936:Close
930:Back
924:Front
801:Latin
711:circa
553:Goiás
537:Amapá
311:South
184:Latin
7903:Zo'é
7803:(VI)
7785:Aurá
7701:(IV)
7647:Tupi
7620:(II)
7607:Xeta
7570:Mbyá
7538:Aché
7494:Mawé
7409:Karo
7386:Zoro
6909:Zo'é
6899:Xeta
6564:Deni
6496:Baré
6228:ISBN
6202:ISBN
6176:ISBN
6152:ISBN
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