942:
4568:
447:. In remembrance of this event, 10 August has been declared "International Biodiesel Day". The first patent on Biodiesel was granted in 1937. Periodic petroleum shortages spurred research into vegetable oil as a diesel substitute during the 1930s and 1940s, and again in the 1970s and early 1980s when straight vegetable oil enjoyed its highest level of scientific interest. The 1970s also saw the formation of the first commercial enterprise to allow consumers to run straight vegetable oil in their vehicles. However,
909:
water-soluble. The steam sparging removes impurities that can impart unwanted flavors and odors to the oil. Deodorization is key to the manufacture of vegetable oils. Nearly all soybean, corn, and canola oils found on supermarket shelves go through a deodorization stage that removes trace amounts of odors and flavors, and lightens the color of the oil. However, the process commonly results in higher levels of trans fatty acids and distillation of the oil's natural compounds.
49:
10670:
7025:
5895:
10694:
206:
10682:
7035:
2247:"modified" or "hydrogenated" when listed as an ingredient. A mix of oils other than the aforementioned exceptions may simply be listed as "vegetable oil" in Canada; however, if the food product is a cooking oil, salad oil or table oil, the type of oil must be specified and listing "vegetable oil" as an ingredient is not acceptable.
788:) are also used. Oilseed presses are commonly used in developing countries, among people for whom other extraction methods would be prohibitively expensive; the ghani is primarily used in India. The amount of oil extracted using these methods varies widely, as shown in the following table for extracting
2246:
In Canada, palm oil is one of five vegetable oils, along with palm kernel oil, coconut oil, peanut oil, and cocoa butter, which must be specifically named in the list of ingredients for a food product. Also, oils in
Canadian food products which have been modified or hydrogenated must contain the word
2168:
Oils are extracted first by expeller or cold pressing methods, then solvent expelling the rest of the oils from the leftover matter. This is a method used by larger capacity oil mills. As the energy consumption of the mechanical press increases as more oil is released, it is more efficient to extract
471:
approved use of the canola name in
January 1985, and U.S. farmers started planting large areas that spring. Canola oil is lower in saturated fats, and higher in monounsaturates. Canola is very thin (unlike corn oil) and flavorless (unlike olive oil), so it largely succeeds by displacing soy oil, just
3301:
Certain crude oils that contain minor amounts of impurities other than free fatty acids can be refined by a process known as steam refining. It is merely a high-temperature steam distillation under reduced pressure. The crude vegetable oil is heated to about 450°F. and maintained under a pressure of
872:
Hydrogenating vegetable oil is done by raising a blend of vegetable oil and a metal catalyst, typically nickel, in near-vacuum to very high temperatures, and introducing hydrogen. This causes the carbon atoms of the oil to break double-bonds with other carbons. Each carbon atom becomes single-bonded
386:
to give a solid at room temperature and thus mimic natural lard, and canned under nitrogen gas. Compared to the rendered lard
Procter & Gamble was already selling to consumers, Crisco was cheaper, easier to stir into a recipe, and could be stored at room temperature for two years without turning
908:
In the processing of edible oils, the oil is heated under vacuum to near the smoke point or to about 232 °C (450 °F), and water is introduced at the bottom of the oil. The water immediately is converted to steam, which bubbles through the oil, carrying with it any chemicals which are
307:
has long been recognized in West and
Central African countries, and European merchants trading with West Africa occasionally purchased palm oil for use as a cooking oil in Europe. It became highly sought-after commodity by British traders for use as an industrial lubricant for machinery during
1196:
These figures include industrial and animal feed use. The majority of
European rapeseed oil production is used to produce biodiesel, or used directly as fuel in diesel cars which may require modification to heat the oil to reduce its higher
836:
The processing of vegetable oil in commercial applications is commonly done by chemical extraction, using solvent extracts, which produces higher yields and is quicker and less expensive. The most common solvent is petroleum-derived
695:
Vegetable oil is used in the production of some pet foods. AAFCO defines vegetable oil in this context as the product of vegetable origin obtained by extracting the oil from seeds or fruits which are processed for edible purposes.
2217:
countries have prohibited the inclusion of recycled vegetable oil from catering in animal feed. Used cooking oils from food manufacturing, however, as well as fresh or unused cooking oil, continue to be used in their animal feed.
438:
designed his engine to run on vegetable oil. The idea, he hoped, would make his engines more attractive to farmers who had a source of fuel readily available. Diesel's first engine ran on its own power for the first time in
640:, and they are more expensive than crude oil distillate. Synthetic tetraesters, which are similar to vegetable oils but with four fatty acid chains compared to the normal three found in a natural ester, are manufactured by
466:
In the mid-1970s, Canadian researchers developed a low-erucic-acid rapeseed cultivar. Because the word "rape" was not considered optimal for marketing, they coined the name "canola" (from "Canada Oil low acid"). The U.S.
1211:, one of the most common cooking oils, is used for cooking oil, salad dressing, margarine, mayonnaise, prepared goods like spaghetti sauce and baking mixes, and to fry prepared foods like potato chips and French fries.
3008:
3165:
3257:
767:
Oils can be removed via mechanical extraction, termed "crushing" or "pressing". This method is typically used to produce the more traditional oils (e.g., olive, coconut etc.), and it is preferred by most
841:. This technique is used for most of the "newer" industrial oils such as soybean and corn oils. After extraction, the solvent is evaporated out by heating the mixture to about 149 °C (300 °F).
394:
established a soybean research laboratory, developed soybean plastics and a soy-based synthetic wool, and built a car "almost entirely" out of soybeans. Roger
Drackett had a successful new product with
10348:
4475:
881:
oil is left incompletely hydrogenated (not all of the double bonds are reduced to single bonds), then it is a "partially hydrogenated oil" (PHO). An oil may be hydrogenated to increase resistance to
399:, but he invested heavily in soybean research, seeing it as a smart investment. By the 1950s and 1960s, soybean oil had become the most popular vegetable oil in the US; today it is second only to
10363:
3302:
0.25 inch of mercury or less while steam is passed through it. The steam strips the free fatty acids out of the oil. The proccss is used somewhat in Europe but not often in the United States.
3417:
3187:
Eisenmenger, Michael; Dunford, Nurhan T.; Eller, Fred; Taylor, Scott; Martinez, Jose (2006). "Pilot-scale supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and fractionation of wheat germ oil".
4545:
2566:
In 1864, Caleb
Johnson founded a soap company called B.J. Johnson Soap Co., in Milwaukee. In 1898, this company introduced a soap made of palm and olive oils called Palmolive.
10334:
3005:
3707:
3623:
3157:
889:) or to change its physical characteristics. As the degree of saturation is raised by full or partial hydrogenation, the oil's viscosity and melting point increase.
741:
estimates that the total net greenhouse gas savings when using vegetable oils in place of fossil fuel-based alternatives for fuel production, range from 18 to 100%.
288:
Olive oil has been a part of human culture for millennia. Archaeological evidence shows that olives were turned into olive oil by 6000 BC and 4500 BC in present-day
2254:
were legally required to indicate the specific vegetable oil used in their manufacture, following the introduction of the Food
Information to Consumers Regulation.
9326:
4011:
Callaway J, Schwab U, Harvima I, Halonen P, Mykkänen O, Hyvönen P, Järvinen T (April 2005). "Efficacy of dietary hempseed oil in patients with atopic dermatitis".
896:
in the oil mixture due to the heat used in hydrogenation. Partially hydrogenated oils and their trans fats have been linked to an increased risk of mortality from
612:
Many vegetable oils are used to make soaps, skin products, candles, perfumes and other personal care and cosmetic products. Some oils are particularly suitable as
3249:
755:
The production process of vegetable oil involves the removal of oil from plant components, typically seeds. This can be done via mechanical extraction using an
624:
resin), for example, is used almost exclusively in treating the hulls of wooden boats. Vegetable oils are increasingly being used in the electrical industry as
4514:
3223:
4483:
2764:
926:
2533:
5942:
2598:
1322:
2494:
925:) for vegetable oil mist exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The U.S.
892:
While full hydrogenation produces largely saturated fatty acids, partial hydrogenation results in the transformation of unsaturated cis fatty acids to
644:. Tetraesters generally have high stability to oxidation and have found use as engine lubricants. Vegetable oil is being used to produce biodegradable
3539:
2878:
4451:
3519:
10341:
4662:
2622:
549:
Flavor base – oils can also "carry" flavors of other ingredients, such as peppers, since many flavors are due to chemicals that are soluble in oil.
4357:
3597:
All values in this table are from this database unless otherwise cited or when italicized as the simple arithmetic sum of other component columns.
3409:
4576:
3349:
1346:
1275:
10353:
3494:
918:
900:, among other increased health risks. These concerns have led to regulations mandating the removal of partially hydrogenated oils from food.
5775:
1040:
The following triglyceride vegetable oils account for almost all worldwide production, by volume. All are used as both cooking oils and as
8348:
7039:
5849:
636:
and fire points. However, vegetable oils are less stable chemically, so they are generally used in systems where they are not exposed to
3469:
3671:"Changes in dry matter, oil content and fatty acids composition of avocado during harvesting time and post-harvesting ripening period"
601:. The latter are particularly valued in Asian cultures for high-temperature cooking, because of their unusually high flash points.
5935:
3571:
2666:
192:
7190:
2807:
10373:
8288:
5906:
4691:
3288:
873:
to an individual hydrogen atom, and the double bond between carbons can no longer exist. A fully hydrogenated oil, also called a
759:
or chemical extraction using a solvent. The extracted oil can then be purified and, if required, refined or chemically altered.
553:
Oils can be heated to temperatures significantly higher than the boiling point of water, 100 °C (212 °F), and used to
8343:
2734:
2551:
10383:
8283:
4604:
4199:
3620:
Values from
Nutritiondata.com (SR 21) may need to be reconciled with most recent release from the USDA SR 28 as of Sept 2017.
3374:
3325:
3135:
2986:
2793:
2584:
2416:
3041:
2644:
7073:
5854:
3608:"Fats and fatty acids contents per 100 g (click for "more details"). Example: Avocado oil (user can search for other oils)"
2904:
2705:
727:
7580:
7028:
5928:
3063:
296:, but cites no source. In ancient Egypt, plant oils including cedar oil, cypress oil, and olive oil were used during the
4422:"Commercial Cold Pressed Flaxseed Oils Quality and Oxidative Stability at the Beginning and the End of Their Shelf Life"
3827:
3446:
2839:"World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023 | FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
10358:
9138:
5790:
5770:
5313:
4537:
2929:
2160:) rather than other parts of plants. Most vegetable oils are seed oils. Examples are sunflower, corn, and sesame oils.
722:, also known as pure plant oil, needs specially prepared vehicles which have a method of heating the oil to reduce its
3388:
3089:
2757:
463:
in Europe today. In France, biodiesel is incorporated at a rate of 8% in the fuel used by all French diesel vehicles.
10378:
8384:
5834:
4646:
4623:
3670:
2441:
641:
7717:
4503:
4331:
3227:
2226:
Due to their susceptibility to oxidation from the exposure to oxygen, heat and light, resulting in the formation of
10096:
8071:
5875:
5330:
941:
498:
Many vegetable oils are consumed directly, or indirectly as ingredients in food – a role that they share with some
7829:
5880:
3239:(Consultation on the health implications of alternatives to trans fatty acids: Summary of Responses from Experts)
2518:
1044:
or to make biodiesel. According to the USDA, the total world consumption of major vegetable oils in 2007/08 was:
275:
may refer exclusively to vegetable fats which are liquid at room temperature. Vegetable oils are usually edible.
9366:
6452:
5817:
3552:
3006:
GHG Benefits from Use of
Vegetable Oils for Electricity, Heat, Transport, and Industrial Purposes, NNFCC 10-016
3001:
2391:
31:
3630:
10673:
8231:
7096:
5780:
3131:
3037:
4055:
9480:
8301:
8294:
8266:
3733:
2870:
2812:
844:
655:
One limiting factor in industrial uses of vegetable oils is that all such oils are susceptible to becoming
468:
328:) "Palmolive," and by around 1870, palm oil constituted the primary export of some West African countries.
185:
5870:
5476:
4421:
772:
customers in the United States and in Europe. There are several different types of mechanical extraction.
10685:
9331:
9189:
8709:
8691:
5844:
4684:
3516:
2459:
Ruth Schuster (December 17, 2014). "8,000-year old olive oil found in Galilee, earliest known in world",
1391:
1384:
961:
is by far the highest yielding crop, capable of producing about 4 tons of palm oil per hectare per year.
4299:
4164:
390:
Soybeans are protein-rich, and the medium viscosity oil rendered from them was high in polyunsaturates.
9396:
8311:
8076:
7400:
6839:
5822:
5812:
5699:
5458:
4349:
4317:
4277:
4255:
4237:
4142:
4120:
4098:
4076:
3940:
3918:
3896:
3874:
3852:
3793:
3647:
930:
922:
878:
6134:
2476:, "Evidence for Earliest Olive-Oil Production in Submerged Settlements off the Carmel Coast, Israel",
10193:
9649:
9199:
9184:
9157:
8807:
8637:
5951:
2519:"British Colonial Policies and the Oil Palm Industry in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria, 1900–1960"
8318:
336:
10540:
10281:
9448:
9341:
9209:
8323:
7066:
5785:
1438:
475:
The production of vegetable oils went up 125% between 2000 and 2020, driven by a sharp increase in
459:
during the 1990s, and it is now widely available for use in motor vehicles, and is the most common
382:
were happy to have someone haul away the cotton seeds. The extracted oil was refined and partially
3610:. Nutritiondata.com, Conde Nast for the USDA National Nutrient Database, Standard Release 21. 2014
3491:
933:(REL) of 10 mg/m total exposure and 5 mg/m respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday.
10726:
10721:
10321:
10013:
9244:
9128:
8748:
8632:
8158:
7370:
6559:
6107:
2354:
2294:
178:
17:
4567:
10644:
10624:
10535:
10530:
9569:
9495:
9001:
8996:
8741:
8271:
7677:
7555:
7550:
6985:
6442:
5602:
5429:
5306:
5012:
4677:
2954:
2319:
2314:
1339:
1041:
1034:
897:
719:
96:
86:
76:
8554:
8328:
7687:
4280:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
4258:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
4145:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
4123:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
4101:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
4079:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3943:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3921:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3899:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3877:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3855:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3796:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3736:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3650:. US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016
10480:
10395:
10129:
10006:
9725:
9703:
9654:
9204:
8962:
8826:
7600:
7423:
7237:
6930:
6596:
6494:
6077:
4936:
2676:
1377:
1291:
625:
309:
303:
Vegetable oils have been used as lighting fuel for lamps, cooking, medicine and lubrication.
9291:
8911:
7794:
3466:
1331:, has varied applications in cosmetics manufacturing and for uses as a human or animal food.
10555:
9987:
9843:
9556:
9051:
8945:
8561:
8261:
8256:
7637:
7083:
6666:
6524:
6514:
6499:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6057:
5827:
5714:
5546:
5389:
2339:
2192:
1420:
866:
715:
456:
360:
332:
82:
8355:
7405:
4632:
3607:
2561:
8:
10697:
10639:
10614:
10497:
10271:
10228:
10188:
10154:
9888:
9855:
9713:
9527:
9507:
9239:
9067:
9046:
8848:
8802:
8534:
7957:
7488:
7059:
6309:
6279:
6269:
5679:
5597:
5576:
5406:
5270:
5246:
4580:
3568:
2838:
2671:
750:
731:
452:
371:
161:
156:
40:
2680:
2183:
A large quantity of used vegetable oil is produced and recycled, mainly from industrial
10592:
10587:
10400:
10233:
9760:
9738:
9733:
9691:
9664:
9624:
9078:
8972:
8926:
8838:
8797:
8780:
8663:
8658:
8379:
8360:
8173:
8097:
7861:
7662:
7657:
7351:
6606:
6258:
5674:
5639:
5619:
5614:
5448:
5441:
5422:
4656:
4397:
4372:
4077:"Safflower oil, salad or cooking, high oleic, primary commerce, fat composition, 100 g"
4036:
3988:
3963:
3875:"Corn oil, industrial and retail, all purpose salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g"
3343:
3204:
2817:
2636:
2199:
789:
705:
427:
128:
9898:
9133:
7380:
3280:
10460:
10276:
10250:
10238:
10223:
10134:
9982:
9809:
9708:
9639:
9321:
9316:
9256:
9249:
9214:
8977:
8792:
8700:
8448:
8401:
8278:
8138:
8128:
8093:
8083:
8051:
7994:
7989:
7892:
7180:
7138:
6641:
6529:
6509:
6253:
6198:
5899:
5551:
5369:
5299:
4642:
4619:
4600:
4443:
4402:
4195:
4028:
3993:
3763:
3380:
3370:
3331:
3321:
2982:
2616:
2580:
2437:
2412:
2387:
1327:
1315:
862:
856:
785:
773:
609:
Vegetable oils are used as an ingredient or component in many manufactured products.
403:. In 2018–2019, world production was at 57.4 MT with the leading producers including
325:
7395:
7264:
7215:
4040:
3362:
3208:
2726:
616:, and are used in making paints and other wood treatment products. They are used in
10562:
10490:
10485:
10053:
10031:
9991:
9967:
9931:
9903:
9883:
9831:
9676:
9616:
9411:
9194:
9162:
9150:
9031:
8916:
8833:
8775:
8411:
8406:
8370:
8209:
7952:
7937:
7914:
7887:
7458:
7430:
7254:
7225:
7200:
7175:
7158:
7000:
6990:
6975:
6601:
6422:
6238:
6208:
6188:
6144:
6022:
5353:
5226:
5111:
4846:
4740:
4433:
4392:
4384:
4187:
4020:
3983:
3975:
3779:
3775:
3196:
2846:
2379:
2049:
1651:
1265:
781:
8539:
7737:
7605:
7385:
3119:
10619:
10567:
10198:
10061:
9916:
9826:
9816:
9804:
9783:
9659:
9644:
9426:
9421:
9261:
9172:
9056:
9041:
9036:
8817:
8731:
8512:
8335:
8306:
8041:
7866:
7585:
7518:
7294:
7242:
7205:
6940:
6861:
6626:
6538:
6378:
6220:
6139:
5566:
5491:
5376:
5339:
5166:
5053:
4997:
4798:
4635:
4278:"Soybean oil, salad or cooking, (partially hydrogenated), fat composition, 100 g"
3575:
3523:
3498:
3473:
3025:
3012:
2976:
2900:
1280:
1156:
882:
680:
656:
645:
344:
8894:
7528:
7390:
3250:"Final Determination Regarding Partially Hydrogenated Oils (Removing Trans Fat)"
2701:
10597:
10520:
10286:
10176:
10171:
10149:
9936:
9923:
9866:
9799:
9787:
9681:
9522:
9490:
9391:
9145:
9117:
9082:
9023:
8581:
8576:
8544:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8374:
8217:
8133:
7909:
7848:
7722:
7575:
7570:
7523:
7513:
7503:
7274:
7165:
7153:
7123:
7005:
6971:
6844:
6803:
6571:
6474:
6299:
6243:
6203:
6193:
6183:
6097:
5984:
5959:
5709:
5571:
5346:
5186:
5171:
5038:
4143:"Palm oil, industrial, fully hydrogenated, filling fat, fat composition, 100 g"
2299:
2284:
2251:
2214:
1713:
1646:
1613:
1254:
1214:
1143:
586:
431:
367:
293:
248:
7707:
7314:
6173:
6156:
4024:
3438:
3200:
3067:
10715:
10634:
10144:
9779:
9589:
9406:
9401:
9266:
9103:
9087:
8955:
8941:
8822:
8785:
8716:
8648:
8642:
8627:
8522:
8507:
8415:
8066:
7919:
7882:
7856:
7697:
7642:
7493:
7478:
7304:
6980:
6761:
6736:
6681:
6437:
6233:
6228:
6129:
6072:
5920:
5839:
5765:
5730:
5664:
5624:
5556:
5518:
5508:
5503:
5413:
5280:
5231:
5221:
5141:
5116:
5080:
4992:
3384:
3335:
3123:
3029:
2383:
2334:
2329:
2304:
2235:
2207:
2178:
2079:
1942:
1780:
1429:
1242:
1236:
1117:
874:
629:
598:
578:
574:
435:
383:
348:
297:
268:
151:
92:
9276:
7712:
7508:
4538:"Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council"
4215:
2925:
2238:, plant oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids have a limited shelf-life.
1286:
271:
are examples of fats from other parts of plants. In common usage, vegetable
10577:
10512:
10465:
10161:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10026:
10021:
9686:
9544:
9271:
9226:
9096:
9092:
9060:
8950:
8872:
8843:
8768:
8763:
8753:
8653:
8571:
8502:
8457:
8188:
8168:
8153:
8117:
8112:
8088:
8004:
7897:
7774:
7595:
7565:
7483:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7435:
7346:
7247:
7010:
6995:
6834:
6756:
6646:
6591:
6586:
6554:
6544:
6464:
6447:
6353:
6248:
5689:
5684:
5528:
5523:
5399:
5241:
5136:
5065:
4941:
4887:
4856:
4572:
4447:
4406:
4032:
3997:
3681:
3631:"USDA Specifications for Vegetable Oil Margarine Effective August 28, 1996"
3097:
2349:
2274:
1514:
1481:
1220:
1096:
566:
379:
252:
240:
228:
9281:
7804:
7799:
7789:
7752:
7742:
7682:
7615:
7128:
3761:
3364:
3315:
1364:
The nutritional values are expressed as percent (%) by mass of total fat.
1260:
1190:
Used in cooking, cosmetics, soaps and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps
861:
Unsaturated vegetable oils can be transformed through partial or complete
683:
to make a glycidyl ether which is used as a diluent and flexibilizer with
10629:
10609:
10582:
10408:
10166:
10066:
9764:
9753:
9748:
9696:
9574:
9564:
9433:
8889:
8858:
8853:
8812:
8721:
8497:
8472:
8467:
8436:
8193:
8148:
8056:
8036:
7769:
7692:
7652:
7560:
7540:
7284:
7269:
7259:
7195:
7115:
6945:
6886:
6776:
6771:
6746:
6729:
6719:
6710:
6576:
6427:
6322:
6062:
5634:
5486:
5481:
5275:
5211:
5201:
5196:
5176:
5075:
5028:
4956:
4882:
4735:
4438:
4320:. US National Nutrient Database, United States Department of Agriculture.
3087:
2269:
2264:
2044:
2011:
1680:
1547:
1447:
1398:
1334:
1226:
1169:
1083:
1056:
777:
769:
664:
633:
590:
562:
558:
493:
320:
Palm oil formed the basis of soap products, such as Lever Brothers' (now
244:
123:
48:
3919:"Cottonseed oil, industrial, fully hydrogenated, fat composition, 100 g"
531:
Texture – altering how ingredients combine, especially fats and starches
10572:
10502:
10472:
10455:
10433:
10243:
10113:
10108:
9821:
9769:
9594:
9517:
9416:
9311:
8989:
8899:
8884:
8867:
8863:
8620:
8389:
8123:
8019:
7999:
7930:
7764:
7545:
7414:
7410:
7299:
7143:
6856:
6851:
6808:
6791:
6781:
6751:
6741:
6691:
6581:
6469:
6358:
6178:
6124:
6087:
6042:
6037:
6027:
6001:
5977:
5704:
5609:
5561:
5513:
5236:
5181:
5146:
5121:
5106:
5060:
4961:
4757:
4669:
4388:
4191:
4186:. Vol. 2 (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 465.
3979:
2495:"Ancient Egypt's mummification ingredients came from far-flung locales"
2289:
2279:
2188:
2184:
2112:
1979:
1909:
1408:
1310:
1298:
1270:
1248:
1130:
950:
893:
668:
613:
582:
570:
543:
539:
522:
444:
391:
335:
demonstrated that fats were derived from glycerol. Thirty years later
232:
210:
142:
113:
7784:
7747:
7289:
6881:
4182:
Orthoefer FT (2005). "Chapter 10: Rice Bran Oil". In Shahidi F (ed.).
3964:"Grape Seed Oil Compounds: Biological and Chemical Actions for Health"
2578:
Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa
10604:
10550:
10450:
10428:
10413:
10215:
9946:
9838:
9774:
9671:
9584:
9539:
9475:
9460:
9306:
9177:
8967:
8758:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8394:
8183:
8163:
8046:
8009:
7702:
7667:
7498:
7418:
7279:
6935:
6786:
6656:
6631:
6519:
6504:
6489:
6484:
6343:
6274:
6264:
6161:
6151:
6082:
6067:
6032:
5735:
5694:
5592:
5216:
5206:
5131:
5101:
5070:
5043:
4951:
4946:
4918:
4772:
2850:
2556:
2203:
2157:
1813:
1198:
1182:
886:
723:
711:
649:
535:
448:
412:
356:
352:
260:
166:
133:
118:
56:
7210:
7133:
5096:
3961:
1251:, used as a cooking oil, and as a massage oil, particularly in India
917:
People can breathe in vegetable oil mist in the workplace. The U.S.
877:, has had all of its double bonds converted into single bonds. If a
205:
10545:
10255:
10183:
9871:
9599:
9579:
9500:
9336:
9234:
9167:
8936:
8695:
8566:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8236:
8107:
8031:
7779:
7732:
7363:
7338:
7326:
7051:
6676:
6549:
6534:
6432:
6388:
6373:
6363:
6348:
6338:
6092:
6017:
5747:
5498:
5322:
5191:
5158:
5126:
5048:
5033:
4984:
4892:
4822:
4807:
4767:
4633:
Salunkhe, D.K., Chavan, J.K., Adsule, R.N. and Kadam, S.S. (1992).
4482:, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 18 February 2014, archived from
3762:
Katragadda HR, Fullana A, Sidhu S, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA (2010).
3567:, Table 03: Major Vegetable Oils: World Supply and Distribution at
3439:"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Vegetable oil mist"
3147:
A ghani is a traditional Indian oil press, driven by a horse or ox.
2792:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAvril_Group_:_Activity_Report2014 (
2231:
1880:
1847:
1747:
1580:
1208:
1109:
1067:
958:
756:
676:
672:
594:
515:
476:
440:
400:
321:
304:
264:
256:
3366:
Soybeans : chemistry, production, processing, and utilization
2210:, pet food, soap, detergent, cosmetics, and industrial chemicals.
10440:
10423:
10203:
10071:
10001:
9977:
9876:
9512:
9438:
9073:
9013:
9006:
8921:
8879:
8726:
8705:
8686:
8668:
8610:
8549:
8517:
8462:
8178:
8102:
7962:
7942:
7871:
7533:
7440:
7358:
7321:
7309:
6918:
6913:
6903:
6876:
6796:
6696:
6661:
6651:
6636:
6393:
6304:
6168:
6047:
5669:
4908:
4873:
4725:
4717:
4373:"Lipid peroxidation in culinary oils subjected to thermal stress"
3363:
Lawrence Alan Johnson; Pamela J. White; Richard Galloway (2008).
1076:
954:
660:
460:
4419:
10525:
9911:
9794:
9634:
9443:
9386:
9296:
8736:
8365:
8024:
8014:
7977:
7967:
7947:
7759:
7610:
6961:
6923:
6908:
6871:
6829:
6824:
6724:
6479:
6383:
6052:
6012:
5362:
4913:
4841:
4817:
4777:
4752:
1304:
1105:
838:
637:
621:
554:
503:
416:
396:
375:
340:
289:
4582:
World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023
2975:
Knothe, Gerhard; Krahl, Jürgen; Gerpen, Jon Van (2015-08-13).
2599:"How Vegetable Oils Replaced Animal Fats in the American Diet"
2169:
the rest of the oil (past around 60%) by solvent extraction.
10445:
10418:
9972:
9743:
9606:
9470:
9378:
8984:
8601:
7230:
7220:
7185:
6891:
6766:
6686:
6671:
6618:
6368:
6327:
6119:
5997:
5972:
5742:
4832:
4784:
4762:
4730:
3186:
2787:
2758:"Historical Perspectives on Vegetable Oil-Based Diesel Fuels"
2409:
The Pearson Guide to the B.Sc. (Nursing) Entrance Examination
2309:
2227:
1263:, is extracted from the flowers, leaves and stem from jambu (
1104:
One of the most widely used cooking oils, also used as fuel.
738:
684:
617:
404:
4010:
3962:
Garavaglia J, Markoski MM, Oliveira A, Marcadenti A (2016).
3941:"Linseed/Flaxseed oil, cold pressed, fat composition, 100 g"
3592:
2951:"The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)"
1349:, derived from chloroplasts, various applications in cooking
351:
of liquid fats in 1901, creating what later became known as
10124:
9941:
9629:
9532:
9485:
8904:
8615:
7982:
7972:
7647:
7170:
6898:
6866:
6111:
5291:
4861:
4851:
4812:
4794:
4747:
4420:
Tańska, M; Roszkowska, B; Skrajda, M; Dąbrowski, G (2016).
3708:"What is unrefined, extra virgin cold-pressed avocado oil?"
3548:
2344:
2324:
2153:
1230:
1151:
A major food oil, often used in industrial food processing
620:
resin production. Dammar oil (a mixture of linseed oil and
528:
Enriching – adding calories and satisfaction in consumption
511:
507:
472:
as soy oil largely succeeded by displacing cottonseed oil.
3897:"Cottonseed oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g"
3764:"Emissions of volatile aldehydes from heated cooking oils"
945:
World production of main vegetable oils by main producers
865:
into oils of higher melting point, some of which, such as
847:
can be used as a non-toxic alternative to other solvents.
9286:
8605:
8527:
7375:
6706:
6411:
5967:
4975:
4708:
4700:
2950:
1075:
The most widely produced tropical oil, also used to make
671:
has numerous industrial uses, owing to the presence of a
499:
455:
is more widely used. Led by Brazil, many countries built
355:, leading to the development of the global production of
224:
3705:
3547:. Oilseeds: World Market and Trade. Vol. FOP 1-09.
426:
The early 20th century also saw the start of the use of
4637:
World Oilseeds – Chemistry, Technology, and Utilization
4256:"Soybean oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g"
3414:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
3256:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 20 February 2020.
420:
408:
3410:"Chapter 5 : Processing and refining edible oils"
2250:
From December 2014, all food products produced in the
675:
group on the fatty acid. Castor oil is a precursor to
27:
Oil extracted from seeds or from other parts of plants
4370:
4099:"Olive oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g"
927:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
3595:. United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016.
3221:
949:
Typical productivity of some oil crops, measured in
628:
as vegetable oils are not toxic to the environment,
518:. The oils serve a number of purposes in this role:
3532:
2198:Recycled oil has numerous uses, including use as a
714:, which can be used like conventional diesel. Some
4634:
3569:Oilseeds: World Markets and Trade Monthly Circular
3517:Global oil yields: Have we got it seriously wrong?
3487:
3485:
3088:B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman (1992).
1125:A common cooking oil, also used to make biodiesel
561:. Such oils include both the major cooking oils –
3706:Wong M, Requejo-Jackman C, Woolf A (April 2010).
3587:
3585:
3583:
2974:
10713:
3215:
3128:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
3034:Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
1307:oil, pharmaceutical use and anti-mosquito candle
324:) "Sunlight", and B. J. Johnson Company's (now
4594:
3482:
2704:. The Soybean Processors Association of India.
2152:Seed oils are vegetable oils obtained from the
5950:
3580:
3512:
3510:
3224:"TRANSforming the Food Supply (Appendix 9iii)"
3064:"Oilseed Processing for Small-Scale Producers"
2667:"Philip W. Drackett: Earned profits, plaudits"
2376:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
7067:
5936:
5307:
4685:
3189:Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
2763:. Inform, Vol. 12(11), pp. 1103–1107 (2001).
2374:Alfred Thomas (2002). "Fats and Fatty Oils".
2373:
1091:One of the most widely consumed cooking oils
919:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
443:, Germany, on 10 August 1893 on nothing but
186:
5776:Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange
4661:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4613:
4597:Practical guide for vegetable oil processing
4571: This article incorporates text from a
3668:
2901:"Biodegradable Hydraulic Fluid Nears Market"
2898:
2621:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2406:
292:. Pagnol, p. 19, says the 6th millennium in
227:extracted from seeds or from other parts of
5850:Social and environmental impact of palm oil
3593:"US National Nutrient Database, Release 28"
3507:
3317:Practical guide to vegetable oil processing
7074:
7060:
5943:
5929:
5314:
5300:
4692:
4678:
3680:. Elsevier. pp. 79–83. Archived from
3348:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3061:
2431:
869:, will remain solid at room temperature.
667:, are thus preferred for industrial uses.
525:– as in giving pastries a crumbly texture.
193:
179:
4618:. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, England.
4437:
4396:
4181:
3987:
2597:Graham, Drew Ramsey, Tyler (2012-04-26).
2455:
2453:
557:. Oils for this purpose must have a high
4699:
4575:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (
4511:Labelling Requirements for Fats and Oils
4470:
4468:
4184:Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products
3734:"Brazil nut oil, fat composition, 100 g"
3281:"Vegetable Oils and Fats for Edible Use"
2664:
2411:. Pearson Education India. p. 109.
1319:, used in cosmetics (skin and hair care)
1245:, a flavorless and colorless cooking oil
940:
912:
762:
204:
4480:Guide to Food Labelling and Advertising
4377:Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry
4175:
4013:The Journal of Dermatological Treatment
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3023:
2788:Avril Group : Activity Report 2014
1164:From the seed of the African palm tree
14:
10714:
10095:
4542:Official Journal of the European Union
4360:from the original on 22 December 2022.
3828:"Where There's Smoke, There's a Fryer"
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
2749:
2596:
2492:
2450:
2367:
1353:
679:. Castor oil may also be reacted with
10309:
10094:
9364:
7828:
7827:
7094:
7055:
5924:
5295:
4673:
4496:
4465:
3853:"Coconut oil, fat composition, 100 g"
3825:
3648:"Avocado oil, fat composition, 100 g"
3313:
3168:from the original on January 19, 2022
2926:"Cass Scenic Railroad, West Virginia"
2737:from the original on 25 February 2021
2552:"The History of Soaps and Detergents"
2539:from the original on 16 January 2013.
1383:
1177:Used in cooking, cosmetics and soaps
831:
710:Vegetable oils are also used to make
659:. Oils that are more stable, such as
10681:
7081:
7034:
5855:Vegetable oils as alternative energy
4318:"Walnut oil, fat composition, 100 g"
3808:
3794:"Canola oil, fat composition, 100 g"
3714:. The American Oil Chemists' Society
3117:
2781:
2436:. Woodhead Publishing. p. 169.
2213:Since 2002, an increasing number of
728:vegetable oils as alternative energy
718:are used in unmodified vehicles but
690:
589:, etc. – and tropical oils, such as
4641:. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
4513:, Canadian Food Inspection Agency,
4324:
3955:
3748:
2831:
2241:
1257:oil, used in culinary and cosmetics
1033:For a more comprehensive list, see
730:is growing and the availability of
451:, produced from oils or fats using
24:
9365:
7095:
5791:Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil
5771:Federal Land Development Authority
4588:
4121:"Palm oil, fat composition, 100 g"
4065:. The Vegetarian Health Institute.
4053:
3291:from the original on June 19, 2022
3260:from the original on 14 April 2021
3222:Trans Fat Task Force (June 2006).
2800:
2755:
2719:
2694:
2658:
2629:
2549:
2202:, as well as in the production of
1028:
347:, a German chemist introduced the
47:
25:
10738:
5835:Environmental impact of biodiesel
3278:
2665:Horstman, Barry M. (1999-05-21).
2571:
2543:
2511:
2478:Journal of Archaeological Science
1358:
776:extraction is common, though the
315:
10692:
10680:
10669:
10668:
7033:
7024:
7023:
5894:
5893:
4599:. AOCS Press, Urbana, Illinois.
4566:
3968:Nutrition and Metabolic Insights
3526:, Denis J. Murphy, August 2009,
1204:Other significant oils include:
921:(OSHA) has set the legal limit (
903:
850:
10693:
8228:Outdoors & sports equipment
7902:
4548:from the original on 2017-07-26
4530:
4520:from the original on 2014-12-22
4454:from the original on 2018-03-19
4413:
4364:
4342:
4310:
4292:
4270:
4248:
4238:"Oil, sesame, salad or cooking"
4230:
4208:
4157:
4135:
4113:
4091:
4069:
4047:
4004:
3933:
3911:
3889:
3867:
3845:
3786:
3726:
3699:
3662:
3640:
3600:
3460:
3449:from the original on 2015-12-08
3431:
3420:from the original on 2022-07-09
3402:
3391:from the original on 2023-06-28
3356:
3307:
3272:
3242:
3180:
3150:
3138:from the original on 2016-05-09
3111:
3081:
3055:
3044:from the original on 2016-05-09
3017:
2995:
2968:
2957:from the original on 1999-10-12
2943:
2932:from the original on 2011-10-06
2918:
2907:from the original on 2006-09-25
2899:Linda McGraw (April 19, 2000).
2892:
2881:from the original on 2021-07-16
2863:
2770:from the original on 2018-10-04
2708:from the original on 2019-01-04
2647:from the original on 2012-09-19
2643:. Benson Ford Research Center.
2590:
2407:Parwez Saroj (September 2007).
2163:
1301:oil, culinary and cosmetics use
1217:, used in cooking and cosmetics
370:was developed, and marketed by
283:
5818:Certified sustainable palm oil
4476:"Basic Labelling Requirements"
4371:H. Ramachandra Prabhu (2000).
3780:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.070
3320:(Second ed.). Amsterdam.
3002:National Non-Food Crops Centre
2871:""Blooming in Oil for Flavor"
2486:
2466:
2463:. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
2425:
2400:
32:Vegetable oil (disambiguation)
13:
1:
8232:Personal protective equipment
5781:Malaysia Derivatives Exchange
4504:"Common Name - Fats and Oils"
3132:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
3038:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
2434:The International Cocoa Trade
2361:
2221:
2187:in potato processing plants,
894:unsaturated trans fatty acids
744:
604:
534:Flavoring – examples include
343:of fatty acids and glycerol.
339:deduced that these fats were
5321:
4616:Oils and Fats Authentication
4577:license statement/permission
4350:"Food and cooking oil waste"
3551:. 2009-01-12. Archived from
2813:Food and Drug Administration
1295:is used to manufacture soap.
1186:
1173:
1160:
1147:
1134:
1121:
1100:
1087:
1071:
957:(ha) of land per year (yr).
845:Supercritical carbon dioxide
469:Food and Drug Administration
434:and in heating oil burners.
7:
10310:
5845:Issues relating to biofuels
3669:Ozdemir F, Topuz A (2004).
3467:Malaysian Palm Oil Industry
2493:Dunham, Will (2023-02-01).
2257:
2172:
2147:
1021:
1011:
1001:
991:
981:
487:
10:
10743:
5952:Non-timber forest products
5823:Deforestation by continent
5813:Biofuel policy of Malaysia
5700:Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad
5459:Bursaphelenchus cocophilus
5197:Linseed oil (flaxseed oil)
4614:Jee, Michael, ed. (2002).
4561:
3369:. Urbana, IL: AOCS Press.
3126:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.).
3032:; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.).
2702:"World Soy Oil Production"
2176:
2141:160 °C (320 °F)
2107:227 °C (440 °F)
2039:238 °C (460 °F)
1974:232 °C (450 °F)
1937:232 °C (450 °F)
1875:235 °C (455 °F)
1842:193 °C (380 °F)
1808:212 °C (414 °F)
1775:166 °C (330 °F)
1742:216 °C (421 °F)
1708:107 °C (225 °F)
1641:216 °C (420 °F)
1608:232 °C (450 °F)
1575:175 °C (347 °F)
1542:204 °C (400 °F)
1509:208 °C (406 °F)
1476:250 °C (482 °F)
1138:Mild-flavored cooking oil
1032:
931:recommended exposure limit
923:permissible exposure limit
854:
748:
732:biodiesel around the world
703:
491:
374:as a creamed shortening –
278:
29:
10663:
10511:
10394:
10320:
10316:
10305:
10264:
10214:
10107:
10103:
10090:
9957:
9897:
9854:
9724:
9615:
9555:
9459:
9377:
9373:
9360:
9225:
9116:
9022:
8679:
8447:
8247:
7847:
7840:
7836:
7823:
7630:
7451:
7337:
7114:
7107:
7103:
7090:
7019:
6954:
6817:
6705:
6617:
6402:
6318:
6219:
6106:
5993:
5958:
5889:
5863:
5803:
5756:
5723:
5657:
5650:
5585:
5539:
5469:
5388:
5329:
5263:
5155:
5089:
5021:
5006:
4983:
4974:
4929:
4901:
4872:
4831:
4793:
4716:
4707:
4025:10.1080/09546630510035832
3826:Wolke RL (May 16, 2007).
3492:Oil Staple Crops Compared
3201:10.1007/s11746-006-5038-6
1407:
1397:
1390:
1376:
1371:
1368:
966:
632:if spilled and have high
10541:Mergers and acquisitions
10282:Research and development
8647:Chemical & hormonal
8302:Communications equipment
5786:Malaysian Palm Oil Board
4595:Gupta, Monoj K. (2007).
3314:Gupta, Monoj K. (2017).
2526:African Study Monographs
2384:10.1002/14356007.a10_173
1781:High-oleic safflower oil
969:
953:(t) of oil produced per
936:
9332:Painting and decorating
8356:Medical imaging systems
8289:Parts & peripherals
4426:Journal of Oleo Science
4356:. GOV.UK. 22 May 2018.
3024:Hossain, Amjad (2012).
2641:Popular Research Topics
2378:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
2355:Vegetable oil recycling
2295:Fatty acid methyl ester
699:
482:
428:vegetable oil as a fuel
10645:State-owned enterprise
10625:Nonprofit organization
10536:Horizontal integration
8349:Scientific instruments
8312:Network infrastructure
6966:(Iberian agroforestry)
6204:Pacific mountain onion
5430:Rhynchophorus palmarum
4056:"Smoke points of oils"
3158:"Polyunsaturated Fats"
2978:The Biodiesel Handbook
2320:List of vegetable oils
2315:List of macerated oils
2050:partially hydrogenated
1340:Pentaclethra macroloba
1035:List of vegetable oils
946:
898:coronary heart disease
720:straight vegetable oil
642:Fischer esterification
366:In the United States,
337:Michel Eugène Chevreul
259:, or fats from seeds.
213:
52:
9988:Private investigation
6986:Indian forest produce
6457:Hydnocarpus wightiana
5418:Little leaf syndrome
5414:Cadang-cadang disease
4354:Food Standards Agency
4332:"Smoke Point of Oils"
3096:. FAO. Archived from
2677:E. W. Scripps Company
2193:fast food restaurants
1292:Astrocaryum aculeatum
944:
913:Occupational exposure
801:Percentage extracted
784:, and ghani (powered
763:Mechanical extraction
310:Industrial Revolution
235:, vegetable fats are
208:
51:
10556:Vertical integration
8562:Speciality chemicals
8402:Electrical equipment
8319:Consumer electronics
6229:Bare-toothed russula
5828:Southeast Asian haze
5715:Wilmar International
5547:Biodiesel production
5437:Oil palm bunch moth
4962:Vegetable shortening
4701:Edible fats and oils
4439:10.5650/jos.ess15243
4240:. FoodData Central.
3230:on February 25, 2007
2340:Seed oil controversy
867:vegetable shortening
716:vegetable oil blends
378:– as early as 1911.
372:Procter & Gamble
361:vegetable shortening
333:Carl Wilhelm Scheele
30:For other uses, see
10640:Sole proprietorship
10615:Joint-stock company
9889:Veterinary medicine
9714:Property management
9508:Passenger transport
8535:Commodity chemicals
8361:Optical instruments
8329:Video game consoles
8222:Musical instruments
8063:Media reproduction
6840:musical instruments
6098:Woodland strawberry
5724:Buyers / processors
5680:Equatorial Palm Oil
5577:Transesterification
5407:Ganoderma orbiforme
5247:Watermelon seed oil
4579:). Text taken from
3832:The Washington Post
3503:gardeningplaces.com
3130:(Second ed.).
3036:(Second ed.).
2672:The Cincinnati Post
2432:Robin Dand (1999).
1365:
1354:Composition of fats
751:Edible oil refining
453:transesterification
162:Polyunsaturated fat
157:Monounsaturated fat
10588:Putting-out system
10097:Information sector
10018:Personal services
9625:Financial services
9097:offshore platforms
8946:advanced materials
8927:Ready-mix concrete
8380:Laser construction
8340:Clocks and watches
8174:Injection moulding
8145:Other fabrication
8098:household hardware
5675:Carson Cumberbatch
5620:Girl Scout Cookies
5615:Cellulosic ethanol
5456:Red ring disease (
5449:Tirathaba rufivena
5442:Tirathaba mundella
5423:Oryctes rhinoceros
4389:10.1007/BF02873539
4336:Baseline of Health
4300:"FoodData Central"
4218:. RITO Partnership
4192:10.1002/047167849X
3980:10.4137/NMI.S32910
3574:2010-10-18 at the
3522:2016-01-31 at the
3497:2018-11-18 at the
3472:2018-10-20 at the
3118:Aziz, KMA (2012).
3011:2016-03-05 at the
2564:on July 14, 2012.
2532:(1): 19–33. 2000.
2230:products, such as
1239:, from rice grains
1223:and other nut oils
947:
929:(NIOSH) has set a
832:Solvent extraction
706:Vegetable oil fuel
214:
53:
10709:
10708:
10659:
10658:
10655:
10654:
10486:Natural resources
10331:Production-based
10301:
10300:
10297:
10296:
10239:Vocational school
10086:
10085:
10082:
10081:
9356:
9355:
9352:
9351:
9317:Electrical wiring
9303:Specialty trades
9257:Civil engineering
9112:
9111:
8786:Vulcanized rubber
8582:Cleaning products
8422:Electric lighting
8139:Surface finishing
8129:Powder metallurgy
8084:Metal fabrication
7830:Industrial sector
7819:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7718:Rare-earth metals
7626:
7625:
7049:
7048:
5918:
5917:
5804:Policies, impacts
5799:
5798:
5552:Fat hydrogenation
5289:
5288:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5254:
4970:
4969:
4902:Other animal fats
4606:978-1-893997-90-5
4201:978-0-471-38552-3
3376:978-0-12-804352-3
3327:978-1-63067-051-1
3162:Clark's Nutrition
2988:978-0-9835072-6-0
2873:Cooks Illustrated
2585:978-1-847-01075-9
2483::1141–1150 (1997)
2418:978-81-317-1338-9
2145:
2144:
1328:Passiflora edulis
1323:Passion fruit oil
1316:Mauritia flexuosa
1194:
1193:
1053:World consumption
1026:
1025:
857:Fat hydrogenation
829:
828:
786:mortar and pestle
774:Expeller pressing
691:Pet food additive
326:Colgate-Palmolive
203:
202:
16:(Redirected from
10734:
10696:
10695:
10684:
10683:
10672:
10671:
10568:Enforced breakup
10563:Decentralization
10491:Physical capital
10318:
10317:
10307:
10306:
10105:
10104:
10092:
10091:
9968:Customer service
9884:Residential care
9832:Public relations
9640:Financial advice
9617:Asset management
9412:Department store
9375:
9374:
9362:
9361:
9342:Site preparation
9190:Telecom networks
9158:Waste management
9134:Gas distribution
8818:Synthetic fibers
8545:Industrial gases
8284:Computer systems
8218:Medical supplies
7845:
7844:
7838:
7837:
7825:
7824:
7255:Animal husbandry
7226:Medicinal plants
7112:
7111:
7105:
7104:
7092:
7091:
7076:
7069:
7062:
7053:
7052:
7037:
7036:
7027:
7026:
7001:Resin extraction
6991:Mushroom hunting
6967:
6713: / etc.
6567:
6460:
6295:Saffron milk cap
6285:Parasol mushroom
6125:Fiddlehead ferns
5945:
5938:
5931:
5922:
5921:
5897:
5896:
5759:non-governmental
5655:
5654:
5404:Basal stem rot (
5316:
5309:
5302:
5293:
5292:
5227:Pumpkin seed oil
5127:Mongongo nut oil
5019:
5018:
4981:
4980:
4847:Clarified butter
4714:
4713:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4652:
4640:
4629:
4610:
4570:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4519:
4508:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4472:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4441:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4400:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4338:. Jonbarron.org.
4328:
4322:
4321:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4304:fdc.nal.usda.gov
4296:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4242:fdc.nal.usda.gov
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4169:FoodData Central
4161:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4060:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3991:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3823:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3759:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3686:
3675:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3589:
3578:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3557:
3546:
3536:
3530:
3514:
3505:
3489:
3480:
3478:palmoilworld.org
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3347:
3339:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3226:. Archived from
3219:
3213:
3212:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3066:. Archived from
3062:Janet Bachmann.
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3021:
3015:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2851:10.4060/cc8166en
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2816:. Archived from
2804:
2798:
2797:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2762:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2731:Days Of The Year
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2679:. Archived from
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2594:
2588:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2560:. Archived from
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2523:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2490:
2484:
2470:
2464:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2371:
2242:Product labeling
1681:Flaxseed/linseed
1366:
1357:
1337:, obtained from
1266:Acmella oleracea
1047:
1046:
964:
963:
795:
794:
457:biodiesel plants
255:are examples of
195:
188:
181:
59:
37:
36:
21:
10742:
10741:
10737:
10736:
10735:
10733:
10732:
10731:
10712:
10711:
10710:
10705:
10704:
10651:
10620:Nationalization
10507:
10477:Primary inputs
10398:
10390:
10323:
10322:Classification
10312:
10293:
10260:
10210:
10194:Social networks
10111:
10099:
10078:
10062:Business travel
9964:Administrative
9953:
9937:Amusement parks
9901:
9893:
9867:Dentist offices
9850:
9720:
9687:Pension funding
9660:Risk management
9645:Holding company
9611:
9551:
9463:
9455:
9427:Specialty store
9422:Online shopping
9369:
9348:
9221:
9108:
9018:
8675:
8633:Pharmaceuticals
8577:Aroma compounds
8513:Petroleum jelly
8443:
8432:Home appliances
8427:Electric motors
8375:spotting scopes
8336:Instrumentation
8249:
8243:
8225:Office supplies
7832:
7811:
7795:Dimension stone
7729:Other minerals
7674:Mining of ores
7622:
7447:
7333:
7280:Other livestock
7166:Permanent crops
7099:
7086:
7080:
7050:
7045:
7015:
6965:
6950:
6941:Vegetable ivory
6813:
6701:
6613:
6561:
6454:
6416:
6398:
6332:
6314:
6280:Oyster mushroom
6270:Meadow mushroom
6215:
6199:Twincrest onion
6102:
6006:
5989:
5960:Animal products
5954:
5949:
5919:
5914:
5885:
5859:
5805:
5795:
5758:
5752:
5719:
5646:
5581:
5535:
5465:
5391:
5384:
5325:
5320:
5290:
5285:
5251:
5167:Ambadi seed oil
5157:
5151:
5085:
5054:palm kernel oil
5010:
5002:
4998:Shark liver oil
4966:
4925:
4897:
4868:
4827:
4789:
4703:
4698:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4626:
4607:
4591:
4589:Further reading
4585:, FAO, FAO.
4564:
4559:
4551:
4549:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4489:
4487:
4474:
4473:
4466:
4457:
4455:
4418:
4414:
4369:
4365:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4283:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4261:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4244:. 1 April 2019.
4236:
4235:
4231:
4221:
4219:
4216:"Rice bran oil"
4214:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4180:
4176:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4148:
4146:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4126:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4104:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4058:
4052:
4048:
4009:
4005:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3944:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3924:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3902:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3880:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3858:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3836:
3834:
3824:
3809:
3799:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3760:
3749:
3739:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3704:
3700:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3673:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3613:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3591:
3590:
3581:
3576:Wayback Machine
3561:
3559:
3555:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3524:Wayback Machine
3515:
3508:
3499:Wayback Machine
3490:
3483:
3474:Wayback Machine
3465:
3461:
3452:
3450:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3423:
3421:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3394:
3392:
3377:
3361:
3357:
3341:
3340:
3328:
3312:
3308:
3294:
3292:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3261:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3233:
3231:
3220:
3216:
3195:(10): 863–868.
3185:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3116:
3112:
3103:
3101:
3094:Minor oil crops
3086:
3082:
3073:
3071:
3060:
3056:
3047:
3045:
3022:
3018:
3013:Wayback Machine
3000:
2996:
2989:
2973:
2969:
2960:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2935:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2910:
2908:
2897:
2893:
2884:
2882:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2855:
2853:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2823:
2821:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2727:"Biodiesel Day"
2725:
2724:
2720:
2711:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2686:
2684:
2663:
2659:
2650:
2648:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2614:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2595:
2591:
2576:
2572:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2503:
2501:
2491:
2487:
2471:
2467:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2260:
2244:
2224:
2181:
2175:
2166:
2150:
1461:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1394:
1392:Polyunsaturated
1387:
1385:Monounsaturated
1380:
1373:
1363:
1356:
1343:, cosmetics use
1325:, derived from
1281:Annona muricata
1278:, derived from
1112:) of rapeseed.
1054:
1038:
1031:
1029:Particular oils
971:
939:
915:
906:
879:polyunsaturated
859:
853:
834:
765:
753:
747:
734:is increasing.
708:
702:
693:
681:epichlorohydrin
646:hydraulic fluid
607:
496:
490:
485:
345:Wilhelm Normann
318:
286:
281:
199:
60:
55:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10740:
10730:
10729:
10727:Plant products
10724:
10722:Vegetable oils
10707:
10706:
10703:
10702:
10690:
10678:
10665:
10664:
10661:
10660:
10657:
10656:
10653:
10652:
10650:
10649:
10648:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10602:
10601:
10600:
10598:Temporary work
10595:
10590:
10585:
10580:
10575:
10570:
10560:
10559:
10558:
10553:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10521:Centralization
10517:
10515:
10509:
10508:
10506:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10494:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10475:
10470:
10469:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10443:
10438:
10437:
10436:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10405:
10403:
10392:
10391:
10389:
10388:
10387:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10368:
10367:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10337:
10328:
10326:
10314:
10313:
10303:
10302:
10299:
10298:
10295:
10294:
10292:
10291:
10290:
10289:
10287:Basic research
10279:
10274:
10268:
10266:
10262:
10261:
10259:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10247:
10246:
10241:
10231:
10226:
10220:
10218:
10212:
10211:
10209:
10208:
10207:
10206:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10181:
10180:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10159:
10158:
10157:
10152:
10147:
10139:
10138:
10137:
10132:
10127:
10118:
10116:
10101:
10100:
10088:
10087:
10084:
10083:
10080:
10079:
10077:
10076:
10075:
10074:
10069:
10064:
10056:
10051:
10050:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10034:
10029:
10024:
10016:
10011:
10010:
10009:
10004:
9996:
9995:
9994:
9985:
9980:
9975:
9970:
9961:
9959:
9955:
9954:
9952:
9951:
9950:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9934:
9926:
9921:
9920:
9919:
9908:
9906:
9895:
9894:
9892:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9880:
9879:
9874:
9869:
9860:
9858:
9852:
9851:
9849:
9848:
9847:
9846:
9836:
9835:
9834:
9829:
9819:
9817:Legal services
9814:
9813:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9792:
9791:
9790:
9788:system testing
9777:
9772:
9758:
9757:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9730:
9728:
9722:
9721:
9719:
9718:
9717:
9716:
9711:
9701:
9700:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9669:
9668:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9650:Money transfer
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9621:
9619:
9613:
9612:
9610:
9609:
9604:
9603:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9561:
9559:
9553:
9552:
9550:
9549:
9548:
9547:
9537:
9536:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9523:Passenger rail
9520:
9515:
9505:
9504:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9491:Moving company
9488:
9483:
9478:
9467:
9465:
9457:
9456:
9454:
9453:
9452:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9431:
9430:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9397:Consumer goods
9394:
9392:Car dealership
9383:
9381:
9371:
9370:
9367:Service sector
9358:
9357:
9354:
9353:
9350:
9349:
9347:
9346:
9345:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9301:
9300:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9254:
9253:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9231:
9229:
9223:
9222:
9220:
9219:
9218:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9187:
9182:
9181:
9180:
9175:
9170:
9165:
9155:
9154:
9153:
9143:
9142:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9122:
9120:
9114:
9113:
9110:
9109:
9107:
9106:
9101:
9100:
9099:
9090:
9085:
9070:
9065:
9064:
9063:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9028:
9026:
9024:Heavy industry
9020:
9019:
9017:
9016:
9011:
9010:
9009:
9004:
8994:
8993:
8992:
8982:
8981:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8963:Metal refining
8960:
8959:
8958:
8956:Synthetic gems
8953:
8948:
8939:
8933:Other mineral
8931:
8930:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8909:
8908:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8877:
8876:
8875:
8870:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8831:
8830:
8829:
8823:Thermoplastics
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8790:
8789:
8788:
8783:
8773:
8772:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8746:
8745:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8714:
8713:
8712:
8703:
8698:
8683:
8681:
8677:
8676:
8674:
8673:
8672:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8649:contraceptives
8645:
8643:Blood products
8640:
8630:
8628:Fine chemicals
8625:
8624:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8559:
8558:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8532:
8531:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8508:Petrochemicals
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8453:
8451:
8445:
8444:
8442:
8441:
8440:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8409:
8399:
8398:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8368:
8358:
8353:
8352:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8333:
8332:
8331:
8326:
8316:
8315:
8314:
8309:
8299:
8298:
8297:
8291:
8286:
8276:
8275:
8274:
8272:Semiconductors
8269:
8267:Circuit boards
8264:
8253:
8251:
8245:
8244:
8242:
8241:
8240:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8226:
8223:
8220:
8215:
8212:
8207:
8201:
8198:
8197:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8143:
8142:
8141:
8136:
8134:Prefabrication
8131:
8126:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8091:
8081:
8080:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8067:Cassette tapes
8061:
8060:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8029:
8028:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7987:
7986:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7935:
7934:
7933:
7928:
7925:
7922:
7917:
7907:
7906:
7905:
7903:Vegetable oils
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7877:
7876:Dairy products
7874:
7869:
7864:
7853:
7851:
7849:Light industry
7842:
7834:
7833:
7821:
7820:
7817:
7816:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7809:
7808:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7757:
7756:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7727:
7726:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7672:
7671:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7590:
7589:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7538:
7537:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7455:
7453:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7438:
7431:Wild mushrooms
7428:
7427:
7426:
7421:
7408:
7406:Natural rubber
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7373:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7356:
7355:
7354:
7343:
7341:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7319:
7318:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7245:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7191:Tropical fruit
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7124:Arable farming
7120:
7118:
7109:
7101:
7100:
7097:Natural sector
7088:
7087:
7079:
7078:
7071:
7064:
7056:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7043:
7031:
7020:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7008:
7006:Rubber tapping
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6972:Forest farming
6969:
6958:
6956:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6827:
6821:
6819:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6722:
6716:
6714:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6623:
6621:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6611:
6608:Vateria indica
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:Shorea robusta
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6256:
6254:Honey mushroom
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6225:
6223:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6137:
6135:Mahuwa flowers
6132:
6127:
6122:
6116:
6114:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6009:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5970:
5964:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5948:
5947:
5940:
5933:
5925:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5820:
5815:
5809:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5762:
5760:
5757:Governmental /
5754:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5727:
5725:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5710:TH Plantations
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5661:
5659:
5652:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5572:Saponification
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5479:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5445:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5426:
5416:
5411:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5373:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5350:
5335:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5319:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5296:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5187:Grape seed oil
5184:
5179:
5174:
5172:Apple seed oil
5169:
5163:
5161:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5046:
5041:
5039:Cottonseed oil
5036:
5031:
5025:
5023:
5016:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4930:Vegetable fats
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4879:
4877:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4844:
4838:
4836:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4804:
4802:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4722:
4720:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4697:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4647:
4630:
4624:
4611:
4605:
4590:
4587:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4544:, 2011-11-21,
4529:
4495:
4464:
4412:
4363:
4341:
4323:
4309:
4291:
4269:
4247:
4229:
4207:
4200:
4174:
4156:
4134:
4112:
4090:
4068:
4046:
4003:
3954:
3932:
3910:
3888:
3866:
3844:
3807:
3785:
3768:Food Chemistry
3747:
3725:
3698:
3678:Food Chemistry
3661:
3639:
3622:
3599:
3579:
3531:
3506:
3481:
3459:
3430:
3401:
3375:
3355:
3326:
3306:
3271:
3241:
3214:
3179:
3149:
3124:Islam, Sirajul
3110:
3080:
3054:
3030:Islam, Sirajul
3016:
2994:
2987:
2967:
2942:
2917:
2891:
2862:
2830:
2799:
2780:
2748:
2718:
2693:
2657:
2628:
2589:
2570:
2550:Bellis, Mary.
2542:
2510:
2485:
2465:
2449:
2442:
2424:
2417:
2399:
2392:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2330:Non-food crops
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2300:Food extrusion
2297:
2292:
2287:
2285:Essential oils
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2252:European Union
2243:
2240:
2236:hydroperoxides
2223:
2220:
2215:European Union
2208:livestock feed
2191:factories and
2177:Main article:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:(extra virgin)
1810:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1415:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1361:vegetable oils
1359:Properties of
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1284:
1273:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1224:
1218:
1215:Grape seed oil
1212:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1118:Sunflower seed
1114:
1113:
1108:is a variety (
1102:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1051:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1000:
994:
993:
990:
984:
983:
980:
974:
973:
968:
938:
935:
914:
911:
905:
902:
855:Main article:
852:
849:
833:
830:
827:
826:
823:
819:
818:
815:
811:
810:
807:
803:
802:
799:
764:
761:
749:Main article:
746:
743:
704:Main article:
701:
698:
692:
689:
606:
603:
551:
550:
547:
532:
529:
526:
489:
486:
484:
481:
432:diesel engines
419:(8.2 MT), and
368:cottonseed oil
317:
316:Modern history
314:
285:
282:
280:
277:
249:grape seed oil
221:vegetable fats
217:Vegetable oils
201:
200:
198:
197:
190:
183:
175:
172:
171:
170:
169:
164:
159:
154:
146:
145:
139:
138:
137:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
108:
107:
103:
102:
101:
100:
90:
80:
67:
66:
62:
61:
54:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10739:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10719:
10717:
10701:
10700:
10691:
10689:
10688:
10679:
10677:
10676:
10667:
10666:
10662:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10635:Privatization
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10607:
10606:
10603:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10579:
10576:
10574:
10571:
10569:
10566:
10565:
10564:
10561:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10523:
10522:
10519:
10518:
10516:
10514:
10510:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10478:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10448:
10447:
10444:
10442:
10439:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10411:
10410:
10409:Externalities
10407:
10406:
10404:
10402:
10397:
10393:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10371:
10370:Market-based
10369:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10344:
10343:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10332:
10330:
10329:
10327:
10325:
10319:
10315:
10308:
10304:
10288:
10285:
10284:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10269:
10267:
10263:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10236:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10221:
10219:
10217:
10213:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10186:
10185:
10182:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10164:
10163:
10160:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10142:
10141:Audio-visual
10140:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10122:
10120:
10119:
10117:
10115:
10110:
10106:
10102:
10098:
10093:
10089:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10060:
10059:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10023:
10020:
10019:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9999:
9997:
9993:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9965:
9963:
9962:
9960:
9956:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9918:
9915:
9914:
9913:
9910:
9909:
9907:
9905:
9900:
9899:Entertainment
9896:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9865:
9864:
9862:
9861:
9859:
9857:
9853:
9845:
9842:
9841:
9840:
9837:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9824:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9797:
9796:
9793:
9789:
9785:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9767:
9766:
9762:
9759:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9736:
9735:
9732:
9731:
9729:
9727:
9723:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9706:
9705:
9702:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9674:
9673:
9670:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9655:Payment cards
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9627:
9626:
9623:
9622:
9620:
9618:
9614:
9608:
9605:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9590:Food delivery
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9570:Drink service
9568:
9567:
9566:
9563:
9562:
9560:
9558:
9554:
9546:
9543:
9542:
9541:
9538:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9510:
9509:
9506:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9473:
9472:
9469:
9468:
9466:
9464:& Storage
9462:
9458:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9436:
9435:
9432:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9407:Grocery store
9405:
9403:
9402:General store
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9389:
9388:
9385:
9384:
9382:
9380:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9363:
9359:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9304:
9302:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9260:
9259:
9258:
9255:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9237:
9236:
9233:
9232:
9230:
9228:
9224:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9192:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9160:
9159:
9156:
9152:
9149:
9148:
9147:
9144:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9126:
9124:
9123:
9121:
9119:
9115:
9105:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9088:Rail vehicles
9086:
9084:
9080:
9077:
9076:
9075:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9062:
9061:wind turbines
9058:
9055:
9053:
9052:Machine tools
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9034:
9033:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9025:
9021:
9015:
9012:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8999:
8998:
8995:
8991:
8988:
8987:
8986:
8983:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8965:
8964:
8961:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8943:
8942:Carbon fibers
8940:
8938:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8914:
8913:
8910:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8882:
8881:
8878:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8836:
8835:
8832:
8828:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8795:
8794:
8791:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8778:
8777:
8774:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8751:
8750:
8747:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8719:
8718:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8693:
8690:
8689:
8688:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8678:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8659:Illegal drugs
8657:
8655:
8654:Generic drugs
8652:
8650:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8635:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8572:Agrochemicals
8570:
8568:
8565:
8564:
8563:
8560:
8556:
8555:Pure elements
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8537:
8536:
8533:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8523:Synthetic oil
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8460:
8459:
8455:
8454:
8452:
8450:
8446:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8417:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8404:
8403:
8400:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8385:Lens grinding
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8337:
8334:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8321:
8320:
8317:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8307:Mobile phones
8305:
8304:
8303:
8300:
8296:
8295:storage media
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8281:
8280:
8277:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8259:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8252:
8250:& optical
8246:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8227:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8205:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8146:
8144:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8086:
8085:
8082:
8078:
8077:Optical discs
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8062:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8034:
8033:
8030:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7992:
7991:
7988:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7940:
7939:
7936:
7932:
7929:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7920:Bottled water
7918:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7911:
7908:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7859:
7858:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7850:
7846:
7843:
7841:Manufacturing
7839:
7835:
7831:
7826:
7822:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7761:
7758:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7629:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7601:Sea cucumbers
7599:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7543:
7542:
7539:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7461:
7460:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7450:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7432:
7429:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7360:
7357:
7353:
7350:
7349:
7348:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7340:
7336:
7328:
7325:
7324:
7323:
7320:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7265:Dairy farming
7263:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7256:
7253:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7239:
7236:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7171:Apples et al.
7169:
7168:
7167:
7164:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7113:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7077:
7072:
7070:
7065:
7063:
7058:
7057:
7054:
7042:
7041:
7032:
7030:
7022:
7021:
7018:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6981:Honey hunting
6979:
6977:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6816:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6737:Coconut sugar
6735:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6620:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6540:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6311:
6310:Yellow knight
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6300:Slippery jack
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6130:Heart of palm
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6108:Edible plants
6105:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6073:Juniper berry
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6003:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5946:
5941:
5939:
5934:
5932:
5927:
5926:
5923:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5892:
5891:
5888:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5840:Food vs. fuel
5838:
5836:
5833:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5802:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5766:FELCRA Berhad
5764:
5763:
5761:
5755:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5665:Bumitama Agri
5663:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5651:Organisations
5649:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5630:Vegetable oil
5628:
5626:
5625:Oleochemicals
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5557:Fractionation
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5519:palmitic acid
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5509:myristic acid
5507:
5505:
5504:linoleic acid
5502:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5387:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5317:
5312:
5310:
5305:
5303:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5282:
5281:Essential oil
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5232:Rice bran oil
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5222:Poppyseed oil
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5142:Pistachio oil
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5117:Macadamia oil
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5081:Sunflower oil
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5071:Safflower oil
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4993:Cod liver oil
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4937:Borneo tallow
4935:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4690:
4688:
4683:
4681:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4664:
4658:
4650:
4648:0-442-00112-6
4644:
4639:
4638:
4631:
4627:
4625:1-84127-330-9
4621:
4617:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4516:
4512:
4505:
4499:
4486:on 2015-04-06
4485:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4469:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4432:(2): 111–21.
4431:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4319:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4279:
4273:
4257:
4251:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4217:
4211:
4203:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4170:
4166:
4165:"Oil, peanut"
4160:
4144:
4138:
4122:
4116:
4100:
4094:
4078:
4072:
4064:
4063:veghealth.com
4057:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4007:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3942:
3936:
3920:
3914:
3898:
3892:
3876:
3870:
3854:
3848:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3795:
3789:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3735:
3729:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3687:on 2020-01-16
3683:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3649:
3643:
3632:
3626:
3609:
3603:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3558:on 2013-03-09
3554:
3550:
3543:
3542:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3463:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3359:
3351:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3310:
3303:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3279:Feuge, R. O.
3275:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3100:on 2016-07-02
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3070:on 2006-08-24
3069:
3065:
3058:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2971:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2820:on 2006-06-17
2819:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2795:
2789:
2784:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2683:on 2005-12-05
2682:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2637:"Soybean Car"
2632:
2624:
2618:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2546:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2514:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2445:
2443:1-85573-434-6
2439:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:Oleochemistry
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:Fragrance oil
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2179:Yellow grease
2170:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1943:Rice bran oil
1941:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1367:
1362:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:Safflower oil
1241:
1238:
1237:Rice bran oil
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1036:
1019:
1018:Sunflower oil
1016:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1005:
999:
996:
995:
989:
986:
985:
979:
976:
975:
965:
962:
960:
956:
952:
943:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
910:
904:Deodorization
901:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:saturated fat
870:
868:
864:
863:hydrogenation
858:
851:Hydrogenation
848:
846:
842:
840:
824:
821:
820:
816:
813:
812:
808:
805:
804:
800:
797:
796:
793:
791:
790:mowrah butter
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
760:
758:
752:
742:
740:
735:
733:
729:
726:. The use of
725:
721:
717:
713:
707:
697:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:biodegradable
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
520:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
495:
480:
478:
473:
470:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
436:Rudolf Diesel
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
388:
385:
381:
380:Ginning mills
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:hydrogenation
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
313:
311:
306:
301:
299:
298:mummification
295:
291:
276:
274:
270:
269:rice bran oil
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:triglycerides
238:
234:
230:
229:edible plants
226:
222:
218:
212:
207:
196:
191:
189:
184:
182:
177:
176:
174:
173:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
152:Saturated fat
150:
149:
148:
147:
144:
141:
140:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
110:
109:
105:
104:
98:
94:
93:Essential oil
91:
88:
84:
83:Macerated oil
81:
78:
74:
73:Vegetable oil
71:
70:
69:
68:
64:
63:
58:
50:
46:
45:
42:
39:
38:
33:
19:
10698:
10686:
10674:
10593:Spinning-off
10578:Homesteading
10531:Conglomerate
10513:Organization
10466:Raw material
10461:Intermediate
10340:
10339:
10162:Broadcasting
10067:Cruise lines
10037:Maid service
10027:Dry cleaning
9998:Maintenance
9761:Architecture
9726:Professional
9545:Self storage
9449:Distribution
9227:Construction
9072:Other heavy
8997:Formed metal
8951:Mineral wool
8873:Safety glass
8844:Fused quartz
8839:Borosilicate
8503:Paraffin wax
8458:oil refining
8437:Transformers
8203:Other goods
8189:Stonemasonry
8169:Glassblowing
8154:Blow molding
8113:Locksmithing
8089:Boilermaking
7638:Fossil fuels
7436:Fungiculture
7391:Gutta-percha
7381:Frankincense
7376:Tree tapping
7347:Silviculture
7327:Fur trapping
7238:Horticulture
7186:Stone fruits
7148:
7038:
7011:Wildcrafting
6996:Naval stores
6974: /
6962:
6931:Tendu leaves
6887:Natural dyes
6757:Gutta-percha
6709: /
6647:Frankincense
6607:
6563:
6520:Mango butter
6465:Cocoa butter
6456:
6453:Chaulmoogra
6423:Allanblackia
6406:
6354:Black pepper
6239:Birch bolete
6189:Canada onion
6174:Wild ginseng
6169:Saw palmetto
6110: /
6000: /
5905:
5898:
5690:FGV Holdings
5685:Feronia Inc.
5629:
5524:stearic acid
5457:
5447:
5440:
5428:
5421:
5405:
5400:Bagworm moth
5390:Diseases and
5375:
5370:E. guineesis
5368:
5361:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5242:Tea seed oil
5137:Pine nut oil
5112:Hazelnut oil
5066:Rapeseed oil
5007:
4947:Mango butter
4942:Cocoa butter
4857:Niter kibbeh
4636:
4615:
4596:
4581:
4573:free content
4565:
4550:, retrieved
4541:
4532:
4522:, retrieved
4510:
4498:
4488:, retrieved
4484:the original
4479:
4456:. Retrieved
4429:
4425:
4415:
4380:
4376:
4366:
4353:
4344:
4335:
4326:
4312:
4303:
4294:
4282:. Retrieved
4272:
4260:. Retrieved
4250:
4241:
4232:
4220:. Retrieved
4210:
4183:
4177:
4168:
4159:
4147:. Retrieved
4137:
4125:. Retrieved
4115:
4103:. Retrieved
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4071:
4062:
4049:
4019:(2): 87–94.
4016:
4012:
4006:
3971:
3967:
3957:
3945:. Retrieved
3935:
3923:. Retrieved
3913:
3901:. Retrieved
3891:
3879:. Retrieved
3869:
3857:. Retrieved
3847:
3835:. Retrieved
3831:
3798:. Retrieved
3788:
3771:
3767:
3738:. Retrieved
3728:
3716:. Retrieved
3711:
3701:
3689:. Retrieved
3682:the original
3677:
3664:
3652:. Retrieved
3642:
3625:
3612:. Retrieved
3602:
3560:. Retrieved
3553:the original
3541:January 2009
3540:
3534:
3527:
3502:
3477:
3462:
3451:. Retrieved
3442:
3433:
3422:. Retrieved
3413:
3404:
3393:. Retrieved
3365:
3358:
3316:
3309:
3300:
3293:. Retrieved
3284:
3274:
3262:. Retrieved
3253:
3244:
3232:. Retrieved
3228:the original
3217:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3170:. Retrieved
3161:
3152:
3140:. Retrieved
3127:
3113:
3102:. Retrieved
3098:the original
3093:
3083:
3072:. Retrieved
3068:the original
3057:
3046:. Retrieved
3033:
3019:
2997:
2981:. Elsevier.
2977:
2970:
2959:. Retrieved
2945:
2934:. Retrieved
2920:
2909:. Retrieved
2894:
2883:. Retrieved
2872:
2865:
2854:. Retrieved
2843:FAODocuments
2842:
2833:
2822:. Retrieved
2818:the original
2811:
2808:"Canola oil"
2802:
2790:, p. 58
2783:
2772:. Retrieved
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2730:
2721:
2710:. Retrieved
2696:
2685:. Retrieved
2681:the original
2670:
2660:
2649:. Retrieved
2640:
2631:
2606:. Retrieved
2603:The Atlantic
2602:
2592:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2562:the original
2555:
2545:
2529:
2525:
2513:
2502:. Retrieved
2498:
2488:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2472:Ehud Galili
2468:
2460:
2433:
2427:
2408:
2402:
2375:
2369:
2350:Vernonia oil
2275:Decorticator
2249:
2245:
2225:
2212:
2197:
2182:
2167:
2164:Pre-pressing
2151:
1960:
1952:
1885:hydrogenated
1652:hydrogenated
1360:
1347:Solarium oil
1338:
1326:
1314:
1290:
1279:
1276:Graviola oil
1269:), contains
1264:
1221:Hazelnut oil
1203:
1195:
1039:
1017:
1007:
997:
987:
977:
948:
916:
907:
891:
871:
860:
843:
835:
766:
754:
736:
709:
694:
654:
611:
608:
552:
502:, including
497:
474:
465:
425:
389:
384:hydrogenated
365:
330:
319:
302:
287:
284:In antiquity
272:
253:cocoa butter
236:
220:
216:
215:
209:A bottle of
72:
10630:Partnership
10610:Cooperative
10583:Outsourcing
10573:Freelancing
10451:Commodities
10155:Video games
10130:Periodicals
10007:Landscaping
9942:Fairgrounds
9844:Advertising
9765:engineering
9749:Bookkeeping
9704:Real estate
9697:Reinsurance
9595:Restaurants
9565:Foodservice
9557:Hospitality
9540:Warehousing
9528:Ridesharing
9518:Car rentals
9250:Residential
9185:Remediation
9068:Automobiles
8890:Earthenware
8859:Glass fiber
8854:Float glass
8664:Supplements
8638:Antibiotics
8540:Fertilizers
8498:Mineral oil
8473:Diesel fuel
8456:Coal &
8416:fiber optic
8390:Microscopes
8344:GPS devices
8324:Televisions
8257:Electronics
8248:Electrical
8194:Woodworking
8149:3D printing
8108:Gunsmithing
8072:Phonographs
8057:Typesetting
8037:Bookbinding
8000:Dressmaking
7995:Accessories
7927:Soft drinks
7862:Animal feed
7653:Natural gas
7541:Aquaculture
7524:Sea urchins
7396:Maple syrup
7270:Fur farming
7260:Beef cattle
7196:Viticulture
7144:Fiber crops
7116:Agriculture
6946:Willow bark
6777:Maple syrup
6772:Maple sugar
6747:Fruit syrup
6730:chewing gum
6720:Birch syrup
6577:Shea butter
6249:Chanterelle
6194:Crow garlic
6184:Bear garlic
6179:Wild onions
6157:filé powder
6078:Lingonberry
6063:Huckleberry
5806:and debates
5610:Bioplastics
5487:lauric acid
5482:Palm kernel
5377:E. oleifera
5354:A. speciosa
5276:Cooking oil
5212:Perilla oil
5202:Mustard oil
5177:Avocado oil
5076:Soybean oil
5029:Coconut oil
4957:Shea butter
4883:Chicken fat
4284:6 September
4262:6 September
4171:. usda.gov.
4149:6 September
4127:6 September
4105:6 September
4083:6 September
3947:6 September
3925:6 September
3903:6 September
3881:6 September
3859:6 September
3800:6 September
3740:6 September
3718:26 December
3654:6 September
3614:7 September
3443:www.cdc.gov
3254:www.fda.gov
2756:Knothe, G.
2270:Cholesterol
2265:Algaculture
2200:direct fuel
2185:deep fryers
1727:14.3
1421:α-Linolenic
1399:Smoke point
1395:fatty acids
1388:fatty acids
1381:fatty acids
1335:Pracaxi oil
1227:Linseed oil
1157:Palm kernel
1057:metric tons
1050:Oil source
1008:Soybean oil
988:Coconut oil
778:screw press
770:health-food
665:mineral oil
614:drying oils
559:flash point
500:animal fats
494:Cooking oil
411:(10.9 MT),
407:(16.6 MT),
245:Soybean oil
233:animal fats
124:Cooking oil
10716:Categories
10503:Technology
10473:Innovation
10434:Well-being
10244:University
10177:Television
10114:Mass media
10109:Publishing
9947:Nightclubs
9856:Healthcare
9827:Consulting
9822:Management
9770:Inspection
9754:Tax advice
9734:Accounting
9665:Securities
9481:Intermodal
9417:Mail order
9312:Demolition
9245:Industrial
9240:Commercial
9163:Collection
9014:Cast metal
8900:Refractory
8868:fiberglass
8864:Glass wool
8827:thermosets
8803:Engineered
8732:Engineered
8727:Sawmilling
8621:Toiletries
8592:Explosives
8412:Electrical
8395:Telescopes
8262:Components
8020:Shoemaking
7738:Phosphorus
7631:Geological
7581:Microalgae
7424:Pine resin
7411:Palm sugar
7386:Gum arabic
7300:Beekeeping
7139:Vegetables
7084:industries
6857:Birch beer
6852:Birch bark
6809:Spruce gum
6792:akpeteshie
6782:Palm sugar
6752:Gum arabic
6742:Date sugar
6692:Turpentine
6572:Sandalwood
6475:Eucalyptus
6470:Eucalyptol
6359:Brazil nut
6234:Bay bolete
6088:Strawberry
6043:Cocoa bean
6038:Breadfruit
6028:Blackberry
6002:tree fruit
5907:by country
5864:By country
5705:Sime Darby
5562:Hydrolysis
5514:oleic acid
5470:Components
5271:Plant oils
5237:Sesame oil
5182:Castor oil
5156:Fruit and
5147:Walnut oil
5122:Marula oil
5107:Cashew oil
5097:Almond oil
5061:Peanut oil
5022:Major oils
5008:Vegetables
4758:Pork belly
4552:2013-11-26
4524:2015-04-08
4490:2015-04-08
4458:2018-03-19
4383:(1): 1–5.
4222:22 January
4054:Melina V.
3691:15 January
3562:2009-01-29
3453:2015-11-27
3424:2021-07-04
3395:2021-07-04
3234:2007-01-09
3142:2016-05-08
3104:2006-11-12
3074:2006-07-31
3048:2016-05-08
2961:2018-07-30
2936:2011-11-01
2911:2006-09-29
2885:2021-07-16
2856:2023-12-13
2824:2006-07-31
2774:2007-07-11
2712:2019-01-04
2687:2006-10-22
2651:2006-10-23
2608:2023-07-18
2504:2023-07-18
2393:3527306730
2362:References
2290:Fatty acid
2280:Deodorizer
2222:Shelf life
2189:snack food
2113:Walnut oil
1714:Grape seed
1647:Cottonseed
1614:Cottonseed
1482:Brazil nut
1372:Processing
1311:Buriti oil
1299:Brazil nut
1287:Tucumã oil
1271:spilanthol
1249:Sesame oil
1144:Cottonseed
998:Canola oil
972:(t/ha/yr)
792:in India:
745:Production
669:Castor oil
626:insulators
605:Industrial
587:cottonseed
523:Shortening
492:See also:
445:peanut oil
423:(3.2 MT).
415:(8.4 MT),
392:Henry Ford
353:trans fats
308:Britain's
211:peanut oil
143:Components
114:Drying oil
41:Plant oils
10605:Ownership
10551:Monopsony
10429:Pollution
10414:Community
10324:standards
10229:Secondary
10216:Education
10199:Streaming
9872:Hospitals
9863:Medicine
9839:Marketing
9775:Surveying
9739:Assurance
9709:Brokerage
9672:Insurance
9600:Teahouses
9585:Fast food
9476:Air cargo
9461:Transport
9444:Brokerage
9434:Wholesale
9322:Elevators
9307:Cabinetry
9235:Buildings
9215:Telephone
9210:Satellite
9178:Recycling
9173:Hazardous
9139:Renewable
9118:Utilities
9079:Aerospace
9047:Hydraulic
9037:Conveyors
9032:Machinery
8937:Abrasives
8895:Porcelain
8849:Soda-lime
8808:Specialty
8798:Commodity
8759:Cardboard
8742:Composite
8680:Materials
8597:Fireworks
8587:Cosmetics
8567:Adhesives
8449:Chemicals
8407:Batteries
8279:Computers
8214:Jewellery
8200:Furniture
8184:Sintering
8164:Extrusion
8118:Machining
8094:Builders'
8047:Engraving
8042:Embossing
8025:Tailoring
8010:Hatmaking
7910:Beverages
7893:Preserved
7790:Limestone
7760:Quarrying
7733:Gemstones
7703:Palladium
7668:Tar sands
7663:Petroleum
7658:Oil shale
7504:Swordfish
7464:Anchovies
7305:Cochineal
6976:gardening
6936:Thatching
6787:Palm wine
6632:Birch tar
6560:Sal-seed
6485:Japan wax
6438:Candlenut
6379:Malva nut
6344:Areca nut
6265:Matsutake
6221:Mushrooms
6162:root beer
6152:Sassafras
6140:Sago palm
6083:Raspberry
6068:Jackfruit
6033:Blueberry
5985:Wild game
5876:Indonesia
5736:GreenPalm
5695:IOI Group
5658:Producers
5598:by region
5593:Biodiesel
5540:Processes
5347:A. maripa
5331:Oil palms
5217:Pequi oil
5207:Olive oil
5159:seed oils
5132:Pecan oil
5102:Argan oil
5044:Olive oil
4952:Margarine
4919:Whale oil
4773:Salt pork
4718:Pork fats
4657:cite book
3974:: 59–64.
3774:: 59–65.
3385:491265615
3344:cite book
3336:974497799
3295:March 13,
3172:March 13,
2928:. GWWCA.
2557:About.com
2232:peroxides
2228:oxidation
2204:biodiesel
2158:endosperm
2117:unrefined
2080:Sunflower
1805:very high
1748:Hemp seed
1739:very high
1378:Saturated
1374:treatment
1261:Jambú oil
1255:Açaí palm
1199:viscosity
1055:(million
887:oxidation
883:rancidity
814:Expellers
782:ram press
724:viscosity
712:biodiesel
650:lubricant
599:rice bran
579:safflower
575:sunflower
555:fry foods
449:biodiesel
413:Argentina
357:margarine
331:In 1780,
300:process.
261:Olive oil
257:seed oils
167:Trans fat
134:Biodiesel
119:Oil paint
57:Olive oil
10675:Category
10546:Monopoly
10498:Services
10277:Language
10272:Creative
10256:Tutoring
10234:Tertiary
10204:Websites
10184:Internet
10135:Software
10121:Written
10042:Pet care
10002:Janitors
9992:security
9983:Staffing
9912:Gambling
9805:Interior
9786:, &
9780:Physical
9692:Property
9580:Catering
9513:Airlines
9501:Trucking
9337:Plumbing
9292:Dredging
9267:Railways
9200:Internet
9195:Cable TV
9129:Electric
9074:vehicles
8973:Aluminum
8880:Ceramics
8793:Plastics
8706:Currying
8696:deliming
8669:Vaccines
8611:Perfumes
8550:Pigments
8493:Kerosene
8488:Jet fuel
8483:Gasoline
8478:Fuel oil
8210:Bicycles
8124:smithing
8032:Printing
7990:Clothing
7958:Spinning
7938:Textiles
7888:Prepared
7708:Platinum
7678:Aluminum
7606:Scallops
7519:Lobsters
7494:Mackerel
7474:Sardines
7441:Truffles
7417:, &
7364:Firewood
7339:Forestry
7149:Oilseeds
7029:Category
6845:textiles
6677:Pine tar
6642:Creosote
6592:Tea-tree
6587:Tea-seed
6555:Pongamia
6545:Phulwara
6530:Nagkesar
6525:Murumuru
6500:Kpangnan
6448:Carnauba
6389:Pine nut
6374:Hazelnut
6364:Cinnamon
6349:Bay leaf
6339:Allspice
6261:(reishi)
6093:Tamarind
6058:Gambooge
6018:Bilberry
5900:Category
5881:Malaysia
5871:Colombia
5748:Unilever
5586:Products
5499:Palm oil
5477:Mesocarp
5323:Palm oil
5267:See also
5192:Hemp oil
5090:Nut oils
5049:Palm oil
5034:Corn oil
4893:Schmaltz
4888:Duck fat
4823:Tail fat
4808:Dripping
4768:Pancetta
4741:Szalonna
4546:archived
4515:archived
4452:Archived
4448:26782307
4407:23105229
4358:Archived
4041:18445488
4033:16019622
3998:27559299
3837:March 5,
3712:Aocs.org
3572:Archived
3528:aocs.org
3520:Archived
3495:Archived
3470:Archived
3447:Archived
3418:Archived
3389:Archived
3289:Archived
3285:usda.gov
3264:14 April
3258:Archived
3209:59940212
3166:Archived
3136:Archived
3090:"Illipe"
3042:Archived
3009:Archived
2955:Archived
2930:Archived
2905:Archived
2903:. USDA.
2879:Archived
2765:Archived
2735:Archived
2706:Archived
2645:Archived
2617:cite web
2534:Archived
2258:See also
2173:Used oil
2148:Seed oil
1430:Linoleic
1209:Corn oil
1110:cultivar
1097:Rapeseed
978:Palm oil
959:Oil palm
757:oil mill
687:resins.
677:Nylon 11
673:hydroxyl
567:rapeseed
516:schmaltz
488:Culinary
477:palm oil
441:Augsburg
401:palm oil
387:rancid.
322:Unilever
305:Palm oil
265:palm oil
237:mixtures
10699:Outline
10687:Commons
10441:Funding
10424:Culture
10401:outputs
10311:Related
10251:Testing
10224:Primary
10189:Hosting
10072:Tourism
10058:Travel
10054:Poverty
10032:Funeral
10014:Repairs
9978:Renting
9973:Leasing
9932:Arcades
9928:Venues
9904:leisure
9877:Nursing
9810:Product
9800:Fashion
9784:product
9630:Banking
9439:Auction
9297:Harbors
9277:Tunnels
9262:Bridges
9168:Dumping
9104:Weapons
8922:Plaster
8813:Pellets
8701:Tanning
8687:Leather
8518:Propane
8463:Bitumen
8366:Cameras
8206:Baggage
8179:Pottery
8159:Drawing
8103:Cutlery
7968:Carpets
7963:Weaving
7943:Carding
7872:Canning
7800:Granite
7723:Uranium
7713:Lithium
7586:Seaweed
7571:Oysters
7566:Mussels
7561:Abalone
7556:Tilapia
7551:Catfish
7534:Whaling
7489:Pollock
7484:Haddock
7469:Herring
7459:Fishing
7452:Aquatic
7359:Logging
7322:Hunting
7310:Shellac
7295:Poultry
7243:Flowers
7176:Berries
7159:Tobacco
7134:Legumes
7129:Cereals
7040:Commons
6955:Related
6919:Tanbark
6914:Shellac
6904:Quinine
6877:Gambier
6797:ogogoro
6697:Varnish
6662:Lacquer
6652:Gamboge
6637:Camphor
6627:Benzoin
6537: (
6443:Capuacu
6428:Babassu
6394:Vanilla
6305:Truffle
6290:Red cap
6259:Lingzhi
6048:Coconut
6023:Binukaw
5998:Berries
5670:Cargill
5635:cooking
5567:Milling
5529:stearin
5340:Attalea
4909:Blubber
4874:Poultry
4726:Fatback
4562:Sources
4398:3453543
3989:4988453
3120:"Ghani"
2499:Reuters
2461:Haaretz
2045:Soybean
2012:Soybean
1548:Coconut
1448:Avocado
1313:, from
1289:, from
1229:, from
1170:Coconut
1084:Soybean
1077:biofuel
955:hectare
825:40–43%
822:Solvent
817:34–37%
809:20–30%
661:ben oil
591:coconut
563:soybean
461:biofuel
294:Jericho
279:History
231:. Like
18:Oilseed
10526:Cartel
10399:&
10396:Inputs
10335:ANZSIC
10112:&
10022:Beauty
9990:&
9917:Online
9902:&
9795:Design
9763:&
9677:Health
9635:Credit
9607:Hotels
9387:Retail
9282:Canals
9205:Mobile
9151:Sewage
9125:Power
9095:&
9081:&
9059:&
9007:Forged
9002:Rolled
8985:Alloys
8978:Copper
8944:&
8917:Mortar
8912:Cement
8866:&
8825:&
8776:Rubber
8769:Tissue
8754:Sizing
8737:Lumber
8722:Drying
8710:oiling
8708:&
8694:&
8692:Liming
8604:&
8602:Paints
8418:cables
8414:&
8373:&
8293:Blank
8122:Other
8096:&
8052:Secure
8015:Sewing
7978:Linens
7953:Prints
7948:Dyeing
7924:Liquor
7898:Sweets
7867:Baking
7805:Marble
7785:Gypsum
7765:Gravel
7753:Sulfur
7743:Potash
7698:Silver
7683:Copper
7616:Shrimp
7611:Salmon
7576:Pearls
7401:Mastic
7371:Rattan
7352:Bamboo
7275:Horses
7231:Spices
7221:Olives
7206:Coffee
7181:Citrus
7108:Biotic
7082:Major
6963:Dehesa
6924:tannin
6909:Rattan
6872:Forage
6835:edible
6830:Bamboo
6825:Amadou
6804:Rubber
6725:Chicle
6667:Mastic
6619:Resins
6602:Ucuuba
6597:Tucuma
6582:Tamanu
6539:kernel
6510:Mafura
6480:Illipe
6433:Bacuri
6384:Nutmeg
6328:spices
6053:Durian
6013:Banana
5363:Elaeis
4914:Muktuk
4842:Butter
4818:Tallow
4799:mutton
4778:Tocino
4753:Lardon
4645:
4622:
4603:
4446:
4405:
4395:
4198:
4039:
4031:
3996:
3986:
3383:
3373:
3334:
3324:
3207:
3026:"Kalu"
2985:
2741:30 May
2583:
2474:et al.
2440:
2415:
2390:
2072:13.4:1
1980:Sesame
1971:15.6:1
1934:61.6:1
1910:Peanut
1872:45.5:1
1718:
1515:Canola
1473:12.5:1
1305:Carapa
1131:Peanut
1106:Canola
1062:Notes
839:hexane
798:Method
657:rancid
638:oxygen
622:dammar
597:, and
583:peanut
571:canola
544:almond
540:sesame
514:, and
504:butter
417:Brazil
397:Windex
376:Crisco
341:esters
290:Israel
267:, and
251:, and
223:, are
10481:Labor
10456:Final
10446:Goods
10419:Crime
10364:UKSIC
10354:NAICS
10265:Other
10172:Radio
10150:Music
10125:Books
9958:Other
9924:Sport
9744:Audit
9575:Cafés
9533:Taxis
9471:Cargo
9379:Sales
9272:Roads
9146:Water
9093:Ships
9083:space
9057:Power
9042:Heavy
8990:Steel
8885:Brick
8834:Glass
8781:Tires
8749:Paper
7879:Flour
7775:Chalk
7596:Clams
7592:Both
7529:Squid
7514:Crabs
7499:Shark
7415:syrup
7248:Seeds
7201:Cocoa
7154:Sugar
6892:henna
6867:Ferns
6818:Other
6767:Latex
6687:Rosin
6682:Pitch
6672:Myrrh
6657:Kauri
6515:Mahua
6505:Kusum
6495:Kombo
6490:Kokum
6412:waxes
6369:Clove
6275:Morel
6209:Ramps
6145:queen
6120:Betel
6112:roots
5973:Honey
5743:Neste
5603:Neste
5392:pests
4985:Fishs
4833:Dairy
4785:Speck
4763:Bacon
4731:Lardo
4518:(PDF)
4507:(PDF)
4059:(PDF)
4037:S2CID
3685:(PDF)
3674:(PDF)
3634:(PDF)
3556:(PDF)
3545:(PDF)
3205:S2CID
3122:. In
3028:. In
2768:(PDF)
2761:(PDF)
2587:p. 22
2537:(PDF)
2522:(PDF)
2310:Lipid
2104:128:1
2036:7.3:1
2004:138:1
1928:0.318
1814:Olive
1772:2.5:1
1705:0.2:1
1673:1.5:1
1566:0.019
1506:419:1
1460:52–66
1441:ratio
1439:ω-6:3
1435:(ω-6)
1426:(ω-3)
1417:Total
1414:(ω-9)
1409:Oleic
1405:Total
1233:seeds
1183:Olive
1101:18.24
1088:41.28
1072:41.31
1012:0.45
1002:0.75
970:Yield
967:Crop
937:Yield
806:Ghani
739:NNFCC
685:epoxy
634:flash
618:alkyd
542:, or
536:olive
405:China
219:, or
65:Types
10384:TRBC
10374:GICS
10349:NACE
10342:ISIC
10167:News
10145:Film
9682:Life
9496:Rail
9486:Mail
9327:HVAC
9287:Dams
8968:Iron
8905:Tile
8764:Pulp
8717:Wood
8616:Soap
8606:inks
8468:Coke
8237:Toys
8005:Furs
7983:Rope
7973:Lace
7931:Wine
7915:Beer
7883:Meat
7857:Food
7780:Clay
7770:Sand
7748:Salt
7693:Gold
7688:Iron
7648:Peat
7643:Coal
7546:Carp
7509:Tuna
7419:wine
7315:Silk
7290:Wool
7216:Nuts
6899:Peat
6882:Moss
6862:Cork
6762:Kino
6550:Pilu
6535:Palm
6323:Nuts
5978:pine
5968:Furs
5640:fuel
5013:List
4976:Oils
4876:fats
4862:Smen
4852:Ghee
4835:fats
4813:Suet
4801:fats
4795:Beef
4748:Lard
4736:Salo
4709:Fats
4663:link
4643:ISBN
4620:ISBN
4601:ISBN
4444:PMID
4403:PMID
4286:2017
4264:2017
4224:2021
4196:ISBN
4151:2017
4129:2017
4107:2017
4085:2017
4029:PMID
3994:PMID
3949:2017
3927:2017
3905:2017
3883:2017
3861:2017
3839:2011
3802:2017
3742:2017
3720:2019
3693:2020
3656:2017
3616:2017
3549:USDA
3381:OCLC
3371:ISBN
3350:link
3332:OCLC
3322:ISBN
3297:2019
3266:2021
3174:2019
2983:ISBN
2794:help
2743:2015
2623:link
2581:ISBN
2438:ISBN
2413:ISBN
2388:ISBN
2345:Soap
2325:Neem
2234:and
2154:seed
2135:52.9
2132:10.4
2129:63.3
2126:22.2
2123:22.8
2101:20.5
2098:0.16
2095:20.7
2092:62.9
2089:63.4
2086:8.99
2069:34.9
2063:37.6
2060:42.5
2057:43.0
2054:14.9
2027:57.7
2024:22.6
2021:22.8
2018:15.6
2001:41.3
1995:41.7
1992:39.3
1989:39.7
1986:14.2
1968:34.4
1961:36.6
1957:38.4
1953:38.4
1931:19.6
1925:19.9
1922:55.4
1919:57.1
1916:16.2
1888:88.2
1881:Palm
1857:37.0
1854:49.3
1848:Palm
1839:14:1
1830:10.5
1827:71.3
1824:73.0
1821:13.8
1802:12.8
1796:12.8
1793:75.2
1790:75.2
1769:54.0
1766:22.0
1763:82.0
1736:74.7
1733:0.15
1730:74.9
1724:14.8
1721:10.4
1696:67.8
1690:18.4
1656:93.6
1638:54:1
1629:51.9
1623:17.8
1620:25.9
1605:58:1
1596:54.7
1593:27.3
1590:27.6
1587:12.9
1581:Corn
1572:88:1
1569:1.68
1554:82.5
1536:18.6
1530:28.1
1527:61.8
1524:63.3
1503:41.9
1497:42.0
1494:31.3
1491:32.7
1488:24.8
1470:12.5
1464:13.5
1457:70.6
1454:11.6
1433:acid
1424:acid
1412:acid
1369:Type
1231:flax
1187:2.84
1174:3.48
1161:4.85
1148:4.99
1135:4.82
1122:9.91
1068:Palm
1022:0.6
992:1.4
982:4.0
951:tons
737:The
700:Fuel
648:and
595:palm
512:lard
508:ghee
483:Uses
359:and
225:oils
129:Fuel
106:Uses
97:list
87:list
77:list
10379:ICB
10359:SIC
10047:Sex
8528:Tar
8371:Gun
7479:Cod
7285:Pig
7211:Tea
6711:gum
6707:Sap
6407:Oil
6244:Cep
5731:AAK
5492:oil
4434:doi
4393:PMC
4385:doi
4188:doi
4021:doi
3984:PMC
3976:doi
3776:doi
3772:120
3197:doi
2847:doi
2380:doi
2138:5:1
2120:9.1
2066:2.6
1998:0.3
1965:2.2
1891:5.7
1869:9.1
1866:0.2
1863:9.3
1836:9.8
1833:0.7
1787:7.5
1760:9.0
1757:9.0
1754:7.0
1687:9.0
1670:0.3
1667:0.2
1664:0.6
1659:1.5
1563:1.7
1557:6.3
1539:2:1
1533:9.1
1521:7.4
1500:0.1
1042:SVO
663:or
546:oil
430:in
273:oil
239:of
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