Carbon emission trading

1411: 1366: 1826:. Phase 1, which was similar to Japan's voluntary scheme, ran until 2015. Emitters had to cut their emissions by 6% or 8% depending on the type of organization; from 2011, those who exceed their limits were required to buy matching allowances, or invest in renewable-energy certificates, or offset credits issued by smaller businesses or branch offices. Polluters that failed to comply were liable up to 500,000 yen in fines plus credits for 1.3 times excess emissions. In its fourth year, emissions were reduced by 23% compared to base-year emissions. In phase 2 (FY2015–FY2019), the target was expected to increase to 15–17%. The aim was to cut Tokyo's carbon emissions by 25% from 2000 levels by 2020. 1889:

fishery sector (who are not participants) received a one-off free allocation of units on a historic basis. Owners of pre-1990 forests received a fixed free allocation of units. Free allocation to emissions-intensive industry, is provided on an output-intensity basis. For this sector, there is no set limit on the number of units that may be allocated. The number of units allocated to eligible emitters is based on the average emissions per unit of output within a defined 'activity'. Bertram and Terry (2010, p 16) state that as the NZ ETS does not 'cap' emissions, the NZ ETS is not a cap and trade scheme as understood in the economics literature.

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included in the trading system: chemicals, petrochemicals, iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, building materials, paper, power and aviation, but many of the companies involved lacked consistent data. Therefore, by the end of 2017, the allocation of emission quotas have started but it has been limited to only the power sector and will gradually expand, although the operation of the market is yet to begin. In this system, Companies that are involved will be asked to meet target level of reduction and the level will contract gradually.

1851: 1290:, such as a firm being given fewer permits in the future for aiming to cut emissions drastically. Another method of grandfathering is to base allocations on current production of economic goods rather than historical emissions. Under this method of allocation, the government will set a benchmark level of emissions for each good deemed to be sufficiently trade exposed and allocate firms units based on their production of this good. However, allocating permits in proportion to output implicitly subsidises production. 1714: 40: 7952: 7940: 2047: 7976: 7964: 185: 1342:. Auctioning permits can therefore be more efficient and equitable than allocating permits. Garnaut stated that full auctioning will provide greater transparency and accountability and lower implementation and transaction costs as governments retain control over the permit revenue. Auctions of units are more flexible in distributing costs, provide more incentives for innovation, lessen the political arguments over the allocation of 1064: 1322:, whose 230 member airlines comprise 93% of all international traffic, argue that emissions levels should be based on industry averages rather than using individual companies' previous emissions levels to set their future permit allowances, stating that "would penalise airlines that took early action to modernise their fleets, while a benchmarking approach, if designed properly, would reward more efficient operations". 378: 1278:

unexpected, then there will likely be a one-time loss due to the change in regulations and not simply due to paying the real cost of carbon. However, if there is advanced notice of this change, or if the carbon price is introduced gradually, this one-time regulatory cost will be minimized. There has now been enough advance notice of carbon pricing that this effect should be negligible on average.

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loss of competitiveness. They may therefore make strategic production decisions that involve carbon leakage. To mitigate carbon leakage and its effects on the environment, policymakers need to harmonize international climate policies and provide incentives to prevent companies from relocating production to regions with more lenient environmental regulations.

1787:($ 118) in February 2023. A 2024 study further demonstrated that the EU ETS has incidentally contributed to reduce atmospheric levels of air pollutants in the EU including sulfur dioxide, fine particulate matter, and nitrogen oxide. This reduction has translated in local health co-benefits, alongside the system's primary goal of mitigating climate change. 1680:

for the design of a national system in the near future. Their successes or failures will, therefore, have far-reaching implications for carbon market development in China in terms of trust in a national carbon trading market. Some of the pilot regions can start trading as early as 2013/2014. National trading is expected to start in 2017, latest in 2020.

1608:. One requirement for Greens' support was a carbon price, which Gillard proceeded with in forming a minority government. A fixed carbon-price would proceed to a floating-price ETS within a few years under the plan. The fixed price lent itself to characterisation as a "carbon tax", and when the government proposed the 1702: 1757:. The third trading period lasted from January 2013 to December 2020. Compared to 2005, when the EU ETS was first implemented, the proposed caps for 2020 represent a 21% reduction of greenhouse gases. This target was achieved six years early as emissions in the ETS fell to 1.812 billion (10) tonnes in 2014. 1972:(H.R. 2454), a greenhouse gas cap-and-trade bill, was passed on 26 June 2009, in the House of Representatives by a vote of 219–212. The bill originated in the House Energy and Commerce Committee and was introduced by Representatives Henry A. Waxman and Edward J. Markey. The political advocacy organizations 1916:

e, it now forms the second largest carbon market in the world following the EU ETS. This amounts to roughly two-thirds of the country's emissions. The Korean emissions trading scheme is part of the Republic of Korea's efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30% compared to the business-as-usual

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The Garnaut Climate Change Review noted that grandfathered permits are not free of cost. As the permits are scarce, they have value, and the benefit of that value is acquired in full by the emitter. The cost is imposed elsewhere in the economy, typically on consumers who cannot pass on the costs: The

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Döbbeling-Hildebrandt, Niklas; Miersch, Klaas; Khanna, Tarun M.; Bachelet, Marion; Bruns, Stephan B.; Callaghan, Max; Edenhofer, Ottmar; Flachsland, Christian; Forster, Piers M.; Kalkuhl, Matthias; Koch, Nicolas; Lamb, William F.; Ohlendorf, Nils; Steckel, Jan Christoph; Minx, Jan C. (May 16, 2024).

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Generally, emitters will profit from permits allocated to them for free. But if they must pay, their profits will be reduced. If the carbon price equals the true social cost of carbon, then long-run profit reduction will reflect the consequences of paying this new cost. If having to pay this cost is

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variant of emissions trading, a cap on access to a resource is defined and then allocated among users in the form of permits. Compliance is established by comparing actual emissions with permits surrendered. The setting of the cap affects the environmental integrity of carbon trading, and can result

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allowances will be traded independently. A major difference to the ETS is that ETS2 will cover the CO2 emissions upstream - whereby accredited fuel suppliers who places the fuel on the EU market will be obliged to cover that fuel with ETS2 emission allowances. The ETS2 covers around 40% of the EU's

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In November 2011, China approved pilot tests of carbon trading in seven provinces and cities—Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Tianjin, as well as Guangdong Province and Hubei Province, with different prices in each region. The pilot is intended to test the waters and provide valuable lessons

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questioned an ETS, advocating a "simple tax" as the best way to reduce emissions. Shortly before the carbon vote, Abbott defeated Turnbull in a leadership challenge (1 December 2009), and from there on the Liberals opposed the ETS. This left the Rudd Labor government unable to secure passage of the

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The complexity of cap and trade schemes around the world has resulted in the uncertainties around such schemes in Australia, Canada, China, the EU, India, Japan, New Zealand, and the US. As a result, some organizations have had little incentive to innovate and comply, resulting in an ongoing battle

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wanted to support clean energy development with a 10-year investment of US$ 15 billion per year, generated from the sale of greenhouse gas emissions credits. Under the proposed cap-and-trade program, all GHG emissions credits would have been auctioned off, generating an estimated $ 78.7 billion in

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The effort to start a national trading system has faced some problems that took longer than expected to solve, mainly in the complicated process of initial data collection to determine the base level of pollution emission. According to the initial design, there will be eight sectors that are first

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Regulatory agencies run the risk of issuing too many emission credits, which can result in a very low price on emission permits. This reduces the incentive that permit-liable firms have to cut back their emissions. On the other hand, issuing too few permits can result in an excessively high permit

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At the same time, allocating permits can be used as a measure to protect domestic firms who are internationally exposed to competition. This happens when domestic firms compete against other firms that are not subject to the same regulation. This argument in favor of allocation of permits has been

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of not selling the permit at full value. As a result, profit-maximising firms receiving free permits will raise prices to customers because of the new, non-zero cost of emissions. This gives permit-liable polluters an incentive to reduce their emissions. However, if a firm sells the same amount of

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by allowing private trading of permits, coordinating with national emissions targets provided under the Kyoto Protocol. Under such programmes, a national or international authority allocates permits to individual companies based on established criteria, with a view to meeting targets at the lowest

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An auction is preferred to grandfathering (giving companies permits based on historical output or emissions), because it allows reduced tax distortions, provides more flexibility in distribution of costs, provides greater incentives for innovation, and reduces the need for politically contentious

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emission units. There is a domestic emission unit; the 'New Zealand Unit' (NZU), which was initially issued by free allocation to emitters until auctions of units commenced in 2020. The NZU is equivalent to 1 tonne of carbon dioxide. Free allocation of units varies between sectors. The commercial

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emissions even though the prices for carbon were set at low prices. A review of 13 policy evaluations quantifies this emission reduction effect at 7%. A 2023 study on the effects of the EU ETS identified a reduction in carbon emissions in the order of -10% between 2005 and 2012 with no impacts on

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to reduce emissions by requiring electricity generators and large consumers to purchase NSW Greenhouse Abatement Certificates (NGACs). This has prompted the rollout of free energy-efficient compact fluorescent lightbulbs and other energy-efficiency measures, funded by the credits. This scheme has

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Some groups have claimed that non-existent emission reductions can be recorded under the Kyoto Protocol due to the surplus of allowances that some countries possess. For example, Russia had a surplus of allowances due to its economic collapse following the end of the Soviet Union. Other countries

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The current state of carbon emissions trading shows that roughly 22% of global greenhouse emissions are covered by 64 carbon taxes and emission trading systems as of 2021. Energy intensive industries that are covered by such instruments may view the regulatory disparity between jurisdictions as a

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of their actions. Regulation of emissions applied only to one economic sector or region drastically reduces the efficiency of efforts to reduce global emissions. There is, however, no scientific consensus over how to share the costs and benefits of reducing future climate change, or the costs and

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released "Trading Carbon: How it works and why it is controversial" which compiles many of the arguments against carbon trading. According to Carbon Trade Watch, carbon trading has had a "disastrous track record". The effectiveness of the EU ETS was criticized, and it was argued that the CDM had

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Carbon offset and credit programs are coming under increased scrutiny because their claimed emissions reductions may be inflated compared to the actual reductions achieved. To be credible, the reduction in emissions must meet three criteria: they must last indefinitely, be additional to emission

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Emissions trading sets a quantitative total limit on the emissions produced by all participating emitters, which correspondingly determines the prices of emissions. Under emission trading, a polluter having more emissions than their quota has to purchase the right to emit more from emitters with

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Two regional mandatory schemes exist however, in Tokyo and Saitama Prefecture. The city of Tokyo consumes as much energy as "entire countries in Northern Europe, and its production matches the GNP of the world's 16th largest country". A cap-and-trade carbon trading scheme launched in April 2010

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Grandfathering may also slow down technological development towards less polluting technologies. The Garnaut Report noted that any method for free permit allocation will have the disadvantages of high complexity, high transaction costs, value-based judgements, and the use of arbitrary emissions

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Emissions trading has been criticized for a variety of reasons. For one, it has been argued that climate change requires more radical solutions than pollution trading schemes, and that systemic changes must be made to reduce fossil fuel usage. At the same time, carbon credits have been seen as

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Tradable emissions permits can be issued to firms within an ETS by two main ways: by free allocation of permits to existing emitters or by auction. In the first case, the government receives no carbon revenue. In the second it receives the full value of the permits, on average. In either case,

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by investing in projects that reduce, avoid, or remove emissions elsewhere. When an entity invests in a carbon offsetting program, it receives carbon credit or offset credit, which account for the net climate benefits that one entity brings to another. After certification by a government or

1176:. Article 6.2 enabled countries to directly trade carbon credits and units of renewable power with each other. Article 6.4 established a new international carbon market allowing countries or companies to use carbon credits generated in other countries to help meet their climate targets. 2316:. Climate Change 2005: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: GRID-Arendal website. Archived from 3035:. Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: IPCC website. Archived from 2993:. Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: IPCC website. Archived from 316:

was the first major agreement to reduce greenhouse gases. 38 developed countries committed themselves to targets and timetables. The resulting inflexible limitations on GHG growth could entail substantial costs if countries have to solely rely on their own domestic measures.

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applied only to developed countries might lead to a positive leakage to developing countries. However, a negative leakage might also occur due to technological developments driven by domestic regulation of GHGs, helping to reduce emissions even in less regulated regions.

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to another region or sector with less regulation. Generally, leakages reduce the effectiveness of domestic emission abatement efforts. Notwithstanding, leakages may also be negative in nature, increasing the effectiveness of domestic abatement efforts. For example, a

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state that, empirically, businesses tend to oppose auctioning of emissions permits, while economists almost uniformly recommend auctioning permits. Auctioning permits provides the government with revenues, which can be used to fund low-carbon investment and cuts in

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The Bill changes the allocation provisions of the existing CCRA from allocating a fixed pool of emissions to an uncapped approach to allocation. There is no longer an explicit limit on the number of New Zealand units (NZUs) that can be allocated to the industrial

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Trading is set to begin in 2014 after a three-year rollout period. It is a mandatory energy efficiency trading scheme covering eight sectors responsible for 54 per cent of India's industrial energy consumption. India has pledged a 20 to 25 per cent reduction in

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The scheme has been divided into four "trading periods". The first ETS trading period lasted three years, from January 2005 to December 2007. The second trading period ran from January 2008 until December 2012, coinciding with the first commitment period of the

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In the short term, the Government is unlikely to sell emission units because the Kyoto units allocated to New Zealand will be needed to support New Zealand's international obligations, as well as allocation to eligible sectors under the emissions trading

2287:. Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. p. 6. Archived from 1473:

published an article about cap-and-trade systems, which argued that "Carbon markets create a muddle" and "...leave much room for unverifiable manipulation". Emissions trading schemes have also been criticised for the potential of creating a new

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Another economically efficient solution to carbon leakage is border adjustment, where tariffs are set on imported goods from less regulated countries. A problem with border adjustments is that they might be used as a disguise for trade

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In China, some companies started artificial production of greenhouse gases with sole purpose of recycling and gaining carbon credits. Similar practices happened in India. Earned credit were then sold to companies in US and Europe.

4624: 1672:, which started operating in 2021. The initial design of the system targets a scope of 3.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions that come from 1700 installations. It has made a voluntary pledge under the UNFCCC to lower CO 1631:

government elected in September 2013 promised to reverse the climate legislation of the previous government. In July 2014, the carbon tax was repealed - as well as the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) that was to start in 2015.

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defeated Rudd in a leadership challenge, becoming Federal Prime Minister in June 2010. She promised that she would not introduce a carbon tax, but would look to legislate a price on carbon when taking the government to the

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in November 2011. The Liberal Party vowed to repeal the bill if elected. The bill thus resulted in passage of the Clean Energy Act, which possessed a great deal of flexibility in its design and uncertainty over its future.

3409:, Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. 1238:

The Paris Agreement provided a legal base for the creation of a global carbon market, which has a potentially significant role in stopping climate change. In the beginning of 2024, the idea made some progress, as in the

1814:) had planned to introduce one, but the plan lost momentum after Hatoyama resigned as prime minister, due partly from industrial opposition, and was eventually shelved. Japan has a voluntary scheme. Furthermore, the 1740:

in the EU. Cap and trade schemes limit emissions of specified pollutants over an area and allow companies to trade emissions rights within that area. The ETS covers around 45% of the EU's greenhouse gas emissions.

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As of 2017, there is no national emissions trading scheme in the United States. Concerned at the lack of federal action, several states on the east and west coasts have created sub-national cap-and-trade programs.

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have argued that the market will choose the easiest means to save a given quantity of carbon in the short term, which may be different from the means to reduce climate change. In September 2010, campaigning group

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from 2005 levels by 2020. Under the scheme, annual efficiency targets will be allocated to firms. Tradable energy-saving permits will be issued depending on the amount of energy saved during a target year.

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price. An argument has been made for a hybrid instrument having a price floor and a price ceiling. However, a price-ceiling safety value removes the certainty of a particular quantity limit of emissions.

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Halsnæs, K.; et al. (2007). "2.4 Cost and benefit concepts, including private and social cost perspectives and relationships to other decision-making frameworks". In B. Metz; et al. (eds.).

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However, there often are important trade-offs in terms of efficiency because OBA implicitly subsidizes production, unlike conventional lump-sum allocation mechanisms like grandfathering.

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could have bought these allowances from Russia, but this would not have reduced emissions. In practice, as of 2010, Kyoto Parties had not yet chosen not to buy these surplus allowances.

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Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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opposition promised to implement an emissions trading scheme (ETS). Labor won the election, and the new government proceeded to implement an ETS. The new Rudd government introduced the

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additional revenue in FY 2012, steadily increasing to $ 83 billion by FY 2019. The proposal was never made law. Failing to get congressional approval for such a scheme, President

1303:. However, since the cap reduces output and often causes the company to incur costs to increase efficiency, windfall profits will be less than the full value of its free permits. 4685: 4311: 1109:

A variety of greenhouse gas reduction projects can qualify for offsets and credits depending on the scheme. Some include forestry projects that avoid logging and plant saplings,

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The fourth phase started in January 2021 and will continue until December 2030. The emission reductions to be achieved over this period are unclear as of November 2021, as the

1870: 1346:, and reduce tax distortions. Recycling of revenue from permit auctions could also offset a significant proportion of the economy-wide social costs of a cap and trade scheme. 3707: 7676: 4920: 2685:

Haya, Barbara K.; Evans, Samuel; Brown, Letty; Bukoski, Jacob; Butsic, Van; Cabiyo, Bodie; Jacobson, Rory; Kerr, Amber; Potts, Matthew; Sanchez, Daniel L. (March 21, 2023).

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South Korea's national emissions trading scheme officially launched on January 1, 2015, covering 525 entities from 23 sectors. With a three-year cap of 1.8687 billion tCO

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The New Zealand ETS does not fit this model because there is no cap and therefore no certainty as to the volume of emissions with which the national economy must operate

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leading to low prices of allowances with almost no effect on fossil fuel combustion. Emission trade allowances currently cover a wide price range from €7 per tonne of CO

4446: 5445: 4742: 6380: 1551:(UNSW) because of its lack of effectiveness in reducing emissions, its lack of transparency and its lack of verification of the additionality of emission reductions. 7852: 4077: 2887: 5081: 2803: 1745: 7520: 6315: 5902: 4708: 3259: 6364: 4600: 4349: 6286: 5499: 4984: 5045: 1179:

reductions that were going to happen anyway, and must be measured and monitored to assure the that the amount of reduction promised has in fact been attained.

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independent certification body, credits can be traded between entities. One carbon credit represents a reduction, avoidance or removal of one metric tonne of

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The allocation of free carbon credits to industrial processes is extremely generous and removes the carbon price signal where New Zealand needs one the most

3092:. Minutes of Evidence, Tuesday 21 April 2009. UK Parliament House of Commons Environmental Audit Select Committee. The fourth report of the 2009-10 session 2466: 4845: 4257: 2988: 2735: 1744:

As from 2027 road transport and buildings and industrial installation that fell out of EU ETS will be covered by a new EU ETS2. The "old" ETS and the new

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Neuhoff, K. (February 22, 2009). "Memorandum submitted by Karsten Neuhoff, Assistant Director, Electric Policy Research Group, University of Cambridge".

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Newbery, D. (February 26, 2009). "Memorandum submitted by David Newbery, Research Director, Electric Policy Research Group, University of Cambridge".

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by creating a market with limited allowances for emissions. Carbon emissions trading is a common method that countries use to attempt to meet their

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Fisher, B.S.; et al. (1996). "An Economic Assessment of Policy Instruments for Combating Climate Change.". In J.P. Bruce; et al. (eds.).

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Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Some stakeholders have criticised the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme for its generous free allocations of emission units and the lack of a

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In 2023 the global value of carbon markets was $ 948.75 billion. It is expected to reach 2.68 trillion dollars by 2028 and 22 trillion by 2050.

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National emissions trading schemes in implementation. The map does not show the EU ETS (a supranational scheme) and various subnational schemes.

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Ray Barrell, Alan Barrett, Noel Casserly, Frank Convery, Jean Goggin, Ide Kearney, Simon Kirby, Pete Lunn, Martin O'Brien and Lisa Ryan. 2009.

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enabling large companies to pollute the environment at the expense of local communities. Carbon trading has also been criticised as a form of

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Grimeaud, D, 'An overview of the policy and legal aspects of the international climate change regime' (2001) 9(2) Environmental Liability 39.

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to focus on defeating the legislation. Although cap and trade also gained a significant foothold in the Senate via the efforts of Republican

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Allowance prices for carbon emission trade in all major emission trading schemes in Euro per ton of CO2 emitted (from 2008 until August 2024)

3989: 3074: 2601: 1427:, in which rich countries maintain their levels of consumption while getting credit for carbon savings in inefficient industrial projects. 6871: 3232: 2433: 1405: 4496: 1410: 6755: 6253:"The Challenges of Climate Change Policy: Explaining the Failure of Cap and Trade in the United States With a Multiple-Streams Framework" 4784: 1274:

permits will be equally scarce and just as valuable to market participants, such that the price at sale will be the same in either case.

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Free emission permits, given to sectors vulnerable to international competition, are one way of addressing carbon leakage by acting as a

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Stewart, R, "Economic incentives for environmental protection: opportunities and obstacles", in Revesz, R; Sands, P; Stewart, R (eds.),

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criticized carbon emissions trading for the free permits to major polluters giving them unjust advantages, cheating in connection with

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baselines. Garnaut also noted that the complexity of free allocation and the large amounts of money involved encourage non-productive

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because they overstated their ability to sequester carbon, with some projects being shown to actually increase overall emissions.

7580: 7369: 6537: 5639: 4912: 4410: 4230: 3178:. Written evidence. UK Parliament House of Commons Environmental Audit Select Committee. The fourth report of the 2009-10 session 3160:. Written evidence. UK Parliament House of Commons Environmental Audit Select Committee. The fourth report of the 2009-10 session 2196: 1726: 1694: 1319: 1247: 325: 260: 158: 5470: 4151: 4012: 7229: 7192: 7046: 7031: 6950: 6599: 6543: 5795: 4512: 3578: 1969: 1874: 1665: 321: 150: 2837: 2311: 1503:

Corporate and governmental carbon emission trading schemes have been modified in ways that have been attributed to permitting

284:"Economy-wide pricing of carbon is the centre piece of any policy designed to reduce emissions at the lowest possible costs". 7888: 7026: 5993: 5664: 4951: 4436: 3832: 3610: 3131: 2971: 2578: 2354: 1014: 3285: 7910: 6866: 6861: 4734: 4089: 3909: 3504: 1859: 1843: 1315:

used in the EU ETS, where industries that have been judged to be internationally exposed have been given permits for free.

4560:"The NSW Greenhouse Gas Reduction Scheme: An analysis of the NGAC Registry for the 2003, 2004 and 2005 Compliance Periods" 4353: 7391: 7169: 6987: 6919: 6909: 6892: 6799: 6606: 5716: 5089: 5067: 1963: 1884:

The NZ ETS was until 2015 highly linked to international carbon markets as it allowed unlimited importing of most of the

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output as before that cap, with no change in production technology, the full value of permits received for free becomes

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Other greenhouse gases can also be traded but are quoted as standard multiples of carbon dioxide with respect to their

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as necessary for meeting climate goals. A strong carbon market guides investors and industry in their transition from

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considered the free allocation of permits unjustified in any circumstances, arguing that governments could deal with

5138: 4592: 2024:, which does not feature emissions trading. The plan was subsequently challenged by the administration of President 7980: 7618: 7598: 7545: 7497: 6559: 5037: 3173: 3155: 3087: 1597: 1555: 1007: 361: 5553: 4536: 3681: 2571:"State and Provincial Efforts to Put a Price on Greenhouse Gas Emissions, with Implications for Energy Efficiency" 2414:

Setting the cap properly matters more to environmental protection than the decision to allow, or not allow, trades

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Goldemberg, J.; et al. (1996). "Introduction: scope of the assessment.". In J.P. Bruce; et al. (eds.).

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A domestic carbon emissions trading scheme is constrained in its regulatory jurisdiction. GHG emissions may thus

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proposes in its "Fit for 55" package to increase the EU ETS reduction target for 2030 to −61% compared to 2005.

7805: 7089: 6846: 4203: 2994: 1701: 764: 17: 6101: 5320:"The joint impact of the European Union emissions trading system on carbon emissions and economic performance" 4837: 4125: 3073:

Carbon Market Watch. (2017). Carbon Leakage: A short history of an industry lobbying buzzword. Retrieved from

2143: 7915: 7450: 6982: 6222:"As the World Burns: How the Senate and the White House missed their best chance to deal with climate change" 5690: 1823: 1548: 1539: 1521: 1215: 789: 712: 488: 293: 3811: 3200:"Climate Policy and Industrial Competitiveness: Ten Insights from Europe on the EU Emissions Trading System" 2912:

Probst, Benedict; Toetzke, Malte; Anadon, Laura Diaz; Kontoleon, Andreas; Hoffmann, Volker (July 27, 2023).

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of their actions, which include the present and future welfare of people, the natural environment, and the

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Allocating permits based on past emissions is called "grandfathering". Grandfathering permits can lead to

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A 2019 study by the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy finds that efforts to put a price on

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https://carbonmarketwatch.org/2017/02/28/carbon-leakage-a-short-history-of-an-industry-lobbying-buzzword/

2736:"Revealed: more than 90% of rainforest carbon offsets by biggest certifier are worthless, analysis shows" 2070: 1934: 1927: 1172:

includes three mechanisms for "voluntary cooperation" between countries towards climate goals, including

732: 717: 598: 236: 2888:"Goldman School of Public Policy | Goldman School of Public Policy | University of California, Berkeley" 2653: 1764:

necessitates tightening of the current EU ETS reduction target for 2030 of -43% concerning to 2005. The

1250:

include the possibility of connecting it with other trading systems. This has already happened with the

8002: 7968: 7732: 7535: 7492: 7265: 7187: 7041: 4838:"Carbon tax scrapped: PM Tony Abbott sees key election promise fulfilled after Senate votes for repeal" 2914:

Systematic review of the actual emissions reductions of carbon offset projects across all major sectors

1653: 1628: 1604:

result in 70 years, the Gillard Labor government required the support of crossbenchers - including the

1577: 1138: 1082: 1056: 1034:

Economists generally agree that to regulate emissions efficiently, all polluters need to face the full

702: 697: 682: 335:

are growing in North America. In 2021, shipowners said they were against being included in the EU ETS.

4566: 3036: 2310:

Toth, F.L.; et al. (2005). "10.1.2.2 The Problem Is Long Term.". In B. Metz; et al. (eds.).

7837: 7512: 7487: 7460: 7422: 7339: 7157: 7004: 6967: 6717: 6486: 6481: 6476: 3824: 3818: 3602: 3596: 1043: 834: 727: 465: 87: 7352: 6221: 5369:"The European Union Emissions Trading System might yield large co-benefits from pollution reduction" 3788: 3403:

Gupta, S.; et al. (2007), "Section 13.2.1.3 Tradable permits", in B. Metz; et al. (eds.),

3207: 2346: 2340: 1866:

that features price floors, forestry offsetting, free allocation and auctioning of emissions units.

1810:

Japan as a country does not have a compulsory emissions trading scheme. The government in 2010 (the

197: 7847: 7842: 7832: 7773: 7613: 7119: 7084: 6977: 6904: 6745: 6574: 6510: 6471: 5263:"Systematic review and meta-analysis of ex-post evaluations on the effectiveness of carbon pricing" 3740: 3536: 2838:"Are carbon offsets all they're cracked up to be? We tracked one from Kenya to England to find out" 2602:"The world's largest carbon market is set for a historic revamp. Europe's shipowners are concerned" 2288: 1977: 1863: 1771: 1737: 1415: 1099: 1090: 905: 804: 737: 583: 573: 548: 503: 332: 165: 5007: 2510: 8007: 7956: 7878: 7788: 7530: 7502: 6841: 6819: 6426: 6188: 3981: 2075: 1222:

or claims for compensation more transparently with the revenue from full auctioning of permits.

978: 829: 784: 769: 754: 749: 692: 615: 432: 402: 369: 244: 4152:"Conventions of climate change: constructions of danger and the dispossession of the atmosphere" 2426: 7555: 7375: 7317: 7234: 7219: 7104: 6750: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 4493: 3359:"Global Carbon Credit Market 2023: Sector to Reach $ 2.68 Trillion by 2028 at a CAGR of 18.23%" 2373:(2003). "The Tradable-Permits Approach to Protecting the Commons: Lessons for Climate Change". 1609: 1569: 1529: 1336: 1134: 915: 819: 814: 809: 759: 620: 603: 344: 5589: 4770: 2687:"Comprehensive review of carbon quantification by improved forest management offset protocols" 7944: 7590: 7467: 7275: 6735: 6658: 4390: 1562: 973: 920: 849: 588: 442: 277: 229: 6406:– Chapters 14 and 15 have extensive discussions on emission trading schemes and carbon taxes 6050:

We now have on the table a pathetic ETS which won't actually do anything to reduce emissions

4646: 4102: 3931: 7783: 7661: 7322: 6897: 6824: 5331: 5206: 4513:

Enacting Environments: An Ethnography of the Digitalisation and Naturalisation of Emissions

2698: 2370: 1479: 1150: 1130: 968: 839: 578: 558: 543: 538: 4414: 4379: 8: 7800: 7575: 6809: 6804: 4441: 4042: 3062: 2401: 1761: 1451:

Proposals for alternative schemes to avoid the problems of cap-and-trade schemes include

900: 844: 799: 568: 563: 5961:

Questions and answers about amendments to the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS)

5827:

Questions and answers about amendments to the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS)

5771:. Ministry for the Environment, NZ Government (www.climatechange.govt.nz). June 18, 2010 5401: 5335: 5295: 5210: 3474:"Output-based allocation of emissions permits for mitigating tax and trade interactions" 3440: 2702: 2249: 2218: 7628: 7560: 7477: 7327: 7292: 7249: 7244: 7239: 6814: 5577: 5237: 5190: 4758: 4303: 3739:

Hepburn, Cameron J; Neuhoff, Karsten; Grubb, Michael; Matthes, Felix; Tse, Max (2006).

3679: 3496: 2913: 1989: 1830: 1798: 1783:

profits or employment for regulated firms. The price of EU allowances exceeded 100€/tCO

1350: 1287: 1126: 1035: 940: 925: 824: 794: 774: 301:

Carbon emission trading began in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, when 160 countries agreed the

235:

An emissions trading scheme for greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) works by establishing

7862: 7525: 7270: 7036: 6829: 6792: 6579: 6533: 6164: 5989: 5437: 5388: 5349: 5300: 5282: 5262: 5242: 5224: 4307: 4174: 3828: 3606: 3127: 3029:

Barker, T.; et al. (2007). "Executive Summary". In B. Metz; et al. (eds.).

2967: 2811: 2777: 2743: 2716: 2350: 2192: 1620: 1605: 1142: 895: 884: 707: 635: 427: 422: 67: 5163:

Twidale, Susanna; Abnett, Kate; Chestney, Nina; Chestney, Nina (February 21, 2023).

3569: 3500: 7905: 7472: 7455: 7396: 7287: 7051: 6775: 6648: 6584: 6156: 6037: 6012: 5429: 5396: 5380: 5339: 5290: 5274: 5232: 5214: 4814:"Abbott Government's first actions: trash climate change education, carbon pricing" 4295: 4166: 4020: 3954: 3946: 3864: 3755: 3647: 3488: 2925: 2917: 2706: 2382: 2317: 2021: 1815: 1811: 1648:

operate an emissions trading scheme. Quebec links its program with the US state of

1581: 1504: 1414:

Chicago Climate Justice activists protesting cap and trade legislation in front of

1391: 1381: 1295: 1122: 1110: 1067: 889: 687: 625: 493: 460: 119: 4943: 4494:"Carbon trading used as money-laundering front: experts" www.saigon-gpdaily.com.vn 3601:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. p. 2921: 2570: 2345:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. p. 2142:. Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change. Archived from 1311:

behaviour and lobbying of governments — activities that dissipate economic value.

1160:

Carbon offset and credit programs provide a mechanism for countries to meet their

193: 7857: 7778: 7742: 7671: 7645: 7633: 7550: 7482: 7357: 7214: 6836: 6787: 6765: 6387: 6368: 6343: 6319: 6015:(Press release). Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. October 15, 2009 5983: 5903:"Emissions trading bulletin No 11: Summary of the proposed changes to the NZ ETS" 5709: 5506: 4820: 4628: 4519: 4500: 4397: 4386: 4109: 3121: 1985: 1601: 1547:

been criticised by the Centre for Energy and Environmental Markets (CEEM) of the

1535: 1469: 1165: 856: 655: 610: 498: 95: 6189:"Covert Operations: The billionaire brothers who are waging a war against Obama" 6030: 5975: 3986:

Building a low-carbon economy – The UK's contribution to tackling climate change

3898: 3473: 1850: 7810: 7666: 7608: 7603: 7445: 7334: 7066: 7061: 7056: 6914: 6851: 6589: 6569: 6528: 6449: 6193: 5957:"How will free allocation of emission units to the industrial sector work now?" 5787: 5368: 5344: 5319: 5278: 2930: 2459:"Key points: Update Paper 6: Carbon pricing and reducing Australia's emissions" 1993: 1938: 1885: 1754: 1440:

routinely favoured "environmentally ineffective and socially unjust projects".

1343: 1219: 1189: 1173: 1118: 1095: 1086: 993: 988: 983: 958: 910: 866: 744: 722: 665: 630: 528: 518: 407: 313: 264: 221: 217: 142: 138: 115: 103: 79: 71: 5735: 5657: 5158: 5156: 4170: 3086:

Carbon Trust (March 2009). "Memorandum submitted by The Carbon Trust (ET19)".

2219:"Carbon Pricing Dashboard | Up-to-date overview of carbon pricing initiatives" 2035:

In the United States, most polling shows large support for emissions trading.

30:"Carbon market" redirects here. For the market in Cebu City, Philippines, see 7996: 7883: 7815: 7540: 7362: 7347: 7282: 7177: 5880:

Summary of the proposed changes to the NZ ETS - Emissions Trading Bulletin 11

5441: 5392: 5353: 5318:

Dechezleprêtre, Antoine; Nachtigall, Daniel; Venmans, Frank (March 1, 2023).

5286: 5228: 2855: 2815: 2781: 2747: 2720: 2711: 2686: 2386: 2052: 1997: 1942: 1765: 1730: 1592: 1493: 1485: 1452: 1300: 1258:

expressed a support for a global carbon market, saying it is better than the

1227: 675: 670: 660: 640: 553: 533: 513: 412: 392: 225: 141:

below the critical thresholds of 1.5 °C or "well below" 2 °C, with

134: 31: 6062: 5917: 5894: 5814: 5384: 5219: 4299: 1822:

covers the top 1,400 emitters in Tokyo, and is enforced and overseen by the

1612:

in February 2011, the opposition denounced it as a broken election promise.

7768: 7565: 7209: 7199: 6856: 6740: 6653: 5683: 5311: 5304: 5253: 5246: 5182: 5153: 5104: 4256:. Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) website. Archived from 3950: 3868: 3812:"An Economic Assessment of Policy Instruments for Combating Climate Change" 3759: 3651: 2804:"Carbon credit speculators could lose billions as offsets deemed worthless" 2025: 2013: 1973: 1892: 1775: 1308: 1154: 1071: 930: 645: 523: 437: 348: 289: 232:. This can be addressed with the dynamic price model of emissions trading. 83: 6005: 5757: 5433: 5259: 1230:. Some types of border adjustment may also not prevent emissions leakage. 7795: 7312: 7304: 6564: 6152: 5948: 5829:. Ministry for the Environment, NZ Government (www.climatechange.govt.nz) 3899:"Tradable Carbon Permit Auctions: How and Why to Auction Not Grandfather" 3680:

Cambridge Centre for Climate Change Mitigation Research (June 19, 2008).

1829:

One year after Tokyo launched its cap-and-trade scheme, the neighbouring

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is the largest in the world. It is an intensity-based trading system for

1645: 1585: 1559: 1475: 1424: 1038: 320:

Carbon emissions trading increased rapidly in 2021 with the start of the

248: 127: 111: 5867: 5471:"Japan: Greenhouse gas emissions trading schemes | White & Case LLP" 5139:"EU Emissions Trading System reaches provisional agreement - SAFETY4SEA" 4891:"China Looks Towards Next Steps For Implementing National Carbon Market" 3932:"Addressing climate change with a comprehensive US cap-and-trade system" 3492: 1713: 7827: 7204: 6184: 4535:. NSW: Greenhouse Gas Reduction Scheme Administrator. January 4, 2010. 4048: 3959: 2065: 2001: 1649: 1566: 1194: 470: 417: 240: 123: 39: 5691:"Climate Change Response (Emissions Trading) Amendment Act 2008 No 85" 5417: 4376:

Uncertainty Markets and Carbon Markets. Variations on Polanyian Themes

3534: 192:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

6782: 6381:

IBD editorial board claims that cap-and-trade is unpopular in America

3850:"Regulating by prices, quantities or both: an update and an overview" 3633:"Regulating by prices, quantities or both: an update and an overview" 1676:

per unit of GDP by 40–45% in 2020 when comparing to the 2005 levels.

1114: 861: 650: 263:(EU-ETS) complement the country-to-country trading stipulated in the 5848: 4199: 118:. Instead, carbon emissions trading may accelerate investments into 6313:

Majority of Poll Respondents Say U.S. Should Limit Greenhouse Gases

4532: 4254:"Industrialised countries will collectively meet 2010 Kyoto target" 4121: 3334:"Global carbon markets value hit record $ 949 bln last year - LSEG" 1950: 1146: 508: 6287:"President's Budget Draws Clean Energy Funds from Climate Measure" 6063:"Policy briefing: Get ready for the UK's emissions trading scheme" 5165:"EU carbon hits 100 euros taking cost of polluting to record high" 4468: 1478:

market through the commodification of environmental risks through

1063: 6760: 6418: 6337:

Poll Position: New Zogby Poll Shows 71% Support for Waxman-Markey

5367:

Basaglia, Piero; Grunau, Jonas; Drupp, Moritz A. (July 9, 2024).

3175:

The role of carbon markets in preventing dangerous climate change

3157:

The role of carbon markets in preventing dangerous climate change

3089:

The role of carbon markets in preventing dangerous climate change

2654:"Unlocking Potential: State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2017" 2046: 1833:

launched a highly similar scheme. The two schemes are connected.

1211: 1075: 3988:. Committee on Climate Change. December 2008. pp. 140–149. 3406:

Chapter 13: Policies, instruments, and co-operative arrangements

2647: 2645: 1455:, which was considered by the Irish Parliament in 2008, and the 1406:

Criticism of the Kyoto Protocol § Criticism of Carbon Trade

377: 7763: 6093: 6080: 6055: 5855:. Ministry for the Environment, NZ Government. January 14, 2010 5317: 1946: 1641: 1078:, Denmark, constitute one common type of carbon offset project. 4944:"China's Energy Policymaking Processes and Their Consequences" 3311:"China Objects to EU's Border Carbon Tax, Backs Global Market" 2829: 1877:

and then amended in November 2009 and in November 2012 by the

1871:

Climate Change Response (Emissions Trading) Amendment Act 2008

133:

However, such schemes are usually not harmonized with defined

7677:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

6770: 5162: 2987:

IPCC (2007). "Glossary A-D". In B. Metz; et al. (eds.).

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and came into operation on 1 January 2021 following the UK's

1255: 305:(UNFCCC). The necessary detail was left to be settled by the 99: 5985:

The Carbon Challenge: New Zealand's Emissions Trading Scheme

4948:

The National Bureau of Asian Research Energy Security Report

2911: 1862:(NZ ETS) is an all-gases partial-coverage uncapped domestic 1778:. A 2020 study found that the EU ETS successfully reduced CO 1496:, and as a distraction from the search for other solutions. 6040:(Press release). Greenpeace New Zealand. September 14, 2009 3446:. International Monetary Fund. March 2008. pp. 25–26. 3120:

Garnaut, Ross (2008). "Releasing permits into the market".

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Emissions trading and carbon taxes around the world (2021)

7853:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

6088:

Participating in the UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS)

5745:(Press release). New Zealand Government. November 9, 2012 4709:"Carbon tax bills pass lower house of federal Parliament" 4437:"Carbon-Credits System Tarnished by WikiLeaks Revelation" 3713:. International Air Transport Association. Archived from 2964:

Regeneration: ending the climate crisis in one generation

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mechanism that enables entities to compensate for offset

6151: 6129:. Energycommerce.house.gov. June 1, 2009. Archived from 6127:"The American Clean Energy and Security Act (H.R. 2454)" 6086:

Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy,

5853:

Questions and answers about the emissions trading scheme

4469:"Imminent EU proposals to clamp down on fridge gas scam" 3741:"Auctioning of EU ETS Phase II allowances: why and how?" 3537:"Environmental Taxes and the Double-Dividend Hypothesis" 2511:"China's carbon market scheme too limited, say analysts" 2498:

Environment Law, the Economy and Sustainable Development

2427:"Tax Treaty Issues Related to Emissions Permits/Credits" 2098:. Berlin: International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP) 1353:

of grandfathering can be alleviated through auctioning.

110:

fewer emissions. This can reduce the competitiveness of

6361:

Poll: Americans Support Strong Climate, Energy Policies

5191:"The European Union Emissions Trading System reduced CO 328:

have had the effect of increasing costs of coal power.

6090:, published 17 December 2021, accessed 15 January 2021 6013:"New bill 'weakens ETS' says Environment Commissioner" 5493: 4378:, New Political Economy, first published August 2009, 3063:

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35620

1937:(UK ETS) is the carbon emission trading scheme of the 1448:

of stakeholder contestation for the past two decades.

1294:

cost of a grandfathered permit may be regarded as the

7694:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

5633:"Emissions Trading Worldwide ICAP Status Report 2015" 5604:"Urban Environment and Climate Change – Publications" 5008:"China moves towards launch of carbon trading scheme" 3260:"Paris agreement carbon crediting mechanism advances" 2684: 2167:"China's national carbon market exceeds expectations" 256:

in both positive and negative environmental effects.

4557: 3286:"Will International Carbon Markets Finally Deliver?" 2659:. Forest Trends' Ecosystem Marketplace. p. 10. 2042: 1899:), and for being ineffective in reducing emissions ( 6404:

The Stern Review on the economics of climate change

5849:"Who will get a free allocation of emission units?" 5721:"Balanced new law important step on climate change" 5366: 5110: 4913:"China could launch national carbon market in 2016" 3682:"The Revision of the EU's Emissions Trading System" 3290:

International Institute for Sustainable Development

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The cap is reduced in line with the UK's 2050 5796:"Summary of the proposed changes to the NZ ETS" 5373:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5199:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3708:"What You Need to Know About Emissions Trading" 3535:Don Fullerton & Gilbert E. Metcalf (1997). 3525: 1544:New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme 5715: 5551: 4971: 4969: 4827:, 20 September 2013. Accessed 8 November 2013. 4678:"Tony Abbott calls for election on carbon tax" 4278: 4149: 2652:Hamrick, Kelley; Gallant, Melissa (May 2017). 2651: 2338: 1897:Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment 1736:) that began in 2005 and is intended to lower 1243:new tools and supervisory bodies was created. 1164:(NDC) commitments to achieve the goals of the 6639:History of climate change policy and politics 6434: 6102:"Introducing the UK Emissions Trading System" 5963:. Ministry for the Environment, NZ Government 5932:. Ministry for the Environment, NZ Government 5905:. Ministry for the Environment, NZ Government 5882:. Ministry for the Environment, NZ Government 5802:. Ministry for the Environment, NZ Government 4941: 4408: 4229:. Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation. Archived from 4010: 2630:Goldemburg et al., 1996, pp. 29, 37 2393: 2116: 2018:United States Environmental Protection Agency 1049: 1015: 338: 5981: 5669:"Historic climate change legislation passes" 4413:. The Story of Stuff Project. Archived from 3982:"Chapter 4: Carbon markets and carbon price" 3809: 3594: 3567: 3085: 3032:Mitigation from a cross-sectoral perspective 2399: 2363: 6756:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 5422:Yearbook of International Environmental Law 4966: 4145: 4143: 3923: 3896: 3847: 3841: 3630: 3171: 3153: 2280: 7975: 7963: 7420: 6441: 6427: 5930:Emissions trading bulletin No 12, INFO 441 5823:"How will the changes impact on forestry?" 5547: 5545: 5188: 4279:Teeter, Preston; Sandberg, Jorgen (2016). 3626: 3624: 3622: 3471: 3283: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3028: 2801: 2733: 2369: 2332: 2309: 2123:and total greenhouse gas emissions (2020)" 2117:Olivier, J.G.J.; Peters, J.A.H.W. (2020). 1818:has a voluntary emissions trading scheme. 1022: 1008: 7715: 7521:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 6664:United Nations Climate Change conferences 6038:"Revised ETS an insult to New Zealanders" 5743:"ETS Amendment Bill passes third reading" 5400: 5343: 5294: 5236: 5218: 3958: 3915:from the original on September 26, 2003. 3781:"Climate change; The greening of America" 3402: 3379: 3198:Grubb, M.; et al. (August 3, 2009). 3197: 2929: 2710: 1589:bill, and it was subsequently withdrawn. 1374: Carbon tax implemented or scheduled 324:. The increasing costs of permits on the 303:UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 259:Emissions trading programmes such as the 247:, and GHG emissions are an international 7225:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 6363:", Yale Climate & Energy Institute 6163:. Oxford University Press. p. 154. 5415: 4706: 4590: 4140: 4013:"6. Policies, Measures, and Instruments" 2734:Greenfield, Patrick (January 18, 2023). 2599: 1879:Fifth National Government of New Zealand 1849: 1712: 1700: 1619:passed the bill in October 2011 and the 1409: 1364: 1268: 1062: 38: 7581:National Adaptation Programme of Action 7370:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 5723:(Press release). New Zealand Government 5671:(Press release). New Zealand Government 5554:"Tokyo kicks off carbon trading scheme" 5542: 4987:from the original on September 24, 2015 4942:Andrews-Speed, Philip (November 2014). 4735:"Carbon tax gets green light in Senate" 4449:from the original on September 30, 2011 4075: 4044:State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2021 3929: 3918:arguments over the allocation of rents. 3619: 3441:"Fiscal Implications of Climate Change" 3331: 3257: 3119: 3104: 3059:State and trends of carbon pricing 2021 2948:was invoked but never defined (see the 2802:Greenfield, Patrick (August 24, 2023). 2250:"Fiscal Implications of Climate Change" 2007:President Barack Obama in his proposed 1869:The NZ ETS was first legislated in the 1727:European Union Emissions Trading System 1695:European Union Emissions Trading System 1320:International Air Transport Association 1248:European Union Emissions Trading System 261:European Union Emissions Trading System 14: 7995: 7230:Economics of climate change mitigation 7193:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 6716: 6544:Scientific consensus on climate change 6177: 5988:. 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Many projects that give credits for 322:Chinese national carbon trading scheme 151:China's national carbon trading scheme 7889:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 7714: 7419: 7155: 6715: 6627: 6508: 6460: 6422: 6293:from the original on January 14, 2015 6219: 6183: 5982:Bertram, Geoff; Terry, Simon (2010). 5610:from the original on January 24, 2019 5119:from the original on November 1, 2021 5111:European Commission (July 14, 2021). 4885: 4883: 4881: 4795:from the original on February 6, 2015 4733:AAP with Reuters (November 8, 2011). 4676:Hudson, Phillip (February 26, 2011). 4593:"Abbott defends carbon tax interview" 4533:"The Greenhouse Gas Reduction Scheme" 4071: 4069: 3817:. In J.P. Bruce; et al. 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(2001). 3974: 3897:Kerr, Suzi; Cramton, Peter (1998). 3453:from the original on August 6, 2010 2943: 2639:Goldemburg et al., 1996, p. 30 2500:, 2000, Cambridge University Press. 2469:from the original on April 21, 2013 2262:from the original on August 6, 2010 2247: 1964:Climate change in the United States 1162:Nationally Determined Contributions 1133:projects. Further projects include 353:Economic analysis of climate change 24: 7821:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 6448: 6232:from the original on June 30, 2014 6099: 5564:from the original on July 27, 2021 5530:from the original on March 8, 2021 5448:from the original on July 29, 2023 5048:from the original on March 8, 2021 4954:from the original on July 22, 2018 4897:. January 18, 2018. Archived from 4878: 4874:from the original on June 3, 2019. 4848:from the original on July 15, 2022 4745:from the original on June 21, 2021 4475:from the original on July 29, 2023 4078:"A licence to carry on polluting?" 4066: 4055:from the original on July 16, 2021 4015:. In B. Metz; et al. (eds.). 3970:from the original on May 10, 2020. 3810:Fisher, B.S.; et al. (1996). 3787:. January 25, 2007. Archived from 3313:. BNN Bloomberg. February 26, 2024 3284:Vaughan, Scott; Di Leva, Charles. 3222: 2770:"The Great Cash-for-Carbon Hustle" 2612:from the original on July 16, 2021 2551:from the original on July 16, 2021 2521:from the original on July 16, 2021 2503: 2439:from the original on March 4, 2016 2241: 2199:from the original on March 2, 2023 1996:, Independent and former Democrat 1721:in the EU Emissions Trading System 1709:in the EU Emissions Trading System 1260:Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism 936:Renewable energy commercialization 345:Emissions trading § Economics 25: 8019: 7748:Satellite temperature measurement 7353:forestry for carbon sequestration 6644:History of climate change science 6397: 6267:from the original on May 25, 2016 5481:from the original on May 17, 2022 5416:Watanabe, Rie (January 1, 2012). 5006:Feng, Emily (December 19, 2017). 4657:from the original on July 1, 2011 4645:Leslie, Tim (February 24, 2011). 4591:Thompson, Jeremy (June 7, 2011). 3992:from the original on May 25, 2010 3123:The Garnaut Climate Change Review 2768:Blake, Heidi (October 16, 2023). 2229:from the original on May 30, 2022 2061:Business action on climate change 2009:2010 United States federal budget 1947:departure from the European Union 1920: 1687: 1670:carbon dioxide emissions by China 1574:Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme 1526:Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme 1394:or carbon tax under consideration 1281: 1183: 1141:projects, and the elimination of 7974: 7962: 7951: 7950: 7938: 7599:Climate Change Performance Index 6373: 6353: 6329: 6305: 6279: 6244: 6220:Lizza, Ryan (October 11, 2010). 6213: 6145: 6119: 6100:Ng, Gabriel (January 23, 2021). 5841: 5800:Emissions trading bulletin No 11 5596: 5552:Business Green (April 8, 2010). 5512: 5409: 5360: 5131: 5074: 5060: 5030: 4999: 4688:from the original on May 1, 2011 4350:"Carbon markets create a muddle" 4317:from the original on May 6, 2020 4128:from the original on May 1, 2010 3939:Oxford Review of Economic Policy 3857:Oxford Review of Economic Policy 3640:Oxford Review of Economic Policy 3549:from the original on May 9, 2021 3258:Jardine, Chloe (March 4, 2024). 2944:Cite error: The named reference 2375:Oxford Review of Economic Policy 2045: 1957: 1926:This section is an excerpt from 1842:This section is an excerpt from 1693:This section is an excerpt from 1214:for the sector in question. The 1170:Article 6 of the Paris Agreement 1055:This section is an excerpt from 376: 278:Emissions trading § History 183: 27:Approach to limit climate change 7738:Instrumental temperature record 7689:Sustainable Development Goal 13 5500:China's Carbon Emission Trading 4935: 4905: 4860: 4830: 4807: 4777: 4726: 4700: 4669: 4638: 4615: 4584: 4551: 4525: 4522:. University of Augsburg, 2013. 4505: 4487: 4461: 4429: 4402: 4368: 4342: 4329: 4272: 4245: 4218: 4192: 4159:Journal of Historical Geography 4114: 4035: 4004: 3890: 3803: 3773: 3700: 3673: 3588: 3571:The Economics of Climate Change 3561: 3465: 3433: 3420: 3396: 3373: 3351: 3325: 3303: 3277: 3251: 3191: 3147: 3079: 3067: 3051: 3022: 3009: 2980: 2905: 2880: 2836:Masie, Desné (August 3, 2023). 2678: 2633: 2624: 2600:Meredith, Sam (July 12, 2021). 2593: 2563: 2533: 2490: 2481: 2419: 1982:brothers David and Charles Koch 1901:Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand 1046:to any future climate change. 114:, which are the main driver of 7806:Climate variability and change 7156: 6847:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 5926:"Industrial allocation update" 5418:"14. Northeast Asia: A. Japan" 5086:www.environmentalistonline.com 3126:. Cambridge University Press. 2863:"Climate Explainer: Article 6" 2303: 2274: 2211: 2132: 2110: 2088: 1907: 1836: 1234:Potential global carbon market 137:that are required to maintain 98:, with schemes operational in 13: 1: 7916:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 7451:Climate emergency declaration 5195:emissions despite low prices" 5068:"EU Emissions Trading System" 4288:British Journal of Management 3233:"International carbon market" 2946:Carbon offsets and credits :1 2463:Garnaut Climate Change Review 2081: 1824:Tokyo Metropolitan Government 1549:University of New South Wales 1542:unilaterally established the 1522:Garnaut Climate Change Review 1399: 1325: 1216:Garnaut Climate Change Review 713:Socially responsible business 489:Bright green environmentalism 294:Garnaut Climate Change Review 243:. The atmosphere is a global 7899:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 7125:Middle East and North Africa 6461: 6159:; Schlosberg, David (2011). 4411:"The Story of Cap and Trade" 3908:. Resources For the Future. 3057:World Bank. (2021, May 25). 1873:in September 2008 under the 1515: 1205: 1145:in various settings such as 964:Environmental pricing reform 7: 6628: 6414:International Energy Agency 4819:September 23, 2021, at the 3930:Stavins, Robert N. (2008). 3472:Fischer, C; Fox, A (2007). 2966:. New York: Penguin Books. 2922:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3149652/v1 2165:Yuan, Lin (July 22, 2021). 2071:Low carbon power generation 2038: 1935:UK Emissions Trading Scheme 1928:UK Emissions Trading Scheme 1153:have received criticism as 718:Social return on investment 10: 8024: 7733:Global surface temperature 7624:Popular culture depictions 7536:Ecosystem-based adaptation 7266:Carbon capture and storage 7188:Carbon offsets and credits 6509: 6289:. Renewable Energy World. 5765:"New Zealand Units (NZUs)" 5345:10.1016/j.jeem.2022.102758 5279:10.1038/s41467-024-48512-w 4396:December 21, 2009, at the 4385:February 16, 2010, at the 2962:Hawken, Paul, ed. (2021). 2313:Decision-making Frameworks 2016:instead acted through the 1961: 1925: 1841: 1749:greenhouse gas emissions. 1692: 1654:Western Climate Initiative 1640:The Canadian provinces of 1629:Liberal/National coalition 1600:. In the first Australian 1578:Liberal Party of Australia 1519: 1490:The Story of Cap and Trade 1403: 1139:carbon capture and storage 1057:Carbon offsets and credits 1054: 1050:Carbon offsets and credits 703:Pollution haven hypothesis 698:Natural resource economics 683:High-performance buildings 342: 339:Economic aspects and tools 275: 271: 216:The economic problem with 171: 29: 7945:Climate change portal 7932: 7871: 7838:Extreme event attribution 7756: 7725: 7721: 7710: 7654: 7589: 7511: 7461:School Strike for Climate 7433: 7429: 7415: 7384: 7340:Climate-smart agriculture 7301: 7258: 7168: 7164: 7151: 7075: 6938: 6885: 6728: 6724: 6711: 6634: 6623: 6552: 6521: 6517: 6504: 6487:Climate change adaptation 6482:Climate change mitigation 6477:Effects of climate change 6467: 6456: 6410:Emissions Trading and CDM 6318:January 31, 2021, at the 6251:Turin, Dustin R. (2012). 5901:MfE (September 1, 2009). 5505:October 30, 2017, at the 4518:January 17, 2023, at the 4171:10.1016/j.jhg.2008.08.008 3906:Discussion Paper Dp-98-34 1635: 1462: 1100:carbon dioxide-equivalent 466:Climate change mitigation 161:(as of September 2021). 7848:Global warming potential 7655:International agreements 7302:Preserving and enhancing 6746:Arctic methane emissions 6668:Years in climate change 6575:Greenhouse gas emissions 6472:Causes of climate change 5955:MfE (January 14, 2010). 5821:MfE (January 14, 2010). 4499:August 28, 2010, at the 4252:PBL (October 16, 2009). 2712:10.3389/ffgc.2023.958879 2020:to attempt to adopt the 1978:Americans for Prosperity 1864:emissions trading scheme 1805: 1791: 1772:emissions trading scheme 1738:greenhouse gas emissions 1659: 1418:building in Chicago Loop 1416:Chicago Climate Exchange 1384:implemented or scheduled 1091:greenhouse gas emissions 1070:projects, such as these 906:Environmental technology 549:Ecological modernization 504:Corporate sustainability 333:greenhouse gas emissions 307:UN Conference of Parties 220:is that the emitters of 166:global warming potential 106:, and other countries. 7879:Climate change scenario 7531:Disaster risk reduction 7183:Carbon emission trading 6993:U.S. insurance industry 6973:Civilizational collapse 6820:sea surface temperature 6348:The Wall Street Journal 5385:10.1073/pnas.2319908121 5220:10.1073/pnas.1918128117 4627:March 18, 2015, at the 4300:10.1111/1467-8551.12188 4150:Liverman, D.M. (2008). 3361:. Yahoo. April 19, 2023 2076:Personal carbon trading 1854:New Zealand Unit Prices 1262:of the European Union. 979:Green industrial policy 693:Marginal abatement cost 616:Fiscal environmentalism 433:Personal carbon trading 403:Carbon fee and dividend 398:Carbon emission trading 370:Environmental economics 268:overall economic cost. 224:(GHGs) do not face the 56:emission trading scheme 48:Carbon emission trading 7872:Research and modelling 7556:Nature-based solutions 7376:Nature-based solutions 7318:Carbon dioxide removal 7235:Fossil fuel divestment 7220:Climate risk insurance 7130:Small island countries 6751:Arctic sea ice decline 6342:July 31, 2020, at the 5924:MfE (September 2009). 5874:MfE (September 2009). 5794:MfE (September 2009). 5667:(September 10, 2008). 4409:Annie Leonard (2009). 4019:. IPCC. Archived from 3760:10.3763/cpol.2006.0608 3019:, 1996, pp. 27–28 2387:10.1093/oxrep/19.3.400 1855: 1770:EU countries view the 1722: 1710: 1530:Clean Energy Bill 2011 1419: 1396: 1135:carbon dioxide removal 1079: 916:Fossil fuel divestment 286: 153:to €63 per tonne of CO 44: 7833:Earth's energy budget 7716:Background and theory 7604:Climate crisis (term) 7276:Fossil fuel phase-out 7170:Economics and finance 7135:by individual country 7077:By country and region 7052:Security and conflict 7047:Psychological impacts 6736:Abrupt climate change 6659:Charles David Keeling 6492:By country and region 5719:(November 25, 2009). 5526:. February 11, 2010. 5267:Nature Communications 5044:. December 19, 2017. 4901:on September 8, 2018. 4789:Sydney Morning Herald 4739:Sydney Morning Herald 4572:on September 29, 2009 4471:. November 24, 2010. 3878:on September 23, 2008 3384:. Wall Street Journal 2916:(Report). In Review. 2193:"Carbon Price Viewer" 1853: 1716: 1704: 1558:, both the incumbent 1556:2007 federal election 1480:financial derivatives 1413: 1368: 1269:Allocation of permits 1066: 974:Free public transport 921:Fossil fuel phase-out 443:Social cost of carbon 292:, lead author of the 282: 230:social cost of carbon 42: 7662:Glasgow Climate Pact 7323:Carbon sequestration 6898:Mass mortality event 6386:May 3, 2019, at the 6157:Norgaard, Richard B. 5092:on November 14, 2017 4868:"China National ETS" 4825:Indymedia Australia 4122:"Carbon Trade Watch" 3951:10.1093/oxrep/grn017 3869:10.1093/oxrep/grj014 3848:Hepburn, C. (2006). 3791:on February 12, 2009 3652:10.1093/oxrep/grj014 3631:Hepburn, C. (2006). 2119:"Trends in global CO 1488:'s 2009 documentary 1151:carbon sequestration 969:Environmental tariff 594:full-cost accounting 559:Efficient energy use 544:Ecological footprint 539:Ecological economics 88:limit climate change 86:, its purpose is to 70:scheme designed for 7801:Climate sensitivity 7576:The Adaptation Fund 7032:Infectious diseases 6939:Social and economic 6324:The Washington Post 6187:(August 30, 2010). 6133:on February 5, 2016 5695:legislation.govt.nz 5434:10.1093/yiel/yvt038 5336:2023JEEM..11802758D 5211:2020PNAS..117.8804B 4791:. October 2, 2011. 4442:Scientific American 4417:on November 3, 2010 4337:Budget Perspectives 4180:on December 4, 2009 4092:on January 30, 2009 3661:on January 14, 2009 3493:10.3368/le.83.4.575 3237:European Commission 3210:on February 6, 2010 3206:: 5. Archived from 2931:20.500.11850/620307 2703:2023FrFGC...6.8879H 2577:. January 2, 2019. 2320:on December 7, 2013 1762:European Green Deal 1565:government and the 1511:Examples by country 1357:Permit supply level 1288:perverse incentives 901:Carbon-neutral fuel 564:Energy conservation 7372:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 7344:Forest management 7328:Direct air capture 7293:Sustainable energy 7250:Net zero emissions 7245:Low-carbon economy 7240:Green Climate Fund 7027:Indigenous peoples 6930:Plant biodiversity 6718:Effects and issues 6367:2012-01-28 at the 6067:www.endsreport.com 5588:has generic name ( 4919:. September 2014. 4769:has generic name ( 4339:, Tim Callan (ed.) 4233:on August 25, 2017 4108:2011-05-01 at the 3430:, 1996, p. 38 3204:Climate Strategies 2465:. March 17, 2011. 2400:David M. Driesen. 2248:IMF (March 2008). 1990:Tea Party movement 1917:scenario by 2020. 1856: 1831:Saitama Prefecture 1799:emission intensity 1723: 1711: 1420: 1397: 1351:perverse incentive 1127:hydroelectric dams 1080: 941:Sustainable energy 926:Low-carbon economy 765:consumer behaviour 209: 82:(GHGs). A form of 45: 8003:Emissions trading 7990: 7989: 7928: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7863:Radiative forcing 7706: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7526:Adaptive capacity 7411: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7271:Energy transition 7147: 7146: 7143: 7142: 6867:Tropical cyclones 6793:Urban heat island 6707: 6706: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6580:Carbon accounting 6534:Greenhouse effect 6500: 6499: 5995:978-1-877242-46-5 5475:www.whitecase.com 5205:(16): 8804–8812. 4983:. July 11, 2011. 4635:, 20 August 2010. 4023:on August 5, 2009 3945:(2 24): 298–321. 3834:978-0-521-56854-8 3684:. UK Parliament. 3612:978-0-521-56854-8 3133:978-0-521-74444-7 3039:on March 31, 2010 2990:Annex I: Glossary 2973:978-0-14-313697-2 2892:gspp.berkeley.edu 2547:. June 24, 2021. 2517:. July 16, 2021. 2406:Environmental Law 2356:978-0-521-56854-8 1988:, encouraged the 1610:Clean Energy Bill 1246:The rules of the 1143:methane emissions 1131:energy efficiency 1113:projects such as 1083:Carbon offsetting 1032: 1031: 896:Carbon neutrality 885:2000-watt society 879:Energy transition 790:development goals 708:Social accounting 428:Environmental tax 423:Emissions trading 205: 204: 68:emissions trading 16:(Redirected from 8015: 7978: 7977: 7966: 7965: 7954: 7953: 7943: 7942: 7941: 7906:Paleoclimatology 7723: 7722: 7712: 7711: 7473:Ecological grief 7456:Climate movement 7431: 7430: 7417: 7416: 7397:Plant-based diet 7288:Renewable energy 7166: 7165: 7153: 7152: 6988:Economic impacts 6920:Invasive species 6776:Coastal flooding 6726: 6725: 6713: 6712: 6649:Svante Arrhenius 6625: 6624: 6595:from agriculture 6585:Carbon footprint 6570:Greenhouse gases 6519: 6518: 6506: 6505: 6458: 6457: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6420: 6419: 6391: 6377: 6371: 6357: 6351: 6333: 6327: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6097: 6091: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6047: 6045: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6020: 6009: 6003: 6002: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5939: 5937: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5778: 5776: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5645:on March 8, 2021 5644: 5638:. 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Archived from 4073: 4064: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4051:, May 25, 2021, 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3962: 3936: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3914: 3903: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3877: 3871:. Archived from 3854: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3823:. IPCC. p. 3816: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3745: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3720:on March 3, 2007 3719: 3712: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3660: 3654:. Archived from 3637: 3628: 3617: 3616: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3576: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3548: 3541: 3532: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3509: 3478: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3452: 3445: 3437: 3431: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3239:. European Union 3229: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3195: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3117: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3026: 3020: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2714: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2665: 2658: 2649: 2640: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2507: 2501: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2438: 2431: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2402:"Capping Carbon" 2397: 2391: 2390: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2261: 2254: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2146:on March 2, 2022 2136: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2092: 2055: 2050: 2049: 2022:Clean Power Plan 1816:Kyoto Prefecture 1812:Hatoyama cabinet 1582:Malcolm Turnbull 1540:state government 1505:money laundering 1432:the Corner House 1392:emission trading 1389: 1382:emission trading 1379: 1373: 1301:windfall profits 1296:opportunity cost 1123:biogas digesters 1111:renewable energy 1068:Renewable energy 1024: 1017: 1010: 890:Alternative fuel 780:design standards 688:Impact investing 494:Circular economy 461:Carbon footprint 380: 357: 356: 297: 222:greenhouse gases 210: 187: 186: 179: 120:renewable energy 80:greenhouse gases 21: 8023: 8022: 8018: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8013: 8012: 7993: 7992: 7991: 7986: 7939: 7937: 7920: 7867: 7858:Orbital forcing 7752: 7717: 7698: 7672:Paris Agreement 7650: 7646:Warming stripes 7585: 7551:Managed retreat 7546:Loss and damage 7507: 7441:Business action 7425: 7403: 7380: 7303: 7297: 7254: 7215:Climate finance 7160: 7139: 7071: 6934: 6910:Extinction risk 6886:Flora and fauna 6881: 6842:Permafrost thaw 6837:Ozone depletion 6766:Extreme weather 6720: 6703: 6630: 6611: 6548: 6513: 6496: 6463: 6452: 6447: 6400: 6395: 6394: 6388:Wayback Machine 6378: 6374: 6369:Wayback Machine 6358: 6354: 6344:Wayback Machine 6334: 6330: 6326:. 25 June 2009. 6320:Wayback Machine 6310: 6306: 6296: 6294: 6285: 6284: 6280: 6270: 6268: 6249: 6245: 6235: 6233: 6218: 6214: 6204: 6202: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6153:Dryzek, John S. 6150: 6146: 6136: 6134: 6125: 6124: 6120: 6110: 6108: 6098: 6094: 6085: 6081: 6071: 6069: 6061: 6060: 6056: 6043: 6041: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6018: 6016: 6011: 6010: 6006: 5996: 5980: 5976: 5966: 5964: 5953: 5949: 5935: 5933: 5922: 5918: 5908: 5906: 5899: 5895: 5885: 5883: 5872: 5868: 5858: 5856: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5832: 5830: 5819: 5815: 5805: 5803: 5792: 5788: 5774: 5772: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5748: 5746: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5726: 5724: 5714: 5710: 5700: 5698: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5662: 5658: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5623: 5613: 5611: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5585: 5584: 5575: 5574: 5567: 5565: 5550: 5543: 5533: 5531: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5507:Wayback Machine 5498: 5494: 5484: 5482: 5469: 5468: 5461: 5451: 5449: 5414: 5410: 5365: 5361: 5316: 5312: 5258: 5254: 5194: 5187: 5183: 5173: 5171: 5161: 5154: 5144: 5142: 5141:. March 7, 2023 5137: 5136: 5132: 5122: 5120: 5109: 5105: 5095: 5093: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5012:Financial Times 5004: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4975: 4974: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4940: 4936: 4926: 4924: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4889: 4888: 4879: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4849: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4821:Wayback Machine 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4766: 4765: 4756: 4755: 4748: 4746: 4731: 4727: 4717: 4715: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4643: 4639: 4629:Wayback Machine 4620: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4589: 4585: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4556: 4552: 4542: 4540: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4520:Wayback Machine 4510: 4506: 4501:Wayback Machine 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4407: 4403: 4398:Wayback Machine 4387:Wayback Machine 4374:Larry Lohmann: 4373: 4369: 4359: 4357: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4318: 4314: 4283: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4250: 4246: 4236: 4234: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4154: 4148: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4110:Wayback Machine 4095: 4093: 4074: 4067: 4058: 4056: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4026: 4024: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3912: 3901: 3895: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3852: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3814: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3743: 3737: 3733: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3635: 3629: 3620: 3613: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3533: 3526: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3476: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3425: 3421: 3412: 3410: 3401: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3378: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3231: 3230: 3223: 3213: 3211: 3196: 3192: 3181: 3179: 3163: 3161: 3152: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3118: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3084: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3056: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3027: 3023: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2960: 2956: 2945: 2939: 2910: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2800: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2766: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2732: 2728: 2683: 2679: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2656: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2615: 2613: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2524: 2522: 2515:Financial Times 2509: 2508: 2504: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2398: 2394: 2371:Tietenberg, Tom 2368: 2364: 2357: 2337: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2308: 2304: 2294: 2292: 2279: 2275: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2252: 2246: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2202: 2200: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2163: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2122: 2115: 2111: 2101: 2099: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2051: 2044: 2041: 2000:, and Democrat 1986:Koch Industries 1966: 1960: 1955: 1954: 1931: 1923: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1904: 1847: 1839: 1808: 1794: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1781: 1720: 1708: 1698: 1690: 1675: 1662: 1638: 1602:hung-parliament 1536:New South Wales 1532: 1520:Main articles: 1518: 1513: 1507:to take place. 1470:Financial Times 1465: 1430:Groups such as 1408: 1402: 1395: 1387: 1385: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1359: 1328: 1284: 1271: 1236: 1208: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1166:Paris Agreement 1105: 1060: 1052: 1028: 999: 998: 954: 946: 945: 880: 872: 871: 857:Thermoeconomics 611:Ethical banking 499:Climate finance 484: 476: 475: 456: 448: 447: 388: 355: 341: 299: 288: 280: 274: 237:property rights 214: 213: 212: 206: 201: 188: 184: 174: 156: 148: 96:Paris Agreement 77: 66:) is a type of 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8021: 8011: 8010: 8008:Carbon finance 8005: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7984: 7972: 7960: 7948: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7875: 7873: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7824: 7823: 7813: 7811:Cloud feedback 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7792: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7766: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7729: 7727: 7719: 7718: 7708: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7685: 7684: 7679: 7669: 7667:Kyoto Protocol 7664: 7658: 7656: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7648: 7643: 7642: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7621: 7619:Media coverage 7616: 7611: 7609:Climate spiral 7606: 7601: 7595: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7517: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7500: 7498:Public opinion 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7453: 7448: 7446:Climate action 7443: 7437: 7435: 7427: 7426: 7413: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7358:REDD and REDD+ 7355: 7350: 7342: 7337: 7335:Carbon farming 7332: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7315: 7309: 7307: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7268: 7262: 7260: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7196: 7195: 7185: 7180: 7174: 7172: 7162: 7161: 7149: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7081: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7067:Water security 7064: 7062:Water scarcity 7059: 7057:Urban flooding 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6915:Forest dieback 6912: 6907: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6852:Sea level rise 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6825:stratification 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6797: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6732: 6730: 6722: 6721: 6709: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6621: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6590:Carbon leakage 6587: 6582: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6531: 6529:Climate system 6525: 6523: 6515: 6514: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6454: 6453: 6450:Climate change 6446: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6407: 6399: 6398:External links 6396: 6393: 6392: 6372: 6352: 6350:. 11 Aug. 2009 6328: 6304: 6278: 6243: 6226:The New Yorker 6212: 6194:The New Yorker 6176: 6169: 6144: 6118: 6092: 6079: 6054: 6029: 6004: 5994: 5974: 5947: 5916: 5893: 5866: 5840: 5813: 5786: 5756: 5734: 5717:Hon Nick Smith 5708: 5682: 5656: 5621: 5595: 5541: 5511: 5492: 5459: 5408: 5359: 5310: 5252: 5192: 5181: 5152: 5130: 5103: 5073: 5059: 5029: 4998: 4965: 4934: 4904: 4877: 4859: 4829: 4806: 4776: 4725: 4699: 4668: 4637: 4633:The Australian 4614: 4583: 4550: 4524: 4504: 4486: 4460: 4428: 4401: 4367: 4356:on May 7, 2015 4341: 4328: 4294:(4): 649–665. 4271: 4244: 4217: 4191: 4165:(2): 279–296. 4139: 4113: 4065: 4034: 4003: 3973: 3922: 3889: 3863:(2): 226–247. 3840: 3833: 3802: 3772: 3754:(1): 137–160. 3748:Climate Policy 3731: 3699: 3672: 3646:(2): 236–239. 3618: 3611: 3587: 3560: 3524: 3487:(4): 575–599. 3481:Land Economics 3464: 3432: 3419: 3395: 3372: 3350: 3324: 3302: 3276: 3250: 3221: 3190: 3146: 3132: 3103: 3078: 3066: 3050: 3021: 3008: 2997:on May 3, 2010 2979: 2972: 2954: 2937: 2904: 2879: 2854: 2828: 2794: 2774:The New Yorker 2760: 2726: 2677: 2641: 2632: 2623: 2592: 2562: 2545:CompressorTECH 2532: 2502: 2489: 2480: 2450: 2418: 2392: 2381:(3): 400–419. 2362: 2355: 2331: 2302: 2291:on May 2, 2010 2284:Framing issues 2273: 2240: 2210: 2184: 2157: 2131: 2120: 2109: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2040: 2037: 1994:Lindsey Graham 1959: 1956: 1939:United Kingdom 1932: 1924: 1922: 1921:United Kingdom 1919: 1913: 1909: 1906: 1886:Kyoto Protocol 1848: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1807: 1804: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1779: 1755:Kyoto Protocol 1718: 1706: 1699: 1691: 1689: 1688:European Union 1686: 1673: 1661: 1658: 1637: 1634: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1494:carbon offsets 1464: 1461: 1401: 1398: 1386: 1376: 1370: 1358: 1355: 1344:economic rents 1327: 1324: 1283: 1282:Grandfathering 1280: 1270: 1267: 1235: 1232: 1220:market failure 1207: 1204: 1185: 1184:Carbon leakage 1182: 1174:carbon markets 1119:biomass energy 1103: 1096:carbon dioxide 1087:carbon trading 1061: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1030: 1029: 1027: 1026: 1019: 1012: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 994:Rail subsidies 991: 989:Green politics 986: 984:Green New Deal 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 959:Carbon leakage 955: 952: 951: 948: 947: 944: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 911:Feed-in tariff 908: 903: 898: 893: 887: 881: 878: 877: 874: 873: 870: 869: 867:Value of Earth 864: 859: 854: 853: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 742: 741: 740: 735: 730: 723:Sustainability 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 679: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 618: 613: 608: 607: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 529:Eco-innovation 526: 521: 519:Eco-capitalism 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 485: 482: 481: 478: 477: 474: 473: 468: 463: 457: 455:Climate change 454: 453: 450: 449: 446: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 408:Carbon finance 405: 400: 395: 389: 386: 385: 382: 381: 373: 372: 366: 365: 340: 337: 314:Kyoto Protocol 281: 273: 270: 265:Kyoto Protocol 226:external costs 218:climate change 207: 203: 202: 191: 189: 182: 177: 176: 175: 173: 170: 154: 146: 139:global warming 135:carbon budgets 116:climate change 104:European Union 84:carbon pricing 75: 72:carbon dioxide 26: 18:Carbon trading 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8020: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7983: 7982: 7973: 7971: 7970: 7961: 7959: 7958: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7935: 7934: 7931: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7884:Climate model 7882: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7816:Cloud forcing 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7755: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7713: 7709: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7653: 7647: 7644: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7591:Communication 7588: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7571:Vulnerability 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7541:Flood control 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7414: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7363:reforestation 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7348:afforestation 7346: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7283:Nuclear power 7281: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7178:Carbon budget 7176: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7154: 7150: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7074: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7016: 7015:Mental health 7013: 7012: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6957: 6956:United States 6954: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6899: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6884: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6810:deoxygenation 6808: 6806: 6805:acidification 6803: 6802: 6801: 6798: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6714: 6710: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6636: 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1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1129:, as well as 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1077: 1073: 1072:wind turbines 1069: 1065: 1058: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1037: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1006: 1005: 1003: 1002: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 956: 950: 949: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 891: 888: 886: 883: 882: 876: 875: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 835:refurbishment 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 747: 746: 743: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 725: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 623: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 605: 602: 600: 599:impact design 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 571: 570: 569:Environmental 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 554:Ecotechnology 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 534:Eco-investing 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 514:Disinvestment 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 486: 480: 479: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 458: 452: 451: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 413:Carbon offset 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 393:Carbon credit 391: 390: 384: 383: 379: 375: 374: 371: 368: 367: 363: 359: 358: 354: 350: 346: 336: 334: 329: 327: 323: 318: 315: 312:In 1997, the 310: 308: 304: 298: 295: 291: 285: 279: 269: 266: 262: 257: 254: 253:cap-and-trade 250: 246: 242: 238: 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 199: 198:MediaWiki.org 195: 190: 181: 180: 169: 167: 162: 160: 152: 144: 140: 136: 131: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 107: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 73: 69: 65: 64:cap and trade 61: 57: 53: 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Retrieved 2090: 2034: 2030: 2026:Donald Trump 2014:Barack Obama 2006: 1980:, funded by 1974:FreedomWorks 1967: 1911: 1895:signal (the 1893:carbon price 1883: 1868: 1857: 1828: 1820: 1809: 1795: 1776:fossil fuels 1759: 1751: 1743: 1731: 1724: 1682: 1678: 1663: 1652:through the 1639: 1626: 1614: 1591: 1580:(now led by 1576:, which the 1553: 1534:In 2003 the 1533: 1502: 1498: 1489: 1484: 1468: 1466: 1456: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1429: 1421: 1360: 1348: 1331: 1329: 1317: 1313: 1309:rent-seeking 1305: 1292: 1285: 1276: 1272: 1264: 1245: 1241:Bonn meeting 1237: 1224: 1209: 1200: 1187: 1159: 1155:greenwashing 1108: 1081: 1042:benefits of 1039:social costs 1033: 931:Net metering 805:food systems 733:organization 524:Eco commerce 438:Pigovian tax 397: 387:Carbon price 349:Carbon price 330: 319: 311: 300: 290:Ross Garnaut 287: 283: 258: 252: 234: 215: 163: 132: 112:fossil fuels 108: 78:) and other 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 46: 36: 7796:Carbon sink 7774:atmospheric 7639:video games 7313:Blue carbon 6946:Agriculture 6925:Marine life 6872:Water cycle 6830:temperature 6565:Fossil fuel 6185:Mayer, Jane 6111:February 2, 6072:February 2, 6044:October 12, 6019:October 15, 5701:January 25, 5273:(1): 4147. 5123:November 1, 4718:October 12, 4576:November 3, 4543:January 16, 4421:October 31, 3960:10419/53231 3426:Goldemberg 3170:<ref> 3015:Goldemberg 2670:January 29, 2412:(1): 1–55. 2324:January 10, 1953:commitment. 1908:South Korea 1837:New Zealand 1717:Price of CO 1705:Price of CO 1646:Nova Scotia 1621:Upper House 1617:Lower House 1586:Tony Abbott 1476:speculative 1425:colonialism 830:procurement 785:development 770:consumption 755:agriculture 750:advertising 745:Sustainable 636:development 249:externality 245:public good 194:Phabricator 128:solar power 7997:Categories 7828:Cryosphere 7789:permafrost 7561:Resilience 7513:Adaptation 7488:Litigation 7478:Governance 7423:adaptation 7205:Carbon tax 7158:Mitigation 7095:Antarctica 6983:Disability 5775:August 13, 5428:(1): 454. 5330:: 102758. 4713:Herald Sun 4682:Herald Sun 4049:World Bank 3882:August 30, 3665:August 30, 3514:August 10, 3001:August 25, 2867:World Bank 2585:January 8, 2082:References 2066:Carbon tax 2002:John Kerry 1962:See also: 1650:California 1404:See also: 1400:Criticisms 1326:Auctioning 1195:carbon tax 1137:projects, 1115:wind farms 820:management 815:livelihood 810:industries 760:capitalism 728:accounting 626:accounting 584:enterprise 574:accounting 471:Food miles 418:Carbon tax 343:See also: 276:See also: 241:atmosphere 143:oversupply 124:wind power 122:, such as 94:under the 7843:Feedbacks 7614:Education 7115:Caribbean 7110:Australia 7037:Migration 7000:Fisheries 6951:Livestock 6877:Wildfires 6783:Heat wave 6271:August 6, 6236:August 6, 6205:March 20, 5936:August 8, 5649:August 6, 5578:cite news 5534:April 25, 5442:0965-1721 5393:0027-8424 5354:0095-0696 5287:2041-1723 5229:0027-8424 5174:March 19, 5145:March 15, 5096:April 19, 5052:August 6, 5022:August 6, 4927:August 6, 4799:August 6, 4759:cite news 4749:August 6, 4661:August 6, 4391:full text 4321:August 6, 4308:157986703 4264:April 26, 4237:August 4, 4184:August 8, 4132:April 28, 4027:April 26, 3996:April 26, 3692:April 28, 3457:April 26, 3214:April 14, 3182:April 30, 3139:April 28, 3096:April 30, 2950:help page 2872:March 29, 2816:0261-3077 2782:0028-792X 2748:0261-3077 2721:2624-893X 2295:April 26, 2266:April 26, 2203:August 8, 2195:. 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