350:
the pogrom and re-call the police to their duties. The French Consul-General wrote to the
Prefect in the same sense. Next day the pogrom subsided. âIt is quite clear,â Stewart Smith reported to the Foreign Office, âthat the late disorders were prepared and worked by the police who openly superintended the work of destruction, looting and murder.â A few weeks later he wrote: âThere were hopes that there would be a real judicial investigation of the whole affair, with proper apportionment of blame; but the Emperor has thanked the troops, and apparently Neidhart has been given another post (Nijni Novgorod). One newspaper says that M. Witte objected, but he was told that it was too late, the appointment was made. I was hoping that a real victory might be won for the law as against lawlessness of high officials, but my hopes are waning.â
251:
great wealth, power, and influence in Odessa. Although by the end of the 19th century, Jews held high positions in manufacturing, the majority of wealth in Odessa belonged to non-Jews. Jews certainly did not dominate the economy of Odessa, nor did they control Odessa politically. Unlike other ethnic and religious groups, wealthy Jews could not transform wealth into political power. Out of the 3449 total staff of the imperial government, only 71 were Jews. After an 1892 civic reform, Jews could no longer elect representatives to city councils; instead, a special office for municipal affairs appointed six Jews to the sixty-person Odessa city council. Given that 35% of Odessa's population in 1897 were Jewish, restricting representation on the city council to 10% of the positions was discriminatory.
321:
themselves and encouraged other workers to lend them support. On 16 October, students and workers took to the streets and erected barricades. To try to preserve order, the police fought them, killing several students. Although a public funeral had been planned for the students, the Odessa city governor, D. M. Neidhart, had the bodies buried secretly to limit rallying around the deaths. On 17 October, the police and military continued to monitor the streets, though no major confrontations occurred. About 4000 workers, including many Jews, went on strike.
175:, were rounding up anyone who looked like a Jewâmen, women and childrenâstripping them naked and beating them mercilessly... We immediately organised a group of revolutionaries armed with revolvers... we ran up to them and fired at them. They ran away. But suddenly between us and the pogromists there appeared a solid wall of soldiers, armed to the teeth and facing us. We retreated. The soldiers went away, and the pogromists came out again. This happened a few times. It became clear to us that the pogromists were acting together with the military."
307:, which established civil liberties for the people and promised to create an elected assembly. It was reported in Odessa on 18 October, causing celebration in the streets. Jews hoped that the Manifesto would lead to greater freedom and less anti-Semitism in the Russian Empire. While many Jews and liberals in Odessa celebrated the October Manifesto, conservatives considered the document as a threat to the autocracy and the might of the Russian Empire.
279:, whose crew had mutinied on 14 June, arrived in Odessa that evening. Thousands of Odessans went to the port to see the battleship and support the mutinous sailors. During the afternoon of 15 June, the unruly crowd began to raid warehouses and set fire to wooden buildings in the harbor. Chaos ensued when, in order to prevent further unrest, the military blocked off the harbor and fired into the crowd. Strikes, disorder, and the arrival of
20:
339:
the size of the neighborhood under attack. Rather than working to protect Jews and end the pogrom, many policemen and soldiers wearing civilian clothes watched or participated in the massacre. Though they suffered many casualties and were eventually vanquished, Jewish self-defense forces successfully defended some houses as well as streets and even neighborhoods.
137:"Although the pogrom of 1871 was occasioned in part by a rumor that Jews had vandalized the Greek community's church, many non-Greeks participated to it. Russian resentment and hostility toward Jews came to the fore in the pogrom of 1871 as Russians joined Greeks in attacks on Jews. Thereafter, Russians filled the ranks of pogromist mobs in 1881, 1900, and 1905."
330:
supporters and opponents of the
October Manifesto, members of the latter group began to take out their anger on Odessa's Jews, identifying them as the root of Russia's troubles. When a group of Jews asked a few Russian workers to show respect to a red flag, a fight broke out on the streets and soon turned into an anti-Jewish riot.
349:
According to a subsequent account written by the
British Consul to Odessa, Charles Stewart Smith, Neidhart had ordered the police to withdraw from the streets, allowing the mobs a free hand to murder, rape and pillage. Stewart Smith addressed to M. Neidhart a forceful protest calling upon him to stop
338:
The bulk of the
October pogrom took place on p 19-21 October and was worst on 20 October. Violence spread all over Odessa, from the city center, to the suburbs, and to nearby villages. The rioters demonstrated excellent organization throughout sections of Odessa, coordinating their numbers based on
320:
On 14 October, a number of high school students skipped classes and attempted, but failed due to police intervention, to join rallies taking place at the university. In the process of intercepting them, armed policeman injured several youths. The next day, radical students and revolutionaries armed
116:
The community did not escape the horrors of the pogrom. Indeed, the very first pogrom in Russia occurred in Odessa in the year 1859. This was in reality not a
Russian but a Greek pogrom; for the leaders and almost all of the participants were Greek sailors from ships in the harbor, and local Greeks
358:
Various reports estimate the number of Jews killed in the
October Pogrom from 302 to 1,000. Other relevant statistics from the pogrom include approximately 5,000 Jews injured, 3.75 million rubles in property damage, 1,400 ruined businesses, and 3,000 families forced into poverty. The Odessa Jewish
244:, Jewish merchants expanded business and began to acquire greater profits. Many factors contributed to the spread of anti-Semitism among Greeks in Odessa including: the success of many Jewish traders, their preferential hiring of Jewish workers, and rumors of hostile actions by Jews toward Greeks.
267:
Fear of a pogrom in April 1905 prompted the
National Committee of Jewish Self-Defense to urge Jews to arm themselves and protect their property. Non-Jews were threatened with armed retaliation if a pogrom occurred. Although a pogrom did not take place until October, fear of one re-emerged in June
250:
Many
Russians blamed the Jews for their troubles, such as limited employment opportunities and lower wages. They cited dramatic Jewish population growth in Odessa, from 14% (14,000 of 100,000) in 1858 to 35% (140,000 of 400,000) in 1897. These numbers contributed to suspicion that Jews possessed
362:
Charles
Stewart Smith, the British Consul, later wrote that such was the prevailing lawlessness that for many months the streets continued to be unsafe. Armed robberies were everyday occurrences. Six months after the pogrom he wrote in a private letter: âCrime continues in odious intensity. The
329:
On 18 October, Jews and liberals cheered at the news of the
October Manifesto. Although demonstrations began peacefully, they quickly turned violent. Those chanting anti-regime propaganda caused trouble when they took out red flags and anti-imperial propaganda. As violence increased between
295:
demanded compensation by Jews to the non-Jews, disarmament of Jews in Odessa, and a search of all Jewish apartments in the city. Although the events of June did not immediately cause a pogrom, an anti-Semitic environment had been formed, sufficient for the October pogrom.
121:; and the local press, in no wise unfriendly to the Jews, attempted to transform it into an accidental fight, the Greek colony at that time being dominant in the administration as well as in the commerce of Odessa. Further pogroms occurred in 1871, 1881, and 1886."
263:
resulted in high unemployment in Odessa. Many workers despised Jews for lay-offs during the economic recession. Hatred for Jews heightened when a number of Jews did not support the war with Japan. Patriotic Russians called Jews unpatriotic and disloyal.
363:âBlack Crowâ robberies have subsided, but bombs are thrown and assassinations occur far too often. A surgeon friend tells me that formerly in the Town hospital they used to receive one or two stabbing cases every week; now there are one or two a day.'
359:
Central Committee to Aid the Victims of the Pogroms of 1905 collected 672,833 rubles from Jews in Odessa and abroad to aid those hurt by the pogrom. In total, the committee assisted 2,499 families affected by the October Pogrom.
196:
The city of Odessa, founded in the late 18th century, encouraged foreign immigration, especially for the purpose of promoting economic growth. For this reason, Jews were far more welcome in Odessa than in many other parts of the
346:, appeared in the streets. They told the rioters to get off the streets and go home. Neidhart and Kaul'bars' inaction up to this point became the subject of debate and led to Neidhart's subsequent resignation from office.
205:. A number of serious anti-Jewish pogroms occurred during the 19th century in Odessa, and rumors of a pogrom arose each year around Eastertime. Jewish and Russian youths also often got into violent fights with each other.
170:
who was in Odessa at the time recalls what happened: "There I saw the following scene: a gang of young men, between 25 and 20 years old, among whom there were plain-clothes policemen and members of the
240:
disrupted trade routes, many Greek commercial firms shifted their business out of Odessa due to bankruptcy or a willingness to seek more profitable trading locations. To fill the resulting vacuum in
1052:
259:
A significant economic downturn in Odessa at the turn of the 20th century played a major part in the October pogrom of 1905. Restricted trading, reduced industrial production, and the
446:
Such violent incidents, as most historians argue today, were largely the product of frictions unleashed by modernization, not a resurgence of medieval anti-Semitism and Judeophobia.
162:
In the post-1871 period, pogroms were often perpetrated with tacit approval of the Tsarist authorities. Evidence exists that during the 1905 pogrom, the army supported the mob:
856:
184:
The 1905 pogrom of Odessa was the worst anti-Jewish pogrom in Odessa's history. Between 18 and 22 October 1905, ethnic Russians, Ukrainians, and Greeks killed over 400
1903:
58:, most historians in the early 21st century agree that the earlier incidents were a result of "frictions unleashed by modernization," rather than by a resurgence of
81:
In Odessa, Greeks and Jews were two rival ethnic and economic communities, living side by side. The first Odessa pogrom, in 1821, was linked to the outbreak of the
411:
1599:
1786:
1203:
1706:
222:
2415:
366:
It was one of the events that resulted in many Jews emigrating from Odessa and Ukraine to western Europe and to the United States in the following years.
1310:
148:, to question belief in the possibility of Jewish integration into Christian society, and to call for a greater awareness of Jewish national identity."
3175:
1441:
1318:
1142:
1098:
849:
2943:
1777:
144:
The 1871 pogrom is seen as a turning point in Russian Jewish history: "The Odessa pogrom led some Jewish publicists, exemplified by the writer
3026:
1227:
3140:
236:
Growing anti-Semitism as a result of the changing place of Jews in Odessa's economy created an environment conducive to a pogrom. When the
77:
The 1821 pogrom, perpetrated by ethnic Greeks rather than Russians, is named in some sources as the first in the modern period in Russia:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
2318:
1118:
842:
946:
511:
461:
157:
938:
272:
shot several striking workers. The next day, large groups of workers stopped working and attacked police with rocks and guns. The
342:
On 21 October, after much of the pogrom was over, the city governor Neidhart, and the commander of the Odessa military garrison,
813:
2311:
2189:
1022:
477:
2807:
380:
90:
595:
2959:
2880:
2549:
2145:
1029:
812:
Weinberg, Robert (1992). "The Pogrom of 1905 in Odessa: A Case Study excerpts". In John D. Klier; Shlomo Lambroza (eds.).
2015:
977:
3260:
3185:
2652:
439:
1917:
3180:
2951:
2700:
2693:
2399:
3118:
2927:
2828:
2750:
2636:
2289:
2282:
1617:
1044:
3046:
2935:
2196:
1711:
2736:
2565:
2533:
2361:
2275:
2008:
3195:
2983:
2975:
2888:
1402:
2478:
3230:
3200:
2842:
2620:
2541:
2517:
1987:
1090:
574:
2168:
1479:
268:
when Jews were declared culpable for instigating shootings as well as fires at the port. On 13 June 1905,
125:
Historians note economic antagonism between the two urban minorities, in addition to religious frictions.
2967:
2383:
2268:
273:
51:, took place during the 19th and early 20th centuries. They occurred in 1821, 1859, 1871, 1881 and 1905.
399:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
2814:
2764:
2573:
2391:
2325:
2102:
1782:
1358:
922:
69:
Odessa had a multi-ethnic population included Greek, Jewish, Russian, Ukrainian and other communities.
28:
3190:
2999:
2872:
2835:
2757:
2438:
1286:
895:
82:
133:
But, after 1871, the pogroms in Odessa took a form more typical of the rest of the Russian empire:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3007:
2991:
2722:
2644:
2628:
2095:
1761:
1195:
2919:
1980:
225:, all contributed to great tension between Gentiles and the Jewish community in Odessa in 1905.
1845:
3097:
3062:
2864:
2800:
2470:
2088:
1816:
1745:
1575:
1519:
1259:
1128:
930:
343:
2821:
629:
ed. John D. Klier and Shlomo Lambroza. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 250-251.
616:
Volume 2, LâZ, ed. Richard S. Levy (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2005), s.v. "Odessa Pogroms."
581:
that he found that some proclamations inciting pogroms were printed and distributed by police.
3148:
3034:
2596:
2486:
2175:
2138:
2052:
1342:
1187:
1106:
1060:
1015:
993:
429:
300:
59:
1591:
1559:
2494:
2454:
2339:
2001:
1729:
1721:
1606:
1583:
1419:
1278:
903:
508:
458:
375:
1852:
8:
2525:
2462:
2407:
2332:
1945:
1753:
1683:
1449:
1243:
1219:
1149:
1005:
482:
287:. A few days after the atrocious incident at the harbor, an anti-Semitic pamphlet called
201:. But the Jews of Odessa were not viewed as equal to Gentile residents and suffered from
108:
1527:
3055:
2911:
2778:
2729:
2604:
2557:
2124:
2059:
1543:
1503:
1412:
1251:
543:
260:
198:
24:
794:
771:
89:
authorities and of aiding the Turks in killing the Greek Patriarch of Constantinople,
3090:
3083:
3076:
2743:
2261:
2232:
1171:
1117:
985:
954:
435:
304:
218:
145:
2131:
834:
3125:
2022:
1931:
1676:
1350:
1302:
1179:
647:
Robert Weinberg, "Anti-Jewish Violence and Revolution in Late Imperial Russia," in
566:
562:
2182:
1952:
3104:
2446:
1973:
1959:
1859:
1737:
1669:
1487:
1374:
1235:
1156:
599:
592:
515:
465:
214:
167:
3111:
3069:
2771:
2239:
2066:
1910:
1881:
1769:
1662:
1551:
1535:
1135:
284:
86:
48:
1938:
93:, dragging his dead body through the streets and finally throwing it into the
3169:
2225:
2029:
1924:
1823:
1800:
1698:
1634:
1495:
1326:
202:
1627:
2612:
570:
63:
55:
1655:
1294:
241:
237:
826:
1648:
1641:
1567:
1211:
539:
431:
City of Rogues and Schnorrers: Russia's Jews and the Myth of Old Odessa
407:
528:
Port Jews: Jewish Communities in Cosmopolitan Maritime Trading Centres
614:
Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution,
410:
and Shlomo Lambroza, eds. (Cambridge,1992): 248-89; Robert Weinberg "
141:
In the 1881 and 1905 pogroms, many Greek houses were also destroyed.
94:
1994:
1366:
865:
651:
ed. Paul Brass. (New York: New York University Press, 1996), 58â59.
19:
776:
by James Stewart Smith (Privately Published, 2019), ebook pp54-55
695:
Weinberg, Robert. "Breathing Spell and Renewed Confrontation", in
799:
by James Stewart Smith (Privately Published, 2019), ebook pp55-56
269:
172:
36:
699:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1993. pg. 161.
1966:
869:
118:
44:
3045:
85:, during which the Jews were accused of sympathizing with the
291:("Odessan Days") appeared, blaming the Jews for the tragedy.
1616:
669:
Herlihy, Patricia. "A Decade of Disturbance, 1904-1914", in
873:
185:
40:
27:
with bodies of their comrades killed in Odessa during the
1401:
673:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (1986) pg. 304.
627:
Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History,
283:
resulted in the deaths of more than 1,000 people at the
213:
The combination of economic downturn, Jewish backing of
815:
Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History
726:
Herlihy, "A Decade of Disturbance, 1904-1914," 306-307.
404:
Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History
188:
and damaged or destroyed over 1600 Jewish properties.
864:
697:
The Revolution of 1905 In Odessa: Blood On The Steps
625:
Robert Weinberg, "The Pogrom of 1905 in Odessa," in
496:
The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa: Blood on the Steps
117:
who joined them. The pogrom occurred on a Christian
62:. The 1905 pogrom was markedly larger in scale, and
708:
Herlihy, "A Decade of Disturbance, 1904-1914," 305.
412:
Workers, Pogroms, and the 1905 Revolution in Odessa
315:
1600:Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918â1920)
744:Weinberg, "The Pogrom of 1905 in Odessa," 260â262.
217:in the war against Russia, Jewish support for the
3167:
353:
16:Series of pogroms in Odessa, Ukraine (1821â1905)
191:
2944:Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting
735:Weinberg, "The Pogrom of 1905 in Odessa," 260.
717:Weinberg, "The Pogrom of 1905 in Odessa," 260.
660:Weinberg, "The Pogrom of 1905 in Odessa," 254.
638:Weinberg, "The Pogrom of 1905 in Odessa," 251.
914:
850:
427:
829:" Center for Online Judaic Studies COJS.org
548:YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
1119:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death
857:
843:
400:The Pogrom of 1905 in Odessa: A Case Study
3176:Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire
158:Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire
2856:
939:Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus
811:
333:
18:
3141:Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus
565:(Russian ed., 1997) p.89. According to
3168:
604:Part Two: The First Russian Revolution
2808:Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre
1426:
838:
381:Odessa Museum of the Regional History
324:
310:
2960:Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege
2550:Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack
573:, who was appointed Chairman of the
2685:
2217:
1808:
254:
228:
151:
13:
3256:1905 murders in the Russian Empire
3251:1881 murders in the Russian Empire
3246:1871 murders in the Russian Empire
3241:1859 murders in the Russian Empire
3236:1821 murders in the Russian Empire
593:Bolshevism: The Road to Revolution
14:
3297:
2952:Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting
2701:Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing
2694:Dolphinarium discotheque massacre
805:
2928:Toulouse and Montauban shootings
2829:Maxim restaurant suicide bombing
2751:Matza restaurant suicide bombing
1511:
1390:
1382:
1334:
316:Buildup to pogrom: 14â17 October
3047:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
2146:KremniÄka and NemeckĂĄ massacres
947:Jewish revolt against Heraclius
788:
779:
765:
756:
747:
738:
729:
720:
711:
702:
689:
676:
663:
654:
641:
632:
619:
607:
584:
2737:Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre
2566:Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre
1576:Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation
552:
533:
530:, 1550, David Cesarani, p. 168
521:
501:
489:
471:
451:
421:
392:
247:Anti-Semitism among Russians:
179:
128:
101:
72:
1:
2984:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
2653:Mahane Yehuda Market bombings
386:
354:Aftermath and Jewish response
2936:Jerusalem synagogue massacre
2843:Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing
2621:Dizengoff Street bus bombing
1053:Massacres at London and York
684:The Pogrom of 1905 in Odessa
575:Russian Council of Ministers
233:Anti-Semitism among Greeks:
192:Background of Jews in Odessa
47:, Ukraine, then part of the
7:
2384:Night of the Murdered Poets
671:Odessa: A History 1794-1914
559:Nicholas II. Life and Death
418:, vol. 46, 1987, pp. 53â75
369:
10:
3302:
2815:Davidka Square bus bombing
2526:Antwerp summer camp attack
2400:Shafrir synagogue shooting
2103:Operation Harvest Festival
1212:Massacre of the Assumption
155:
83:Greek War for Independence
29:Russian Revolution of 1905
3261:Military history of Odesa
3186:Jews and Judaism in Odesa
3018:
2903:
2881:Tel Aviv shawarma bombing
2836:Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing
2792:
2758:Hebrew University bombing
2714:
2678:
2671:
2588:
2509:
2479:Ben Yehuda Street bombing
2439:Avivim school bus bombing
2430:
2375:
2362:Menarsha synagogue attack
2353:
2326:Ben Yehuda Street bombing
2303:
2253:
2210:
2160:
2116:
2080:
2044:
1895:
1873:
1837:
1799:
1471:
1464:
1270:
1082:
1075:
1004:
969:
887:
880:
577:in 1905, remarked in his
509:Anti-Semitism and Pogroms
459:Anti-Semitism and Pogroms
208:
3181:Jewish Ukrainian history
3008:Monsey Hanukkah stabbing
2992:Poway synagogue shooting
2889:Jerusalem yeshiva attack
2723:Ghriba synagogue bombing
2645:Island of Peace massacre
2096:Kielce cemetery massacre
498:, Robert Weinberg, p. 16
2542:Vienna synagogue attack
2518:Paris synagogue bombing
1762:The Bloody Day in Jaffa
66:played a central role.
2865:Beersheba bus bombings
2471:Kiryat Shmona massacre
2392:Scorpion Pass massacre
2089:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
1520:Second Kishinev pogrom
1260:Portuguese Inquisition
904:2nd Alexandrian pogrom
428:Tanny, Jarrod (2011).
177:
139:
123:
99:
32:
2765:Rishon LeZion bombing
2487:Coastal Road massacre
1488:First Kishinev pogrom
1279:Chmielnicki massacres
1188:Schaffhausen Massacre
1107:Armleder persecutions
1061:Rintfleisch massacres
762:Herlihy, pg. 306â307.
334:Pogrom: 19â21 October
164:
135:
114:
79:
60:medieval antisemitism
22:
3196:Massacres in Ukraine
3000:Jersey City shooting
2873:Ashdod Port bombings
2455:Lod Airport massacre
2416:Purge of Polish Jews
2340:Kfar Etzion massacre
1846:CzÄstochowa massacre
1607:1920 Nebi Musa riots
1427:Fourth Odessa pogrom
1383:Second Odessa pogrom
376:1941 Odessa massacre
299:On 17 October, Tsar
3231:Mass murder in 1905
3201:Kherson Governorate
2822:Café Hillel bombing
2190:Tripolitania pogrom
1988:Kamianets-Podilskyi
1512:Fifth Odessa pogrom
1450:1898 Algerian riots
1391:Third Odessa pogrom
1335:First Odessa pogrom
1220:Spanish Inquisition
1196:Moroccan revolution
1076:14th â 19th century
1006:Rhineland massacres
483:Jewish Encyclopedia
109:Jewish Encyclopedia
2920:Burgas bus bombing
2605:Crown Heights riot
2558:Ras Burqa massacre
2269:Haifa Oil Refinery
2125:Ardeatine massacre
2060:Dzyatlava massacre
1480:CzÄstochowa pogrom
1091:Shepherds' Crusade
896:Alexandrian pogrom
881:1st â 13th century
827:Pogroms, 1871-1906
821:. pp. 248â89.
649:Riots and Pogroms,
598:2007-09-30 at the
514:2014-10-06 at the
464:2014-10-06 at the
416:The Russian Review
398:Robert Weinberg, "
325:Crisis: 18 October
311:The October pogrom
261:Russo-Japanese War
223:June 1905 massacre
199:Pale of Settlement
33:
25:Jewish Labour Bund
3226:Conflicts in 1905
3221:Conflicts in 1881
3216:Conflicts in 1871
3211:Conflicts in 1859
3206:Conflicts in 1821
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3135:
3134:
2976:Halamish stabbing
2968:Tel Aviv shooting
2899:
2898:
2852:
2851:
2788:
2787:
2744:Passover massacre
2710:
2709:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2629:Beit Lid massacre
2584:
2583:
2505:
2504:
2495:Nahariya massacre
2426:
2425:
2371:
2370:
2349:
2348:
2299:
2298:
2262:Fajja bus attacks
2249:
2248:
2206:
2205:
2156:
2155:
2112:
2111:
2076:
2075:
2040:
2039:
1891:
1890:
1869:
1868:
1833:
1832:
1817:Tiberias massacre
1746:Constantine riots
1693:
1692:
1618:Russian Civil War
1460:
1459:
1436:
1435:
1172:Brussels massacre
1166:
1165:
1071:
1070:
1039:
1038:
965:
964:
955:Battle of Khaybar
931:Bar Kokhba revolt
785:Herlihy, pg. 307.
753:Herlihy, pg. 306.
507:Ariel Parkansky "
457:Ariel Parkansky "
305:October Manifesto
219:October Manifesto
146:Peretz Smolenskin
106:According to the
3293:
3191:History of Odesa
3152:
3149:Dagestan attacks
3144:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3035:Beersheba attack
3030:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2931:
2923:
2915:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2696:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2597:Cairo bus attack
2586:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2490:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2463:Ma'alot massacre
2458:
2450:
2442:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2301:
2300:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2251:
2250:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2215:
2214:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2176:TopoÄŸÄany pogrom
2171:
2169:Deutsch SchĂŒtzen
2158:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2139:SÄrmaÈu massacre
2134:
2127:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2053:DĂŒnamĂŒnde Action
2042:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2018:
2016:Kaunas (October)
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1819:
1806:
1805:
1792:
1790:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1715:
1702:
1699:Zavirtcha pogrom
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1587:
1579:
1571:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1531:
1528:BiaĆystok pogrom
1523:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1491:
1483:
1469:
1468:
1453:
1445:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1378:
1370:
1362:
1354:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1319:Algiers massacre
1314:
1306:
1303:Massacre of Uman
1298:
1290:
1282:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1239:
1231:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1094:
1080:
1079:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1002:
1001:
997:
994:Granada massacre
989:
981:
978:CĂłrdoba massacre
958:
950:
942:
934:
926:
923:The Great Revolt
912:
911:
907:
899:
885:
884:
859:
852:
845:
836:
835:
822:
820:
800:
792:
786:
783:
777:
769:
763:
760:
754:
751:
745:
742:
736:
733:
727:
724:
718:
715:
709:
706:
700:
693:
687:
680:
674:
667:
661:
658:
652:
645:
639:
636:
630:
623:
617:
611:
605:
588:
582:
567:Edward Radzinsky
563:Edward Radzinsky
556:
550:
537:
531:
525:
519:
505:
499:
493:
487:
475:
469:
455:
449:
448:
425:
419:
396:
255:Immediate causes
229:Long-term causes
152:1881â1906 period
3301:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3286:1905 in Judaism
3281:1881 in Judaism
3276:1871 in Judaism
3271:1859 in Judaism
3266:1821 in Judaism
3166:
3165:
3164:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2534:Antwerp bombing
2532:
2524:
2516:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2447:Munich massacre
2445:
2437:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2367:
2360:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2152:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2036:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1887:
1880:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1795:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1738:Campbell pogrom
1736:
1730:Hebron massacre
1728:
1720:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1496:Zablotov pogrom
1494:
1486:
1478:
1456:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1375:Damascus affair
1373:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1236:Lisbon massacre
1234:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1067:
1059:
1051:
1043:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1000:
992:
984:
976:
961:
953:
945:
937:
929:
921:
910:
902:
894:
876:
863:
818:
808:
803:
793:
789:
784:
780:
770:
766:
761:
757:
752:
748:
743:
739:
734:
730:
725:
721:
716:
712:
707:
703:
694:
690:
681:
677:
668:
664:
659:
655:
646:
642:
637:
633:
624:
620:
612:
608:
600:Wayback Machine
589:
585:
557:
553:
538:
534:
526:
522:
516:Wayback Machine
506:
502:
494:
490:
476:
472:
466:Wayback Machine
456:
452:
442:
426:
422:
397:
393:
389:
372:
356:
344:A. V. Kaul'bars
336:
327:
318:
313:
257:
231:
211:
194:
182:
160:
154:
131:
104:
75:
43:in the city of
23:Members of the
17:
12:
11:
5:
3299:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3145:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3051:
3049:
3040:
3039:
3031:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2860:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2796:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2772:Matzuva attack
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2716:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2637:Purim massacre
2633:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2592:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2574:Purim stabbing
2570:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2434:
2432:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2412:
2408:Tripoli pogrom
2404:
2396:
2388:
2379:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2355:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2333:Cairo bombings
2329:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2305:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2221:
2219:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2162:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2135:
2132:LuduÈ massacre
2128:
2120:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2084:
2082:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2067:Sarny massacre
2063:
2056:
2048:
2046:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1882:Dorohoi pogrom
1877:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1853:DynĂłw massacre
1849:
1841:
1839:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1774:
1770:Przytyk pogrom
1766:
1758:
1754:Thrace pogroms
1750:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1722:Safed massacre
1718:
1703:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1623:
1621:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1540:
1536:Siedlce pogrom
1532:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1475:
1473:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1406:
1403:Russian Empire
1396:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1359:Safed massacre
1355:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1315:
1311:TĂ©touan pogrom
1307:
1299:
1291:
1287:Safed massacre
1283:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1204:Cordoba pogrom
1200:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1124:
1122:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1099:Navarre pogrom
1095:
1086:
1084:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1009:
999:
998:
990:
982:
973:
971:
967:
966:
963:
962:
960:
959:
951:
943:
935:
927:
918:
916:
915:Jewish revolts
909:
908:
900:
891:
889:
882:
878:
877:
862:
861:
854:
847:
839:
831:
830:
823:
807:
806:External links
804:
802:
801:
787:
778:
764:
755:
746:
737:
728:
719:
710:
701:
688:
675:
662:
653:
640:
631:
618:
606:
583:
551:
532:
520:
518:," KehilaLinks
500:
488:
470:
468:," KehilaLinks
450:
441:978-0253356468
440:
420:
390:
388:
385:
384:
383:
378:
371:
368:
355:
352:
335:
332:
326:
323:
317:
314:
312:
309:
285:Port of Odessa
256:
253:
230:
227:
210:
207:
193:
190:
181:
178:
166:The Bolshevik
156:Main article:
153:
150:
130:
127:
103:
100:
74:
71:
49:Russian Empire
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3298:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:Netiv HaAsara
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3063:Ein HaShlosha
3060:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2912:Itamar attack
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2780:
2779:Hebron ambush
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2730:Hadera attack
2727:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:KrakĂłw pogrom
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2031:
2030:The Holocaust
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:Ć venÄionÄliai
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:Kaunas (June)
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1861:
1860:Silc massacre
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1825:
1824:Kristallnacht
1821:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1708:
1707:Oradea pogrom
1704:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:Kielce pogrom
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:Shiraz pogrom
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:Hebron pogrom
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:Hep-Hep riots
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:Hebron pogrom
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:
972:
968:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:
917:
913:
905:
901:
897:
893:
892:
890:
886:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
855:
853:
848:
846:
841:
840:
837:
833:
828:
824:
817:
816:
810:
809:
798:
797:
796:The Last Time
791:
782:
775:
774:
773:The Last Time
768:
759:
750:
741:
732:
723:
714:
705:
698:
692:
685:
679:
672:
666:
657:
650:
644:
635:
628:
622:
615:
610:
603:
601:
597:
594:
587:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
549:
545:
541:
536:
529:
524:
517:
513:
510:
504:
497:
492:
485:
484:
479:
474:
467:
463:
460:
454:
447:
443:
437:
433:
432:
424:
417:
413:
409:
408:John D. Klier
405:
401:
395:
391:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
367:
364:
360:
351:
347:
345:
340:
331:
322:
308:
306:
302:
297:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:
271:
265:
262:
252:
248:
245:
243:
239:
234:
226:
224:
220:
216:
206:
204:
203:anti-Semitism
200:
189:
187:
176:
174:
169:
163:
159:
149:
147:
142:
138:
134:
126:
122:
120:
113:
111:
110:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
78:
70:
67:
65:
61:
57:
54:According to
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
30:
26:
21:
3027:Israel riots
3019:2020âpresent
2672:21st century
2613:AMIA bombing
2197:Cairo pogrom
1778:Brest pogrom
1568:Skver pogrom
1465:20th century
1442:Corfu pogrom
1343:Tzfat pogrom
1252:Safed pogrom
1228:Arles pogrom
1180:1391 pogroms
1045:Ham massacre
986:Fez massacre
832:
814:
795:
790:
781:
772:
767:
758:
749:
740:
731:
722:
713:
704:
696:
691:
683:
678:
670:
665:
656:
648:
643:
634:
626:
621:
613:
609:
591:
590:Alan Woods.
586:
578:
571:Sergei Witte
558:
554:
547:
535:
527:
523:
503:
495:
491:
481:
473:
453:
445:
430:
423:
415:
403:
394:
365:
361:
357:
348:
341:
337:
328:
319:
298:
293:Odesskie dni
292:
289:Odesskie dni
288:
280:
275:
266:
258:
249:
246:
235:
232:
212:
195:
183:
165:
161:
143:
140:
136:
132:
124:
115:
112:(1906 ed.),
107:
105:
80:
76:
68:
64:antisemitism
56:Jarrod Tanny
53:
35:A series of
34:
2376:1950sâ1960s
2148:(1944â1945)
2032:(1941â1945)
1781: [
1710: [
1620:(1918â1920)
1592:LwĂłw pogrom
1560:LwĂłw pogrom
1504:Kiev pogrom
1405:(1881â1884)
1295:Mawza Exile
1281:(1648â1657)
1121:(1348â1350)
1109:(1336â1339)
1055:(1189â1190)
303:issued the
301:Nicholas II
274:battleship
242:grain trade
238:Crimean War
180:1905 pogrom
129:1871 pogrom
102:1859 pogrom
73:1821 pogrom
3170:Categories
2233:Kunmadaras
1642:Justingrad
1150:Strasbourg
686:, pg. 256.
682:Weinberg,
540:John Klier
486:, 1906 ed.
387:References
221:, and the
168:Piatnitsky
2904:2010â2019
2857:2004â2009
2679:2000â2009
2211:1946â1999
1932:Szczuczyn
1904:Bucharest
1801:1938â1945
1677:Proskurov
1635:Radomyshl
1552:The Tritl
1472:1900â1937
1271:1600â1899
1083:1300â1599
970:1000â1299
949:(614â617)
941:(351â352)
933:(132â136)
866:Massacres
95:Bosphorus
91:Gregory V
3091:Nahal Oz
3084:Kissufim
3077:Kfar Aza
2801:Istanbul
1995:Babi Yar
1960:Jedwabne
1367:Allahdad
957:(628 CE)
872:against
596:Archived
512:Archived
478:"Odessa"
462:Archived
370:See also
281:Potemkin
276:Potemkin
270:Cossacks
39:against
3126:Yakhini
2994:(2019)
2319:Djerada
2312:Tripoli
2240:Miskolc
2023:Rumbula
1981:Tykocin
1911:Antwerp
1772:(1936)
1656:Zviahel
925:(66â73)
870:pogroms
579:Memoirs
544:Pogroms
173:Okhrana
87:Ottoman
37:pogroms
3151:(2024)
3143:(2023)
3105:Nir Oz
3056:Be'eri
3037:(2022)
3029:(2021)
3010:(2019)
3002:(2019)
2986:(2018)
2978:(2017)
2970:(2016)
2962:(2015)
2954:(2014)
2946:(2014)
2938:(2014)
2930:(2012)
2922:(2012)
2914:(2011)
2891:(2008)
2883:(2006)
2875:(2004)
2867:(2004)
2655:(1997)
2647:(1997)
2639:(1996)
2631:(1995)
2623:(1994)
2615:(1994)
2607:(1991)
2599:(1990)
2576:(1989)
2568:(1986)
2560:(1985)
2552:(1982)
2544:(1981)
2536:(1981)
2528:(1980)
2520:(1980)
2497:(1979)
2489:(1978)
2481:(1975)
2473:(1974)
2465:(1974)
2457:(1972)
2449:(1972)
2441:(1970)
2418:(1968)
2410:(1967)
2402:(1956)
2394:(1954)
2386:(1952)
2290:Manama
2283:Aleppo
2226:Kielce
2002:Odessa
1974:Ponary
1967:Farhud
1953:WÄ
sosz
1791:(1937)
1764:(1936)
1756:(1934)
1748:(1934)
1740:(1931)
1732:(1929)
1724:(1929)
1716:(1927)
1701:(1921)
1670:Fastov
1594:(1918)
1586:(1918)
1578:(1917)
1570:(1917)
1562:(1914)
1554:(1912)
1546:(1910)
1538:(1906)
1530:(1906)
1522:(1905)
1514:(1905)
1506:(1905)
1498:(1903)
1490:(1903)
1482:(1902)
1452:(1898)
1444:(1891)
1420:Warsaw
1393:(1871)
1385:(1859)
1377:(1840)
1369:(1839)
1361:(1838)
1353:(1834)
1345:(1834)
1337:(1821)
1329:(1819)
1321:(1805)
1313:(1790)
1305:(1768)
1297:(1679)
1289:(1660)
1262:(1536)
1254:(1517)
1246:(1517)
1238:(1506)
1230:(1484)
1222:(1478)
1214:(1474)
1206:(1473)
1198:(1465)
1190:(1401)
1182:(1391)
1174:(1370)
1157:Zurich
1143:Speyer
1129:Erfurt
1101:(1328)
1093:(1320)
1063:(1298)
1047:(1143)
1030:Mainz
1023:Speyer
1008:(1096)
996:(1066)
988:(1033)
980:(1013)
438:
209:Causes
119:Easter
45:Odessa
3119:Re'im
3112:Nirim
3070:Holit
2589:1990s
2510:1980s
2431:1970s
1918:GabĂšs
1789:]
1714:]
1663:Pinsk
1649:Skver
1136:Basel
1016:Worms
888:1â999
819:(PDF)
402:" in
215:Japan
2793:2003
2715:2002
2686:2001
2354:1949
2304:1948
2276:Aden
2254:1947
2218:1946
2161:1945
2117:1944
2081:1943
2045:1942
1946:Lviv
1939:IaÈi
1896:1941
1874:1940
1838:1939
1809:1938
1684:Kiev
1628:Lida
1413:Kiev
906:(66)
898:(38)
874:Jews
436:ISBN
186:Jews
41:Jews
868:or
561:by
546:",
3172::
1787:pl
1785:;
1783:de
1712:hu
569:,
480:,
444:.
434:.
414:"
406:,
858:e
851:t
844:v
825:"
602:.
542:"
97:.
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
