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1778:(CORSIA) is a global, market-based program to reduce emissions from international aviation. It aims to allow credits and offsets for emissions that cannot be reduced by technology and operational improvements or sustainable aviation fuels. To ensure the environmental integrity of these offsets, the program has developed a list of eligible offsets that can be used. Operating principles are similar to those under existing trading mechanisms and carbon offset certification standards. CORSIA has applied to international aviation since January 2019. At that point all airlines had been required to report their CO
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efficiency. Projects that sequester carbon are also called Nature-Based
Solutions. Projects with additional social and environmental benefits can command a higher price. This reflects the value of the co-benefits and the perceived value of association with these projects. Credits from a reputable organization may command a higher price. Some credits located in developed countries may be priced higher. One reason could be that companies prefer to back projects closer to their business sites. Conversely, carbon credits with older vintages tend to be valued lower on the market.
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be able to purchase 'adjusted credits' that eliminate the risk of double counting. These may be seen as more valuable if they support science-based targets and net-zero emissions. Other non-adjusted offsets and credits could support claims for other environmental or social indicators. They could also support emission reductions that are seen as less valuable in terms of these goals. Uncertainty remains around
Article 6's effects on future voluntary carbon markets. There is also uncertainty about what investors could claim by purchasing various types of carbon credits.
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limited number (a "cap") of permits. These permit a discharge of a specific quantity of a specific pollutant over a set time period. Polluters are required to hold permits in amounts equal to their emissions. Those that want to increase their emissions must buy permits from others willing to sell them. These programs have been applied to greenhouse gases for several reasons. Their warming effects are the same regardless of where they are emitted. The costs of reducing emissions vary widely by source. The cap ensures that the environmental goal is attained.
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credits once it starts. Most carbon offset programs have a library of approved methodologies covering a range of project types. After a project has begun, programs will often verify it periodically to determine the quantity of emission reductions generated. The length of time between verifications can vary, but is typically one year. After a program approves verification reports, it issues carbon offset credits, which are deposited in the project developer's account in a registry system administered by the offset program.
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1868:, the Climate Action Reserve, the American Carbon Registry, and Plan Vivo. Puro Standard, the first standard for engineered carbon removal, is verified by DNV GL. There are also some additional standards for validating co-benefits, including the Climate, Community and Biodiversity Standard (CCB Standard), also issued by Verra, and the Social Carbon Standard, issued by the Ecologica Institute.
1559:, or co-benefits, which include better air quality, increased biodiversity, and water and soil protection; community employment opportunities, energy access, and gender equality; and job creation, education opportunities, and technology transfer. Some certification programs have tools and research products to help quantify these benefits.
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companies and governments have adopted. Voluntary carbon markets usually consist of private entities purchasing carbon offset credits to meet voluntary greenhouse gas reduction commitments. In some cases, non-covered participants in an ETS may purchase credits as an alternative to purchasing offsets in a voluntary market.
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require multiple species plantings. Tree planting in high latitude forests may have a net warming effect on the Earth's climate because tree cover absorbs sunlight thus creating a warming effect that balances out their absorption of carbon dioxide. Tree-planting projects can also cause conflicts with
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analyzed a series of CDM projects. It found that 85% had a low likelihood of being truly additional or were likely to over-estimate emission reductions. In 2023, the
University of California all but dropped the purchase of offsets in favor of direct reductions in emissions. An additional challenge is
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CDM projects may transition to the
Article 6.4 program subject to approval by the country hosting the project, and if the project meets the new rules, with certain exceptions for rules on methodologies. Projects can generally continue to use the same CDM methodologies through 2025. From 2026 on, they
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Renewable energy projects can include hydroelectric, wind, photovoltaic solar, solar hot water, biomass power, and heat production. These types of projects help societies move from electricity and heating based on fossil fuels towards forms of energy that are less carbon-intensive. However, they may
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Offset certification and carbon trading programs vary by how much they consider specific projects eligible for offsets or credits. The
European Union Emission Trading System considers nuclear energy projects, afforestation or reforestation activities, and projects involving destruction of industrial
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Demand for VCM offsets is expected to increase five to ten-fold over the next decade as more companies adopt Net Zero climate commitments. This could benefit both markets and progress on reducing GHG emissions. If carbon offset prices remain significantly below these forecast levels, companies could
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Article 6 does not directly regulate the voluntary carbon markets. In principle, it is possible to issue and purchase carbon offsets without reference to
Article 6. It is possible that a multi-tier system could emerge with different types of offsets and credits available for investors. Companies may
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Prices on the compliance market are generally higher. They vary based on geography, with EU and UK ETS credits trading at higher prices than those in the US in 2022. Lower prices on the VCM are in part due to an excess of supply in relation to demand. Some types of offsets are able to be created at
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e for the most common types of offset projects. Several factors can affect these prices. The costs of developing a project are a significant factor. Those tied to projects that can sequester carbon have recently been selling at a premium compared to other projects such as renewable energy or energy
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In 2015, REDD+ was incorporated into
Article 5 of the Paris Agreement. REDD+ initiatives typically compensate developing countries or their regional administrations for reducing their emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. It consists of several stages: One, achieving REDD+ readiness;
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such as forests and soil. There are a number of different types of LULUCF projects. Forestry-related projects focus on avoiding deforestation. They do this by protecting existing forests, restoring forests on land that was once forested, and creating forests on land that previously had no forests,
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The ITMO system requires "corresponding adjustments" to avoid double counting of emission reductions. Double-counting occurs if both the host country and purchasing country count the reduction towards their target. If the receiving country uses ITMOs towards its NDC, the host country must discount
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Other groups are now advocating for new approaches to ensure that offsets and credits have integrity. The Oxford
Offsetting Principles state that traditional carbon offsetting schemes are "unlikely to deliver the types of offsetting needed to ultimately reach net zero emissions." These principles
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An offset project is designed by project developers, financed by investors, validated by an independent verifier, and registered with a carbon offset program. Official registration indicates that a program has approved the project and that the project is eligible to start generating carbon offset
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Deforestation is particularly significant in Brazil, Indonesia, and parts of Africa, accounting for about 20 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon offsets allow firms to avoid deforestation by paying directly for forest preservation or providing substitutes for forest-based products. Offset
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e per year of annual emission reductions between now and 2050. These technologies include reducing deforestation, forest restoration, CCS, BECCs and renewables in least developed countries. In addition, as the cost of using offsets and credits rises, investments in reducing supply chain emissions
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Some pricing forecasts predict VCM prices could increase to as much as $ 47–$ 210 per tonne by 2050. There could be an even higher spike in the short term in certain scenarios. A major factor in future price models is the extent to which programs that support more permanent removals can influence
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Over 50 countries have national REDD+ initiatives. REDD+ is also taking place through provincial and district governments and at the local level through private landowners. As of 2020, there were over 400 ongoing REDD+ projects globally. Brazil and
Colombia account for the largest amount of REDD+
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The supervisory board under
Article 6.4 is responsible for approving methodologies, setting guidance, and implementing procedures. The preparation work for this is expected to last until the end of 2023. ER credits issued will fall by 2% to ensure that the program as a whole results in an overall
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programs exist at the sub-national, national, and international level. Under these programs, there is a cap on emissions. Sources of emissions have the flexibility to find and apply the lowest-cost methods for reducing pollution. A central authority or government body usually allocates or sells a
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Offsets from past project have to be additional to what would have happened without the project. For future projects, forward crediting is a process where credits are issued for projected emissions reductions, which can be claimed by buyers even before the reduction activities have occurred. When
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were found to use a formula that established fixed boundaries around forest regions. This created simplified, regional averages for the carbon stored in a wide mix of tree species. Some experts have estimated that California's cap and trade program has generated between 20 million and 39 million
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Some initiatives focus on improving the quality of current carbon offset and credit projects. The Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market (ICVCM) has published a draft set of principles for determining a high integrity carbon credit. These are known as the Core Carbon Principles. Final
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The voluntary carbon markets currently represent less than 1% of the reductions pledged in country NDCs by 2030. It represents an even smaller portion of the reductions needed to achieve the 1.5°C Paris temperature goal pathway in 2030. However, the VCM is growing significantly. Between 2017 and
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Many different groups exist within the voluntary carbon market, including developers, brokers, auditors, and buyers. Certification programs for VCMs establish accounting standards, project eligibility requirements, and monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) procedures for credit and offset
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where carbon offsets are traded by corporations, individuals and organizations that are under no legal obligation to make emission cuts. In voluntary carbon markets, companies or individuals use carbon offsets to meet the goals they set themselves for reducing emissions. Credits are issued under
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cost of reducing emissions would differ among countries. Studies suggested that the flexibility mechanisms could reduce the overall cost of meeting the targets. Offset and credit programs have been identified as a way for countries to meet their NDC commitments and achieve the goals of the Paris
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Carbon offset and credit programs are coming under increased scrutiny because their claimed emissions reductions may be inflated compared to the actual reductions achieved. To be credible, the reduction in emissions must meet three criteria: they must last indefinitely, be additional to emission
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Similar to the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, it establishes a centralized program to trade GHG emission reductions between countries, supervised by a UNFCCC supervisory board. Countries, companies, and individuals can buy Emission Reduction (ER) credits purchased under this
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There is a diverse range of sources of supply and demand as well as trading frameworks that drive offset and credit markets. Demand for offsets and credits derives from a range of compliance obligations, arising from international agreements, national laws, as well as voluntary commitments that
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Determining additionality can be difficult. This may present risks for buyers of offsets or credits. Carbon projects that yield strong financial returns even in the absence of revenue from carbon credits are usually not considered additional. Another example is projects that are compelled by
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Fleischman, Forrest; Basant, Shishir; Chhatre, Ashwini; Coleman, Eric A; Fischer, Harry W; Gupta, Divya; Güneralp, Burak; Kashwan, Prakash; Khatri, Dil; Muscarella, Robert; Powers, Jennifer S; Ramprasad, Vijay; Rana, Pushpendra; Solorzano, Claudia Rodriguez; Veldman, Joseph W (2020-09-16).
2340:. They may provide incentives to emit more, so that emitting entities can get credit for reducing emissions from an artificially high baseline. Regulatory agencies could address these situations. This could involve setting specific standards for verifiability, uniqueness, and transparency.
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Verra was developed in 2005. It is a widely used voluntary carbon standard, which also offers specific methodologies for REDD+ projects. As of 2020, there had been over 1,500 certified VCS projects covering energy, transport, waste, forestry, and other sectors. In 2021, Verra issued 300
157:. Article 6.2 enabled countries to directly trade carbon credits and units of renewable power with each other. Article 6.4 established a new international carbon market allowing countries or companies to use carbon credits generated in other countries to help meet their climate targets.
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Creates a program for trading GHG emission reductions via bilateral agreements between countries using credits known as internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs). ITMOs can be purchased by countries to achieve NDCs, and also be used in market-based schemes such as CORSIA
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Forestry projects have faced increasing criticism over their integrity as offset or credit programs. A number of news stories from 2021 to 2023 criticized nature-based carbon offsets, the REDD+ program, and certification organizations. In one case it was estimated that around 90% of
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are expected to have a larger share of this market in the future, compared to renewable energy projects. However, there is evidence that large companies are becoming more reluctant to use VCM offsets and credits because of a complex web of standards, despite an increased focus on
75:, which account for the net climate benefits that one entity brings to another. After certification by a government or independent certification body, credits can be traded between entities. One carbon credit represents a reduction, avoidance or removal of one metric tonne of
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The use of offsets and credits faces a variety of criticisms. Some argue that they promote a "business-as-usual" mindset, allowing companies to use carbon offsetting to avoid making larger changes to reduce carbon emissions at source. Using projects in this way is called
1609:(EU-ETS) and the California Cap and Trade Program. Eligible credits in these programs may include credits that international or independent crediting systems have issued. There are also standards and crediting mechanisms that independent, nongovernmental entities such as
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was developed in 2003 by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) in consultation with an independent standards advisory board. Projects are open to any non-government, community-based organization. Allowable categories include renewable energy supply, energy efficiency,
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of forestry carbon credits. Forestry carbon credits are based on the measurement of forest growth, which is converted into carbon emission reduction measurements by government ecological and forestry offices. Owners of forests (who are typically rural families or
1629:, a developed country can sponsor a greenhouse gas reduction project in a developing country, where the costs of greenhouse gas reduction activities are usually much lower. The developed country receives credits for meeting its emission reduction targets known as
1480:, which introduced the concept of a cap and trade system, which allowed companies to buy and sell offsets created by other companies that invested in emission reduction projects subject to an overall limit on emissions. In the 1990s, regulatory frameworks for the
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is a programme, largely addressed at tropical regions in developing countries, that uses market approaches to compensate landowners for not clearing or degrading their forests in order to create financial value for carbon stored in forests. REDD+ also promotes
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such that cannot be transferred and used. Carbon offsets can be tracked and reported within an offset certification registry, which may contain project information such as project status, project documents, credits generated, ownership, sale, and retirement.
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Methane is a potent greenhouse gas. It is most often emitted from landfills, livestock, and from coal mining. Methane projects can produce carbon offsets through the capture of methane for energy production. Examples include the combustion or containment of
1969:. Projects must meet at least three of those goals besides reducing GHG emissions. Projects must make a net-positive contribution to the economic, environmental and social welfare of the local population. Program monitoring requirements help determine this.
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that carbon pricing and existing policies are still inadequate to meet Paris goals. However, there is evidence that companies that invest in offsets and credits tend to make more ambitious emissions cuts compared with companies that do not.
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focus instead on cutting emissions as a first priority. In terms of offsets, they advocate for shifting to carbon removal offset projects that involve long-term storage. The principles also support the development of offsetting aligned with
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Prices for offsets and credits vary widely, reflecting the uncertainty associated with verifying the indirect value of carbon offsets. At the same time, uncertainty has caused some companies to become more skeptical about buying offsets .
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Tree planting projects in particular have been problematic. Critics point to a number of concerns. Trees reach maturity over a course of many decades. It is difficult to guarantee how long the forest will last. It may suffer clearing,
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2021, both the issuance and retirement of VCM carbon offsets more than tripled. Some predictions call for global VCM demand to increase 15-fold between 2021 and 2030, and 100 times by 2050. Carbon removal projects such as forestry and
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1535:. The Kyoto Protocol was to expire in 2020, to be superseded by the Paris Agreement. Countries are still determining the role of carbon offsets in the Paris Agreement through international negotiations on the agreement's Article 6.
719:. It is a reduction, avoidance, or removal of emissions to compensate for emissions released elsewhere. One carbon credit represents an emission reduction or removal of one metric tonne of carbon dioxide or the equivalent amount of
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offset mechanisms, allowing permitted facilities to increase emissions in exchange for paying another company to reduce its emissions of the same pollutant by a greater amount. The 1990 amendments to that same law established the
2324:, and other key criteria. However, no single standard governs the industry. Some offset providers have faced criticism that their carbon reduction claims are exaggerated or misleading. For example, carbon credits issued by the
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regulations. Projects representing common practice in an industry are also usually not considered additional. A full determination of additionality requires a careful investigation of proposed carbon offset projects.
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guidelines for this program are expected in late 2023. The Voluntary Carbon Markets Integrity Initiative has developed a code of practice that was published in 2022. The UK government partly funds this initiative.
2240:'s net-zero criteria argue that it is important to move beyond offsets based on reduced or avoided emissions. Instead projects should base offsets on carbon that has been sequestered from the atmosphere, such as CO
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those reductions from its emissions budget by adding and reporting that higher total in its biennial reporting. Otherwise Article 6.2 gives countries a lot of flexibility in how they can create trading agreements.
1645:, a developed country with relatively high domestic costs of emission reduction would set up a project in another developed country. Offset credits under this program are designated as Emission Reduction Units.
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continues to support offset and credit programs between countries, including CDM projects from the Kyoto Protocol. Programs now occur to help achieve emission reduction targets set out in each country's
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O reductions represent 71 percent of offsets issued under the CDM. Since many of these are now banned by an amendment to the Montreal Protocol, they are often no longer eligible for offsets or credits.
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plants generate both electricity and heat from the same power source. This improves upon the energy efficiency of most power plants. That is because these plants waste the energy generated as heat.
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At the start of 2022 there were 25 operational emissions trading systems around the world. They are in jurisdictions representing 55% of global GDP. These systems cover 17% of global emissions. The
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from reducing deforestation such as biodiversity. It was introduced in its basic form at COP11 in 2005 and has grown into a broad policy initiative to address deforestation and forest degradation.
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Veldman, Joseph W.; Overbeck, Gerhard E.; Negreiros, Daniel; Mahy, Gregory; Le Stradic, Soizig; Fernandes, G. Wilson; Durigan, Giselda; Buisson, Elise; Putz, Francis E.; Bond, William J. (2015).
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than carbon dioxide by volume. It is easy to capture and destroy these pollutants at their source. So they present a large low-cost source of carbon offsets. As a category, HFCs, PFCs, and N
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independent crediting standards. Some entities also purchase them under international or domestic crediting mechanisms. National and subnational programs have been increasing in popularity.
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This article is about the use of carbon offsets and carbon credits for countries, corporations, and, in some cases, individuals. For more information on carbon credits for individuals, see
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2018:. They usually generate revenue. And they usually involve subsidies or other complex financial arrangements. This can make them ineligible under many offset and credit programs.
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Mitigation of Global Emissions. An additional 5% reduction of ERs will go to a fund to finance adaptation. Administrative fees for program management are still under discussion.
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A variety of greenhouse gas reduction projects can qualify for offsets and credits depending on the scheme. Some include forestry projects that avoid logging and plant saplings,
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schemes using reforestation, such as REDD, are available in developing countries, and are becoming increasingly available in developed countries including the US and the UK.
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A variety of projects can be used to reduce GHG emissions and thus to generate carbon offsets and credits. These can include land use improvement, methane capture, biomass
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The year in which a carbon emissions reduction project — usually the year in which a third party verifies the project — generates the carbon offset credit is known as the
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have received criticism as greenwashing because they overstated their ability to sequester carbon, with some projects being shown to actually increase overall emissions.
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Haya, Barbara K.; Evans, Samuel; Brown, Letty; Bukoski, Jacob; Butsic, Van; Cabiyo, Bodie; Jacobson, Rory; Kerr, Amber; Potts, Matthew; Sanchez, Daniel L. (2023-03-21).
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1993:. The CDM identifies over 200 types of projects suitable for generating carbon offsets and credits. An example of land use improvement is better forest management.
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e worth of offset credits for 110 projects. Verra is the program of choice for most of the forest credits in the voluntary market, and almost all REDD+ projects.
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must meet all Article 6 requirements. Up to 2.8 billion credits could potentially become eligible for issuance under Article 6.4 if all CDM projects transition.
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reductions that were going to happen anyway, and must be measured and monitored to assure the that the amount of reduction promised has in fact been attained.
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and Xpansiv. Many companies now engage in emissions abatement, offsetting, and sequestration programs, which generate credits that can be sold on an exchange.
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Nuclear energy projects are not eligible for credits under these programs. Country-specific designated national authorities approve projects under the CDM.
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certificates allow polluting companies a business-as-usual approach to continue releasing greenhouse gases and for being, inappropriately trusted, untried
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Besides the certification programs mentioned above, industry groups have been working since the 2000s to promote the quality of these projects. The
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by investing in projects that reduce, avoid, or remove emissions elsewhere. When an entity invests in a carbon offsetting program, it receives
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two, formalizing an agreement for financing; three, monitoring, reporting, and verifying results; and four, receiving results-based payments.
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The International Emissions Trading program enables countries to trade in the international carbon credit market to cover their shortfall in
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1652:. Countries with surplus units can sell them to countries that are exceeding their emission targets under Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol.
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1914:. This is because some might claim credit for emission reduction projects that would have been undertaken anyway. At prices of $ 100/tCO
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forestry credits that do not achieve real climate benefits. This amounts to nearly one in three credits issued through that program.
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local communities and Indigenous people if the project displaces or otherwise curtails their use of forest resources. For example,
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Compliance market credits account for most of the offset and credit market today. Trading on voluntary carbon markets was 300 MtCO
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because they overstated their ability to sequester carbon, with some projects being shown to actually increase overall emissions.
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2962:. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved September 21, 2012 from CollinsDictionary.com.
1840:. It covers over 40% of European GHG emissions. California's cap-and-trade program covers about 85% of statewide GHG emissions.
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Currently several exchanges trade in carbon credits and allowances covering both spot and futures markets. These include the
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As of 2022, 68 carbon pricing programs were in place or scheduled to be created globally. International programs include the
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enabled mitigation banking and wetlands offsetting, which set the procedural and conceptual precedent for carbon offsetting.
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Allows countries to transfer carbon credits from reducing GHG emissions to help other countries meet their climate targets.
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projects replace a combustion device with one using less fuel per unit of energy provided. They can do this by optimizing
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the risk that countries and sectors may use carbon credits as "a ploy which permits maintaining excessive consumption".
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5290:(Report). Helsinki: Nordic Initiative for Cooperative Approaches (NICA) and Perspectives Climate Group Gmbh. Pages 23-24
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3361:(Report). Helsinki: Nordic Initiative for Cooperative Approaches (NICA) and Perspectives Climate Group Gmbh. Pages 10-17
2369:. These end up damaging native forests and reducing biodiversity. In response, some certification standards such as the
1985:, or industrial energy efficiency. They also include reducing methane, reforestation and switching fuel, for example to
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5136:. Helsinki: Nordic Initiative for Cooperative Approaches (NICA) and Perspectives Climate Group Gmbh. pp. 25–26.
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6170:"COP26 climate pledges could help limit global warming to 1.8 °C, but implementing them will be the key – Analysis"
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4582:(Report). Helsinki: Nordic Initiative for Cooperative Approaches (NICA) and Perspectives Climate Group Gmbh. Page 3
3751:"What's in a carbon credit? New tools help quantify the sustainable development benefits of carbon offset projects"
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4877:"A Year in Review: Tracking Carbon Price Highs & Lows in 2022 and Major Policy Shifts to Watch for in 2023"
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emissions on an annual basis. International flights must undertake offsetting under CORSIA since January 2021.
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future global climate policy. This could limit the supply of approvable offsets, and thereby raise prices.
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very low costs under present standards. Without this surplus, current VCM prices could be at least $ 10/tCO
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6619:"Revealed: more than 90% of rainforest carbon offsets by biggest certifier are worthless, analysis shows"
4333:"Market making for the planet: the Paris Agreement Article 6 decisions and transnational carbon markets*"
3951:"Revealed: more than 90% of rainforest carbon offsets by biggest certifier are worthless, analysis shows"
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Probst, Benedict; Toetzke, Malte; Anadon, Laura Diaz; Kontoleon, Andreas; Hoffmann, Volker (2023-07-27).
2622:"Revealed: more than 90% of rainforest carbon offsets by biggest certifier are worthless, analysis shows"
1810:
1626:
1594:
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agreement at a lower cost. They may also help close the emissions gap identified in annual UNEP reports.
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also have detailed guidance on what descriptive terms are appropriate for buyers of offsets and credits.
1113:
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979:
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includes three mechanisms for "voluntary cooperation" between countries towards climate goals, including
5386:
2781:"Goldman School of Public Policy | Goldman School of Public Policy | University of California, Berkeley"
2537:
2510:
2320:
Several certification standards exist, with different ways of measuring emissions baseline, reductions,
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8648:
8412:
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8172:
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Systematic review of the actual emissions reductions of carbon offset projects across all major sectors
2301:
1873:
1083:
1078:
1063:
659:
381:
218:
119:
17:
5452:"(PDF) Analysis and Optimization of Carbon Dioxide Emission Mitigation Options in the Cement Industry"
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Researchers have raised the concern that the use of carbon offsets – such as by maintaining forests,
1818:
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1215:
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846:
579:
521:
471:
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181:
8032:
6416:"Mass Audubon promised to preserve wildlife. Then it made millions claiming it could cut down trees"
5235:"The influence of crediting and permanence periods on Australian forest-based carbon offsets supply"
4794:
4626:
3825:"There's a massive bubble in the price of carbon – and yet it won't bring down emissions any faster"
9352:
9160:
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8757:
8527:
8522:
8512:
8453:
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7584:
7425:
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2730:"Are carbon offsets all they're cracked up to be? We tracked one from Kenya to England to find out"
2354:
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Offsets provide a revenue stream for the reduction of some types of emissions, so they can lead to
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are now an important element of regulatory programs to control pollution, including GHG emissions.
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964:
954:
929:
884:
569:
476:
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200:
80:
64:
4501:
2224:. ICROA's membership consists of carbon offset providers based in the United States, European and
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8636:
8558:
8468:
8210:
8182:
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7521:
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7106:
5877:"Integrity Of The Voluntary Carbon Market: Draft 'Core Carbon Principles' | White & Case LLP"
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2014:
not qualify as offset projects. This is because it is difficult or impossible to determine their
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5757:(Report). Stockholm Environment Institute & Greenhouse Gas Management Institute. Pages 18-31
4672:"World's first carbon-removal marketplace offers businesses an easy route to net-zero emissions"
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3282:"Mass Audubon 'Followed The Rules' And Earned Millions From Carbon Offsets. But Was It 'Real'?"
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2570:"Comprehensive review of carbon quantification by improved forest management offset protocols"
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8624:
8270:
8147:
7955:
7415:
7338:
4044:"Emissions Trading in the U.S.: Experience, Lessons, and Considerations for Greenhouse Gases"
3523:
2472:
2435:
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Criteria for assessing the quality of offsets and credits usually cover the following areas:
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1354:
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1230:
969:
823:
647:
466:
421:
238:
6146:"The University of California has all but dropped carbon offsets—and thinks you should, too"
5731:(Report). Stockholm Environment Institute & Greenhouse Gas Management Institute. Page 10
5127:
Michaelowa, Axel; Shishlov, Igor; Hoch, Stephan; Bofill, Patricio; Espelage, Aglaja (2019).
4923:
Turner, Guy; Helmke, Elyas; Tetteh-Wright, Teki Anna; Oraee, Atta; et al. (June 2021).
4722:
Turner, Guy; Helmke, Elyas; Tetteh-Wright, Teki Anna; Oraee, Atta; et al. (June 2021).
8941:
8703:
8463:
8341:
8002:
7577:
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6232:
2581:
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1990:
1978:
1848:
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1349:
1220:
959:
939:
924:
919:
511:
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131:
111:
6725:"Where Tree Planting and Forest Expansion are Bad for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services"
5641:
8:
9312:
9145:
9045:
9020:
8973:
8782:
8772:
8737:
8480:
8255:
7489:
7484:
6674:"Planting trees "doesn't make any sense" in the fight against climate change say experts"
6221:"Renewable energy certificates threaten the integrity of corporate science-based targets"
5963:
4696:
4070:
3993:
3775:"How shared value is calculated for Gold Standard Certified Projects | The Gold Standard"
3636:
1986:
1532:
1281:
1225:
1180:
949:
944:
624:
589:
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296:
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5993:. Oscar Reyes, Timothy Byakola, Carbon Trade Watch. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute.
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7919:
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6588:
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5283:
Michaelowa, Axel; Shishlov, Igor; Hoch, Stephan; Bofill, Patricio; et al. (2019).
5254:
5062:
4851:
4575:
Michaelowa, Axel; Shishlov, Igor; Hoch, Stephan; Bofill, Patricio; et al. (2019).
4426:
4381:
4362:
3927:
3354:
Michaelowa, Axel; Shishlov, Igor; Hoch, Stephan; Bofill, Patricio; et al. (2019).
3101:
2989:
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based on its use of carbon credits to support claims of carbon neutrality. In 2016 the
2233:
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107:
6877:"Pitfalls of Tree Planting Show Why We Need People-Centered Natural Climate Solutions"
6219:
Bjørn, Anders; Lloyd, Shannon M.; Brander, Matthew; Matthews, H. Damon (9 June 2022).
4551:
3677:
3578:
56 UC Davis Law Review, No. 1, UCLA School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 22-11
2846:
1423:". The label depends on the particular program that certifies a reduction project. At
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Broekhoff, Derik; Gillenwater, Michael; Colbert-Sangree, Tani; Cage, Patrick (2019).
6272:
6260:
6125:
Cames, Martin; Harthan, Ralph O.; Füssler, Jürg; Lee, Carrie M.; et al. (2016).
6101:
6055:
6004:
5994:
5913:
5750:
Broekhoff, Derik; Gillenwater, Michael; Colbert-Sangree, Tani; Cage, Patrick (2019).
5724:
Broekhoff, Derik; Gillenwater, Michael; Colbert-Sangree, Tani; Cage, Patrick (2019).
5689:
5562:
5258:
5250:
5041:
4827:
4627:
A Comparison of Carbon Offset Standards - Making Sense of the Voluntary Carbon Market
4366:
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4173:
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1448:
1276:
1265:
1088:
1016:
808:
803:
341:
228:
123:
5451:
1889:
In 2022 voluntary carbon market (VCM) prices ranged from $ 8 to $ 30 per tonne of CO
9286:
9227:
8931:
8926:
8903:
8812:
8752:
8585:
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8076:
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6738:
6420:
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5364:
5246:
5033:
5025:
4925:
Future Demand, Supply and Prices for Voluntary Carbon Credits – Keeping the Balance
4724:
Future Demand, Supply and Prices for Voluntary Carbon Credits – Keeping the Balance
4344:
3693:
3666:
3083:
3075:
2817:
2809:
2589:
2477:
2370:
2366:
2305:
2134:
projects attempt to preserve or increase the amount of carbon sequestered in soil.
2102:
2060:
2051:
Chicago Climate Justice activists protesting cap and trade legislation in front of
2036:
1982:
1634:
1524:
1270:
1068:
1006:
874:
841:
614:
386:
258:
103:
91:
41:
4349:
4332:
2813:
141:
Carbon offset and credit programs provide a mechanism for countries to meet their
9317:
9276:
9254:
9135:
9105:
9070:
9030:
8832:
8537:
8458:
8422:
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8313:
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8162:
8037:
7894:
7516:
7467:
7445:
6503:"The CFTC Should Raise Standards and Mitigate Fraud in the Carbon Offsets Market"
2892:
2879:
2866:
2852:
2131:
2078:
1794:
e in 2021. By comparison, the compliance carbon market trading volume was 12 GtCO
1750:
1237:
1036:
991:
879:
461:
456:
446:
316:
146:
6851:""A further act of colonisation": why indigenous peoples fear carbon offsetting"
5082:
Chagas, Thiago; Galt, Hilda; Lee, Donna; Neeff, Till; Streck, Charlotte (2020).
3462:(3rd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: Greenhouse Gas Management Institute. Page 10.
2429:
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8742:
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7746:
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7594:
7531:
7269:
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7208:
7129:
6914:"COP26 and a Framework for Future Global Agreements on Carbon Market Integrity"
6778:
6759:
6245:
6220:
5208:
3178:
3150:
The CFTC Should Raise Standards and Mitigate Fraud in the Carbon Offsets Market
3064:"COP26 and a Framework for Future Global Agreements on Carbon Market Integrity"
2822:
2449:
2285:
2270:
2188:
2071:
for energy. Carbon offsets in this category fund projects of three main types.
1504:
1500:
1488:
1487:
In 1997, the original international compliance carbon markets emerged from the
1374:
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223:
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154:
99:
76:
60:
7052:
7004:
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press,
5029:
3686:"8. Global, Regional, and National Costs and Ancillary Benefits of Mitigation"
9440:
9362:
9150:
9035:
9015:
8946:
8936:
8893:
8777:
8732:
8563:
8495:
8220:
8042:
8027:
7962:
7857:
6949:
6930:
6898:
6889:
6597:
6264:
6105:
6059:
6008:
5939:"This new 'integrity initiative' is designed to fight corporate greenwashing"
5917:
5676:
5509:
4831:
4358:
3962:
3936:
3861:
3635:
Carraro, C.; Christensen, J.; Edmonds, J.; Flannery, B.; et al. (2001).
3097:
3079:
2705:
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2569:
2482:
2457:
2421:
2321:
2297:
2217:
2183:
2015:
1962:
1516:
1056:
1051:
1041:
1021:
934:
914:
894:
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773:
735:
and subsidies. Credits can move among the various markets they are traded in.
574:
536:
253:
6743:
6724:
6528:"Carbon offsets used by major airlines based on flawed system, warn experts"
5781:"New international standards organisation hopes for plenty of carbon copies"
4403:"Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA)"
4380:
Sheikh, P. A.; Procita, Kezee; Riddle, A.A.; Hoover, Katie (November 2021).
3882:"Carbon offsets used by major airlines based on flawed system, warn experts"
9382:
9357:
9222:
9191:
9005:
8807:
8448:
8245:
7889:
7879:
7536:
7420:
7333:
6787:
6584:"Do Airline Climate Offsets Really Work? Here's the Good News, and the Bad"
6454:. Stockholm Environment Institute & Greenhouse Gas Management Institute
6352:
5901:
5583:
4653:
The Future of Carbon Offset Markets: Current Trends and Emerging Challenges
3923:"Do Airline Climate Offsets Really Work? Here's the Good News, and the Bad"
3573:
2694:"Carbon credit speculators could lose billions as offsets deemed worthless"
2514:
2387:
2262:
2258:
2225:
2074:
1911:
1311:
1026:
904:
818:
728:
711:
A carbon offset or carbon credit is a way of compensating for emissions of
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311:
135:
45:
5988:
9207:
9175:
8968:
8956:
8876:
8802:
8792:
8722:
8475:
7992:
7984:
7244:
6288:"World's biggest companies accused of exaggerating their climate actions"
5476:
3429:"CARBON PRICING: Why do prices vary by project type? | The Gold Standard"
2362:
2126:
1556:
501:
263:
6994:(2001), Metz, B.; Davidson, O.; Swart, R.; Pan, J.; et al. (eds.),
6964:"Cambodia: Carbon Offsetting Project Violates Indigenous Group's Rights"
6940:
6348:"Scientists urge end to fossil fuel use as landmark IPCC report readied"
4995:
4382:
Reduction in Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+)
3380:
3088:
9170:
9165:
8978:
8961:
8817:
8672:
8507:
7884:
7060:
6729:
6446:
5990:
The carbon neutral myth : offset indulgences for your climate sins
5749:
5723:
5037:
3992:. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. January 2011. Archived from
2492:
2365:, or mismanagement. Some tree-planting projects introduce fast-growing
1918:
e, a variety of carbon removal technologies could deliver around 2 GtCO
1415:
There are several labels for one-tonne emission reductions, including "
851:
798:
732:
376:
306:
273:
6195:"Why we can't afford to dismiss carbon offsetting in a climate crisis"
1843:
1543:
The economics behind programs such as the Kyoto Protocol was that the
8886:
8881:
8767:
8727:
7462:
6826:"Climate change could expand forests. But will they cool the planet?"
1836:(EU-ETS) is the second largest trading system in the world after the
1633:(CERs), while the developing country receives capital investment and
1499:
to a global scale, focusing on the major greenhouse gases that cause
1242:
1031:
95:
6758:
Aguirre-Gutiérrez, Jesús; Stevens, Nicola; Berenguer, Erika (2023).
2401:
2089:, for example making it easier to cycle to work instead of driving.
9000:
6649:"How Do You Guarantee Land-Based Offsets Are Permanent? | Greenbiz"
4697:"Social Carbon profile on database of market governance mechanisms"
2125:
have the collective label LULUCF. LULUCF projects focus on natural
889:
127:
6094:"Delta Air Lines faces lawsuit over $ 1bn carbon neutrality claim"
5678:
The Idea of China: Chinese Thinkers on Power, Progress, and People
4456:"Compliance and voluntary carbon markets: What is the difference?"
2059:
Carbon offsets that fund renewable energy projects help lower the
37:
8921:
8911:
7440:
7098:
6757:
4909:. Berlin: International Carbon Action Partnership. 2023. Page 34.
3634:
2538:"Unlocking Potential: State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2017"
2415:
2028:
1776:
Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation
1512:
49:
6760:"Valuing the functionality of tropical ecosystems beyond carbon"
1965:, reforestation, and agriculture. The program also promotes the
1427:, negotiators agreed to define offsets and credits issued under
758:
8916:
8443:
6699:"Planting invasive species could make our carbon problem worse"
5675:
Bachulska, Alicja; Leonard, Mark; Oertel, Janka (2 July 2024).
4676:
RECHARGE Global News and Intelligence for the Energy Transition
2379:
52:, Denmark, constitute one common type of carbon offset project.
6873:
6082:, paragraph 171, published 24 May 2015, accessed 21 April 2024
5813:"The Oxford Principles for Net Zero Aligned Carbon Offsetting"
4922:
4721:
3228:"Was COP27 the beginning of the end for corporate offsetting?"
8357:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
7450:
5906:"New carbon offset standards 'should bring greater scrutiny'"
4852:"Carbon Credits Prices by Project Type · Sep 2022 · Abatable"
4199:
Nuclear Power and Market Mechanisms Under the Paris Agreement
1665:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
6722:
6555:"The Climate Solution Actually Adding Millions of Tons of CO
6381:"The Climate Solution Actually Adding Millions of Tons of CO
6318:"Battle over carbon capture as tool to fight climate change"
5285:
Overview and Comparison of Existing Carbon Crediting Cchemes
5130:
Overview and comparison of existing carbon crediting schemes
5126:
4577:
Overview and Comparison of Existing Carbon Crediting Cchemes
3901:"The Climate Solution Actually Adding Millions of Tons of CO
3356:
Overview and Comparison of Existing Carbon Crediting Cchemes
2803:
8871:
6991:
6449:"Securing Climate Benefit: A Guide to Using Carbon Offsets"
5558:
Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) Activities
4552:"What is an Emissions Trading Scheme and How Does It Work?"
4065:
4063:
6023:"Carbon offsets prove risky business for net zero targets"
4930:(Report). UCL-Trove Research-Liebreich Associates. Page 3.
4729:(Report). UCL-Trove Research-Liebreich Associates. Page 2.
3036:"Carbon Offsets vs Carbon Credits: What's the Difference?"
1439:
claims by buyers. Certification organizations such as the
8533:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
6218:
5752:
Securing Climate Benefit: A Guide to Using Carbon Offsets
5726:
Securing Climate Benefit: A Guide to Using Carbon Offsets
4379:
2910:
Regeneration: ending the climate crisis in one generation
2117:
2085:, reducing energy costs per unit. They can also optimize
63:
mechanism that enables entities to compensate for offset
5642:"Tree planting projects for carbon offsetting in the UK"
4942:"Carbon Offset Prices Could Increase Fifty-Fold by 2050"
4262:(Report). Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. Pages 1-9
4060:
2988:. Carbon Offset Research & Education. Archived from
2067:
Energy conservation projects seek to reduce the overall
5307:
5305:
5203:
5201:
4625:
Kollmus, Anja; Zink, Helge; Polycarp, Clifford (2008).
4283:"COP27 FAQ: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement explained"
2228:
markets who commit to the ICROA Code of Best Practice.
2092:
1658:
6124:
5674:
5145:
5143:
4689:
4526:"Emissions Trading Worldwide: 2022 ICAP Status Report"
3712:"Making Carbon Markets Work for Faster Climate Action"
3502:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
3456:
What is Additionality? Part 1: A long standing problem
3405:"Offset Verification | California Air Resources Board"
2207:
1997:
gases ineligible. Industrial gases include HFC-23 and
8374:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
6413:
4092:
4090:
3663:
6.3 International Policies, Measures, and Instruments
2567:
5302:
5198:
4820:"Many Companies Are Shying Away From Carbon Credits"
4384:(Report). Congressional Research Service. Cover page
3850:"Many Companies Are Shying Away From Carbon Credits"
2751:
2749:
2543:. Forest Trends' Ecosystem Marketplace. p. 10.
2397:
2021:
1926:
1605:. National programs include ETS systems such as the
5140:
5104:"Gold Standard: Why do we carbon offset with them?"
5085:
A close look at the quality of REDD+ carbon credits
4967:"Ten-fold increase in carbon offset cost predicted"
4624:
3690:
8.3.1 International Emissions Quota Trading Regimes
1844:
Voluntary carbon markets and certification programs
1447:credit holders claim the GHG reductions, they must
6128:How additional is the Clean Development Mechanism?
5719:
5717:
5209:"UNEP Risoe CDM/JI Pipeline Analysis and Database"
5081:
4087:
3607:"Carbon Offsets after 2020: the World Under Paris"
3500:Wild by design: the rise of ecological restoration
2343:
2214:International Carbon Reduction and Offset Alliance
7090:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
6802:"Climate, Community & Biodiversity Standards"
6256:20.500.11820/fd48d7fc-d354-4ed6-bc99-70e515a7b189
5067:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
4487:Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change
3148:Fredman, Alex; Phillips, Todd (October 7, 2022).
2839:Periodicals that have covered this issue include:
2746:
2171:
9438:
8574:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
5172:
5170:
5714:
5423:"How Does Cogeneration Provide Heat and Power?"
5233:Regan, Courtney M.; Connor, Jeffery D. (2020).
4903:Emissions Trading Worldwide: Status Report 2023
3347:
3147:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4244:
3057:
3055:
2933:Goodward, Jenna; Kelly, Alexia (August 2010).
2536:Hamrick, Kelley; Gallant, Melissa (May 2017).
2535:
145:(NDC) commitments to achieve the goals of the
8688:
7319:History of climate change policy and politics
7114:
5506:"F-gases Emissions – Climate Change – US EPA"
5167:
3733:
3731:
3221:
3219:
2932:
1396:
723:that contribute equally to global warming (CO
692:
6990:
5387:"State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2017"
4792:
3699:
3672:
3381:"CDM: Designated Operational Entities (DOE)"
2251:
1566:
7436:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
7028:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
7000:, Contribution of Working Group III to the
6918:The International Journal of Social Quality
6911:
6440:
6379:Song, Lisa; Temple, James (29 April 2021).
5806:
5804:
5555:Facility, Global Environment (2012-11-15).
5232:
4795:"Voluntary carbon market value tops US$ 2B"
4769:"Carbon credits: Scaling voluntary markets"
4254:
4241:
3452:
3068:The International Journal of Social Quality
3061:
3052:
2371:Climate Community and Biodiversity Standard
1972:
8695:
8681:
8655:
8643:
8100:
7121:
7107:
7041:
6616:
6552:
6378:
6091:
5774:
5772:
5226:
4205:. International Atomic Energy Agency. 2017
4096:
3948:
3898:
3737:
3728:
3216:
2691:
2619:
2390:ethnic group from their indigenous lands.
1588:
1403:
1389:
699:
685:
666:
654:
8395:
8201:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
7344:United Nations Climate Change conferences
6939:
6929:
6912:Cadman, Tim; Hales, Robert (2022-06-01).
6888:
6777:
6742:
6254:
6244:
5178:"Primer: Carbon Offset Project Types 101"
5012:
4348:
4108:
4020:"How Do Emissions Trading Programs Work?"
3524:"The Mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol"
3120:What is a Voluntary Carbon Market Credit?
3087:
3062:Cadman, Tim; Hales, Robert (2022-06-01).
3033:
2821:
2593:
2284:In 2023 a civil suit was brought against
2216:(ICROA) was founded in 2008. It promotes
2107:much greater potential for global warming
8702:
7905:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
6285:
6045:
5801:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5554:
4649:
4453:
3975:
3659:"6. Policies, Measures, and Instruments"
3637:"Chapter 10: Decision Making Frameworks"
3475:"The Political History of Cap and Trade"
2046:
36:
8261:National Adaptation Programme of Action
8050:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
7044:State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2022
6617:Greenfield, Patrick (18 January 2023).
6414:Lisa Song; James Temple (10 May 2021).
6279:
5769:
5101:
5021:State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2022
4741:"The Voluntary Carbon Market 2022–2023"
4530:International Carbon Action Partnership
4255:Bassam, Fattouh; Maino, Andrea (2022).
4075:Center for Climate and Energy Solutions
4048:Center for Climate and Energy Solutions
3571:
3472:
2031:generated by farm animals by use of an
1834:European Union Emissions Trading System
1817:, Global Carbon Credit Exchange gCCEx,
1607:European Union Emissions Trading System
527:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
14:
9439:
7910:Economics of climate change mitigation
7873:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
7396:
7224:Scientific consensus on climate change
6848:
6553:Temple, L.; Song, J. (29 April 2021).
6360:from the original on November 22, 2022
6298:from the original on November 14, 2022
5936:
5900:
5778:
5581:
4817:
4499:
4257:Article 6 and Voluntary Carbon Markets
4017:
3899:Temple, L.; Song, J. (29 April 2021).
3847:
3574:"Corporate Greenhouse Gas Disclosures"
3497:
3331:"How to Acquire Carbon Offset Credits"
2907:
2574:Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
2498:Chinese national carbon trading scheme
2386:of Cambodia had driven members of the
2130:typically for more than a generation.
2123:Land use, land-use change and forestry
2118:Land use, land-use change and forestry
1952:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
1838:Chinese national carbon trading scheme
337:Economics of climate change mitigation
130:. Many projects that give credits for
8676:
8569:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
8394:
8099:
7835:
7395:
7307:
7188:
7140:
7102:
6629:from the original on 14 February 2023
6581:
6328:from the original on November 9, 2022
5986:
5810:
5686:European Council on Foreign Relations
5663:
4990:
4988:
4918:
4916:
4703:from the original on 7 September 2018
4632:(Report). WWF Germany. pp. 11–12
4330:
4280:
4111:"The Economics of the Kyoto Protocol"
4102:
3920:
3656:
3225:
2903:
2901:
2835:
2833:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2655:
1495:(CDM), which expanded the concept of
8591:Representative Concentration Pathway
7542:Tipping points in the climate system
7218:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
5403:from the original on August 14, 2020
5282:
5272:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
4574:
4502:"A Guide to Carbon Credit Exchanges"
4281:Crook, Jonathan (November 2, 2022).
3822:
3683:
3353:
3226:Crook, Jonathan (December 7, 2022).
2966:from the original on October 4, 2018
2687:
2685:
2651:
2649:
2615:
2613:
2531:
2529:
2357:are likely to be "phantom credits".
2277:Many projects that give credits for
2093:Destruction of industrial pollutants
2042:
1884:
1659:Paris Agreement Article 6 mechanisms
1467:In 1977, major amendments to the US
8362:Nationally determined contributions
8072:Individual action on climate change
7287:World energy supply and consumption
4669:
4650:Lee, Henry; Mayer, Abigail (2020).
4549:
3983:"Cap and Trade: Key Terms Glossary"
3644:TAR Climate Change 2001: Mitigation
2952:
2926:
2315:
2208:Approaches for increasing integrity
2008:
332:Economic analysis of climate change
279:World energy supply and consumption
143:Nationally Determined Contributions
114:projects. Further projects include
24:
9373:Renewable energy commercialization
8501:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
7128:
6092:Greenfield, Patrick (2023-05-30).
5361:"Haubenschild Dairy Farm Digester"
4985:
4913:
4786:
3949:Greenfield, Patrick (2023-01-18).
3027:
2898:
2830:
2718:
2692:Greenfield, Patrick (2023-08-24).
2658:"The Great Cash-for-Carbon Hustle"
2620:Greenfield, Patrick (2023-01-18).
2488:Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
2154:) which are tradeable securities.
1675:nationally determined contribution
1317:Renewable energy commercialization
357:Environmental full-cost accounting
25:
9473:
8428:Satellite temperature measurement
8033:forestry for carbon sequestration
7324:History of climate change science
6765:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
6286:Meredith, Sam (7 February 2022).
5702:from the original on 17 July 2024
5211:. UNEP Risoe Centre. 2010-02-01.
4659:. Harvard Kennedy School. Page 6.
4225:"The Clean Development Mechanism"
4174:"International Emissions Trading"
4109:Grubb, M. (July–September 2003).
3823:Böhm, Steffen (19 January 2022).
3572:LoPucki, Lynn M. (May 20, 2022).
3549:"The Clean Development Mechanism"
3127:S&P Global Commodity Insights
2682:
2646:
2610:
2526:
2504:
2022:Methane collection and combustion
1927:Verified Carbon Standard by Verra
1851:carbon markets (VCM) are largely
1620:
727:e). Carbon credits are a form of
122:projects, and the elimination of
9421:
9420:
8841:
8654:
8642:
8631:
8630:
8618:
8279:Climate Change Performance Index
6956:
6905:
6867:
6842:
6818:
6794:
6751:
6716:
6691:
6666:
6641:
6610:
6575:
6546:
6520:
6495:
6466:
6428:from the original on 14 May 2021
6407:
6395:from the original on 26 May 2021
6372:
6340:
6310:
6212:
6187:
6162:
6138:
6134:. Berlin: Öko-Institut. Page 11.
6118:
6085:
6072:
6046:Andreoni, Manuela (2022-05-20).
6039:
6015:
5980:
5956:
5930:
5894:
5869:
5837:
5743:
5634:
5605:
5575:
5548:
5524:
5498:
5469:
5444:
5415:
5379:
5353:
5251:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104800
4500:Wagner, Gustav C. (2022-06-08).
3800:"Carbon Offsetting Price Survey"
3473:Conniff, Richard (August 2009).
2456:
2442:
2428:
2414:
2400:
2238:Science Based Targets initiative
1945:
1670:Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
1599:Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
1429:Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
757:
665:
653:
641:
151:Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
8418:Instrumental temperature record
8369:Sustainable Development Goal 13
6997:Climate Change 2001: Mitigation
6484:from the original on 2014-02-16
5857:from the original on 2021-07-26
5825:from the original on 2020-10-02
5811:Myles, Allen (September 2020).
5652:from the original on 2020-05-15
5623:from the original on 2020-05-15
5594:from the original on 2019-01-29
5561:. Global Environment Facility.
5487:from the original on 2020-05-14
5458:from the original on 2020-05-15
5433:from the original on 2019-11-27
5329:
5276:
5265:from the original on 2021-04-16
5215:from the original on 2011-07-25
5120:
5102:Collias, Anthony (2020-11-17).
5095:
5075:
4959:
4934:
4894:
4869:
4844:
4811:
4761:
4733:
4715:
4663:
4643:
4618:
4594:
4568:
4543:
4518:
4493:
4472:
4447:
4419:
4395:
4373:
4324:
4300:
4274:
4217:
4190:
4166:
4142:
4036:
4011:
3874:
3841:
3816:
3792:
3767:
3743:
3704:
3650:
3628:
3617:from the original on 2021-01-21
3599:
3565:
3553:United Nations - Climate Change
3541:
3530:from the original on 2010-02-11
3516:
3491:
3466:
3446:
3421:
3397:
3373:
3323:
3299:
3274:
3253:"Claims Guidelines Version 2.0"
3245:
3192:
3167:
3141:
3112:
3003:
2978:
2941:from the original on 2019-01-17
2550:from the original on 2020-08-14
2384:Southern Cardamom National Park
2344:Concerns with forestry projects
1555:These programs also have other
565:Corporate social responsibility
27:Carbon dioxide reduction scheme
8486:Climate variability and change
7836:
7527:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
5964:"VCMI Claims Code of Practice"
5937:Peters, Adele (June 8, 2022).
5779:Murphy, Mathew (9 June 2008).
5313:"Use of international credits"
4308:"Climate Explainer: Article 6"
3684:Hourcade, J.-C.; et al.,
3034:Courtnell, Jane (2023-02-01).
2797:
2773:
2757:"Climate Explainer: Article 6"
2561:
2326:California Air Resources Board
2172:Criteria for assessing quality
2150:) receive carbon tickets (碳票;
2097:Industrial pollutants such as
2035:, in landfills, or from other
1967:Sustainable Developments Goals
13:
1:
9368:Renewable Energy Certificates
9328:Cost of electricity by source
9250:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
9126:High-voltage shore connection
8596:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
8131:Climate emergency declaration
4818:Holger, Dieter (2023-01-17).
4489:. IPCC. 2022. Fig.SPM.1, p.7.
4350:10.1080/20414005.2023.2174690
4331:Minas, Stephen (2022-07-03).
3848:Holger, Dieter (2023-01-17).
3453:Gillenwater, Michael (2012).
2937:. World Resources Institute.
2520:
1923:will become more attractive.
1827:NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe
1631:Certified Emission Reductions
1094:Socially responsible business
870:Bright green environmentalism
595:Socially responsible business
9383:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
9181:Transmission system operator
9141:Mains electricity by country
8718:Automatic generation control
8579:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
7805:Middle East and North Africa
7141:
6849:Bourke, India (2021-11-18).
6582:Astor, Maggie (2022-05-18).
6507:Center for American Progress
5845:"The SBTi Net Zero Criteria"
5613:"Our reforestation projects"
5582:Butler, Rhett (2012-07-27).
4454:Stebbing, Jen (2022-11-01).
4124:(3): 143–189. Archived from
3921:Astor, Maggie (2022-05-18).
3657:Bashmakov, I.; et al.,
3175:"Emissions Trading – UNFCCC"
3154:Center for American Progress
2157:
1538:
1421:Certified Emission Reduction
1345:Environmental pricing reform
126:in various settings such as
7:
9408:List of electricity sectors
9403:Electric energy consumption
9121:High-voltage direct current
9096:Electric power transmission
9086:Electric power distribution
8763:Energy return on investment
7308:
4793:ClimateTrade (2022-08-04).
2912:. New York: Penguin Books.
2814:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3149652/v1
2728:Masie, Desné (2023-08-03).
2656:Blake, Heidi (2023-10-16).
2393:
2162:
1860:projects. They include the
1811:Chicago Mercantile Exchange
1627:Clean Development Mechanism
1595:Clean Development Mechanism
1493:Clean Development Mechanism
1417:Verified Emission Reduction
1099:Social return on investment
600:Sustainability organization
362:Environmental impact design
164:
134:have received criticism as
10:
9478:
9323:Carbon offsets and credits
9041:Three-phase electric power
8413:Global surface temperature
8304:Popular culture depictions
8216:Ecosystem-based adaptation
7946:Carbon capture and storage
7868:Carbon offsets and credits
7189:
6984:
6779:10.1016/j.tree.2023.08.012
6474:"FAQs | The Gold Standard"
6246:10.1038/s41558-022-01379-5
4550:Lam, Austin (2022-12-03).
4480:"Summary for Policymakers"
4337:Transnational Legal Theory
4071:"California Cap and Trade"
4018:US EPA, OAR (2016-03-16).
3011:"What is a Carbon Offset?"
2908:Hawken, Paul, ed. (2021).
2511:Timeline of carbon offsets
1949:
1930:
1874:carbon capture and storage
1785:
1662:
1570:
1462:
1084:Pollution haven hypothesis
1079:Natural resource economics
1064:High-performance buildings
382:High-performance buildings
302:Carbon offsets and credits
219:Carbon capture and storage
120:carbon capture and storage
29:
9416:
9391:
9378:Renewable Energy Payments
9301:
9238:
9200:
9054:
8991:
8902:
8867:Fossil fuel power station
8857:
8850:
8839:
8710:
8625:Climate change portal
8612:
8551:
8518:Extreme event attribution
8436:
8405:
8401:
8390:
8334:
8269:
8191:
8141:School Strike for Climate
8113:
8109:
8095:
8064:
8020:Climate-smart agriculture
7981:
7938:
7848:
7844:
7831:
7755:
7618:
7565:
7408:
7404:
7391:
7314:
7303:
7232:
7201:
7197:
7184:
7167:Climate change adaptation
7162:Climate change mitigation
7157:Effects of climate change
7147:
7136:
7053:10.1596/978-1-4648-1895-0
5396:. Ecosystem Marketplace.
5030:10.1596/978-1-4648-1895-0
4971:University College London
4602:"Offset Project Entities"
3498:Martin, Laura J. (2022).
3307:"Avoiding Overestimation"
2843:Christian Science Monitor
2252:Limitations and drawbacks
1910:be open to criticisms of
1819:Intercontinental Exchange
1769:
1567:Emissions trading systems
1478:Acid Rain Trading Program
1471:created one of the first
1449:retire the carbon credits
1435:" in order to discourage
847:Climate change mitigation
580:Effects of climate change
522:Climate-smart agriculture
472:Sustainability accounting
452:Climate change litigation
196:Co-benefits of mitigation
182:Climate change mitigation
81:carbon dioxide-equivalent
9457:Greenhouse gas emissions
9161:Single-wire earth return
9101:Electrical busbar system
8758:Energy demand management
8528:Global warming potential
8335:International agreements
7982:Preserving and enhancing
7426:Arctic methane emissions
7348:Years in climate change
7255:Greenhouse gas emissions
7152:Causes of climate change
6931:10.3167/IJSQ.2022.120105
5151:"Carbon Offset Projects"
5091:. Climate Focus. Page 5.
3200:"Carbon Offset Programs"
3080:10.3167/IJSQ.2022.120105
2935:"Bottom Line on Offsets"
2595:10.3389/ffgc.2023.958879
2355:Verified Carbon Standard
2180:Baseline and Measurement
2055:building in Chicago Loop
2053:Chicago Climate Exchange
1973:Types of offset projects
1933:Verified Carbon Standard
1862:Verified Carbon Standard
1815:European Energy Exchange
1800:greenhouse gas emissions
1745:
1573:Carbon emissions trading
1497:carbon emissions trading
1433:mitigation contributions
1287:Environmental technology
930:Ecological modernization
885:Corporate sustainability
570:Corporate sustainability
477:Sustainability reporting
429:Verified Carbon Standard
347:Environmental accounting
201:Greenhouse gas emissions
65:greenhouse gas emissions
44:projects, such as these
9292:Residual-current device
9282:Power system protection
9272:Generator interlock kit
8559:Climate change scenario
8211:Disaster risk reduction
7863:Carbon emission trading
7673:U.S. insurance industry
7653:Civilizational collapse
7500:sea surface temperature
7055:(inactive 2024-09-12).
7002:Third Assessment Report
6048:"Spot the greenwashing"
5032:(inactive 2024-09-12).
2408:Renewable energy portal
1589:Regulations and schemes
1360:Green industrial policy
1074:Marginal abatement cost
997:Fiscal environmentalism
814:Personal carbon trading
784:Carbon fee and dividend
779:Carbon emission trading
751:Environmental economics
441:Frameworks and treaties
32:personal carbon trading
9076:Distributed generation
8748:Electric power quality
8552:Research and modelling
8236:Nature-based solutions
8056:Nature-based solutions
7998:Carbon dioxide removal
7915:Fossil fuel divestment
7900:Climate risk insurance
7810:Small island countries
7431:Arctic sea ice decline
6890:10.1093/biosci/biaa094
4431:Emissions with CORSIA"
4150:"Joint Implementation"
3716:The Nature Conservancy
2244:Removal Certificates.
2056:
1557:positive externalities
1297:Fossil fuel divestment
532:Nature-based solutions
507:Carbon dioxide removal
397:Public interest design
367:Fossil fuel divestment
322:Climate risk insurance
249:Low-carbon electricity
234:Fossil fuel divestment
116:carbon dioxide removal
53:
9348:Fossil fuel phase-out
9116:Electricity retailing
9111:Electrical substation
9091:Electric power system
8513:Earth's energy budget
8396:Background and theory
8284:Climate crisis (term)
7956:Fossil fuel phase-out
7850:Economics and finance
7815:by individual country
7757:By country and region
7732:Security and conflict
7727:Psychological impacts
7416:Abrupt climate change
7339:Charles David Keeling
7172:By country and region
6744:10.1093/biosci/biv118
6225:Nature Climate Change
6150:MIT Technology Review
5987:Smith, Kevin (2007).
4460:Respira International
3755:Ecosystem Marketplace
3040:Green Business Bureau
2808:(Report). In Review.
2473:African carbon market
2436:Global warming portal
2220:across the voluntary
2050:
1991:carbon-negative fuels
1864:issued by Verra, the
1650:assigned amount units
1355:Free public transport
1302:Fossil fuel phase-out
824:Social cost of carbon
467:Social responsibility
239:Fossil fuel phase-out
40:
8704:Electricity delivery
8342:Glasgow Climate Pact
8003:Carbon sequestration
7578:Mass mortality event
7047:. World Bank. 2022.
6559:Into the Atmosphere"
6478:www.goldstandard.org
6385:Into the Atmosphere"
6322:The Associated Press
6199:World Economic Forum
5317:climate.ec.europa.eu
5024:. World Bank. 2022.
3905:Into the Atmosphere"
3779:www.goldstandard.org
3479:Smithsonian Magazine
3433:www.goldstandard.org
2279:carbon sequestration
2083:industrial processes
1802:in 2019 were 59 GtCO
1643:Joint Implementation
1582:GHG emission trading
1350:Environmental tariff
975:full-cost accounting
940:Efficient energy use
925:Ecological footprint
920:Ecological economics
512:Carbon sequestration
352:Environmental design
244:Fossil fuel vehicles
132:carbon sequestration
9313:Availability factor
9265:Sulfur hexafluoride
9146:Overhead power line
9046:Virtual power plant
9021:Induction generator
8974:Sustainable biofuel
8783:Home energy storage
8773:Grid energy storage
8738:Droop speed control
8481:Climate sensitivity
8256:The Adaptation Fund
7712:Infectious diseases
7619:Social and economic
7018:on 27 February 2017
6806:Carbon Offset Guide
6237:2022NatCC..12..539B
5883:. 26 September 2022
5684:. Berlin, Germany:
5536:Carbon Offset Guide
5427:Scientific American
5341:Carbon Offset Guide
5155:Carbon Offset Guide
5108:The Treepoints Blog
4824:Wall Street Journal
4606:Carbon Offset Guide
4154:Carbon Offset Guide
3854:Wall Street Journal
3611:Carbon Offset Guide
3335:Carbon Offset Guide
3311:Carbon Offset Guide
3262:. September 6, 2022
3204:Carbon Offset Guide
3015:Carbon Offset Guide
2986:"What are Offsets?"
2823:20.500.11850/620307
2586:2023FrFGC...6.8879H
2338:perverse incentives
1853:unregulated markets
1766:project land area.
1681:
1533:sulfur hexafluoride
1282:Carbon-neutral fuel
945:Energy conservation
590:Ethical consumerism
585:Energy conservation
297:Building insulation
9187:Transmission tower
8798:Nameplate capacity
8052:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
8024:Forest management
8008:Direct air capture
7973:Sustainable energy
7930:Net zero emissions
7925:Low-carbon economy
7920:Green Climate Fund
7707:Indigenous peoples
7610:Plant biodiversity
7398:Effects and issues
6968:Human Rights Watch
6589:The New York Times
6052:The New York Times
5532:"Industrial Gases"
5512:on 18 October 2012
5337:"Renewable Energy"
4858:. 9 September 2022
4775:. January 29, 2021
4699:. United Kingdom.
3990:Climate Change 101
3928:The New York Times
3696:on 11 January 2012
2891:2017-06-25 at the
2884:The New York Times
2878:2008-12-17 at the
2865:2023-01-20 at the
2851:2017-05-24 at the
2464:Environment portal
2376:Human Rights Watch
2265:noted in his 2015
2099:hydrofluorocarbons
2057:
2033:anaerobic digester
1879:net zero emissions
1813:, CTX Global, the
1680:
1639:change in land use
1529:hydrofluorocarbons
1482:US Clean Water Act
1322:Sustainable energy
1307:Low-carbon economy
1146:consumer behaviour
610:Consumer behaviour
560:Conscious business
517:Direct air capture
392:Low-carbon economy
269:Sustainable energy
108:hydroelectric dams
54:
9434:
9433:
9338:Environmental tax
9218:Cascading failure
8987:
8986:
8823:Utility frequency
8670:
8669:
8608:
8607:
8604:
8603:
8543:Radiative forcing
8386:
8385:
8382:
8381:
8206:Adaptive capacity
8091:
8090:
8087:
8086:
7951:Energy transition
7827:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7547:Tropical cyclones
7473:Urban heat island
7387:
7386:
7299:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7260:Carbon accounting
7214:Greenhouse effect
7180:
7179:
7011:978-0-521-80769-2
6772:(12): 1109–1111.
6737:(10): 1011–1018.
6324:. 13 April 2022.
6176:. 4 November 2021
6000:978-90-71007-18-7
5881:www.whitecase.com
5790:. The Age Company
5695:978-1-916682-42-9
5568:978-1-939339-47-8
3700:IPCC TAR WG3 2001
3673:IPCC TAR WG3 2001
3509:978-0-674-97942-0
2919:978-0-14-313697-2
2785:gspp.berkeley.edu
2351:rainforest offset
2267:encyclical letter
2087:individual action
2043:Energy efficiency
1885:Determining value
1727:
1726:
1578:Emissions trading
1473:tradable emission
1437:carbon neutrality
1413:
1412:
1277:Carbon neutrality
1266:2000-watt society
1260:Energy transition
1171:development goals
1089:Social accounting
809:Environmental tax
804:Emissions trading
709:
708:
342:Emissions trading
229:Energy transition
124:methane emissions
112:energy efficiency
94:projects such as
57:Carbon offsetting
16:(Redirected from
9469:
9452:Renewable energy
9424:
9423:
9333:Energy subsidies
9287:Protective relay
9228:Rolling blackout
8855:
8854:
8845:
8813:Power-flow study
8753:Electrical fault
8697:
8690:
8683:
8674:
8673:
8658:
8657:
8646:
8645:
8634:
8633:
8623:
8622:
8621:
8586:Paleoclimatology
8403:
8402:
8392:
8391:
8153:Ecological grief
8136:Climate movement
8111:
8110:
8097:
8096:
8077:Plant-based diet
7968:Renewable energy
7846:
7845:
7833:
7832:
7668:Economic impacts
7600:Invasive species
7456:Coastal flooding
7406:
7405:
7393:
7392:
7329:Svante Arrhenius
7305:
7304:
7275:from agriculture
7265:Carbon footprint
7250:Greenhouse gases
7199:
7198:
7186:
7185:
7138:
7137:
7123:
7116:
7109:
7100:
7099:
7095:
7089:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7033:
7027:
7019:
7014:, archived from
6979:
6978:
6976:
6975:
6960:
6954:
6953:
6943:
6933:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6892:
6871:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6861:
6846:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6822:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6798:
6792:
6791:
6781:
6755:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6720:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6695:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6685:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6653:www.greenbiz.com
6645:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6634:
6614:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6604:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6550:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6509:. 7 October 2022
6499:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6470:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6453:
6444:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6433:
6421:The Boston Globe
6411:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6376:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6356:. 3 April 2022.
6344:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6258:
6248:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6191:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6089:
6083:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6027:www.spglobal.com
6019:
6013:
6012:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5898:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5873:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5856:
5849:
5841:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5824:
5817:
5808:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5785:
5776:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5756:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5730:
5721:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5683:
5672:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5508:. Archived from
5502:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5402:
5391:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5363:. Archived from
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5309:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5289:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5205:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5182:
5174:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5147:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5066:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
4992:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4920:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4856:www.abatable.com
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4745:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4670:Collins, Leigh.
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4581:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4484:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4352:
4343:(2–3): 287–320.
4328:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4261:
4252:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4204:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4130:
4115:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4067:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3998:
3987:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3829:The Conversation
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3804:ecobusinesslinks
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3708:
3702:
3697:
3692:, archived from
3681:
3675:
3670:
3669:on 5 August 2009
3665:, archived from
3654:
3648:
3647:
3641:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3360:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3257:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3124:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3091:
3059:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2905:
2896:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2653:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2542:
2533:
2478:Cap and dividend
2466:
2461:
2460:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2367:invasive species
2316:Oversight issues
2306:renewable energy
2103:perfluorocarbons
2061:carbon intensity
2037:industrial waste
2009:Renewable energy
2004:
1983:renewable energy
1682:
1679:
1635:clean technology
1525:perfluorocarbons
1405:
1398:
1391:
1271:Alternative fuel
1161:design standards
1069:Impact investing
875:Circular economy
842:Carbon footprint
761:
738:
737:
721:greenhouse gases
717:greenhouse gases
701:
694:
687:
669:
668:
657:
656:
650:
646:
645:
644:
387:Impact investing
259:Renewable energy
169:
168:
104:biogas digesters
92:renewable energy
42:Renewable energy
21:
9477:
9476:
9472:
9471:
9470:
9468:
9467:
9466:
9437:
9436:
9435:
9430:
9412:
9396:
9394:
9387:
9318:Capacity factor
9306:
9304:
9297:
9277:Numerical relay
9255:Circuit breaker
9243:
9241:
9234:
9196:
9136:Load management
9106:Electrical grid
9071:Demand response
9064:
9059:
9050:
9031:Microgeneration
8983:
8898:
8846:
8837:
8833:Vehicle-to-grid
8706:
8701:
8671:
8666:
8619:
8617:
8600:
8547:
8538:Orbital forcing
8432:
8397:
8378:
8352:Paris Agreement
8330:
8326:Warming stripes
8265:
8231:Managed retreat
8226:Loss and damage
8187:
8121:Business action
8105:
8083:
8060:
7983:
7977:
7934:
7895:Climate finance
7840:
7819:
7751:
7614:
7590:Extinction risk
7566:Flora and fauna
7561:
7522:Permafrost thaw
7517:Ozone depletion
7446:Extreme weather
7400:
7383:
7310:
7291:
7228:
7193:
7176:
7143:
7132:
7127:
7083:
7082:
7075:
7073:
7071:
7021:
7020:
7012:
6987:
6982:
6973:
6971:
6962:
6961:
6957:
6910:
6906:
6872:
6868:
6859:
6857:
6847:
6843:
6834:
6832:
6830:www.science.org
6824:
6823:
6819:
6810:
6808:
6800:
6799:
6795:
6756:
6752:
6721:
6717:
6708:
6706:
6703:Popular Science
6697:
6696:
6692:
6683:
6681:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6658:
6656:
6647:
6646:
6642:
6632:
6630:
6615:
6611:
6602:
6600:
6580:
6576:
6567:
6565:
6558:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6537:
6535:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6512:
6510:
6501:
6500:
6496:
6487:
6485:
6472:
6471:
6467:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6441:
6431:
6429:
6412:
6408:
6398:
6396:
6384:
6377:
6373:
6363:
6361:
6346:
6345:
6341:
6331:
6329:
6316:
6315:
6311:
6301:
6299:
6284:
6280:
6217:
6213:
6204:
6202:
6201:. 22 April 2021
6193:
6192:
6188:
6179:
6177:
6168:
6167:
6163:
6154:
6152:
6144:
6143:
6139:
6131:
6123:
6119:
6110:
6108:
6090:
6086:
6077:
6073:
6064:
6062:
6044:
6040:
6031:
6029:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6001:
5985:
5981:
5972:
5970:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5947:
5945:
5935:
5931:
5922:
5920:
5899:
5895:
5886:
5884:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5815:
5809:
5802:
5793:
5791:
5783:
5777:
5770:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5748:
5744:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5715:
5705:
5703:
5696:
5688:. p. 124.
5681:
5673:
5664:
5655:
5653:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5626:
5624:
5619:. 14 May 2019.
5611:
5610:
5606:
5597:
5595:
5584:"Deforestation"
5580:
5576:
5569:
5553:
5549:
5540:
5538:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5515:
5513:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5490:
5488:
5481:carboncodex.app
5475:
5474:
5470:
5461:
5459:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5436:
5434:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5389:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5370:
5368:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5345:
5343:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5321:
5319:
5311:
5310:
5303:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5281:
5277:
5268:
5266:
5239:Land Use Policy
5231:
5227:
5218:
5216:
5207:
5206:
5199:
5189:
5187:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5168:
5159:
5157:
5149:
5148:
5141:
5133:
5125:
5121:
5112:
5110:
5100:
5096:
5088:
5080:
5076:
5060:
5059:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5004:
5002:
4996:"Methodologies"
4994:
4993:
4986:
4976:
4974:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4951:
4949:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4927:
4921:
4914:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4886:
4884:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4861:
4859:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4836:
4834:
4816:
4812:
4803:
4801:
4791:
4787:
4778:
4776:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4752:
4750:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4726:
4720:
4716:
4706:
4704:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4680:
4678:
4668:
4664:
4656:
4648:
4644:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4619:
4610:
4608:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4569:
4560:
4558:
4548:
4544:
4535:
4533:
4532:. 29 March 2022
4524:
4523:
4519:
4510:
4508:
4506:CarbonMarketCap
4498:
4494:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4464:
4462:
4452:
4448:
4439:
4437:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4411:
4409:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4387:
4385:
4378:
4374:
4329:
4325:
4316:
4314:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4291:
4289:
4279:
4275:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4242:
4233:
4231:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4182:
4180:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4158:
4156:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4118:World Economics
4113:
4107:
4103:
4097:World Bank 2022
4095:
4088:
4079:
4077:
4069:
4068:
4061:
4052:
4050:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4028:
4026:
4016:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3967:
3965:
3941:
3939:
3913:
3911:
3904:
3891:
3889:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3866:
3864:
3846:
3842:
3833:
3831:
3821:
3817:
3808:
3806:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3784:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3759:
3757:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3738:World Bank 2022
3736:
3729:
3720:
3718:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3682:
3678:
3655:
3651:
3639:
3633:
3629:
3620:
3618:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3570:
3566:
3557:
3555:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3533:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3510:
3496:
3492:
3483:
3481:
3471:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3438:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3413:
3411:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3389:
3387:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3348:
3339:
3337:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3315:
3313:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3291:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3236:
3234:
3224:
3217:
3208:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3183:
3181:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3060:
3053:
3044:
3042:
3032:
3028:
3019:
3017:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2995:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2960:"Carbon offset"
2958:
2957:
2953:
2944:
2942:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2906:
2899:
2893:Wayback Machine
2882:
2880:Wayback Machine
2869:
2867:Wayback Machine
2855:
2853:Wayback Machine
2840:
2838:
2831:
2802:
2798:
2789:
2787:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2765:
2763:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2738:
2736:
2726:
2719:
2710:
2708:
2690:
2683:
2674:
2672:
2654:
2647:
2638:
2636:
2618:
2611:
2566:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2527:
2523:
2507:
2502:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2353:credits of the
2346:
2318:
2254:
2243:
2210:
2197:Double counting
2174:
2165:
2160:
2132:Soil management
2120:
2112:
2095:
2079:Fuel efficiency
2045:
2024:
2011:
2002:
1998:
1975:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1901:
1892:
1887:
1846:
1824:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1772:
1748:
1667:
1661:
1623:
1591:
1575:
1569:
1541:
1522:
1510:
1465:
1409:
1380:
1379:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1238:Thermoeconomics
992:Ethical banking
880:Climate finance
865:
857:
856:
837:
829:
828:
769:
726:
705:
642:
640:
639:
632:
631:
550:
549:Related content
542:
541:
497:
487:
486:
462:Paris Agreement
457:Ethical banking
447:Business ethics
442:
434:
433:
317:Climate finance
292:
284:
283:
214:
167:
147:Paris Agreement
86:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9475:
9465:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9447:Carbon finance
9432:
9431:
9429:
9428:
9417:
9414:
9413:
9411:
9410:
9405:
9399:
9397:
9393:Statistics and
9392:
9389:
9388:
9386:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9343:Feed-in tariff
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9309:
9307:
9302:
9299:
9298:
9296:
9295:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9268:
9267:
9262:
9252:
9246:
9244:
9239:
9236:
9235:
9233:
9232:
9231:
9230:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9204:
9202:
9198:
9197:
9195:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9131:Interconnector
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9081:Dynamic demand
9078:
9073:
9067:
9065:
9055:
9052:
9051:
9049:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9011:Combined cycle
9008:
9003:
8997:
8995:
8989:
8988:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8965:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8908:
8906:
8900:
8899:
8897:
8896:
8891:
8890:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8863:
8861:
8852:
8848:
8847:
8840:
8838:
8836:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8788:Load-following
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8743:Electric power
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8714:
8712:
8708:
8707:
8700:
8699:
8692:
8685:
8677:
8668:
8667:
8665:
8664:
8652:
8640:
8628:
8613:
8610:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8599:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8582:
8581:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8555:
8553:
8549:
8548:
8546:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8504:
8503:
8493:
8491:Cloud feedback
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8472:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8446:
8440:
8438:
8434:
8433:
8431:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8409:
8407:
8399:
8398:
8388:
8387:
8384:
8383:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8365:
8364:
8359:
8349:
8347:Kyoto Protocol
8344:
8338:
8336:
8332:
8331:
8329:
8328:
8323:
8322:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8301:
8299:Media coverage
8296:
8291:
8289:Climate spiral
8286:
8281:
8275:
8273:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8197:
8195:
8189:
8188:
8186:
8185:
8180:
8178:Public opinion
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8144:
8143:
8133:
8128:
8126:Climate action
8123:
8117:
8115:
8107:
8106:
8093:
8092:
8089:
8088:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8081:
8080:
8079:
8068:
8066:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8058:
8053:
8047:
8046:
8045:
8040:
8038:REDD and REDD+
8035:
8030:
8022:
8017:
8015:Carbon farming
8012:
8011:
8010:
8005:
7995:
7989:
7987:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7959:
7958:
7948:
7942:
7940:
7936:
7935:
7933:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7876:
7875:
7865:
7860:
7854:
7852:
7842:
7841:
7829:
7828:
7825:
7824:
7821:
7820:
7818:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7761:
7759:
7753:
7752:
7750:
7749:
7747:Water security
7744:
7742:Water scarcity
7739:
7737:Urban flooding
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7698:
7697:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7676:
7675:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7633:
7622:
7620:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7595:Forest dieback
7592:
7587:
7582:
7581:
7580:
7569:
7567:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7532:Sea level rise
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7513:
7512:
7507:
7505:stratification
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7477:
7476:
7475:
7470:
7460:
7459:
7458:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7412:
7410:
7402:
7401:
7389:
7388:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7380:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7301:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7293:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7284:
7283:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7270:Carbon leakage
7267:
7262:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7236:
7234:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7221:
7211:
7209:Climate system
7205:
7203:
7195:
7194:
7182:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7134:
7133:
7130:Climate change
7126:
7125:
7118:
7111:
7103:
7097:
7096:
7069:
7039:
7010:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6980:
6955:
6904:
6866:
6841:
6817:
6793:
6750:
6715:
6690:
6665:
6655:. 19 June 2009
6640:
6609:
6574:
6556:
6545:
6519:
6494:
6465:
6439:
6406:
6382:
6371:
6339:
6309:
6278:
6231:(6): 539–546.
6211:
6186:
6161:
6137:
6117:
6084:
6078:Pope Francis,
6071:
6038:
6014:
5999:
5979:
5955:
5929:
5904:(2023-01-20).
5893:
5868:
5836:
5800:
5784:(fee required)
5768:
5742:
5713:
5694:
5662:
5646:My Carbon Plan
5633:
5617:Reforestaction
5604:
5574:
5567:
5547:
5523:
5497:
5468:
5443:
5414:
5378:
5352:
5328:
5301:
5275:
5225:
5197:
5166:
5139:
5119:
5094:
5074:
5046:
5011:
4984:
4958:
4933:
4912:
4893:
4868:
4843:
4810:
4785:
4760:
4732:
4714:
4688:
4662:
4642:
4617:
4593:
4567:
4542:
4517:
4492:
4471:
4446:
4428:
4427:"Offsetting CO
4418:
4394:
4372:
4323:
4299:
4273:
4240:
4216:
4189:
4165:
4141:
4101:
4086:
4059:
4035:
4010:
3974:
3902:
3873:
3840:
3815:
3791:
3781:. 14 June 2019
3766:
3742:
3727:
3703:
3676:
3649:
3646:. p. 660.
3627:
3598:
3564:
3540:
3515:
3508:
3490:
3465:
3445:
3435:. 12 June 2016
3420:
3409:ww2.arb.ca.gov
3396:
3385:cdm.unfccc.int
3372:
3346:
3322:
3298:
3273:
3244:
3215:
3191:
3179:United Nations
3166:
3140:
3111:
3051:
3026:
3002:
2977:
2951:
2925:
2918:
2897:
2829:
2796:
2772:
2745:
2717:
2681:
2662:The New Yorker
2645:
2609:
2560:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2506:
2505:External links
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2453:
2450:Ecology portal
2439:
2425:
2411:
2395:
2392:
2345:
2342:
2317:
2314:
2302:carbon capture
2286:Delta Airlines
2253:
2250:
2241:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2148:rural villages
2119:
2116:
2110:
2105:(PFCs) have a
2094:
2091:
2044:
2041:
2023:
2020:
2010:
2007:
2000:
1987:carbon-neutral
1974:
1971:
1950:Main article:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1931:Main article:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1899:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1845:
1842:
1822:
1803:
1798:e, and global
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1771:
1768:
1747:
1744:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1663:Main article:
1660:
1657:
1637:or beneficial
1622:
1621:Kyoto Protocol
1619:
1590:
1587:
1571:Main article:
1568:
1565:
1540:
1537:
1520:
1508:
1505:carbon dioxide
1501:climate change
1489:Kyoto Protocol
1464:
1461:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:Rail subsidies
1372:
1370:Green politics
1367:
1365:Green New Deal
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1340:Carbon leakage
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1292:Feed-in tariff
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:Value of Earth
1245:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1104:Sustainability
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
999:
994:
989:
988:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
910:Eco-innovation
907:
902:
900:Eco-capitalism
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
866:
863:
862:
859:
858:
855:
854:
849:
844:
838:
836:Climate change
835:
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
789:Carbon finance
786:
781:
776:
770:
767:
766:
763:
762:
754:
753:
747:
746:
729:carbon pricing
724:
713:carbon dioxide
707:
706:
704:
703:
696:
689:
681:
678:
677:
676:
675:
663:
651:
634:
633:
630:
629:
628:
627:
622:
617:
612:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
555:Climate action
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
498:
493:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
432:
431:
426:
425:
424:
419:
414:
409:
402:Sustainability
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
372:Green building
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
327:Eco-capitalism
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
224:Coal phase-out
221:
215:
210:
209:
206:
205:
204:
203:
198:
193:
191:Climate change
185:
184:
178:
177:
166:
163:
155:carbon markets
100:biomass energy
84:
77:carbon dioxide
61:carbon trading
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9474:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9444:
9442:
9427:
9419:
9418:
9415:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9400:
9398:
9390:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9363:Pigouvian tax
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9310:
9308:
9300:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9260:Earth-leakage
9258:
9257:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9247:
9245:
9237:
9229:
9226:
9225:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9205:
9203:
9201:Failure modes
9199:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9151:Power station
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9036:Rankine cycle
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9016:Cooling tower
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8998:
8996:
8994:
8990:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8909:
8907:
8905:
8901:
8895:
8892:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8869:
8868:
8865:
8864:
8862:
8860:
8859:Non-renewable
8856:
8853:
8849:
8844:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8778:Grid strength
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8733:Demand factor
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8698:
8693:
8691:
8686:
8684:
8679:
8678:
8675:
8663:
8662:
8653:
8651:
8650:
8641:
8639:
8638:
8629:
8627:
8626:
8615:
8614:
8611:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8580:
8577:
8576:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8564:Climate model
8562:
8560:
8557:
8556:
8554:
8550:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8502:
8499:
8498:
8497:
8496:Cloud forcing
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8435:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8408:
8404:
8400:
8393:
8389:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8339:
8337:
8333:
8327:
8324:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8306:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8272:
8271:Communication
8268:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8251:Vulnerability
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8221:Flood control
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8198:
8196:
8194:
8190:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8142:
8139:
8138:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8118:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8098:
8094:
8078:
8075:
8074:
8073:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8063:
8057:
8054:
8051:
8048:
8044:
8043:reforestation
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8028:afforestation
8026:
8025:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7986:
7980:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7963:Nuclear power
7961:
7957:
7954:
7953:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7937:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7858:Carbon budget
7856:
7855:
7853:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7834:
7830:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7758:
7754:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7696:
7695:Mental health
7693:
7692:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7637:
7636:United States
7634:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7621:
7617:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7579:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7564:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7490:deoxygenation
7488:
7486:
7485:acidification
7483:
7482:
7481:
7478:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7464:
7461:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7394:
7390:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7313:
7306:
7302:
7288:
7285:
7281:
7280:from wetlands
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7240:Deforestation
7238:
7237:
7235:
7231:
7225:
7222:
7219:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7187:
7183:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7149:
7146:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7124:
7119:
7117:
7112:
7110:
7105:
7104:
7101:
7093:
7087:
7072:
7070:9781464818950
7066:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7045:
7040:
7037:
7036:0-521-01502-2
7031:
7025:
7017:
7013:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6998:
6993:
6989:
6988:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6951:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6908:
6900:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6870:
6856:
6855:New Statesman
6852:
6845:
6831:
6827:
6821:
6807:
6803:
6797:
6789:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6766:
6761:
6754:
6745:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6731:
6726:
6719:
6704:
6700:
6694:
6679:
6675:
6669:
6654:
6650:
6644:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6613:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6590:
6585:
6578:
6564:
6560:
6549:
6533:
6529:
6523:
6508:
6504:
6498:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6469:
6450:
6443:
6427:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6410:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6375:
6359:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6343:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6313:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6282:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6215:
6200:
6196:
6190:
6175:
6171:
6165:
6151:
6147:
6141:
6130:
6129:
6121:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6088:
6081:
6075:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6042:
6028:
6024:
6018:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5983:
5969:
5965:
5959:
5944:
5940:
5933:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5902:Harvey, Fiona
5897:
5882:
5878:
5872:
5853:
5846:
5840:
5821:
5814:
5807:
5805:
5789:
5782:
5775:
5773:
5753:
5746:
5727:
5720:
5718:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5687:
5680:
5679:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5637:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5608:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5578:
5570:
5564:
5560:
5559:
5551:
5537:
5533:
5527:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5472:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5399:
5395:
5394:Forest Trends
5388:
5382:
5367:on 2015-07-30
5366:
5362:
5356:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5318:
5314:
5308:
5306:
5286:
5279:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5214:
5210:
5204:
5202:
5186:
5185:Second Nature
5179:
5173:
5171:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5144:
5132:
5131:
5123:
5109:
5105:
5098:
5087:
5086:
5078:
5070:
5064:
5049:
5047:9781464818950
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5015:
5001:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4973:. 4 June 2021
4972:
4968:
4962:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4926:
4919:
4917:
4905:
4904:
4897:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4814:
4800:
4796:
4789:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4749:
4742:
4736:
4725:
4718:
4702:
4698:
4692:
4677:
4673:
4666:
4655:
4654:
4646:
4628:
4621:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4578:
4571:
4557:
4553:
4546:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4488:
4481:
4475:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4436:
4432:
4422:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4383:
4376:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4258:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4201:
4200:
4193:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4131:on 2011-07-17
4127:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4093:
4091:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4025:
4021:
4014:
3999:on 2017-10-05
3995:
3991:
3984:
3978:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3910:
3906:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3739:
3734:
3732:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3458:
3457:
3449:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3357:
3350:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3261:
3260:Gold Standard
3254:
3248:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3220:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3128:
3121:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3056:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2992:on 2019-11-21
2991:
2987:
2981:
2970:September 24,
2965:
2961:
2955:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2921:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2836:
2834:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2722:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2686:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2614:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:Cap and Share
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2422:Energy portal
2417:
2412:
2409:
2403:
2398:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2378:found that a
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2322:additionality
2313:
2311:
2307:
2304:– as well as
2303:
2299:
2298:reforestation
2294:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2222:carbon market
2219:
2218:best practice
2215:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:Additionality
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2019:
2017:
2016:additionality
2006:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:sequestration
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:afforestation
1959:
1958:Gold Standard
1953:
1946:Gold Standard
1943:
1934:
1924:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1882:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1866:Gold Standard
1863:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1783:
1777:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1743:
1739:
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774:Carbon credit
772:
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575:Disinvestment
573:
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537:Reforestation
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74:
73:offset credit
70:
69:carbon credit
66:
62:
58:
51:
47:
46:wind turbines
43:
39:
33:
19:
9462:Greenwashing
9358:Net metering
9322:
9305:and policies
9223:Power outage
9192:Utility pole
9156:Pumped hydro
9062:distribution
9057:Transmission
9006:Cogeneration
8808:Power factor
8659:
8647:
8635:
8616:
8449:Carbon cycle
8406:Measurements
8101:Society and
7985:carbon sinks
7890:Climate debt
7880:Carbon price
7867:
7702:Human rights
7537:Season creep
7495:heat content
7421:Anoxic event
7334:James Hansen
7074:. Retrieved
7043:
7016:the original
6996:
6992:IPCC TAR WG3
6972:. Retrieved
6970:. 2024-02-28
6967:
6958:
6941:10072/422013
6921:
6917:
6907:
6880:
6869:
6858:. Retrieved
6854:
6844:
6833:. Retrieved
6829:
6820:
6809:. Retrieved
6805:
6796:
6769:
6763:
6753:
6734:
6728:
6718:
6707:. Retrieved
6705:. 2020-05-29
6702:
6693:
6682:. Retrieved
6680:. 2021-07-05
6677:
6668:
6657:. Retrieved
6652:
6643:
6631:. Retrieved
6623:The Guardian
6622:
6612:
6601:. Retrieved
6587:
6577:
6566:. Retrieved
6562:
6548:
6536:. Retrieved
6534:. 2021-05-04
6532:the Guardian
6531:
6522:
6511:. Retrieved
6506:
6497:
6486:. Retrieved
6477:
6468:
6458:December 17,
6456:. Retrieved
6442:
6430:. Retrieved
6419:
6409:
6397:. Retrieved
6388:
6374:
6362:. Retrieved
6353:The Guardian
6351:
6342:
6330:. Retrieved
6321:
6312:
6300:. Retrieved
6291:
6281:
6228:
6224:
6214:
6203:. Retrieved
6198:
6189:
6178:. Retrieved
6173:
6164:
6153:. Retrieved
6149:
6140:
6127:
6120:
6109:. Retrieved
6098:The Guardian
6097:
6087:
6074:
6063:. Retrieved
6051:
6041:
6030:. Retrieved
6026:
6017:
5989:
5982:
5971:. Retrieved
5967:
5958:
5946:. Retrieved
5943:Fast Company
5942:
5932:
5921:. Retrieved
5910:The Guardian
5909:
5896:
5885:. Retrieved
5880:
5871:
5859:. Retrieved
5839:
5827:. Retrieved
5792:. Retrieved
5787:
5761:December 17,
5759:. Retrieved
5745:
5735:December 17,
5733:. Retrieved
5704:. Retrieved
5677:
5654:. Retrieved
5645:
5636:
5625:. Retrieved
5616:
5607:
5596:. Retrieved
5587:
5577:
5557:
5550:
5539:. Retrieved
5535:
5526:
5514:. Retrieved
5510:the original
5500:
5489:. Retrieved
5480:
5471:
5460:. Retrieved
5446:
5435:. Retrieved
5426:
5417:
5405:. Retrieved
5393:
5381:
5369:. Retrieved
5365:the original
5355:
5344:. Retrieved
5340:
5331:
5320:. Retrieved
5316:
5294:December 20,
5292:. Retrieved
5278:
5267:. Retrieved
5242:
5238:
5228:
5217:. Retrieved
5188:. Retrieved
5184:
5158:. Retrieved
5154:
5129:
5122:
5111:. Retrieved
5107:
5097:
5084:
5077:
5051:. Retrieved
5020:
5014:
5003:. Retrieved
4999:
4975:. Retrieved
4970:
4961:
4950:. Retrieved
4948:. 2022-01-10
4946:BloombergNEF
4945:
4936:
4902:
4896:
4885:. Retrieved
4883:. 2023-01-17
4880:
4871:
4860:. Retrieved
4855:
4846:
4835:. Retrieved
4823:
4813:
4802:. Retrieved
4799:ClimateTrade
4798:
4788:
4777:. Retrieved
4772:
4763:
4751:. Retrieved
4747:
4735:
4717:
4705:. Retrieved
4691:
4679:. Retrieved
4675:
4665:
4652:
4645:
4634:. Retrieved
4620:
4609:. Retrieved
4605:
4596:
4586:December 20,
4584:. Retrieved
4570:
4559:. Retrieved
4555:
4545:
4534:. Retrieved
4529:
4520:
4509:. Retrieved
4505:
4495:
4486:
4474:
4463:. Retrieved
4459:
4449:
4438:. Retrieved
4435:www.iata.org
4434:
4421:
4410:. Retrieved
4407:www.icao.int
4406:
4397:
4386:. Retrieved
4375:
4340:
4336:
4326:
4315:. Retrieved
4311:
4302:
4290:. Retrieved
4287:Carbon Watch
4286:
4276:
4264:. Retrieved
4232:. Retrieved
4228:
4219:
4207:. Retrieved
4198:
4192:
4181:. Retrieved
4177:
4168:
4157:. Retrieved
4153:
4144:
4133:. Retrieved
4126:the original
4121:
4117:
4104:
4099:, p. 15
4078:. Retrieved
4074:
4051:. Retrieved
4047:
4038:
4027:. Retrieved
4023:
4013:
4001:. Retrieved
3994:the original
3989:
3977:
3966:. Retrieved
3955:The Guardian
3954:
3940:. Retrieved
3926:
3912:. Retrieved
3908:
3890:. Retrieved
3888:. 2021-05-04
3886:the Guardian
3885:
3876:
3865:. Retrieved
3853:
3843:
3832:. Retrieved
3828:
3818:
3807:. Retrieved
3803:
3794:
3783:. Retrieved
3778:
3769:
3758:. Retrieved
3754:
3745:
3740:, p. 35
3719:. Retrieved
3715:
3706:
3694:the original
3689:
3679:
3667:the original
3662:
3652:
3643:
3630:
3619:. Retrieved
3610:
3601:
3591:December 20,
3589:. Retrieved
3580:. Page 416.
3577:
3567:
3556:. Retrieved
3552:
3543:
3532:. Retrieved
3518:
3499:
3493:
3482:. Retrieved
3478:
3468:
3455:
3448:
3437:. Retrieved
3432:
3423:
3412:. Retrieved
3408:
3399:
3388:. Retrieved
3384:
3375:
3365:December 20,
3363:. Retrieved
3349:
3338:. Retrieved
3334:
3325:
3314:. Retrieved
3310:
3301:
3290:. Retrieved
3288:. 2021-05-15
3286:www.wbur.org
3285:
3276:
3264:. Retrieved
3259:
3247:
3235:. Retrieved
3232:Carbon Watch
3231:
3207:. Retrieved
3203:
3194:
3182:. Retrieved
3169:
3157:. Retrieved
3143:
3131:. Retrieved
3114:
3089:10072/422013
3074:(1): 79–80.
3071:
3067:
3043:. Retrieved
3039:
3029:
3018:. Retrieved
3014:
3005:
2994:. Retrieved
2990:the original
2980:
2968:. Retrieved
2954:
2943:. Retrieved
2928:
2909:
2883:
2871:Mother Jones
2870:
2857:The Guardian
2856:
2841:
2799:
2788:. Retrieved
2784:
2775:
2764:. Retrieved
2760:
2737:. Retrieved
2733:
2709:. Retrieved
2698:The Guardian
2697:
2673:. Retrieved
2661:
2637:. Retrieved
2626:The Guardian
2625:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2552:. Retrieved
2515:Carbon Brief
2359:
2347:
2335:
2331:
2319:
2310:techno-fixes
2295:
2290:Öko-Institut
2283:
2276:
2269:
2263:Pope Francis
2259:greenwashing
2255:
2246:
2230:
2226:Asia-Pacific
2211:
2175:
2166:
2151:
2141:China has a
2140:
2136:
2127:carbon sinks
2121:
2096:
2075:Cogeneration
2073:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2025:
2012:
1995:
1976:
1955:
1936:
1912:greenwashing
1908:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1870:
1858:
1847:
1831:
1808:
1789:
1773:
1764:
1760:
1749:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1668:
1654:
1647:
1624:
1592:
1576:
1561:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1486:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1445:
1414:
1312:Net metering
1186:food systems
1114:organization
905:Eco commerce
819:Pigovian tax
768:Carbon price
733:carbon taxes
710:
670:
658:
495:Carbon sinks
312:Climate debt
301:
159:
140:
136:greenwashing
89:
72:
68:
56:
55:
9353:Load factor
9208:Black start
9176:Transformer
8877:Natural gas
8828:Variability
8803:Peak demand
8793:Merit order
8723:Backfeeding
8476:Carbon sink
8454:atmospheric
8319:video games
7993:Blue carbon
7626:Agriculture
7605:Marine life
7552:Water cycle
7510:temperature
7245:Fossil fuel
7061:10986/37455
6633:15 February
6080:Laudato si'
5861:29 November
5829:24 November
5407:January 25,
5038:10986/37455
4881:KraneShares
4681:29 November
4024:www.epa.gov
2382:project in
2271:Laudato si'
2202:Co-benefits
2101:(HFCs) and
1756:co-benefits
1688:Regulation
1211:procurement
1166:development
1151:consumption
1136:agriculture
1131:advertising
1126:Sustainable
1017:development
605:Sustainable
502:Blue carbon
407:Agriculture
264:Solar power
9441:Categories
9395:production
9240:Protective
9171:Super grid
9166:Smart grid
8993:Generation
8927:Geothermal
8818:Repowering
8508:Cryosphere
8469:permafrost
8241:Resilience
8193:Adaptation
8168:Litigation
8158:Governance
8103:adaptation
7885:Carbon tax
7838:Mitigation
7775:Antarctica
7663:Disability
6974:2024-03-01
6881:BioScience
6860:2023-03-29
6835:2023-03-29
6811:2023-03-29
6730:BioScience
6709:2023-03-29
6684:2023-03-29
6659:2023-03-29
6603:2022-12-31
6568:2022-12-31
6563:ProPublica
6538:2022-12-31
6513:2023-03-29
6488:2020-03-24
6389:ProPublica
6205:2023-03-29
6180:2023-03-29
6155:2023-12-14
6111:2023-06-06
6065:2023-03-29
6032:2023-03-29
5973:2023-03-29
5923:2023-03-29
5887:2023-03-29
5794:2009-08-24
5656:2020-04-19
5627:2020-04-19
5598:2019-01-28
5541:2023-03-23
5491:2020-10-05
5462:2020-03-28
5437:2019-11-27
5346:2023-03-23
5322:2023-03-23
5269:2021-04-09
5245:: 104800.
5219:2010-02-22
5160:2023-03-23
5113:2022-12-24
5005:2023-03-24
4952:2023-04-08
4887:2023-04-08
4862:2023-04-07
4837:2023-04-07
4804:2023-04-19
4779:2023-01-05
4748:south pole
4636:2022-12-20
4611:2023-03-24
4561:2022-12-27
4536:2023-03-28
4511:2023-04-06
4465:2023-04-07
4440:2023-03-28
4412:2023-03-28
4388:2023-03-26
4317:2023-03-27
4312:World Bank
4234:2023-03-24
4183:2023-03-26
4159:2023-03-25
4135:2010-03-25
4080:2022-12-15
4053:2023-03-28
4029:2023-03-28
4003:27 October
3968:2023-03-29
3942:2022-12-31
3914:2022-12-31
3909:ProPublica
3892:2022-12-31
3867:2023-03-29
3834:2023-03-29
3809:2023-03-29
3785:2023-03-29
3760:2023-03-29
3721:2023-03-29
3621:2020-12-30
3558:2023-03-23
3534:2010-01-27
3526:. UNFCCC.
3484:2023-03-23
3439:2023-12-20
3414:2023-12-20
3390:2023-12-20
3340:2023-03-23
3316:2023-12-20
3292:2023-12-20
3209:2023-04-19
3152:(Report).
3125:(Report).
3045:2023-12-07
3020:2023-04-06
2996:2018-10-23
2945:2010-09-08
2790:2023-12-28
2766:2023-03-29
2761:World Bank
2739:2024-07-30
2711:2024-07-30
2675:2024-07-30
2639:2024-07-30
2554:2019-01-29
2521:References
2493:Carbon tax
2193:Permanence
2063:of energy
1902:e higher.
1625:Under the
1201:management
1196:livelihood
1191:industries
1141:capitalism
1109:accounting
1007:accounting
965:enterprise
955:accounting
852:Food miles
799:Carbon tax
417:Capitalism
377:Green home
307:Carbon tax
274:Wind power
118:projects,
96:wind farms
18:Offsetting
9303:Economics
9026:Micro CHP
8904:Renewable
8887:Petroleum
8882:Oil shale
8768:Grid code
8728:Base load
8523:Feedbacks
8294:Education
7795:Caribbean
7790:Australia
7717:Migration
7680:Fisheries
7631:Livestock
7557:Wildfires
7463:Heat wave
7086:cite book
6950:1757-0344
6924:(1): 85.
6899:0006-3568
6598:0362-4331
6273:249524667
6265:1758-6798
6106:0261-3077
6060:0362-4331
6009:778008109
5948:March 28,
5918:0261-3077
5259:225204587
5190:March 23,
5063:cite book
4832:0099-9660
4556:Earth.Org
4367:257001813
4359:2041-4005
4292:March 26,
4266:March 26,
4209:March 26,
3963:0261-3077
3937:0362-4331
3862:0099-9660
3266:March 26,
3237:March 26,
3106:256659556
3098:1757-0344
2706:0261-3077
2670:0028-792X
2634:0261-3077
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