2453:
2809:
2603:
2307:
438:
2696:
457:
2454:
406:
2810:
2604:
2308:
2896:
2878:
701:
293:
685:
661:, in rebel-controlled areas. The system was expanded throughout Mon State following a ceasefire with the central government in 1995. Mon State now operates a multi-track education system, with schools either using Mon as the primary medium of instruction (called Mon national schools) offering modules on the Mon language in addition to the government curriculum (called "mixed schools"). In 2015, Mon language courses were launched state-wide at the elementary level. This system has been recognized as a model for
7381:
439:
49:
559:
4987:
206:
194:
693:
2697:
458:
7545:
709:
360:
341:
507:. The Mon language has faced assimilative pressures in both Myanmar and Thailand, where many individuals of Mon descent are now monolingual in Burmese or Thai respectively. In 2007, Mon speakers were estimated to number between 800,000 and 1 million. In Myanmar, the majority of Mon speakers live in Southern Myanmar, especially
407:
1314:
One study involving speakers of a Mon dialect in
Thailand found that in some syllabic environments, words with a breathy voice vowel are significantly lower in pitch than similar words with a clear vowel counterpart. While difference in pitch in certain environments was found to be significant, there
635:
The region's language shift from Mon to
Burmese has been ascribed to a combination of population displacement, intermarriage, and voluntary changes in self-identification among increasingly Mon–Burmese bilingual populations in throughout Lower Burma. The shift was certainly accelerated by the fall of
645:
upriver, spanning
Bassein (now Pathein) and Rangoon (now Yangon) to Tharrawaddy, Toungoo, Prome (now Pyay) and Henzada (now Hinthada), were now Burmese-speaking. Great Britain's gradual annexation of Burma throughout the 19th century, in addition to concomitant economic and political instability in
649:
The Mon language has influenced subtle grammatical differences between the varieties of
Burmese spoken in Lower and Upper Burma. In Lower Burmese varieties, the verb ပေး ("to give") is colloquially used as a permissive causative marker, like in other Southeast Asian languages, but unlike in other
640:
in 1757. Following the fall of Pegu (now Bago), many Mon-speaking refugees fled and resettled in what is now modern-day
Thailand. By 1830, an estimated 90% of the population in the Lower Burma self-identified as Burmese-speaking Bamars; huge swaths of former Mon-speaking areas, from the
713:
711:
716:
715:
710:
717:
363:
367:
366:
362:
361:
722:
718:
719:
721:
720:
344:
723:
368:
348:
347:
343:
342:
351:
350:
349:
714:
365:
346:
665:
education in the
Burmese national education system, because it enables children taught in the Mon language to integrate into the mainstream Burmese education system at higher education levels.
3300:
646:
Upper Burma (e.g., increased tax burdens to the
Burmese crown, British rice production incentives, etc.) also accelerated the migration of Burmese speakers from Upper Burma into Lower Burma.
712:
364:
762:
While
Thailand is home to a sizable Mon population due to historical waves of migration, only a small proportion (estimated to range between 60,000 and 80,000) speak Mon, due to
3894:
3798:
345:
3455:
834:
lists Mon dialects as
Martaban-Moulmein (Central Mon, Mon Te), Pegu (Mon Tang, Northern Mon), and Ye (Mon Nya, Southern Mon), with high mutual intelligibility among them.
837:
Thai Mon has some differences from the
Burmese dialects of Mon, but they are mutually intelligible. The Thai varieties of Mon are considered "severely endangered."
5949:
5552:
3304:
3206:
Lall, Marie; South, Ashley (2014-04-03). "Comparing Models of Non-state Ethnic Education in Myanmar: The Mon and Karen National Education Regimes".
3329:
3504:. 1988. The interaction between pitch and phonation type in Mon: phonetic implications for a theory of tonogenesis. Mon-Khmer Studies 16-17:11-24.
6074:
4975:
7885:
3984:
3720:
582:, Mon and Burmese on the four sides, was carved. However, after Kyansittha's death, usage of the Mon language declined among the Bamar and the
3593:
2943:
7830:
7822:
7814:
7806:
7798:
7782:
7766:
7750:
7890:
3935:
755:
in the south, remains a traditional stronghold of the Mon language. However, in this region, Burmese is favored in urban areas, such as
3656:
3891:
3813:
5954:
3566:
5966:
3440:
3249:
3941:
814:
Mon has three primary dialects in Burma, coming from the various regions the Mon inhabit. They are the Central (areas surrounding
650:
Tibeto-Burman languages. This usage is hardly employed in Upper Burmese varieties, and is considered a sub-standard construct.
4953:
5545:
3930:
3787:
3486:
3112:
601:. However it is not clear if the inhabitants were Mon, a mix of Mon and Malay or Khmer. Later inscriptions and kingdoms like
3853:
Shorto, H.L. 1966. "Mon vowel systems: a problem in phonological statement". in Bazell, Catford, Halliday, and Robins, eds.
759:, the capital of Mon State. In recent years, usage of Mon has declined in Myanmar, especially among the younger generation.
2114:
which are used when a noun appears with a numeral. The choice of classifier depends on the semantics of the noun involved.
4968:
4041:
1120:
1086:
323:
3977:
3274:
3038:
3751:
3628:
3527:
3423:
3139:
3072:
5538:
503:
490:, is not tonal. The Mon language is a recognised indigenous language in Myanmar as well as a recognised indigenous
1262:
1206:
313:
766:
and the assimilation of Mons into mainstream Thai society. Mon speakers in Thailand are largely concentrated in
7875:
4961:
3555:
1234:
7870:
6328:
5647:
3970:
676:
would begin to carry news in the Mon language, becoming Myanmar's first Mon language publication since 1962.
258:
7303:
6958:
6919:
5961:
5804:
4183:
4069:
1297:
system in which the quality of voice in pronouncing the vowel is phonemic. There are two registers in Mon:
1220:
1056:
637:
3711:
Grammatical Notes and Vocabulary of the Peguan Language: To which are Added a Few Pages of Phrases, &c
2975:
4107:
1248:
1183:
1138:
1072:
1063:
3336:
5019:
3064:
1958:
Mon nouns do not inflect for number. That is, they do not have separate forms for singular and plural:
1269:
1100:
939:
932:
1871:
Some verbs have a morphological causative, which is most frequently a /pə-/ prefix (Pan Hla 1989:29):
6744:
5126:
2916:
1136:
1028:
1015:
946:
3731:
3367:
2895:
2877:
7865:
7310:
6243:
5294:
4795:
2111:
1192:
775:
2231:
The ordinary word order for sentences in Mon is subject–verb–object, as in the following examples
6534:
5561:
5412:
5139:
4840:
4646:
4435:
3920:
3501:
2950:
2921:
1241:
1034:
1021:
953:
487:
475:
135:
17:
7317:
7251:
6264:
6238:
5519:
5327:
5243:
5178:
5086:
5055:
4983:
4689:
4279:
3608:
3476:
779:
166:
4353:
3000:
7360:
7324:
7256:
5466:
5397:
5185:
4991:
4942:
4762:
4752:
4547:
3354:
3129:
2929:
1093:
895:
888:
771:
658:
491:
5973:
3671:
3131:
The Burma Delta: Economic Development and Social Change on an Asian Rice Frontier, 1852–1941
7880:
7331:
6886:
6481:
5340:
5304:
4593:
4428:
4423:
4256:
3993:
3686:. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 407–421.
1294:
902:
579:
3581:
1319:
that are distinguished solely by pitch. The contrastive mechanism is the vowel phonation.
620:, which remained a predominantly Mon-speaking region until the 1800s, by which point, the
8:
7133:
6400:
5944:
5779:
5769:
5233:
4894:
4613:
4418:
4413:
4206:
4120:
4060:
1007:
997:
990:
983:
976:
968:
791:
654:
613:
571:
563:
5112:
7119:
7012:
6547:
6519:
6301:
5978:
5607:
5574:
5514:
5407:
5402:
5157:
5070:
4817:
4505:
4408:
4363:
3945:
3687:
3382:
3231:
1290:
909:
855:
740:
512:
86:
5060:
282:
275:
7261:
7217:
7207:
7128:
7052:
6927:
6859:
6453:
6365:
6167:
6162:
5866:
5489:
5350:
5256:
5213:
5039:
4917:
4785:
4623:
4515:
4231:
4163:
3836:. Tokyo, Japan: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.
3783:
3747:
3624:
3551:
3523:
3482:
3419:
3223:
3181:
3135:
3108:
3068:
3020:
1213:
1112:
875:
865:
799:
544:
7077:
6552:
3235:
798:). A small ethnic group in Thailand speak a language closely related to Mon, called
527:
Mon is an important language in Burmese history. Until the 12th century, it was the
319:
7160:
7138:
7109:
7062:
6998:
6986:
6963:
6937:
6932:
6909:
6739:
6723:
6713:
6703:
6603:
6471:
6431:
6370:
6340:
6195:
6102:
6053:
5926:
5827:
5738:
5733:
5693:
5673:
5484:
5476:
5461:
5456:
5446:
5438:
5317:
5228:
5218:
4912:
4904:
4889:
4884:
4874:
4866:
4845:
4775:
4747:
4737:
4732:
4674:
4664:
4557:
4490:
4390:
4358:
4312:
4236:
4221:
4145:
4007:
3215:
3173:
3012:
2944:"International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination"
860:
700:
621:
583:
429:
383:
5102:
4770:
555:
of Pagan (r. 1084–1113) admired Mon culture and the Mon language was patronized.
7194:
7093:
7088:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
6904:
6775:
6693:
6688:
6630:
6557:
6524:
6280:
6248:
6172:
6136:
6043:
5903:
5764:
5698:
5683:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5602:
5597:
5494:
5360:
5289:
5203:
5193:
5167:
4922:
4835:
4608:
4577:
4562:
4552:
4495:
4348:
4327:
4302:
4292:
4287:
4211:
4168:
4092:
4028:
4012:
3898:
3709:
3219:
1200:
882:
870:
684:
642:
532:
140:
127:
5642:
4216:
770:. The remaining contingent of Thai Mon speakers are located in the provinces of
7354:
7291:
7246:
7230:
7225:
7143:
7083:
7071:
7022:
7017:
7007:
6843:
6838:
6822:
6817:
6807:
6791:
6678:
6655:
6578:
6573:
6504:
6496:
6436:
6415:
6355:
6069:
5882:
5784:
5774:
5754:
5678:
5652:
5617:
5612:
5417:
5387:
5380:
5312:
5284:
5172:
5162:
5152:
5065:
4879:
4830:
4803:
4722:
4669:
4659:
4654:
4567:
4530:
4500:
4385:
4332:
4307:
4226:
4201:
4196:
4173:
4153:
4130:
4087:
4082:
4077:
2910:
1301:
Clear (modal) voice, analyzed by various linguists as ranging from ordinary to
1228:
919:
748:
744:
548:
483:
292:
159:
3862:
A Dictionary of the Mon Inscriptions from the Sixth to the Sixteenth Centuries
3016:
7859:
7268:
6812:
6718:
6708:
6683:
6598:
6509:
6360:
6296:
6213:
6152:
6120:
6079:
6027:
6012:
6004:
5994:
5898:
5759:
5728:
5708:
5668:
5365:
5345:
5335:
5269:
5262:
5251:
5107:
5034:
5009:
4780:
4742:
4727:
4717:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4618:
4603:
4598:
4539:
4482:
4445:
4322:
4317:
4297:
4191:
4158:
4135:
4125:
4115:
3227:
3185:
3024:
1307:
1286:
1165:
827:
823:
662:
629:
625:
617:
587:
536:
535:—not only in the Mon kingdoms of the lower Irrawaddy but also of the upriver
528:
448:
251:
98:
3869:
3762:
3639:
48:
7380:
6953:
6542:
6476:
6386:
6157:
6048:
6022:
6017:
5850:
5845:
5688:
5592:
5392:
5198:
5147:
4572:
4520:
4510:
4270:
4097:
3042:
1316:
1302:
960:
783:
763:
606:
602:
540:
170:
5530:
3623:. Monic Language Studies. Vol. I. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University.
2883:
2865:
558:
241:
234:
6698:
6514:
6486:
6461:
5703:
5276:
4825:
4679:
4400:
4377:
3161:
2740:
1177:
1160:
924:
787:
736:
516:
81:
3782:. Vol. 1: Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press.
3691:
7846:
7047:
6466:
5223:
4712:
4637:
4051:
3962:
2888:
2870:
1868:
Mon verbs do not inflect for person. Tense is shown through particles.
1256:
1170:
819:
795:
756:
669:
552:
479:
108:
7373:
3834:
The Significant Role of the Mon Language and Culture in Southeast Asia
3799:"Remnant of a lost nation and their cognate words to Old Mon Epigraph"
3177:
2743:. That is, it does not necessarily move to the front of the sentence:
1293:. As in many Mon–Khmer languages, Mon uses a vowel-phonation or vowel-
5375:
5355:
4464:
1322:
In the examples below, breathy voice is marked with under-diaeresis.
1048:
803:
752:
732:
657:(NMSP) established a Mon national school system, which uses Mon as a
594:
508:
268:
225:
76:
3924:
3913:
692:
4995:
3335:. Mon Culture and Literature Survival Project (MCL). Archived from
3105:
Ethnic Groups Across National Boundaries in Mainland Southeast Asia
1146:
Implosives are lost in many dialects and become explosives instead.
1080:
612:
After the fall of Pagan, Mon again became the lingua franca of the
598:
420:
331:
298:
211:
60:
3903:
570:
Kyansittha left many inscriptions in Mon. During this period, the
5370:
3001:"Contact and convergence: The Mon language in Burma and Thailand"
815:
767:
327:
302:
199:
71:
3780:
Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830
7544:
4453:
3522:(illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
3162:"The Mon language:recipient and donor between Burmese and Thai"
498:
3721:"Burmese Mon, Thai Mon, and Nyah Kur: a synchronic comparison"
3086:
3084:
27:
Austroasiatic language spoken by the Mon in Burma and Thailand
7790:
7774:
7758:
7742:
7723:
7715:
7707:
7699:
7691:
7683:
7675:
7656:
7648:
7640:
7632:
7624:
7616:
7608:
7600:
7592:
7584:
7576:
7568:
7560:
7532:
7524:
7516:
7508:
7500:
7492:
7484:
7476:
7468:
7460:
7452:
7444:
7436:
7428:
7420:
7412:
7404:
5451:
3908:
3416:
Mon Nationalism and Civil War in Burma: The Golden Sheldrake
3081:
696:
Thai Mon and Thai scripts on a sign in Wat Muang, Thailand.
688:
Thai Mon and Thai scripts on a sign in Wat Muang, Thailand.
575:
392:
3301:"First Mon language newspaper in 50 years to be published"
566:(AD 1113) is Myanmar's oldest surviving stone inscription.
330:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3846:
Shorto, H.L.; Judith M. Jacob; and E.H.S. Simonds. 1963.
2191:
624:
had expanded its reach from its traditional heartland in
3763:"An acoustical study of the register distinction in Mon"
3828:. Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University.
3904:
SEAlang Project: Mon–Khmer languages: The Monic Branch
3640:"The registers of Mon vs. the spectrographist's tones"
574:, which contains identical inscriptions of a story in
3520:
The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma
3387:
Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition
395:
3921:
Mon-language Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words
3550:. Working Papers. Vol. 32. Monash University.
2110:Like many other Southeast Asian languages, Mon has
782:, as well the western provinces bordering Myanmar (
389:
386:
2909:
372:Explanation of the Mon-Thai or Thai-Raman alphabet
3936:Mon Language in Thailand: The endangered heritage
3870:"Another look at the register distinction in Mon"
3250:"Mon language classes to launch at state schools"
2999:McCormick, Patrick; Jenny, Mathias (2013-05-13).
2976:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"
2509:Yes–no questions are shown with a final particle
2040:Adjectives follow the noun (Pan Hla p. 24):
543:. Mon, especially written Mon, continued to be a
497:Mon was classified as a "vulnerable" language in
7857:
3541:(PhD dissertation). University of London (SOAS).
3848:Bibliographies of Mon–Khmer and Tai Linguistics
2998:
2735:Wh-questions show a different final particle,
5546:
4969:
3978:
3102:
3061:Imperial Pagan: Art and Architecture of Burma
3041:. Monland Restoration Council. Archived from
2908:
5560:
3134:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 67–77.
802:. They are descendants of the Mon-speaking
5553:
5539:
4976:
4962:
3985:
3971:
3594:"Questions in Mon: Addenda and Corrigenda"
3517:
3330:"A Short Introduction to the Mon Language"
2739:. The interrogative word does not undergo
679:
291:
47:
3777:
3621:The Dvarati Old Mon language and Nyah Kur
3441:"Ethnic Identity of the Mons in Thailand"
3205:
3090:
3054:
3052:
2564:
2283:
1948:
1863:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1346:
830:dialects. All are mutually intelligible.
305:where Mon is denoted by light green area.
38:
3992:
3867:
3698:
3637:
3618:
3495:
3478:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
3298:
3275:"Mother tongue education: the Mon model"
3107:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
3058:
1310:, vowels have a distinct breathy quality
707:
699:
691:
683:
557:
504:Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger
358:
339:
7378:
3892:A hypertext grammar of the Mon language
3823:
3796:
3718:
3707:
3681:
3657:"Essai de phonetique historique du môn"
3474:
2731:‘Will father go?’ (Pan Hla, p. 42)
324:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
7858:
3746:(Thesis). Zürich: Universität Zürich.
3654:
3438:
3380:
3049:
3005:Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale
2494:Nyeh tɔʔ paton kɒ ʔua pʰɛ̤asa ʔengloit
2192:Prepositions and prepositional phrases
1953:
419:
59:
7377:
7289:
7182:
6984:
6884:
6628:
6326:
6193:
6100:
5924:
5825:
5572:
5534:
4957:
3966:
3741:
3601:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
3591:
3564:
3545:
3536:
3470:
3468:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3374:
3327:
3323:
3321:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3151:
2800:
2687:
2594:
2377:
3127:
2930:participating institution membership
2418:
2362:
7290:
6327:
3760:
3539:Morphology and syntax of spoken Mon
2796:
2579:
2298:
1285:Unlike the surrounding Burmese and
1280:
668:In 2013, it was announced that the
24:
7891:Endangered Austroasiatic languages
7359:Languages between parentheses are
5950:Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern
3511:
3465:
3400:
3318:
3192:
3148:
2859:
2175:
2138:
2019:
1982:
586:began to replace Mon and Pyu as a
25:
7902:
7257:Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer)
3885:
3841:A Dictionary of Modern Spoken Mon
2196:Mon is a prepositional language.
2070:
1268:
1261:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1191:
1182:
1119:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1071:
1062:
1055:
1033:
1027:
1020:
1014:
996:
989:
982:
975:
959:
952:
945:
938:
931:
908:
901:
894:
887:
7543:
7379:
4985:
3874:UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics
3767:UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics
3644:UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics
3592:Bauer, Christian (Spring 1986).
3461:from the original on 2022-10-10.
2894:
2876:
2497:3 PL teach to 1 language English
2075:Demonstratives follow the noun:
382:
297:Monic languages distribution in
204:
192:
3826:An introduction to Mon language
3432:
3381:Gordon, Raymond G. Jr. (2005).
3292:
3267:
3242:
3166:Journal of Language and Culture
3121:
1143:is only found in Burmese loans.
547:even after the fall of the Mon
486:, but unlike most languages in
355:Explanation on the Mon alphabet
7363:of the language on their left.
6885:
3868:Thongkum, Therapan L. (1987).
3730:. 16–17: 31–84. Archived from
3096:
3031:
2992:
2968:
2949:. 28 July 2011. Archived from
2936:
2902:
2105:
13:
1:
7886:Subject–verb–object languages
3914:The Ananda "Basement" Plaques
3909:Old Mon inscriptions database
3778:Lieberman, Victor B. (2003).
3574:The Mon–Khmer Studies Journal
3475:Moseley, Christopher (2010).
3103:Wijeyewardene, Gehan (1990).
2035:
845:
731:Southern Myanmar (comprising
7252:Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer)
5573:
3518:Aung-Thwin, Michael (2005).
3383:"Mon: A language of Myanmar"
3220:10.1080/00472336.2013.823534
3208:Journal of Contemporary Asia
3128:Adas, Michael (2011-04-20).
2792:
2779:
2766:
2752:
2683:
2670:
2657:
2590:
2575:
2560:
2547:
2534:
2521:
2504:
2442:
2429:
2414:
2401:
2388:
2373:
2358:
2294:
2279:
2266:
2253:
2240:
2226:
840:
638:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
7:
7391:Mon Consonants(Thirty-five)
3806:Journal of the Siam Society
3448:Journal of the Siam Society
1330:
809:
616:(1287–1539) in present-day
10:
7907:
7183:
6985:
6194:
6101:
5925:
5826:
3864:. Oxford University Press.
3850:. Oxford University Press.
3843:. Oxford University Press.
3719:Huffman, Franklin (1990).
3684:Some aspects of Mon syntax
3682:Guillon, Emmanuel (1976).
3607:(1): 22–26. Archived from
3065:University of Hawaii Press
2842:{Tala oa} kratkraw mu raw?
1851:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1347:
522:
416:
39:
7841:
7734:
7667:
7552:
7541:
7396:
7389:
7345:
7298:
7285:
7239:
7216:
7193:
7189:
7178:
7152:
7118:
7102:
7061:
6997:
6993:
6980:
6946:
6918:
6897:
6893:
6880:
6852:
6831:
6800:
6784:
6768:
6761:
6732:
6671:
6664:
6648:
6641:
6637:
6629:
6624:
6591:
6566:
6533:
6495:
6452:
6445:
6424:
6408:
6399:
6379:
6348:
6339:
6335:
6322:
6289:
6273:
6257:
6231:
6222:
6206:
6202:
6189:
6145:
6129:
6113:
6109:
6096:
6062:
6036:
6003:
5987:
5937:
5933:
5920:
5891:
5875:
5859:
5838:
5834:
5821:
5797:
5747:
5724:
5717:
5661:
5585:
5581:
5568:
5507:
5475:
5437:
5430:
5408:Red Karen (Eastern Kayah)
5326:
5303:
5242:
5138:
5125:
5095:
5079:
5048:
5027:
5018:
5002:
4935:
4903:
4865:
4858:
4816:
4794:
4761:
4688:
4645:
4636:
4586:
4538:
4529:
4481:
4463:
4444:
4399:
4376:
4341:
4278:
4269:
4249:
4182:
4144:
4106:
4068:
4059:
4050:
4037:
4021:
4000:
3812:: 122–155. Archived from
3714:. American Mission Press.
3699:Halliday, Robert (1922).
3638:Diffloth, Gerard (1985).
3619:Diffloth, Gerard (1984).
3565:Bauer, Christian (1986).
3546:Bauer, Christian (1984).
3537:Bauer, Christian (1982).
3439:Foster, Brian L. (1973).
3017:10.1163/19606028-00422P01
2917:Oxford English Dictionary
2500:'They taught me English.'
1325:
1150:
1111:
1079:
1047:
918:
881:
852:
704:Mon language in Thailand.
452:
433:
310:
290:
266:
249:
223:
218:
182:
177:
156:
124:
114:
104:
94:
67:
55:
46:
37:
32:
3703:. Bangkok: Siam Society.
3701:A Mon–English dictionary
3580:: 87–110. Archived from
3567:"The verb in spoken Mon"
2852:
2644:you eat rice COMPL AFF Q
2641:be̤ shea pəng toa ya ha?
1289:languages, Mon is not a
605:were subservient to the
482:. Mon, like the related
6281:Somray (Northern Chong)
5562:Austroasiatic languages
3855:In memory of J.R. Firth
3742:Jenny, Mathias (2005).
3708:Haswell, J. M. (1874).
3655:Ferlus, Michel (1984).
3328:Jenny, Mathias (2001).
3299:Kun Chan (2013-02-13).
3160:Jenny, Mathias (2013).
3059:Strachan, Paul (1990).
2922:Oxford University Press
2787:
2774:
2760:
2747:
2678:
2665:
2652:
2585:
2570:
2555:
2542:
2529:
2516:
2437:
2424:
2409:
2396:
2383:
2368:
2353:
2289:
2274:
2261:
2248:
2235:
2208:
2200:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2087:
2079:
2052:
2044:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1497:You, yours; thy, thine
680:Geographic distribution
551:to Pagan in 1057. King
488:mainland Southeast Asia
238: – Modern Mon
7668:The Mon Consonant(Two)
7553:Mon Consonant (Second)
3744:The Verb System of Mon
3670:: 1–90. Archived from
3548:A guide to Mon studies
3414:South, Ashley (2003).
3362:Cite journal requires
2647:‘Have you eaten rice?’
1949:Nouns and noun phrases
1864:Verbs and verb phrases
1521:By you (Sin); by thee
728:
727:Mon language in Burma.
705:
697:
689:
593:Mon inscriptions from
567:
476:Austroasiatic language
373:
356:
312:This article contains
7876:Languages of Thailand
7397:Mon Consonant (First)
5467:Southwestern Mandarin
4943:Burmese sign language
4753:Southwestern Mandarin
4022:Semiofficial language
3925:Swadesh-list appendix
3824:Pan Hla, Nai (1989).
3797:Pan Hla, Nai (1986).
3502:Thongkum, Theraphan L
1988:{sɔt pakaw} mo̤a me̤a
726:
703:
695:
687:
659:medium of instruction
597:'s ruins also litter
561:
371:
354:
7871:Languages of Myanmar
4038:Indigenous languages
3994:Languages of Myanmar
3931:Mon Language Project
3832:Pan Hla, Nai. 1992.
3761:Lee, Thomas (1983).
2848:'What did you wash?'
2345:I buy rice COMPL AFF
492:language of Thailand
466:; formerly known as
245: – Old Mon
7304:Proto-Austroasiatic
6959:Southern Nicobarese
6349:Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam
5131:by languages groups
3923:(from Wiktionary's
3860:Shorto, H.L. 1971.
3857:, pp. 398–409.
3839:Shorto, H.L. 1962.
3389:. SIL International
2920:(Online ed.).
2342:ʔoa ran hau toa ya.
2025:{sɔt pakaw} ba me̤a
1954:Singular and plural
792:Prachuap Khiri Khan
655:New Mon State Party
614:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
572:Myazedi inscription
564:Myazedi Inscription
184:Recognised minority
120:850,000 (2004)
5515:Thai Sign Language
5439:Immigrant language
4867:Immigrant language
4001:Official languages
3897:2016-11-17 at the
3093:, p. 202-206.
3039:"The Mon Language"
2845:You wash what WH.Q
741:Tanintharyi Region
729:
706:
698:
690:
568:
513:Tanintharyi Region
421:[pʰesamɑn]
374:
357:
87:Tanintharyi Region
61:[pʰesamɑn]
7853:
7852:
7371:
7370:
7355:extinct languages
7341:
7340:
7281:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7174:
7173:
7170:
7169:
6976:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6876:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6868:
6867:
6757:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6587:
6586:
6395:
6394:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6185:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6092:
6091:
6088:
6087:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5793:
5792:
5528:
5527:
5503:
5502:
5426:
5425:
5121:
5120:
5003:Official language
4951:
4950:
4931:
4930:
4854:
4853:
4812:
4811:
4632:
4631:
4372:
4371:
4265:
4264:
4245:
4244:
3789:978-0-521-80496-7
3728:Mon–Khmer Studies
3664:Mon–Khmer Studies
3488:978-92-3-104096-2
3279:The Myanmar Times
3254:The Myanmar Times
3178:10.5167/uzh-81044
3114:978-981-3035-57-7
2956:on 9 October 2016
2928:(Subscription or
2892:(27th ed., 2024)
2874:(27th ed., 2024)
2144:kaneh mo̤a tanəng
2066:'beautiful woman'
1946:
1945:
1861:
1860:
1780:မိန်ညးဗြဴဂှဲ၊ပ္ဍဲ
1456:မိန်ပိုဲညးဂမၠိုၚ်
1437:Our, ours, of us
1278:
1277:
1133:
1132:
1010:
971:
927:
724:
636:the Mon-speaking
549:kingdom of Thaton
545:prestige language
369:
352:
338:
337:
320:rendering support
316:phonetic symbols.
279: Modern Mon
16:(Redirected from
7898:
7833:
7825:
7817:
7809:
7801:
7793:
7785:
7777:
7769:
7761:
7753:
7745:
7726:
7718:
7710:
7702:
7694:
7686:
7678:
7659:
7651:
7643:
7635:
7627:
7619:
7611:
7603:
7595:
7587:
7579:
7571:
7563:
7547:
7535:
7527:
7519:
7511:
7503:
7495:
7487:
7479:
7471:
7463:
7455:
7447:
7439:
7431:
7423:
7415:
7407:
7383:
7375:
7374:
7287:
7286:
7191:
7190:
7180:
7179:
6995:
6994:
6982:
6981:
6895:
6894:
6882:
6881:
6766:
6765:
6669:
6668:
6646:
6645:
6639:
6638:
6626:
6625:
6450:
6449:
6406:
6405:
6346:
6345:
6337:
6336:
6324:
6323:
6229:
6228:
6204:
6203:
6191:
6190:
6111:
6110:
6098:
6097:
5958:
5935:
5934:
5922:
5921:
5836:
5835:
5823:
5822:
5722:
5721:
5583:
5582:
5570:
5569:
5555:
5548:
5541:
5532:
5531:
5477:Working language
5435:
5434:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5188:
5181:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5025:
5024:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4955:
4954:
4905:Working language
4863:
4862:
4643:
4642:
4536:
4535:
4276:
4275:
4066:
4065:
4057:
4056:
4048:
4047:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3950:
3944:. Archived from
3881:
3829:
3820:
3818:
3803:
3793:
3774:
3757:
3738:
3736:
3725:
3715:
3704:
3695:
3678:
3676:
3661:
3651:
3634:
3615:
3613:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3571:
3561:
3542:
3533:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3445:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3411:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3341:
3334:
3325:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3303:. Archived from
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3203:
3190:
3189:
3157:
3146:
3145:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3079:
3078:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3035:
3029:
3028:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2948:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2913:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2881:
2880:
2863:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2777:
2763:
2750:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2689:
2681:
2668:
2655:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2596:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2545:
2532:
2519:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2440:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2399:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2364:
2356:
2348:'I bought rice.'
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2300:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2264:
2251:
2238:
2177:
2140:
2021:
1984:
1874:
1873:
1854:
1853:
1842:
1841:
1830:
1829:
1818:
1817:
1809:They (feminine)
1806:
1805:
1794:
1793:
1782:
1781:
1770:
1769:
1758:
1757:
1746:
1745:
1734:
1733:
1722:
1721:
1710:
1709:
1708:ဒဒက်တဴကဵုညးတံဂှ်
1698:
1697:
1686:
1685:
1674:
1673:
1662:
1661:
1650:
1649:
1638:
1637:
1626:
1625:
1614:
1613:
1602:
1601:
1590:
1589:
1578:
1577:
1566:
1565:
1554:
1553:
1552:ၚ်မၞးတံညးဂမၠိုၚ်
1542:
1541:
1530:
1529:
1518:
1517:
1506:
1505:
1494:
1493:
1482:
1481:
1470:
1469:
1458:
1457:
1446:
1445:
1434:
1433:
1422:
1421:
1410:
1409:
1398:
1397:
1386:
1385:
1374:
1373:
1362:
1361:
1350:
1349:
1335:
1334:
1281:Vocalic register
1272:
1265:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1195:
1186:
1155:
1154:
1142:
1123:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1075:
1066:
1059:
1037:
1031:
1024:
1018:
1008:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
969:
963:
956:
949:
942:
935:
925:
912:
905:
898:
891:
850:
849:
747:in the north to
725:
622:Burmese language
584:Burmese language
533:Irrawaddy valley
465:
464:
463:
461:
454:
446:
445:
444:
442:
435:
423:
418:
414:
413:
412:
410:
402:
401:
398:
397:
394:
391:
388:
370:
353:
295:
285:
278:
261:
244:
237:
228:
210:
208:
207:
198:
196:
195:
186:language in
162:
130:
63:
51:
42:
41:
30:
29:
21:
7906:
7905:
7901:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7866:Monic languages
7856:
7855:
7854:
7849:
7837:
7829:
7821:
7813:
7805:
7797:
7789:
7781:
7773:
7765:
7757:
7749:
7741:
7730:
7722:
7714:
7706:
7698:
7690:
7682:
7674:
7663:
7655:
7647:
7639:
7631:
7623:
7615:
7607:
7599:
7591:
7583:
7575:
7567:
7559:
7548:
7539:
7531:
7523:
7515:
7507:
7499:
7491:
7483:
7475:
7467:
7459:
7451:
7443:
7435:
7427:
7419:
7411:
7403:
7392:
7385:
7372:
7367:
7366:
7337:
7311:Proto-Palaungic
7294:
7292:Proto-languages
7273:
7235:
7212:
7185:
7166:
7148:
7114:
7098:
7057:
6989:
6968:
6942:
6914:
6889:
6864:
6848:
6827:
6796:
6780:
6749:
6728:
6660:
6633:
6608:
6583:
6562:
6529:
6491:
6441:
6420:
6391:
6375:
6331:
6329:Khasi–Palaungic
6306:
6285:
6269:
6253:
6224:
6218:
6198:
6177:
6141:
6125:
6105:
6084:
6058:
6032:
5999:
5983:
5952:
5929:
5908:
5887:
5871:
5855:
5830:
5809:
5789:
5743:
5713:
5657:
5577:
5564:
5559:
5529:
5524:
5499:
5471:
5422:
5322:
5299:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5238:
5184:
5177:
5130:
5129:
5117:
5091:
5075:
5044:
5014:
4998:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4952:
4947:
4927:
4899:
4850:
4808:
4790:
4757:
4684:
4628:
4582:
4525:
4477:
4459:
4440:
4395:
4368:
4337:
4261:
4241:
4178:
4140:
4102:
4042:state or region
4039:
4033:
4017:
3996:
3991:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3940:
3899:Wayback Machine
3888:
3816:
3801:
3790:
3754:
3734:
3723:
3674:
3659:
3631:
3611:
3596:
3584:
3569:
3558:
3530:
3514:
3512:Further reading
3509:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3443:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3412:
3401:
3392:
3390:
3379:
3375:
3363:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3326:
3319:
3310:
3308:
3297:
3293:
3284:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3204:
3193:
3158:
3149:
3142:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3101:
3097:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3057:
3050:
3037:
3036:
3032:
2997:
2993:
2984:
2982:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2882:
2875:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2788:
2785:
2775:
2772:
2761:
2758:
2748:
2733:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2679:
2676:
2666:
2663:
2653:
2649:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2586:
2583:
2571:
2568:
2556:
2553:
2543:
2540:
2530:
2527:
2517:
2507:
2502:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2438:
2435:
2425:
2422:
2410:
2407:
2397:
2394:
2384:
2381:
2369:
2366:
2354:
2350:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2290:
2287:
2275:
2272:
2262:
2259:
2249:
2246:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2214:
2206:
2194:
2189:
2181:chup mo̤a tanɒm
2179:
2169:
2161:
2152:
2142:
2132:
2124:
2108:
2103:
2093:
2085:
2073:
2068:
2063:woman beautiful
2058:
2050:
2038:
2033:
2023:
2013:
2005:
1996:
1986:
1976:
1968:
1956:
1951:
1866:
1816:ဟိုန်ညးဗြဴတံဂှ်
1785:By her; in her
1468:နူပိုဲညးဂမၠိုၚ်
1333:
1328:
1283:
1153:
848:
843:
812:
776:Samut Songkhram
708:
682:
643:Irrawaddy Delta
525:
459:
456:
455:
440:
437:
436:
408:
405:
404:
385:
381:
359:
340:
318:Without proper
306:
281:
280:
274:
257:
254:
240:
239:
233:
232:
224:
214:
205:
203:
202:
193:
191:
187:
185:
178:Official status
163:
158:
152:
131:
128:Language family
126:
117:
116:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7904:
7894:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7851:
7850:
7842:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7835:
7827:
7819:
7811:
7803:
7795:
7787:
7779:
7771:
7763:
7755:
7747:
7738:
7736:
7735:The Mon Vowels
7732:
7731:
7729:
7728:
7720:
7712:
7704:
7696:
7688:
7680:
7671:
7669:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7661:
7653:
7645:
7637:
7629:
7621:
7613:
7605:
7597:
7589:
7581:
7573:
7565:
7556:
7554:
7550:
7549:
7542:
7540:
7538:
7537:
7529:
7521:
7513:
7505:
7497:
7489:
7481:
7473:
7465:
7457:
7449:
7441:
7433:
7425:
7417:
7409:
7400:
7398:
7394:
7393:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7384:Mon Consonants
7369:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7357:
7347:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7314:
7307:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7283:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7271:
7266:
7265:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7243:
7241:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7233:
7228:
7222:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7199:
7197:
7187:
7186:
7176:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7164:
7156:
7154:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7125:
7123:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7112:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7074:
7068:
7066:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7004:
7002:
6991:
6990:
6978:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6950:
6948:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6924:
6922:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6912:
6907:
6901:
6899:
6891:
6890:
6878:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6862:
6856:
6854:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6841:
6835:
6833:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6804:
6802:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6794:
6788:
6786:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6772:
6770:
6763:
6759:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6736:
6734:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6675:
6673:
6666:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6652:
6650:
6643:
6635:
6634:
6622:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6581:
6576:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6539:
6537:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6501:
6499:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6458:
6456:
6447:
6446:East Palaungic
6443:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6428:
6426:
6425:West Palaungic
6422:
6421:
6419:
6418:
6412:
6410:
6403:
6397:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6352:
6350:
6343:
6333:
6332:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6299:
6293:
6291:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6277:
6275:
6271:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6261:
6259:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6235:
6233:
6226:
6223:Western Pearic
6220:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6210:
6208:
6200:
6199:
6187:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6117:
6115:
6107:
6106:
6094:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6009:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5941:
5939:
5931:
5930:
5918:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5842:
5840:
5832:
5831:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5725:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5589:
5587:
5579:
5578:
5566:
5565:
5558:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5535:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5511:
5509:
5508:Sign languages
5505:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5481:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5443:
5441:
5432:
5431:Non-Indigenous
5428:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5332:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5309:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5254:
5248:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5182:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5133:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5031:
5029:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4981:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4958:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4939:
4937:
4936:Sign languages
4933:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4860:
4859:Non-Indigenous
4856:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4800:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4544:
4542:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4450:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4282:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4063:
4054:
4045:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3990:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3906:
3901:
3887:
3886:External links
3884:
3883:
3882:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3821:
3819:on 2020-07-18.
3794:
3788:
3775:
3758:
3752:
3739:
3737:on 2015-06-16.
3716:
3705:
3696:
3679:
3677:on 2015-06-16.
3652:
3635:
3629:
3616:
3614:on 2022-01-24.
3589:
3587:on 2015-06-16.
3562:
3556:
3543:
3534:
3528:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3494:
3487:
3464:
3431:
3424:
3399:
3373:
3364:|journal=
3317:
3291:
3266:
3241:
3214:(2): 298–321.
3191:
3147:
3140:
3120:
3113:
3095:
3091:Lieberman 2003
3080:
3073:
3067:. p. 66.
3048:
3045:on 2006-06-22.
3030:
2991:
2967:
2935:
2901:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2805:
2786:
2773:
2759:
2746:
2745:
2692:
2677:
2664:
2651:
2650:
2599:
2584:
2569:
2554:
2541:
2528:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2503:
2449:
2436:
2423:
2408:
2395:
2382:
2367:
2352:
2351:
2303:
2288:
2273:
2260:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2207:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2153:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2116:
2107:
2104:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2071:Demonstratives
2069:
2051:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:Causative verb
1881:
1878:
1877:Underived verb
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1852:ပ္ဍဲညးဗြဴတံဂှ်
1847:
1846:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1713:Their, theirs
1711:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1636:ဒဒက်တဴကဵုညးဂှ်
1631:
1630:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1576:ဒဒက်တဴကဵုမၞးတံ
1571:
1570:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1291:tonal language
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1025:
1012:
1004:
1003:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
973:
965:
964:
957:
950:
943:
936:
929:
922:
916:
915:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
879:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
847:
844:
842:
839:
811:
808:
745:Sittaung River
681:
678:
674:Thanlwin Times
524:
521:
511:, followed by
484:Khmer language
478:spoken by the
336:
335:
322:, you may see
308:
307:
296:
288:
287:
286: Old Mon
272:
264:
263:
255:
250:
247:
246:
229:
221:
220:
219:Language codes
216:
215:
190:
188:
183:
180:
179:
175:
174:
164:
160:Writing system
157:
154:
153:
151:
150:
149:
148:
134:
132:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
90:
89:
84:
79:
69:
68:Native to
65:
64:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7903:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7848:
7845:
7840:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7739:
7737:
7733:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7672:
7670:
7666:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7551:
7546:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7388:
7382:
7376:
7362:
7358:
7356:
7352:
7349:
7348:
7344:
7334:
7333:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7322:
7320:
7319:
7318:Proto-Khmeric
7315:
7313:
7312:
7308:
7306:
7305:
7301:
7300:
7297:
7293:
7288:
7284:
7270:
7267:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7238:
7232:
7231:Bugan (Pakan)
7229:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7215:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7181:
7177:
7163:
7162:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7151:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7117:
7111:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7101:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7060:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6983:
6979:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6945:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6917:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6898:Chaura-Teresa
6896:
6892:
6888:
6883:
6879:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6851:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6799:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6783:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6767:
6764:
6760:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6670:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6647:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6627:
6623:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6590:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6448:
6444:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6378:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6325:
6321:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6288:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6272:
6266:
6265:Western Chong
6263:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6239:Central Chong
6237:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6221:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6192:
6188:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6128:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6099:
6095:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6006:
6002:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5923:
5919:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5824:
5820:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5716:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5556:
5551:
5549:
5544:
5542:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5521:
5520:Ban Khor Sign
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5429:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5270:Pattani Malay
5267:
5264:
5263:Bangkok Malay
5260:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5140:Austroasiatic
5137:
5134:
5128:
5124:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5088:
5087:Southern Thai
5085:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5056:Northern Thai
5054:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4979:
4974:
4972:
4967:
4965:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4647:Austroasiatic
4644:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4579:
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4574:
4571:
4569:
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4564:
4561:
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4556:
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4545:
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4541:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4528:
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4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
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4492:
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4484:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
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4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4258:
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4129:
4127:
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4122:
4119:
4117:
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4109:
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4099:
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4005:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3983:
3981:
3976:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3951:on 2007-09-15
3947:
3943:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3926:
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3912:
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3800:
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3759:
3755:
3753:3-9522954-1-8
3749:
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3649:
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3630:974-563-783-1
3626:
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3529:9780824828868
3525:
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3498:
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3484:
3480:
3479:
3471:
3469:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3425:0-7007-1609-2
3421:
3418:. Routledge.
3417:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3369:
3356:
3342:on 2011-07-18
3338:
3331:
3324:
3322:
3307:on 2014-07-14
3306:
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3295:
3280:
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3143:
3141:9780299283537
3137:
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3099:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3076:
3074:0-8248-1325-1
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3011:(2): 77–117.
3010:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2952:
2945:
2939:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2912:
2905:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2849:
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2843:
2840:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2803:
2794:
2791:
2784:
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2771:
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2757:
2754:
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2726:
2723:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2690:
2685:
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2675:
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2662:
2659:
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2645:
2642:
2639:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2552:
2549:
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2539:
2536:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2513:
2512:
2501:
2498:
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2492:
2468:
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2447:
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2416:
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2322:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2301:
2296:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2232:
2223:
2222:'in the lake'
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1928:to make firm
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1856:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1569:You (Object)
1568:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1492:ဒဒက်တဴကဵုတၠအဲ
1489:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1432:ဒဒက်တဴကဵုပိုဲ
1429:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:minimal pairs
1309:
1308:Breathy voice
1306:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1188:
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1176:
1175:
1172:
1169:
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1164:
1162:
1159:
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1135:
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1129:
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1125:
1122:
1118:
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1107:
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1098:
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1065:
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1054:
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1050:
1046:
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1041:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1002:
999:
995:
992:
988:
985:
981:
978:
974:
972:
967:
966:
962:
958:
955:
951:
948:
944:
941:
937:
934:
930:
928:
923:
921:
917:
914:
911:
907:
904:
900:
897:
893:
890:
886:
884:
880:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
851:
838:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:Nakhon Pathom
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
758:
754:
751:(Mergui) and
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
702:
694:
686:
677:
675:
671:
666:
664:
663:mother-tongue
660:
656:
653:In 1972, the
651:
647:
644:
639:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:Lower Myanmar
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
588:lingua franca
585:
581:
577:
573:
565:
560:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:Pagan Kingdom
534:
530:
529:lingua franca
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
462:
450:
443:
431:
427:
422:
411:
400:
379:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
315:
309:
304:
300:
294:
289:
284:
277:
273:
271:
270:
265:
260:
256:
253:
252:Linguist List
248:
243:
236:
230:
227:
222:
217:
213:
201:
189:
181:
176:
172:
168:
165:
161:
155:
147:
144:
143:
142:
139:
138:
137:
136:Austroasiatic
133:
129:
123:
119:
113:
110:
107:
103:
100:
99:Lower Myanmar
97:
93:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
56:Pronunciation
54:
50:
45:
36:
31:
19:
7844:Mon alphabet
7843:
7350:
7330:
7325:Proto-Aslian
7323:
7316:
7309:
7302:
7202:
7159:
7153:unclassified
7076:
6173:Phong-Kniang
5398:Northern Pwo
5328:Sino-Tibetan
5244:Austronesian
5208:
5096:Northwestern
4690:Sino-Tibetan
4548:Khiamniungan
4472:
4280:Sino-Tibetan
3953:. Retrieved
3946:the original
3877:
3873:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3825:
3814:the original
3809:
3805:
3779:
3770:
3766:
3743:
3732:the original
3727:
3710:
3700:
3683:
3672:the original
3667:
3663:
3647:
3643:
3620:
3609:the original
3604:
3600:
3582:the original
3577:
3573:
3547:
3538:
3519:
3497:
3477:
3451:
3447:
3434:
3415:
3391:. Retrieved
3386:
3376:
3355:cite journal
3344:. Retrieved
3337:the original
3309:. Retrieved
3305:the original
3294:
3283:. Retrieved
3281:. 2012-08-20
3278:
3269:
3258:. Retrieved
3256:. 2015-03-11
3253:
3244:
3211:
3207:
3169:
3165:
3130:
3123:
3104:
3098:
3060:
3043:the original
3033:
3008:
3004:
2994:
2983:. Retrieved
2979:
2970:
2960:27 September
2958:. Retrieved
2951:the original
2938:
2915:
2904:
2887:
2869:
2861:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2806:
2795:
2782:
2769:
2755:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2693:
2686:
2673:
2660:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2600:
2593:
2578:
2563:
2550:
2537:
2524:
2510:
2508:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2450:
2445:
2432:
2417:
2404:
2391:
2376:
2361:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2304:
2297:
2282:
2269:
2256:
2243:
2230:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2109:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2031:'two apples'
2030:
2028:apple two CL
2027:
2024:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1993:
1991:apple one CL
1990:
1987:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1908:to be ruined
1870:
1867:
1840:နူညးဗြဴတံဂှ်
1828:ကုညးဗြဴတံဂှ်
1696:ဟိုန်ညးတံဂှ်
1581:Your, yours
1321:
1313:
1284:
836:
831:
813:
784:Kanchanaburi
772:Samut Sakhon
764:Thaification
761:
743:), from the
730:
673:
667:
652:
648:
634:
611:
607:Khmer Empire
592:
569:
541:Bamar people
526:
502:
496:
471:
467:
434:မွန်ဘာသာစကား
425:
424:; Mon-Thai:
378:Mon language
377:
375:
311:
267:
171:Mon alphabet
145:
7881:Mon culture
7332:Proto-Munda
6482:Muak Sa-aak
5953: [
5839:West Katuic
5413:S'gaw Karen
5341:Eastern Pwo
5295:Urak Lawoi’
5277:Satun Malay
5049:Chiang Saen
5020:Other Thais
4818:Tanintharyi
4594:Akyaung Ari
4436:S’gaw Karen
4257:Anu-Hkongso
3454:: 203–226.
3172:(2): 5–33.
2741:wh-movement
2728:father go Q
2184:tree one CL
2112:classifiers
2106:Classifiers
1994:'one apple'
1914:to destroy
1732:မိန်ညးတံဂှ်
1360:ဒဒက်တဴကဵုအဲ
926:unaspirated
788:Phetchaburi
737:Kayin State
630:Lower Burma
626:Upper Burma
517:Kayin State
326:instead of
167:Mon–Burmese
82:Kayin State
7860:Categories
7847:Mon people
7134:Semaq Beri
7122:(Southern)
7001:(Northern)
6887:Nicobarese
6832:Gutob-Remo
6801:Sora-Gorum
6665:Kherwarian
6063:Phong–Liha
5945:Vietnamese
5938:Viet-Muong
5780:Mel-Khaonh
5305:Hmong-Mien
5234:Vietnamese
5028:Lao–Phutai
4895:Vietnamese
4804:Hmong Njua
4796:Hmong–Mien
4713:Geko Karen
4614:Long Phuri
4456:(Taungtha)
4414:Geba Karen
4121:Hakha Chin
3955:2007-09-21
3880:: 132–165.
3557:0867463481
3481:. UNESCO.
3393:2006-07-09
3346:2010-09-30
3311:2013-02-16
3285:2020-06-03
3260:2020-06-03
2985:2020-06-03
2932:required.)
2889:Ethnologue
2871:Ethnologue
2866:Modern Mon
2187:'one tree'
2147:pen one CL
2036:Adjectives
1942:to inform
1922:to be firm
1845:From them
1804:ၚ်ဗြဴတံဂှ်
1792:နူညးဗြဴဂှ်
1773:Her, hers
1768:ကုညးဗြဴဂှ်
1756:ၚ်ညးဗြဴဂှ်
1749:From them
1648:ဟိုန်ညးဂှ်
1564:ဟိုန်မၞးတံ
1509:You; thee
1485:You; thou
1480:တၠအဲ၊ ဗှေ်
1341:Translate
846:Consonants
832:Ethnologue
820:Mawlamyine
796:Ratchaburi
757:Mawlamyine
670:Mawlamyine
553:Kyansittha
480:Mon people
7361:varieties
7353:indicate
7262:Khmer Khe
7065:(Central)
7013:Cheq Wong
6548:Quang Lam
6535:Bit-Khang
6520:Meung Yum
6401:Palaungic
6146:Phay-Pram
5403:Phrae Pwo
5376:Hainanese
5356:Cantonese
5080:Sukhothai
5071:Thai Song
4992:Languages
4506:Mro-Khimi
4409:Bwe Karen
4364:Tai Laing
4061:Kuki-Chin
3949:(lecture)
3228:0047-2336
3186:0125-6424
3025:1960-6028
2725:əpa a ha?
2505:Questions
2490:အၚ်္ဂလိက်
2439:အၚ်္ဂလိက်
2227:Sentences
2150:'one pen'
2056:beautiful
2000:sɔt pakaw
1963:sɔt pakaw
1797:From her
1744:နူညးတံဂှ်
1720:ကုညးတံဂှ်
1684:ၚ်ညးတံဂှ်
1677:From him
1617:From you
1600:မိန်မၞးတံ
1533:From you
1504:ဟိုန်တၠအဲ
1420:ဟိုန်ပိုဲ
1365:my, mine
1201:Close-mid
1049:Fricative
1009:implosive
970:aspirated
841:Phonology
806:kingdom.
804:Dvaravati
753:Kawthaung
733:Mon State
595:Dvaravati
509:Mon State
269:Glottolog
226:ISO 639-3
105:Ethnicity
77:Mon State
7208:Nyah Kur
7129:Mah Meri
7120:Semelaic
6947:Southern
6928:Nancowry
6733:Santalic
6672:Mundaric
6366:Lyngngam
6290:Southern
6274:Northern
6163:Ksingmul
5962:in China
5860:Ta'oihic
5575:Bahnaric
5490:Japanese
5214:Nyah Kur
5179:Northern
5127:Minority
5040:Phu Thai
4996:Thailand
4918:Japanese
4786:Tai Nuea
4624:Tangkhul
4516:Rohingya
4232:Thaiphum
4184:Southern
4164:Senthang
4070:Northern
3895:Archived
3773:: 79–96.
3692:20019165
3650:: 55–58.
3456:Archived
3236:55715948
2831:ကြာတ်ကြဴ
2767:kratkraw
2762:ကြာတ်ကြဴ
2443:ʔengloit
2433:language
2101:this day
2098:day this
2060:prɛ̤a ce
1900:to kill
1857:In them
1833:To them
1737:By them
1725:To them
1516:မိန်တၠအဲ
1473:From us
1401:From me
1331:Pronouns
1295:register
1229:Open-mid
1081:Sonorant
856:Bilabial
810:Dialects
800:Nyah Kur
599:Thailand
562:The Mon
501:'s 2010
474:) is an
332:Help:IPA
299:Thailand
283:oldm1242
276:monn1252
212:Thailand
7351:Italics
7218:Pakanic
7161:Kenaboi
7139:Semelai
7110:Jah Hut
7103:Jah Hut
7048:Ten'edn
6964:Shompen
6938:Katchal
6933:Camorta
6920:Central
6910:Teressa
6740:Santali
6724:Agariya
6714:Majhwar
6704:Mundari
6604:Tai Loi
6472:Man Met
6454:Angkuic
6432:Palaung
6371:Maharam
6258:Western
6232:Central
6225:(Chong)
6054:Thavưng
5739:Tampuan
5734:Tariang
5718:Central
5694:Nyaheun
5485:English
5462:Russian
5457:Punjabi
5447:Burmese
5381:Hokchew
5371:Hokkien
5361:Teochew
5351:Sinitic
5318:Iu Mien
5229:Thavung
5224:Ten'edn
5219:Palaung
5186:Western
5113:Tai Nüa
4913:English
4890:Russian
4885:Punjabi
4875:Burmese
4846:Tavoyan
4776:Tai Lue
4763:Kra–Dai
4748:Taungyo
4738:Padaung
4675:Tai Loi
4665:Palaung
4558:Leinong
4531:Sagaing
4491:Rakhine
4483:Rakhine
4429:Western
4424:Eastern
4391:Karenni
4359:Palaung
4313:Lhao Vo
4237:Welaung
4222:Songlai
4108:Central
4029:English
4013:English
4008:Burmese
3942:"Monic"
2884:Old Mon
2753:Tala oa
2478:ဗ္တောန်
2446:English
2430:pʰɛ̤asa
2385:ဗ္တောန်
2219:in lake
2216:doa əma
2095:ŋoa nɔʔ
1936:to know
1925:pəkhaɨŋ
1672:နူညးဂှ်
1665:To him
1660:ကုညးဂှ်
1624:ၚ်ညးဂှ်
1612:နူမၞးတံ
1605:By you
1593:To you
1588:ကုမၞးတံ
1545:To you
1372:ဟိုန်အဲ
1315:are no
1166:Central
1113:Lateral
876:Glottal
866:Palatal
816:Mottama
768:Ko Kret
672:-based
539:of the
531:of the
523:History
472:Talaing
453:ภาษามอญ
430:Burmese
426:ဘာသာမည်
417:ဘာသာမန်
415:; Mon:
328:Unicode
303:Myanmar
262:Old Mon
231:Either:
200:Myanmar
72:Myanmar
40:ဘာသာမန်
18:Old Mon
7416:(Kh̀a)
7240:Others
7184:Others
7094:Temiar
7089:Semnam
7063:Senoic
7043:Mintil
7038:Minriq
7033:Kintaq
7028:Kensiu
6999:Jahaic
6987:Aslian
6905:Chaura
6776:Kharia
6769:Kharia
6694:Birhor
6689:Birjia
6592:Others
6558:Bumang
6525:Savaiq
6341:Khasic
6302:Sa'och
6249:Kasong
6196:Pearic
6137:Mlabri
6130:Mlabri
6103:Khmuic
6044:Maleng
5927:Vietic
5904:Phuong
5828:Katuic
5770:Ra’ong
5765:Stieng
5699:Sapuan
5638:Rengao
5633:Bahnar
5628:Sedang
5623:Todrah
5603:Kayong
5598:Halang
5495:Korean
5290:Moklen
5204:Mlabri
5194:Kintaq
5168:Kensiu
5061:Tai Lü
4923:Korean
4836:Moklen
4609:Makury
4578:Tangsa
4563:Makyam
4553:Konyak
4496:Chakma
4454:Rungtu
4446:Magway
4349:Khamti
4328:Rawang
4303:Jingpo
4288:Achang
4271:Kachin
4212:Nga La
4169:Zotung
4146:Maraic
4093:Thadou
3786:
3750:
3690:
3627:
3554:
3526:
3485:
3422:
3234:
3226:
3184:
3138:
3111:
3071:
3023:
2980:UNESCO
2828:တၠ နာဲ
2823:
2820:
2812:listen
2749:တၠ နာဲ
2710:
2707:
2699:listen
2661:father
2617:
2614:
2606:listen
2467:
2464:
2456:listen
2321:
2318:
2310:listen
2135:tanəng
1894:to die
1886:Gloss
1821:There
1540:ကုတၠအဲ
1528:နူတၠအဲ
1461:By us
1449:To us
1444:ကုပိုဲ
1389:By me
1384:မိန်အဲ
1326:Syntax
1303:creaky
1151:Vowels
861:Dental
826:, and
794:, and
739:, and
499:UNESCO
468:Peguan
460:listen
441:listen
409:listen
209:
197:
95:Region
7687:(Nya)
7679:(Nga)
7652:(Mba)
7636:(Bha)
7612:(Dha)
7596:(Ḍha)
7588:(Jha)
7572:(Gha)
7496:(Pha)
7480:(Ṭha)
7448:(Tha)
7432:(Cha)
7247:Khmer
7226:Bolyu
7195:Monic
7144:Temoq
7084:Semai
7078:Sabüm
7072:Lanoh
7053:Wila'
7023:Jedek
7018:Jahai
7008:Batek
6844:Gutob
6839:Bonda
6823:Lodhi
6818:Juray
6808:Gorum
6792:Juang
6785:Juang
6762:South
6679:Korwa
6656:Korku
6649:Korku
6642:North
6631:Munda
6579:Kiorr
6574:Lamet
6567:Lamet
6553:Kháng
6505:Blang
6437:Riang
6416:Danau
6409:Danau
6356:Khasi
6244:Samre
6070:Phong
5979:Nguồn
5974:Mường
5967:in US
5957:]
5883:Pacoh
5876:Pacoh
5867:Ta'Oi
5785:Thmon
5775:Mnong
5755:Chrau
5748:South
5679:Laven
5653:Katua
5618:Monom
5613:Takua
5608:Kaco’
5586:North
5452:Hindi
5418:Ugong
5388:Nuosu
5366:Hakka
5313:Hmong
5285:Moken
5257:Malay
5173:Khmer
5163:Jahai
5158:Chung
5153:Chong
5066:Phuan
4880:Hindi
4841:S’gaw
4831:Moken
4826:Malay
4723:Lahta
4718:Intha
4670:Riang
4660:Danau
4655:Blang
4587:Other
4568:Ponyo
4501:Laitu
4401:Kayin
4386:Kayaw
4378:Kayah
4342:Other
4333:Zaiwa
4308:Lashi
4293:Drung
4250:Other
4227:Sumtu
4207:Kʼchò
4202:Khumi
4197:Kaang
4174:Zyphe
4154:Lautu
4131:Ngawn
4088:Tedim
4083:Siyin
4078:Falam
3817:(PDF)
3802:(PDF)
3735:(PDF)
3724:(PDF)
3688:JSTOR
3675:(PDF)
3660:(PDF)
3612:(PDF)
3597:(PDF)
3585:(PDF)
3570:(PDF)
3459:(PDF)
3444:(PDF)
3340:(PDF)
3333:(PDF)
3232:S2CID
2954:(PDF)
2947:(PDF)
2926:
2911:"Mon"
2853:Notes
2833:မံင်
2565:COMPL
2392:teach
2389:paton
2284:COMPL
2172:tanɒm
2119:kaneh
2048:woman
2045:prɛ̤a
2003:apple
1966:apple
1939:pətɛm
1911:pəlɒm
1897:kəcɒt
1880:Gloss
1701:Them
1689:They
1178:Close
1161:Front
883:Nasal
871:Velar
749:Myeik
628:into
141:Monic
7834:(Ah)
7826:(Aṁ)
7818:(Av)
7810:(Au)
7802:(Au)
7746:(Ah)
7727:(Ah)
7719:(Va)
7711:(Ra)
7703:(Ya)
7695:(Ma)
7660:(Ṣa)
7644:(La)
7628:(Ba)
7620:(Na)
7604:(Da)
7580:(Ja)
7564:(Ga)
7536:(Śa)
7528:(Ḅa)
7520:(La)
7512:(Ha)
7504:(Sa)
7488:(Pa)
7472:(Ṭa)
7464:(Ṇa)
7456:(Ḍa)
7440:(Ta)
7424:(Ca)
7408:(Ka)
7269:Mang
6860:Gta’
6853:Gta’
6813:Sora
6719:Turi
6709:Koda
6684:Asur
6599:Kuan
6510:Lawa
6497:Waic
6361:Pnar
6297:Suoi
6214:Pear
6207:Pear
6168:O’du
6153:Prai
6121:Khmu
6114:Khmu
6080:Liha
6075:Tuom
6028:Sach
6013:Arem
6005:Chứt
5995:Cuoi
5988:Cuoi
5899:Katu
5892:Katu
5798:East
5760:Koho
5729:Alak
5709:Brao
5674:Jru'
5669:Lavi
5662:West
5648:Duan
5346:Lisu
5336:Akha
5252:Cham
5108:Shan
5103:Khün
5035:Isan
5010:Thai
4781:Shan
4771:Khün
4743:Pyen
4733:Pa’o
4728:Lahu
4708:Danu
4703:Akha
4698:Akeu
4638:Shan
4619:Para
4604:Koki
4599:Anal
4354:Nùng
4323:Nusu
4318:Lisu
4298:Hpon
4192:Daai
4159:Mara
4136:Tawr
4126:Mizo
4116:Bawm
4052:Chin
4040:(by
3784:ISBN
3748:ISBN
3625:ISBN
3552:ISBN
3524:ISBN
3483:ISBN
3420:ISBN
3368:help
3224:ISSN
3182:ISSN
3136:ISBN
3109:ISBN
3069:ISBN
3021:ISSN
2962:2019
2793:raw?
2783:what
2770:wash
2764:မံင်
2628:ပုင်
2622:ဗှ်ေ
2551:rice
2548:pəng
2544:ပုင်
2535:shea
2518:ဗှ်ေ
2487:ဘာသာ
2426:ဘာသာ
2359:Nyeh
2332:သ္ၚု
2329:ရာန်
2270:rice
2263:သ္ၚု
2250:ရာန်
2212:lake
2164:mo̤a
2159:tree
2156:chup
2127:mo̤a
2091:this
2016:me̤a
1979:me̤a
1971:mo̤a
1919:kaɨŋ
1761:She
1653:Him
1641:His
1557:You
1408:ပိုဲ
1396:ကုအဲ
1287:Thai
1257:Open
1171:Back
920:Stop
824:Bago
818:and
603:Lavo
576:Pali
515:and
470:and
449:Thai
376:The
301:and
7794:(E)
7786:(Ū)
7778:(U)
7770:(ī)
7762:(Ā)
7754:(Ā)
7203:Mon
6954:Car
6745:Kol
6543:Bit
6477:Mok
6387:War
6380:War
6158:Mal
6049:Kri
6037:Kri
6023:Ruc
6018:May
5851:Bru
5846:Kuy
5805:Cua
5689:Juk
5684:Su'
5643:Hrê
5593:Jeh
5393:Mpi
5209:Mon
5199:Kuy
5148:Bru
4994:of
4573:Sak
4540:Sal
4521:Sak
4511:Mru
4473:Mon
4465:Mon
4419:Pwo
4217:Shö
3216:doi
3174:doi
3013:doi
2886:at
2868:at
2838:ရော
2789:ရော
2756:You
2737:rau
2715:အပါ
2684:ha?
2658:əpa
2654:အပါ
2631:တုဲ
2591:ha?
2580:AFF
2561:toa
2557:တုဲ
2538:eat
2525:you
2522:be̤
2481:ကဵု
2415:ʔua
2398:ကဵု
2374:tɔʔ
2335:တုဲ
2299:AFF
2295:ya.
2280:toa
2276:တုဲ
2267:hau
2257:buy
2254:ran
2241:ʔoa
2209:əma
2201:doa
2167:one
2130:one
2122:pen
2088:nɔʔ
2083:day
2080:ŋoa
2011:two
1974:one
1933:tɛm
1905:lɜm
1891:cɒt
1629:He
1425:Us
1413:We
1377:Me
1338:Mon
822:),
580:Pyu
314:IPA
259:omx
242:omx
235:mnw
146:Mon
109:Mon
33:Mon
7862::
7831:အး
7823:အံ
7815:အဴ
7807:သြ
7799:အဲ
7783:ဥု
7767:ဣဳ
7751:အာ
6699:Ho
6515:Wa
6487:Va
6462:Hu
5955:vi
5704:Oi
4680:Wa
4098:Zo
3878:67
3876:.
3872:.
3810:74
3808:.
3804:.
3771:57
3769:.
3765:.
3726:.
3668:12
3666:.
3662:.
3648:60
3646:.
3642:.
3603:.
3599:.
3578:15
3576:.
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3452:61
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3402:^
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3359::
3357:}}
3353:{{
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3150:^
3083:^
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3051:^
3019:.
3009:42
3007:.
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2978:.
2914:.
2835:မူ
2797:WH
2780:mu
2776:မူ
2721:ဟာ
2718:အာ
2680:ဟာ
2674:go
2667:အာ
2637:ဟာ
2634:ယျ
2587:ဟာ
2576:ya
2572:ယျ
2511:ha
2484:အဲ
2475:တံ
2472:ညး
2411:အဲ
2405:to
2402:kɒ
2378:PL
2370:တံ
2355:ညး
2338:ယျ
2326:အဲ
2291:ယျ
2237:အဲ
2204:in
2176:CL
2139:CL
2053:ce
2020:CL
2008:ba
1983:CL
1353:I
1348:အဲ
998:kʰ
991:cʰ
984:tʰ
977:pʰ
828:Ye
790:,
786:,
778:,
774:,
735:,
632:.
609:.
590:.
578:,
519:.
494:.
451::
447:;
432::
428:;
403:,
393:oʊ
7791:ဨ
7775:ဥ
7759:ဣ
7743:အ
7724:အ
7716:ဝ
7708:ရ
7700:ယ
7692:မ
7684:ည
7676:ၚ
7657:ၑ
7649:ၝ
7641:လ
7633:ဘ
7625:ဗ
7617:န
7609:ဓ
7601:ဒ
7593:ဎ
7585:ၛ
7577:ဇ
7569:ဃ
7561:ဂ
7533:ၐ
7525:ၜ
7517:ဠ
7509:ဟ
7501:သ
7493:ဖ
7485:ပ
7477:ဌ
7469:ဋ
7461:ဏ
7453:ဍ
7445:ထ
7437:တ
7429:ဆ
7421:စ
7413:ခ
7405:က
6467:U
5554:e
5547:t
5540:v
4977:e
4970:t
4963:v
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3972:v
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3927:)
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3633:.
3605:9
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3532:.
3491:.
3428:.
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3370:)
3366:(
3349:.
3314:.
3288:.
3263:.
3238:.
3218::
3188:.
3176::
3144:.
3117:.
3077:.
3027:.
3015::
2988:.
2964:.
2924:.
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2688:Q
2671:a
2625:စ
2595:Q
2531:စ
2419:1
2363:3
2244:I
1270:a
1263:æ
1249:ɔ
1242:ɐ
1235:ɛ
1221:o
1214:ə
1207:e
1193:u
1184:i
1141:/
1139:ç
1137:/
1121:l
1101:j
1094:r
1087:w
1073:h
1064:ç
1057:s
1035:d
1032:~
1029:ɗ
1022:b
1019:~
1016:ɓ
961:ʔ
954:k
947:c
940:t
933:p
910:ŋ
903:ɲ
896:n
889:m
399:/
396:n
390:m
387:ˈ
384:/
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173:)
169:(
20:)
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