104:
126:
317:
386:
are located near the base of each mesentery. Octocorals have high phenotypic plasticity from adapting to dynamic environments where temperature, pH, and other parameters are in constant flux and have shown high recruitment rates post-die-off events caused by el nino events.
338:
in general appearance and in the size of their polyps, but lack the distinctive stony skeleton. Also unlike the stony corals, each polyp has only eight tentacles, each of which is feather-like in shape, with numerous side-branches, or
405:, meaning that all contained species are descended from a common ancestor, but the relationships between subdivisions are not well known. The sea pens (Pennatulacea) and blue coral (Helioporacea) continue to be assigned separate
354:
and perforated by numerous tiny channels. The channels interconnect the gastrovascular cavities of the polyps, allowing water and nutrients to flow freely between all the members of the colony. The skeletal material, called
275:(sea fans and sea whips) within three orders: Alcyonacea, Helioporacea, and Pennatulacea. These organisms have an internal skeleton secreted by mesoglea and polyps with eight tentacles and eight mesentaries. As with all
366:
The polyp is largely embedded within the colonial skeleton, with only the uppermost surface, including the tentacles and mouth, projecting about the surface. The mouth is slit-like, with a single
833:
Daly, M.; Brugler, M.P.; Cartwright, P.; Collins, A.G.; Dawson, M.N.; Fautin, D.G.; France, S.C.; McFadden, C.S.; Opresko, D.M.; Rogriguez, E.; Romano, S.L.; Stake, J.L. (21 July 2007).
346:
Octocorals are colonial organisms, with numerous tiny polyps embedded in a soft matrix that forms the visible structure of the colony. The matrix is composed of
393:
is found in 32 genera, a trait estimated to have evolved 540 million years ago, the earliest timing of emergence of bioluminescence in the marine environment.
640:
677:
530:
520:
747:
570:
550:
450:
717:
687:
650:
620:
1102:
Lopes, Ana Rita; Faleiro, Filipa; Rosa, Inês C.; Pimentel, Marta S.; Trubenbach, Katja; Repolho, Tiago; Diniz, Mário; Rosa, Rui (11 June 2018).
777:
727:
707:
697:
670:
660:
560:
510:
1405:
892:
Bergström, Stig M.; Bergström, Jan; Kumpulainen, Risto; Ormö, Jens; Sturkell, Erik (2007). "Maurits
Lindström – A renaissance geoscientist".
787:
757:
580:
540:
470:
382:, that divide the upper part of the gastrovascular cavity into chambers, one of which connects to the hollow space inside each tentacle. The
834:
378:
that projects down into a gastrovascular cavity that occupies the hollow interior. The pharynx is surrounded by eight radial partitions, or
797:
767:
737:
630:
610:
409:, whereas the current order Alcyonacea was historically represented by four orders: Alcyonacea, Gorgonacea, Stolonifera and Telestacea.
480:
490:
1392:
1280:
1397:
1276:
938:
994:"Distinguishing Earth's oldest known bryozoan (Pywackia, late Cambrian) from pennatulacean octocorals (Mesozoic–Recent)"
1086:
1454:
1251:
418:
1410:
1353:
125:
112:
821:
1420:
1239:
363:. Although it is generally soft, in many species it is reinforced with calcareous or horny material.
1459:
1492:
875:
1227:
1446:
1331:
1293:
835:"The phylum Cnidaria: A review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus"
1035:"Late Cambrian Pywackia is a cnidarian, not a bryozoan: Insights from skeletal microstructure"
1482:
1441:
1433:
279:
these organisms have a complex life cycle including a motile phase when they are considered
1366:
1340:
1174:
1046:
1005:
950:
903:
295:
8:
379:
351:
284:
1178:
1050:
1009:
954:
907:
1205:
1162:
1138:
1104:"Physiological resilience of a temperate soft coral to ocean warming and acidification"
1103:
974:
919:
223:
120:
1487:
1428:
1210:
1192:
1143:
1125:
1082:
978:
966:
923:
867:
1358:
1345:
1200:
1182:
1161:
Lasker, H. R.; Martínez-Quintana, Á.; Bramanti, L.; Edmunds, P. J. (9 March 2020).
1133:
1115:
1054:
1013:
958:
911:
857:
849:
600:
992:
Landing, Ed; Antcliffe, Jonathan B.; Brasier, Martin D.; English, Adam B. (2015).
436:
406:
390:
326:
256:
248:
1187:
853:
103:
1120:
915:
1476:
1316:
1196:
1129:
970:
894:
871:
182:
61:
832:
321:
1214:
1147:
590:
500:
402:
208:
203:
1379:
1325:
460:
356:
335:
36:
1059:
1034:
1018:
993:
360:
291:
264:
260:
198:
81:
46:
1384:
1228:
Evolution of bioluminescence in
Anthozoa with emphasis on Octocorallia
1160:
939:"Reinterpretation of the Cambrian 'bryozoan' Pywackia as an octocoral"
862:
428:
417:
The following taxa are unplaced within
Octocorallia according to the
272:
255:
comprising over 3,000 species of marine organisms formed of colonial
137:
86:
1287:
1310:
1081:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 164–169.
962:
822:
https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=browser&id=1292#focus
347:
305:
300:
298:'s findings in the 1970s. Recent work suggesting that the Cambrian
280:
276:
252:
167:
157:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
937:
Taylor, Paul D.; Berning, Björn; Wilson, Mark A. (November 2013).
374:, at one side to help control water flow. It opens into a tubular
1371:
891:
375:
340:
268:
91:
66:
147:
991:
359:, is composed of living tissue secreted by numerous wandering
383:
367:
316:
1163:"Resilience of Octocoral Forests to Catastrophic Storms"
1101:
936:
1076:
1474:
1032:
290:Octocorals have existed at least since the
102:
1204:
1186:
1137:
1119:
1058:
1017:
861:
315:
1281:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1033:Hageman, Steven J.; Vinn, Olev (2023).
826:
1475:
1232:
259:with 8-fold symmetry. It includes the
18:Class of Anthozoa with 8-fold symmetry
1292:
1291:
820:WoRMS Database: "Octocorallia Tree":
1421:7209a46d-71f2-47ad-88c9-ce361977a126
1072:
1070:
792:Moore, Alderslade & Miller, 2017
465:Williams & López-González, 2005
13:
585:Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864
14:
1504:
1269:
1067:
401:Octocorallia is considered to be
1252:World Register of Marine Species
419:World Register of Marine Species
412:
124:
34:
1221:
712:López-González & Gili, 2000
1154:
1095:
1026:
985:
930:
885:
814:
350:tissue, lined by a continuous
1:
807:
722:Thomson & Henderson, 1906
545:Ocaña & van Ofwegen, 2003
495:Ocaña & van Ofwegen, 2003
605:Williams & Starmer, 2000
595:Verseveldt & Bayer, 1988
396:
7:
575:Cairns & Cordeiro, 2017
10:
1509:
1188:10.1038/s41598-020-61238-1
1108:Cell Stress and Chaperones
1077:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
854:10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.11
440:Utinomi & Harada, 1973
311:
113:Dendronephthya klunzingeri
1300:
1121:10.1007/s12192-018-0919-9
916:10.1080/11035890701292065
615:Pérez & Zamponi, 2000
565:Wright & Studer, 1889
283:and later characteristic
229:
222:
195:
190:
121:Scientific classification
119:
110:
101:
25:
682:de Lacaze-Duthiers, 1900
334:Octocorals resemble the
1039:Journal of Paleontology
998:Journal of Paleontology
943:Journal of Paleontology
802:Bayer & Muzik, 1976
421:as of April 2024:
308:octocoral is disputed.
331:
1442:Paleobiology Database
319:
1079:Invertebrate Zoology
625:López-González, 2007
294:period, as shown by
1179:2020NatSR..10.4286L
1060:10.1017/jpa.2023.35
1051:2023JPal...97..990H
1019:10.1017/jpa.2014.26
1010:2015JPal...89..292L
955:2013JPal...87..984T
908:2007GFF...129...65B
1167:Scientific Reports
332:
1470:
1469:
1429:Open Tree of Life
1294:Taxon identifiers
641:Pseudocladochonus
296:Maurits Lindström
238:
237:
186:
32:Ordovician–recent
1500:
1463:
1462:
1450:
1449:
1437:
1436:
1424:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1401:
1400:
1388:
1387:
1375:
1374:
1362:
1361:
1349:
1348:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1236:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1190:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1123:
1114:(5): 1093–1100.
1099:
1093:
1092:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
989:
983:
982:
934:
928:
927:
889:
883:
882:
881:on 11 June 2010.
880:
874:. Archived from
865:
839:
830:
824:
818:
803:
793:
783:
773:
763:
753:
743:
733:
723:
713:
703:
693:
683:
666:
656:
646:
636:
635:Alderslade, 2001
626:
616:
606:
601:Lanthanocephalus
596:
586:
576:
566:
556:
546:
536:
526:
516:
506:
496:
486:
476:
466:
456:
441:
433:
304:may represent a
181:
129:
128:
106:
96:
33:
29:Temporal range:
23:
22:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1445:
1440:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1396:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1357:
1352:
1344:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1296:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1222:
1159:
1155:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1075:
1068:
1045:(5): 990–1001.
1031:
1027:
990:
986:
935:
931:
890:
886:
878:
837:
831:
827:
819:
815:
810:
801:
791:
781:
772:Pasternak, 1985
771:
761:
751:
741:
732:Kükenthal, 1916
731:
721:
711:
701:
691:
681:
665:Kükenthal, 1919
664:
655:Kükenthal, 1916
654:
644:
634:
624:
614:
604:
594:
584:
574:
564:
554:
544:
534:
524:
521:Chondronephthya
514:
505:Jungersen, 1892
504:
494:
485:Deichmann, 1936
484:
474:
464:
454:
439:
437:Pseudogorgiidae
431:
415:
399:
391:Bioluminescence
327:Tubipora musica
314:
243:(also known as
180:
123:
97:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
31:
30:
27:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1506:
1496:
1495:
1493:Animal classes
1490:
1485:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1451:
1438:
1425:
1415:
1402:
1389:
1376:
1363:
1350:
1337:
1322:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1286:
1285:
1277:"Octocorallia"
1271:
1270:External links
1268:
1265:
1264:
1242:incertae sedis
1240:"Octocorallia
1231:
1220:
1153:
1094:
1087:
1066:
1025:
1004:(2): 292–317.
984:
963:10.1666/13-029
949:(6): 984–990.
929:
884:
825:
812:
811:
809:
806:
805:
804:
794:
784:
782:Williams, 1990
774:
764:
754:
748:Tesseranthelia
744:
734:
724:
714:
704:
702:Williams, 2019
694:
684:
674:
667:
657:
647:
645:Versluys, 1907
637:
627:
617:
607:
597:
587:
577:
571:Flagelligorgia
567:
557:
551:Distichogorgia
547:
537:
535:von Koch, 1891
527:
517:
507:
497:
487:
477:
467:
457:
443:
442:
434:
414:
411:
398:
395:
313:
310:
236:
235:
234:
233:
227:
226:
220:
219:
218:
217:
215:incertae sedis
211:
206:
201:
193:
192:
188:
187:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
98:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
28:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1505:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1235:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1090:
1088:0-03-056747-5
1084:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
896:
888:
877:
873:
869:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
836:
829:
823:
817:
813:
800:
799:
795:
790:
789:
785:
780:
779:
775:
770:
769:
765:
760:
759:
755:
750:
749:
745:
742:Hickson, 1894
740:
739:
735:
730:
729:
725:
720:
719:
718:Stereacanthia
715:
710:
709:
705:
700:
699:
695:
690:
689:
688:Scleranthelia
685:
680:
679:
675:
673:
672:
668:
663:
662:
658:
653:
652:
651:Pseudosuberia
648:
643:
642:
638:
633:
632:
628:
623:
622:
621:Mesogligorgia
618:
613:
612:
608:
603:
602:
598:
593:
592:
588:
583:
582:
578:
573:
572:
568:
563:
562:
558:
553:
552:
548:
543:
542:
538:
533:
532:
528:
525:Utinomi, 1960
523:
522:
518:
513:
512:
508:
503:
502:
498:
493:
492:
488:
483:
482:
478:
473:
472:
468:
463:
462:
458:
455:Dautova, 2018
453:
452:
448:
447:
446:
438:
435:
430:
427:
426:
425:
422:
420:
413:Unplaced taxa
410:
408:
404:
394:
392:
388:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
353:
349:
344:
342:
337:
329:
328:
323:
318:
309:
307:
303:
302:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
231:
230:
228:
225:
221:
216:
213:Octocorallia
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
194:
189:
184:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
127:
122:
118:
115:
114:
109:
105:
100:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
24:
21:
16:
1483:Octocorallia
1359:Octocorallia
1332:Octocorallia
1302:Octocorallia
1301:
1255:. Retrieved
1247:
1241:
1234:
1223:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1078:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1001:
997:
987:
946:
942:
932:
902:(2): 65–70.
899:
893:
887:
876:the original
845:
841:
828:
816:
796:
786:
778:Verseveldtia
776:
766:
756:
746:
736:
728:Stereogorgia
726:
716:
708:Sphaeralcyon
706:
698:Speirogorgia
696:
692:Studer, 1878
686:
676:
671:Rhipiopathes
669:
661:Pseudothesea
659:
649:
639:
629:
619:
609:
599:
591:Inflatocalyx
589:
579:
569:
561:Elasmogorgia
559:
549:
539:
529:
519:
511:Chalcogorgia
509:
501:Ceratocaulon
499:
489:
479:
469:
459:
449:
444:
432:Wright, 1865
423:
416:
403:monophyletic
400:
389:
372:siphonoglyph
371:
365:
345:
336:stony corals
333:
325:
299:
289:
244:
241:Octocorallia
240:
239:
214:
209:Pennatulacea
204:Helioporacea
178:Octocorallia
177:
111:
26:Octocorallia
20:
15:
1380:iNaturalist
1326:Wikispecies
1173:(1): 4286.
788:Williamsium
762:Bayer, 1991
758:Thelogorgia
752:Bayer, 1981
581:Hypnogorgia
555:Bayer, 1979
541:Denhartogia
515:Bayer, 1949
475:Bayer, 1993
471:Briareopsis
461:Bayergorgia
380:mesenteries
370:groove, or
361:amoebocytes
357:coenenchyme
265:soft corals
164:Subphylum:
1477:Categories
1346:Alcyonaria
863:1808/13641
808:References
798:Xenogorgia
768:Tubigorgia
738:Stereosoma
631:Moolabalia
424:Families:
292:Ordovician
277:cnidarians
273:gorgonians
261:blue coral
245:Alcyonaria
232:Alcyonaria
199:Alcyonacea
1197:2045-2322
1130:1355-8145
979:129113026
971:0022-3360
924:140593975
872:1175-5326
848:: 1–766.
611:Lignopsis
429:Haimeidae
397:Phylogeny
352:epidermis
348:mesogleal
144:Kingdom:
138:Eukaryota
1488:Anthozoa
1372:46545574
1311:Wikidata
1257:23 April
1215:32152448
1148:29948929
678:Rolandia
481:Caliacis
445:Genera:
368:ciliated
341:pinnules
322:corallum
306:Cambrian
301:Pywackia
281:plankton
269:sea pens
253:Anthozoa
224:Synonyms
168:Anthozoa
158:Cnidaria
154:Phylum:
148:Animalia
134:Domain:
1317:Q132680
1206:7063042
1175:Bibcode
1139:6111073
1047:Bibcode
1006:Bibcode
951:Bibcode
904:Bibcode
842:Zootaxa
531:Daniela
491:Canarya
376:pharynx
312:Biology
287:phase.
285:sessile
247:) is a
191:Orders
183:Haeckel
174:Class:
1434:507945
1418:NZOR:
1385:340493
1213:
1203:
1195:
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