165:
342:) also adopt rules, processes and procedures which must be complied with when implementing activities under Article 6.4 This will ensure that both design and implementation of climate change mitigation activities as well as the verification of the emission reductions achieved meet standardised requirements. As with bilateral cooperation under Article 6.2, emission reductions achieved with the Article 6.4 mechanism in one country can be transferred to another country and counted towards its NDC.
2311:
2299:
63:
2335:
2323:
421:
integrity of the Paris
Agreement, reductions which are exported from one country and counted towards another country's NDC must be deducted from the exporting country's national emissions budget. However, if the two countries have differing NDCs, for example with differing target years, then robust accounting could well be rendered impossible. These and other technical matters must be clarified before the mechanisms can be used.
22:
455:(SBSTA) negotiation session in Bonn (SBSTA 48) in April and May 2018. Parties agreed to use the revised informal notes to further advance the negotiations. Between then and spring 2018, these were to be used to draft a proposal for a consolidated text which could take the negotiations a significant step further.
437:
in 2016 (COP22), Parties exchanged their views and opinions regarding the role of
Article 6 and identified those areas in which a consensus had been reached and where a common understanding had still to be agreed. A key element in that process is the opportunity for Parties to submit their standpoint
353:
Yet another feature of the mechanism is the goal of involving private sector stakeholders in climate change mitigation activities (Article 6.4 (b)). This will be done by offering suitable incentives. The approach gives non-state actors the opportunity to make use of the mechanism contained in
Article
415:
Apart from the issues outline above, there are also technical matters that must be addressed. One such issue is the linkage of
Article 6 with the transparency framework of the Paris Agreement and the reporting requirements regarding the use of Article 6. Hence, countries using Article 6 will have to
450:
in Bonn in
November 2017 (COP23). Although a large number of controversial topics and open issues remain even after the negotiations in Bonn, all the proposals are now available in written, structured form, showing where the key areas of consensus and contention are. At COP23, the co-chairs of the
305:
In addition to the requirement to promote sustainable development and ensure environmental integrity, use of
Article 6.2 also requires transparent processes and accurate accounting of emission reductions achieved. The latter is designed to prevent emission reductions being counted more than once –
566:
Decision 1/CP.21, para 36. in UNFCCC. Report of the
Conference of the Parties on its twenty-first session, held in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015, Addendum, Part two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-first session, FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1, 29 January 2016 (No.
506:
Decision 1/CP.21, para 36. in UNFCCC. Report of the
Conference of the Parties on its twenty-first session, held in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015, Addendum, Part two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-first session, FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1, 29 January 2016 (No.
345:
Like the other forms of cooperation under
Article 6, these activities must contribute to raised ambition and support sustainable development. One particular feature of the mechanism contained in Article 6.4 is the explicit goal of contributing to global emission reductions (Article 6.4 (d)). The
403:
Differing standpoints exist as to the scope of applicability of the mechanism to promote climate action and support sustainable development contained in
Article 6.4. While some countries, including Brazil, would like to see a continuation of the project-based approach used under the CDM, others
383:
In Paris, the Parties agreed on a rough framework and goals for the cooperative mechanisms. How these goals are to be achieved and how the mechanisms are expected to work remains unclear. Both are being addressed in the current climate change negotiations which are shaped by differing political
420:
for transferred emission reductions. The differences in the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) submitted by Parties to the Paris Agreement highlight the challenges faced: to prevent transferred emission reductions from being counted more than once and thus undermining the environmental
243:
International cooperation under Article 6 is designed to raise ambition. With regard to climate action, this is generally understood as cooperation being used to enable the participating countries to achieve more ambitious emission reduction targets. Worthy of note here is that under the Paris
333:
Another approach to international cooperation involves the use of the newly developed mechanism to contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and support sustainable development (Article 6.4). In contrast to the instruments used in direct bilateral cooperation, this mechanism is
407:
The situation in other areas is less clear: discussions are still underway as to what the non-market-based approach actually entails and how it can be distinguished from existing forms of cooperation. An element of progress has been made in this regard, for example with the identification of
301:
Article 6.2 enables Parties to cooperate with one another directly without using an international mechanism. For example, climate change mitigation activities can be implemented in one country and the resulting emission reductions can be transferred to another country and counted towards its
491:
Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twenty-first session, held in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015, Addendum, Part two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-first session, FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1, 29 January 2016 ( No.
441:
After the first round of submissions in the lead up to COP22, it was agreed in Marrakesh to introduce a further round of submissions which would be used as the basis for the next round of climate change negotiations during the interim sessions in
272:
The cooperative mechanisms must also ensure the environmental integrity of the cooperation and transfer process. That means that the mechanisms may not be used to circumvent climate action ambition in the countries involved. For example, the
374:
and capacity-building measures. How these approaches are to work has still to be agreed – the details will be fleshed out over the next few years in the development of a framework for non-market-based approaches.
80:
35:
227:(NDCs). Among other things, this means that emission reductions can be transferred between countries and counted towards NDCs. But as of September 2024 rules to avoid double counting have yet to be agreed.
365:
While the other two approaches focus on cooperation in implementing climate action, the range of opportunities for cooperation under Article 6.8 is significantly broader. In addition to climate action and
400:) call for Article 6 activities to be subject to stringent rules and monitored and overseen by a centralised institution, others (such as Japan, China, and India) would like to see greater flexibility.
761:"Revised informal note containing draft elements of the draft decision on the work programme under the framework for non-market approaches referred to in Article 6, paragraph 8, of the Paris Agreement"
362:
As a third option, Article 6.8 allows the use of non-market-based approaches. As the name clearly suggests, market-based climate change mechanisms play no role whatsoever in this approach.
41:
699:
2361:
306:
for example, towards the environmental audit of the country in which the climate action took place and also of the country to which the emission reductions were transferred.
127:
99:
740:"Revised informal note containing draft elements of the rules, modalities and procedures for the mechanism established by Article 6, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement"
429:
Following the adoption of the Paris Agreement, the task now at hand is to flesh out the details regarding the design and structure of the cooperation mechanisms. At the
2211:
106:
1879:
452:
113:
2052:
318:
650:. Swedish Energy Agency, The Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature-Conversation, Building and Nuclear Safety, The Federal Office for the Environment.
95:
1488:
1314:
719:"Revised informal note containing draft elements of the guidance on cooperative approaches referred to in Article 6, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement"
176:. The reason given is: Based on the "outlook" section at the bottom, it appears the article has not been updated since before the 2018 COP in Katowice..
1483:
677:
1351:
1288:
392:
One key issue involves the extent to which activities conducted under Article 6 are to be regulated and monitored. While some countries (such as
997:
459:
447:
430:
322:
1230:
224:
120:
264:. While the main focus of cooperation is placed on avoiding greenhouse gas emissions, other sustainability issues must also be addressed.
1114:
1373:
1331:
545:
2252:
1368:
953:
478:
1583:
1304:
1022:
799:
335:
1939:
1728:
896:
310:
1588:
1551:
1405:
1390:
1309:
958:
902:
520:
235:
Voluntary cooperation provided for under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement serves a number of goals. These are outlined below.
2247:
1385:
760:
739:
718:
350:(CDM), its predecessor mechanism, and must instead lead to an absolute reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions overall.
2269:
1225:
1220:
663:
Robust Accounting of International Transfers under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement – Preliminary Findings Discussion Paper
458:
Time is of the essence in this regard: in Marrakesh, it was agreed that the Paris Agreement rule book should be adopted at
598:
1750:
1528:
1346:
1278:
1268:
1251:
1158:
965:
1283:
2179:
2040:
1997:
1493:
346:
activities conducted under Article 6.4 should not therefore result in a simple zero-sum game, as was the case with the
2106:
1982:
1799:
1002:
200:
146:
49:
2339:
1977:
1957:
1904:
1856:
918:
2096:
2047:
1473:
1435:
1380:
850:
2164:
1448:
1205:
618:
84:
2274:
1809:
1341:
678:"Single-year mitigation targets: Uncharted territory for emissions trading and unit transfers. Working Paper"
583:
Obergassel, W.; Arens, C.; Hermwille, L.; Kreibich, N.; Mersmann, F.; Ott, H. E.; Wang-Helmreich, H. (2017).
2257:
1929:
1458:
1453:
1358:
1235:
792:
446:. The submissions displayed a wide range of views, which challenged the negotiations on this issue at the
1468:
1321:
347:
585:
Setting Sails for Troubled Waters. An Assessment of the Marrakech Climate Conference (Conference Report)
2327:
2091:
1894:
1851:
1624:
1546:
1400:
451:
working group were tasked with producing an informal note, which were revised at the first part of the
328:
2196:
1871:
1846:
1819:
1781:
1698:
1516:
1363:
1326:
1076:
845:
840:
835:
367:
278:
249:
245:
1711:
619:"GHG or not GHG: Accounting for Diverse Mitigation Contributions in the Post-2020 Climate Framework"
416:
submit an additional layer of information. Other issues include the establishment and use of robust
2206:
2201:
2191:
2132:
1972:
1478:
1443:
1336:
1263:
1104:
933:
869:
830:
2315:
2237:
2147:
1889:
1861:
1541:
1200:
1178:
785:
479:
https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2024/09/19/can-the-voluntary-carbon-market-save-the-amazon
314:
261:
73:
1914:
1734:
1676:
1593:
1578:
1463:
1109:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
2303:
1949:
1826:
1634:
1094:
1017:
409:
309:
Article 6.2 could be used in a situation where national or regional instruments such as the
2142:
2020:
1681:
1256:
1183:
384:
standpoints and numerous open issues concerning technical matters, structure, and design.
8:
2159:
1934:
1168:
1163:
371:
404:
favour a broader-based mechanism that also takes in programmes and sectoral approaches.
325:, a working programme was adopted to develop guidelines on using this cooperation form.
178:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1987:
1919:
1836:
1686:
1651:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1173:
317:. National and bilateral carbon credit-based systems operated outside the realm of the
2221:
1884:
1629:
1395:
1188:
1151:
938:
892:
417:
274:
329:
Article 6.4: Mechanism to promote climate action and support sustainable development
2264:
1831:
1814:
1755:
1646:
1410:
1134:
1007:
943:
626:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, International Energy Agency
313:(ETS) are linked with comparable systems in order to create a common, cross-border
2216:
2137:
2101:
2030:
2004:
1992:
1909:
1841:
1716:
1573:
1195:
1146:
1124:
290:
215:
661:
Schneider, L-; Broekhoff, D.; Cames, M.; FĂĽssler, J.; La Hoz Theuer, S. (2016).
582:
2169:
2025:
1967:
1962:
1804:
1693:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1273:
1210:
948:
928:
887:
808:
397:
220:
660:
408:
activities which could benefit from the approach, including the withdrawal of
2355:
2242:
2174:
1899:
1721:
1706:
1641:
1536:
281:
efforts being any less than they would be without the cooperative mechanism.
2127:
1924:
1568:
1558:
1215:
1099:
1012:
546:"Issues for Discussion to Operationalise Article 6 of the Paris Agreement"
2154:
1671:
1663:
923:
645:
2186:
1563:
293:
offers three ways in which Parties may cooperate on a voluntary basis.
277:
from one country to another must not lead to the countries’ respective
1141:
587:. Wuppertal: Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy.
434:
675:
62:
244:
Agreement, the idea of raised ambition is not restricted purely to
1119:
777:
284:
2122:
393:
96:"Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement"
2036:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
1129:
551:. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development.
339:
701:
Cooperative approaches under Art. 6.2 of the Paris Agreement
616:
443:
357:
2212:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
338:
to the Paris Agreement (COP). The COP will (possibly at
646:
Howard, A.; Chagas, T.; Hoogzaad, J.; Hoch, S. (2017).
453:
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice
378:
296:
2362:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
2053:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
255:
648:
Features and implications of NDCs for carbon markets
267:
223:enables Parties to cooperate in implementing their
87:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
606:. Mandaluyong: Asian Development Bank. April 2018.
697:
676:Lazarus, M.; Kollmuss, A.; Schneider, L. (2014).
230:
2353:
2253:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
462:at the end of 2018 (Decision 1/CP.22, para 12).
685:Stockholm Environment Institute, Working Paper
521:"Cop: Article 6 carbon trading decision stuck"
998:History of climate change policy and politics
793:
321:could also be used under Article 6.2. At the
285:Three approaches to international cooperation
438:in the form of “submissions” to the UNFCCC.
248:. It also includes measures and targets for
1115:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2334:
2322:
1779:
800:
786:
302:nationally determined contribution (NDC).
2074:
1880:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
1023:United Nations Climate Change conferences
698:Greiner, D.S.; Michaelowa, D. A. (2018).
600:Decoding Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
334:supervised by a body commissioned by the
201:Learn how and when to remove this message
147:Learn how and when to remove this message
1584:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
617:Hood, C.; Briner, G.; Rocha, M. (2014).
358:Article 6.8: Non-market-based approaches
260:The cooperation mechanisms must support
1940:National Adaptation Programme of Action
1729:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
2354:
1589:Economics of climate change mitigation
1552:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
1075:
903:Scientific consensus on climate change
2248:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
2073:
1778:
1514:
1074:
986:
867:
819:
781:
543:
2270:Representative Concentration Pathway
1221:Tipping points in the climate system
897:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
578:
576:
567:FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1). Bonn: UNFCCC
560:
558:
379:Open issues and current negotiations
158:
85:adding citations to reliable sources
56:
15:
2041:Nationally determined contributions
1751:Individual action on climate change
966:World energy supply and consumption
297:Article 6.2: Cooperative Approaches
225:nationally determined contributions
13:
2180:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
807:
691:
323:climate change conference in Paris
256:Supporting sustainable development
238:
14:
2373:
2107:Satellite temperature measurement
1712:forestry for carbon sequestration
1003:History of climate change science
573:
555:
31:This article has multiple issues.
2333:
2321:
2310:
2309:
2297:
1958:Climate Change Performance Index
268:Ensuring environmental integrity
163:
61:
20:
2097:Instrumental temperature record
2048:Sustainable Development Goal 13
753:
732:
711:
669:
654:
639:
275:transfer of emission reductions
72:needs additional citations for
39:or discuss these issues on the
2165:Climate variability and change
1515:
1206:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
610:
591:
537:
513:
498:
483:
472:
387:
231:Overarching goals of Article 6
1:
2275:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
1810:Climate emergency declaration
465:
2258:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
1484:Middle East and North Africa
820:
448:UN Climate Change Conference
7:
987:
707:. Amsterdam: Climate Focus.
348:Clean Development Mechanism
311:EU Emissions Trading Scheme
10:
2378:
2092:Global surface temperature
1983:Popular culture depictions
1895:Ecosystem-based adaptation
1625:Carbon capture and storage
1547:Carbon offsets and credits
868:
424:
410:subsidies for fossil fuels
2304:Climate change portal
2291:
2230:
2197:Extreme event attribution
2115:
2084:
2080:
2069:
2013:
1948:
1870:
1820:School Strike for Climate
1792:
1788:
1774:
1743:
1699:Climate-smart agriculture
1660:
1617:
1527:
1523:
1510:
1434:
1297:
1244:
1087:
1083:
1070:
993:
982:
911:
880:
876:
863:
846:Climate change adaptation
841:Climate change mitigation
836:Effects of climate change
826:
815:
431:climate change conference
368:climate change adaptation
336:Conference of the Parties
250:climate change adaptation
246:climate change mitigation
172:This article needs to be
2207:Global warming potential
2014:International agreements
1661:Preserving and enhancing
1105:Arctic methane emissions
1027:Years in climate change
934:Greenhouse gas emissions
831:Causes of climate change
2238:Climate change scenario
1890:Disaster risk reduction
1542:Carbon emission trading
1352:U.S. insurance industry
1332:Civilizational collapse
1179:sea surface temperature
262:sustainable development
2231:Research and modelling
1915:Nature-based solutions
1735:Nature-based solutions
1677:Carbon dioxide removal
1594:Fossil fuel divestment
1579:Climate risk insurance
1489:Small island countries
1110:Arctic sea ice decline
544:Marcu, Andrei (2017).
507:FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1)
492:FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1)
2192:Earth's energy budget
2075:Background and theory
1963:Climate crisis (term)
1635:Fossil fuel phase-out
1529:Economics and finance
1494:by individual country
1436:By country and region
1411:Security and conflict
1406:Psychological impacts
1095:Abrupt climate change
1018:Charles David Keeling
851:By country and region
569:. Bonn: UNFCCC. 2016.
509:. Bonn: UNFCCC. 2016.
494:. Bonn: UNFCCC. 2016.
2021:Glasgow Climate Pact
1682:Carbon sequestration
1257:Mass mortality event
81:improve this article
2160:Climate sensitivity
1935:The Adaptation Fund
1391:Infectious diseases
1298:Social and economic
372:technology transfer
1731:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
1703:Forest management
1687:Direct air capture
1652:Sustainable energy
1609:Net zero emissions
1604:Low-carbon economy
1599:Green Climate Fund
1386:Indigenous peoples
1289:Plant biodiversity
1077:Effects and issues
525:www.argusmedia.com
370:, they also cover
2349:
2348:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2222:Radiative forcing
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
1885:Adaptive capacity
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1630:Energy transition
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1226:Tropical cyclones
1152:Urban heat island
1066:
1065:
978:
977:
974:
973:
939:Carbon accounting
893:Greenhouse effect
859:
858:
213:Article 6 of the
211:
210:
203:
193:
192:
157:
156:
149:
131:
54:
2369:
2337:
2336:
2325:
2324:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2265:Paleoclimatology
2082:
2081:
2071:
2070:
1832:Ecological grief
1815:Climate movement
1790:
1789:
1776:
1775:
1756:Plant-based diet
1647:Renewable energy
1525:
1524:
1512:
1511:
1347:Economic impacts
1279:Invasive species
1135:Coastal flooding
1085:
1084:
1072:
1071:
1008:Svante Arrhenius
984:
983:
954:from agriculture
944:Carbon footprint
929:Greenhouse gases
878:
877:
865:
864:
817:
816:
802:
795:
788:
779:
778:
772:
771:
765:
757:
751:
750:
744:
736:
730:
729:
723:
715:
709:
708:
706:
695:
689:
688:
682:
673:
667:
666:
658:
652:
651:
643:
637:
636:
634:
632:
623:
614:
608:
607:
605:
595:
589:
588:
580:
571:
570:
562:
553:
552:
550:
541:
535:
534:
532:
531:
517:
511:
510:
502:
496:
495:
487:
481:
476:
418:accounting rules
206:
199:
188:
185:
179:
167:
166:
159:
152:
145:
141:
138:
132:
130:
89:
65:
57:
46:
24:
23:
16:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2298:
2296:
2279:
2226:
2217:Orbital forcing
2111:
2076:
2057:
2031:Paris Agreement
2009:
2005:Warming stripes
1944:
1910:Managed retreat
1905:Loss and damage
1866:
1800:Business action
1784:
1762:
1739:
1662:
1656:
1613:
1574:Climate finance
1519:
1498:
1430:
1293:
1269:Extinction risk
1245:Flora and fauna
1240:
1201:Permafrost thaw
1196:Ozone depletion
1125:Extreme weather
1079:
1062:
989:
970:
907:
872:
855:
822:
811:
806:
776:
775:
763:
759:
758:
754:
742:
738:
737:
733:
721:
717:
716:
712:
704:
696:
692:
680:
674:
670:
665:. Bonn: UNFCCC.
659:
655:
644:
640:
630:
628:
621:
615:
611:
603:
597:
596:
592:
581:
574:
564:
563:
556:
548:
542:
538:
529:
527:
519:
518:
514:
504:
503:
499:
489:
488:
484:
477:
473:
468:
427:
390:
381:
360:
331:
299:
291:Paris Agreement
287:
270:
258:
241:
239:Raised ambition
233:
216:Paris Agreement
207:
196:
195:
194:
189:
183:
180:
177:
168:
164:
153:
142:
136:
133:
90:
88:
78:
66:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2375:
2365:
2364:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2170:Cloud feedback
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2028:
2026:Kyoto Protocol
2023:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1980:
1978:Media coverage
1975:
1970:
1968:Climate spiral
1965:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1857:Public opinion
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1807:
1805:Climate action
1802:
1796:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1717:REDD and REDD+
1714:
1709:
1701:
1696:
1694:Carbon farming
1691:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1521:
1520:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1426:Water security
1423:
1421:Water scarcity
1418:
1416:Urban flooding
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1274:Forest dieback
1271:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1211:Sea level rise
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1184:stratification
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
994:
991:
990:
980:
979:
976:
975:
972:
971:
969:
968:
963:
962:
961:
956:
951:
949:Carbon leakage
946:
941:
931:
926:
921:
915:
913:
909:
908:
906:
905:
900:
890:
888:Climate system
884:
882:
874:
873:
861:
860:
857:
856:
854:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
827:
824:
823:
813:
812:
809:Climate change
805:
804:
797:
790:
782:
774:
773:
752:
731:
710:
690:
668:
653:
638:
609:
590:
572:
554:
536:
512:
497:
482:
470:
469:
467:
464:
426:
423:
389:
386:
380:
377:
359:
356:
330:
327:
298:
295:
286:
283:
279:climate action
269:
266:
257:
254:
240:
237:
232:
229:
221:climate change
209:
208:
191:
190:
171:
169:
162:
155:
154:
69:
67:
60:
55:
29:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2374:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2342:
2341:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:Climate model
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2175:Cloud forcing
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2068:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1950:Communication
1947:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:Vulnerability
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:Flood control
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1722:reforestation
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1707:afforestation
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:Nuclear power
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:Carbon budget
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1374:Mental health
1372:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:United States
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1169:deoxygenation
1167:
1165:
1164:acidification
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
992:
985:
981:
967:
964:
960:
959:from wetlands
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
919:Deforestation
917:
916:
914:
910:
904:
901:
898:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
862:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
825:
818:
814:
810:
803:
798:
796:
791:
789:
784:
783:
780:
769:
762:
756:
748:
741:
735:
727:
720:
714:
703:
702:
694:
686:
679:
672:
664:
657:
649:
642:
627:
620:
613:
602:
601:
594:
586:
579:
577:
568:
561:
559:
547:
540:
526:
522:
516:
508:
501:
493:
486:
480:
475:
471:
463:
461:
456:
454:
449:
445:
439:
436:
432:
422:
419:
413:
411:
405:
401:
399:
396:and also the
395:
385:
376:
373:
369:
363:
355:
351:
349:
343:
341:
337:
326:
324:
320:
316:
315:carbon market
312:
307:
303:
294:
292:
282:
280:
276:
265:
263:
253:
251:
247:
236:
228:
226:
222:
218:
217:
205:
202:
187:
175:
170:
161:
160:
151:
148:
140:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98: –
97:
93:
92:Find sources:
86:
82:
76:
75:
70:This article
68:
64:
59:
58:
53:
51:
44:
43:
38:
37:
32:
27:
18:
17:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2295:
2128:Carbon cycle
2085:Measurements
2035:
1780:Society and
1664:carbon sinks
1569:Climate debt
1559:Carbon price
1381:Human rights
1216:Season creep
1174:heat content
1100:Anoxic event
1013:James Hansen
767:
755:
746:
734:
725:
713:
700:
693:
684:
671:
662:
656:
647:
641:
629:. Retrieved
625:
612:
599:
593:
584:
565:
539:
528:. Retrieved
524:
515:
505:
500:
490:
485:
474:
457:
440:
428:
414:
406:
402:
391:
382:
364:
361:
352:
344:
332:
308:
304:
300:
288:
271:
259:
242:
234:
214:
212:
197:
181:
173:
143:
137:October 2018
134:
124:
117:
110:
103:
91:
79:Please help
74:verification
71:
47:
40:
34:
33:Please help
30:
2155:Carbon sink
2133:atmospheric
1998:video games
1672:Blue carbon
1305:Agriculture
1284:Marine life
1231:Water cycle
1189:temperature
924:Fossil fuel
770:. May 2018.
749:. May 2018.
728:. May 2018.
631:23 November
388:Open issues
2187:Cryosphere
2148:permafrost
1920:Resilience
1872:Adaptation
1847:Litigation
1837:Governance
1782:adaptation
1564:Carbon tax
1517:Mitigation
1454:Antarctica
1342:Disability
530:2023-12-16
466:References
107:newspapers
36:improve it
2202:Feedbacks
1973:Education
1474:Caribbean
1469:Australia
1396:Migration
1359:Fisheries
1310:Livestock
1236:Wildfires
1142:Heat wave
687:. 2014–1.
435:Marrakesh
42:talk page
2356:Category
2328:Glossary
2316:Category
2138:biologic
1852:Politics
1744:Personal
1449:Americas
1322:Children
1088:Physical
881:Overview
821:Overview
184:May 2023
2143:oceanic
1993:fiction
1842:Justice
1793:Society
1401:Poverty
1120:Drought
988:History
912:Sources
425:Outlook
174:updated
121:scholar
2123:Albedo
2116:Theory
1827:Denial
1618:Energy
1479:Europe
1459:Arctic
1444:Africa
1369:Health
1364:Gender
1327:Cities
1252:Biomes
1159:Oceans
1147:Marine
870:Causes
768:UNFCCC
747:UNFCCC
726:UNFCCC
460:COP 24
394:Brazil
319:UNFCCC
123:
116:
109:
102:
94:
2340:Index
2102:Proxy
1862:Women
1337:Crime
1264:Birds
1130:Flood
764:(PDF)
743:(PDF)
722:(PDF)
705:(PDF)
681:(PDF)
622:(PDF)
604:(PDF)
549:(PDF)
354:6.4.
340:COP29
128:JSTOR
114:books
1925:Risk
1464:Asia
1056:2024
1051:2023
1046:2022
1041:2021
1036:2020
1031:2019
633:2017
444:Bonn
289:The
100:news
1988:art
433:in
219:on
83:by
2358::
766:.
745:.
724:.
683:.
624:.
575:^
557:^
523:.
412:.
398:EU
252:.
45:.
899:)
895:(
801:e
794:t
787:v
635:.
533:.
204:)
198:(
186:)
182:(
150:)
144:(
139:)
135:(
125:·
118:·
111:·
104:·
77:.
52:)
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
