3051:
1127:"The first known Cross of Toulouse is shown on Count Raimond VI's seal, dated from 1211. Then widely used all over Languedoc, the Cross of Toulouse appeared on the municipal arms of Toulouse and the provincial arms of Languedoc in the 14th century. Pierre Saliès (Archistra, December 1994) claims that the Cross of Toulouse is a modification of the Latin Cross, attributed to Count Raimond VI. In 1099, Raimond VI took part to the reconquest of Jerusalem with the Crusaders. As a Crusaders' chief, Raimond would have adapted a cross slightly different from the Latin Cross bore by the low-rank Crusaders. According to this theory, the edges of the arms of the cross were cut into two pieces and curved. To be fixed on a shield, such a cross required twelve rivets. The design would have progressively evolved towards the Cross of Toulouse." (Ivan Sache, 24 April 2003,
561:
501:
577:
1583:
2701:
517:
1823:
1945:
533:
2691:
1751:
2183:
2633:
1893:
147:
2018:
719:
2215:
2303:
2753:
2383:
2293:
2273:
2113:
2038:
1935:
2963:
2625:
1701:
2373:
2253:
2423:
2235:
1988:
3183:
1613:
2615:
2565:
3071:
2481:
2763:
3219:
2783:
2681:
2195:
1623:
1958:
549:
3123:
2028:
1968:
1863:
2363:
3163:
2721:
1603:
3031:
2283:
2093:
1813:
1783:
1771:
1731:
1873:
1691:
2671:
2507:
2413:
2263:
1915:
1721:
1673:
3173:
2773:
3153:
2803:
2225:
2205:
2103:
1905:
1855:
1761:
1593:
2245:
596:
2535:
2163:
2575:
2153:
2048:
1978:
1883:
1643:
2743:
3143:
2973:
2595:
2983:
2173:
3133:
3103:
2711:
2453:
2443:
2463:
2731:
2313:
1049:
2353:
2333:
2953:
3113:
2517:
2433:
327:
2943:
821:
2527:
2143:
2123:
1925:
319:
2058:
3091:
3021:
2651:
2497:
2393:
3207:
622:
25:
2545:
3011:
1835:
2343:
2555:
2323:
1998:
1845:
1711:
1061:
2793:
2661:
2068:
1663:
122:
2008:
2641:
2585:
2403:
2133:
2083:
1793:
1803:
1741:
1653:
1527:
2605:
3081:
3041:
1633:
1683:
3061:
358:, count of Toulouse, as a particular description of his official seal dated from 1165 corroborates. It soon spreads across the whole south-western part of today's France and is even spotted in various towns up north throughout the 12th century. Several interpretations have been proposed for the cross, often stressing the symbolic side of it and leaving aside the fact that "
576:
415:) claims that the cross was originally from Provence but admits that Henri Rolland's theory was flawed and built around wrong dates. Royer concludes that Rolland possibly mistook the Occitan cross with that of
148:
3050:
516:
500:
560:
452:(#612), Jean Rocacher confirms that the Occitan cross "is first the own emblem of the old county of Venasque, later torn between the houses of Toulouse and Forcalquier."
486:) locates the original Occitan cross somewhere in the marquisate of Provence, probably Venasque. He argues it could be a mixture of the Constantinople cross and the
1349:
3186:
1289:
1225:
479:
through Italy and
Provence. The crosses of Venasque and Forcalquier would thus share the same origin, though one was not inspired by the other.
441:
Pierre Saliès in 1994 once again maintains that the cross is from
Toulouse and is the fruit of successive local evolutions, possibly from the
236:
in their capacity as
Marquises of Provence, on 13th century coins and seals. It later spread to the other provinces of Occitania, namely
729:
The
Occitan cross can be found on a number of flags, coats of arms, emblems and logos. Here follows a non-exhaustive list of occurrences:
1558:
1459:
1420:
1314:
1264:
1250:
986:
532:
686:
89:
3259:
3191:
1153:
The World of
Eleanor of Aquitaine: Literature and Society in Southern France Between the Eleventh and Thirteenth Centuries
658:
61:
1395:
1434:
739:
705:
665:
276:
197:
108:
68:
404:
in the presence of small spheres at the end of the arms of the cross: they could represent the twelve houses of the
1551:
548:
1531:
672:
643:
639:
75:
46:
42:
1265:"CG84 Vaucluse - actions sociales, subventions, entreprises et vie en Vaucluse - Conseil général de Vaucluse"
3249:
2618:
2406:
1754:
654:
57:
3264:
1357:
981:
832:
2366:
2041:
1544:
1039:
1293:
1229:
924:
400:, probably sometime in the 10th century. Camboulives in 1980 again emphasizes the role played by the
2186:
957:
1502:
Les Comtes de
Toulouse et leur entourage: Rivalités, alliances et jeux de pouvoir XIIe-XIIIe siècles
2470:
2266:
1876:
1567:
963:
2700:
1268:
2756:
2734:
2336:
1616:
901:
632:
424:
35:
3244:
3095:
3024:
2746:
2426:
2276:
918:
460:
366:
294:
pommettée voided" or "in a red field, a gold cross with keys/paws/spheres/apples, in outline" (
1582:
1156:
3136:
2766:
2396:
2146:
1826:
1173:
1018:
905:
355:
339:
335:
225:
1822:
365:
In 1950, Henri
Rolland suggested that the origin of the Occitan cross be traced back to the
2568:
2456:
2446:
2376:
2346:
1991:
1626:
745:
679:
272:
82:
2690:
8:
3211:
2835:
2436:
2356:
2316:
2306:
1750:
1724:
951:
263:
A yellow
Occitan cross on a blood-red background with the seven-armed golden star of the
257:
253:
2776:
2714:
1944:
582:
18th-century depiction in the coat of arms of
Marguerite-Delphine de Valbelle, lady of
3254:
2897:
2830:
2588:
2386:
1606:
1104:
751:
567:
331:
268:
233:
2632:
1892:
3116:
3106:
3054:
2684:
2674:
2548:
2538:
2198:
2182:
2126:
2021:
2017:
1734:
1704:
1453:
1414:
1374:
1308:
1244:
1078:
803:
539:
2302:
3182:
2962:
2786:
2624:
2061:
1744:
1586:
1199:
1128:
912:
600:
295:
141:
133:
2422:
2234:
1328:
267:
makes up the flag of modern-day
Occitania. It can also be found in the emblems of
2892:
2704:
2608:
2214:
2076:
2031:
1971:
1938:
1866:
1714:
1694:
1053:
809:
442:
389:
2752:
2614:
2382:
2292:
2272:
2176:
2112:
2037:
1934:
718:
522:
Late medieval depiction as the coat of arms of the Mozzi family of Florence, in
384:
review, Roger Camboulives voices his idea that the Occitan cross derives from a
303:
291:
3218:
3070:
2902:
2882:
2877:
2867:
2825:
2820:
2762:
2694:
2500:
2372:
2286:
2238:
2096:
2001:
1848:
1816:
1700:
1636:
1596:
476:
468:
428:
188:
3146:
1987:
1399:
3238:
2919:
2872:
2796:
2724:
2664:
2416:
2252:
2218:
2166:
2071:
1961:
1918:
1806:
1676:
1666:
1612:
1065:
1001:
988:
791:
523:
491:
464:
3162:
2564:
2362:
1602:
2976:
2914:
2887:
2862:
2857:
2840:
2782:
2680:
2654:
2578:
2256:
2228:
2194:
2116:
2106:
2086:
1908:
1896:
1886:
1872:
1796:
1774:
1764:
1690:
1622:
1438:
785:
507:
487:
435:
307:
280:
221:
3172:
2772:
1957:
595:
419:. He draws evidence most notably from two crosses carved in the lid of a
264:
3223:
3122:
2956:
2929:
2845:
2534:
2326:
2244:
2208:
2162:
2156:
2051:
2027:
1981:
1967:
1862:
1656:
1646:
1083:
976:
759:
420:
416:
351:
283:, among many others, as well as in cemeteries and at country crossroads.
3142:
3030:
2972:
2742:
2720:
2594:
2282:
2092:
1812:
1786:
1782:
1770:
1730:
1073:
889:
249:
3176:
3132:
3102:
3084:
2986:
2852:
2710:
2670:
2510:
2506:
2452:
2442:
2412:
2262:
2011:
1948:
1914:
1720:
1672:
936:
3152:
3074:
2802:
2730:
2352:
2332:
2312:
2224:
2204:
2102:
1904:
1854:
1760:
1592:
853:
797:
604:
326:
3156:
3112:
3090:
2644:
2574:
2516:
2466:
2432:
2152:
2047:
1977:
1882:
1642:
859:
820:
723:
472:
393:
385:
347:
192:
2982:
2526:
2172:
2142:
2122:
621:
322:
Coat of arms of the counts of Toulouse as of the early 16th century.
184:
24:
3166:
3126:
3044:
3020:
2650:
2598:
2520:
2496:
2462:
2392:
2057:
1838:
930:
871:
865:
841:
828:
587:
401:
397:
374:
359:
318:
237:
229:
2952:
2544:
1834:
1473:
362:
is not a science of symbols, but one of emblems" (M. Pastoureau).
350:
cross probably first appears in the coat of arms of the counts of
3206:
3064:
3034:
2966:
2946:
2942:
2933:
2554:
2402:
2342:
2322:
2296:
1997:
1844:
1710:
895:
877:
583:
370:
245:
241:
2792:
2660:
2067:
1924:
1802:
1662:
490:, which was brought to Provence by monks and maybe also through
459:) claims that the Occitan cross became the counts' emblem after
2640:
2584:
2558:
2132:
2082:
2007:
1928:
1792:
1526:
945:
883:
405:
287:
121:
3010:
1740:
1652:
1151:, see L. Macé in: Marcus Graham Bull, Catherine Léglu (eds.),
3080:
2604:
847:
1029:
Sign of the Conseil Interprofessionnel des Vins du Languedoc
300:
de golas a la crotz voidada, clechada/patèa e pometada d'aur
3040:
3014:
2909:
1682:
1632:
779:
772:
506:
15th-century depiction of the arms of Toulouse as a voided
396:. It would have arrived in Toulouse via northern Italy and
3060:
1536:
2993:
2990:
471:. Macé indicates that its pattern was first found in the
212:
206:
178:
168:
158:
1185:
Catherine Lucy Wilhelmina Powlett Duchess of Cleveland,
438:
adopted the Occitan cross as trademark until mid-1990s.
1037:
306:
botonnée", "cross pommettée", "cross toulouse", or "
279:, which also features the cross in its symbols) and
646:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1149:Per la crotz Ramondenca que contral vent resplant
3236:
3187:Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
1200:"Toulouse (Municipality, Haute-Garonne, France)"
482:Later in the same year, Bertran de la Farge (in
290:of the modern emblem is "gules, a cross cleché/
275:(now both part of the administrative region of
1552:
330:12th century division of Provence into the
220:The design was probably first used in the
1559:
1545:
706:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1510:by Bertran de la Farge (éd. Loubatières)
1474:"L'AOC Languedoc fête ses 30 ans !"
819:
732:
722:The modern Occitan cross on the flag of
717:
594:
457:Les Comtes de Toulouse et leur entourage
325:
317:
3237:
1458:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1419:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1313:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1249:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
599:A demonstration for Occitania and the
1540:
140:
3192:List of tallest crosses in the world
644:adding citations to reliable sources
615:
191:, today chiefly used as a symbol of
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
815:
232:), in the 12th century, and by the
13:
120:
14:
3276:
1520:
1516:by Jean-Yves Royer (éd. Équinoxe)
198:Chanson de la Croisade Albigeoise
3217:
3205:
3181:
3171:
3161:
3151:
3141:
3131:
3121:
3111:
3101:
3089:
3079:
3069:
3059:
3049:
3039:
3029:
3019:
3009:
2981:
2971:
2961:
2951:
2941:
2801:
2791:
2781:
2771:
2761:
2751:
2741:
2729:
2719:
2709:
2699:
2689:
2679:
2669:
2659:
2649:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2613:
2603:
2593:
2583:
2573:
2563:
2553:
2543:
2533:
2525:
2515:
2505:
2495:
2479:
2461:
2451:
2441:
2431:
2421:
2411:
2401:
2391:
2381:
2371:
2361:
2351:
2341:
2331:
2321:
2311:
2301:
2291:
2281:
2271:
2261:
2251:
2243:
2233:
2223:
2213:
2203:
2193:
2181:
2171:
2161:
2151:
2141:
2131:
2121:
2111:
2101:
2091:
2081:
2066:
2056:
2046:
2036:
2026:
2016:
2006:
1996:
1986:
1976:
1966:
1956:
1943:
1933:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1891:
1881:
1871:
1861:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1821:
1811:
1801:
1791:
1781:
1769:
1759:
1749:
1739:
1729:
1719:
1709:
1699:
1689:
1681:
1671:
1661:
1651:
1641:
1631:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1591:
1581:
1525:
1059:
1047:
969:
620:
575:
559:
554:In the Toulouse city arms (1515)
547:
531:
515:
499:
23:
1466:
1427:
1388:
1367:
1342:
1321:
1282:
775:and the General Council of Aude
765:
631:needs additional citations for
566:Toulouse arms from the time of
34:needs additional citations for
1257:
1218:
1206:
1192:
1179:
1162:
1134:
1121:
1103:After the coat of arms of the
1097:
750:Flag and emblem of the former
611:
187:, pommettée and voided", is a
1:
1114:
411:In 1986, Jean-Yves Royer (in
373:, more precisely the town of
354:and then during the reign of
1504:by Laurent Macé (éd. Privat)
929:Coat of arms of the City of
7:
3260:Flags of indigenous peoples
1566:
1033:
982:Place du Capitole, Toulouse
833:Place du Capitole, Toulouse
586:(d.- 1784), as part of the
10:
3281:
1495:
467:. It would originate from
455:In 2000, Laurent Macé (in
313:
201:, it goes by the name of "
3200:
3002:
2928:
2813:
2488:
2477:
1574:
958:Villefranche-de-Lauragais
142:[ˈkɾutsutsiˈtanɔ]
2987:Staurogram/Monogrammatic
1090:
1023:Street signs in Toulouse
964:Villefranche-de-Rouergue
941:Coat of arms of Venasque
16:Heraldic cross and motif
3212:Christianity portal
1215:magazine, December 1994
1141:La Cançon de la crosada
475:area and spread across
425:Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
183:), heraldically "cross
3025:Armenian eternity sign
1597:Anchored/Saint Clement
1514:Le Pays de Forcalquier
1189:vol. 3 (1889), p. 182.
1002:43.604389°N 1.443361°E
836:
726:
608:
413:Le Pays de Forcalquier
367:marquisate of Provence
343:
323:
302:), also described as "
299:
213:
207:
179:
169:
159:
137:
125:
3137:Shield of the Trinity
2219:Portate/Saint Gilbert
1534:at Wikimedia Commons
1187:The Battle Abbey Roll
1026:Roadsigns in Limousin
823:
733:Regions and provinces
721:
598:
340:marquisat de Provence
336:county of Forcalquier
329:
321:
310:voided/in skeleton".
226:counts of Forcalquier
124:
2910:Rood/Triumphal cross
2347:Saint James/Santiago
2297:Saltire/Saint Andrew
1972:Grapevine/Saint Nino
952:Villeneuve-d'Aveyron
746:Languedoc-Roussillon
640:improve this article
590:family coat of arms.
570:(r. 1572–1610)
448:Two years after, in
273:Languedoc-Roussillon
43:improve this article
3250:Crosses in heraldry
3177:Triskelion/Triskele
2619:Cuthbert's pectoral
2042:Jerusalem (Kingdom)
2032:Jerusalem/Crusaders
1478:languedoc-wines.com
1007:43.604389; 1.443361
998: /
744:Flag of the former
738:Flag and emblem of
423:found in the small
3265:Flags with crosses
1336:vexil.prov.free.fr
1170:The British Herald
1105:counts of Toulouse
1086:, a similar figure
1019:La Tour d'Auvergne
925:Sévérac-le-Château
837:
825:Plaça del Capitòli
727:
609:
568:Henry IV of France
344:
332:county of Provence
324:
234:counts of Toulouse
165:cross of Languedoc
155:cross of Occitania
126:
3232:
3231:
3147:Sunwheel swastika
2530:Blanc croix rouge
1530:Media related to
1508:La Croix occitane
1079:Cross of Camargue
716:
715:
708:
690:
607:on March 17, 2007
540:count of Toulouse
484:La Croix occitane
463:took part in the
392:found in China's
175:cross of Toulouse
170:crotz de Lengadòc
160:crotz d'Occitània
119:
118:
111:
93:
3272:
3222:
3221:
3210:
3209:
3185:
3175:
3165:
3155:
3145:
3135:
3125:
3115:
3105:
3093:
3083:
3073:
3063:
3053:
3043:
3033:
3023:
3013:
2985:
2975:
2965:
2955:
2945:
2805:
2795:
2785:
2775:
2765:
2755:
2745:
2733:
2723:
2713:
2703:
2693:
2683:
2673:
2663:
2653:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2617:
2607:
2599:Cross cramponnée
2597:
2587:
2577:
2567:
2557:
2547:
2537:
2529:
2519:
2509:
2499:
2483:
2482:
2465:
2457:Syriac (Western)
2455:
2447:Syriac (Eastern)
2445:
2435:
2427:Serbian Orthodox
2425:
2415:
2405:
2395:
2385:
2375:
2365:
2355:
2345:
2335:
2325:
2315:
2305:
2295:
2285:
2277:Russian Orthodox
2275:
2265:
2255:
2247:
2237:
2227:
2217:
2207:
2197:
2185:
2175:
2165:
2155:
2145:
2135:
2125:
2115:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2070:
2060:
2050:
2040:
2030:
2020:
2010:
2000:
1990:
1980:
1970:
1960:
1947:
1937:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1895:
1885:
1875:
1865:
1857:
1847:
1837:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1795:
1785:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1693:
1685:
1675:
1665:
1655:
1645:
1635:
1625:
1615:
1605:
1595:
1585:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1437:. Archived from
1431:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1398:. Archived from
1392:
1386:
1385:
1382:www.crwflags.com
1379:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1356:. Archived from
1346:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1292:. Archived from
1286:
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1279:
1277:
1276:
1267:. Archived from
1261:
1255:
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1248:
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962:Coat of arms of
956:Coat of arms of
950:Coat of arms of
935:Coat of arms of
923:Coat of arms of
917:Coat of arms of
913:Port-la-Nouvelle
911:Coat of arms of
900:Coat of arms of
894:Coat of arms of
888:Coat of arms of
882:Coat of arms of
876:Coat of arms of
870:Coat of arms of
864:Coat of arms of
858:Coat of arms of
852:Coat of arms of
846:Coat of arms of
840:Coat of arms of
816:Cities and towns
808:Coat of arms of
802:Coat of arms of
796:Coat of arms of
790:Coat of arms of
784:Coat of arms of
778:Coat of arms of
771:Coat of arms of
711:
704:
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697:
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648:
624:
616:
601:Occitan language
579:
563:
551:
535:
519:
503:
388:and perhaps the
380:In 1966, in the
216:
210:
208:crotz ramondenca
203:Raymondine cross
182:
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2147:Order of Christ
1939:Globus cruciger
1755:Catherine wheel
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1435:"Archived copy"
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1396:"Archived copy"
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1354:www.vaucluse.fr
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1242:
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1226:"Archived copy"
1224:
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1211:
1207:
1202:. crwflags.com.
1198:
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1184:
1180:
1168:Thomas Robson,
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810:Tarn-et-Garonne
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655:"Occitan cross"
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564:
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443:Jerusalem cross
390:Nestorian cross
369:, north of the
316:
180:crotz de Tolosa
153:), also called
146:
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58:"Occitan cross"
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2099:
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2079:
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2064:
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2024:
2014:
2004:
1994:
1992:Greek Orthodox
1984:
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1964:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1901:
1900:
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1849:Cruciform halo
1841:
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1809:
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1627:Archiepiscopal
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1521:External links
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469:Constantinople
432:of Ganagobie.
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189:heraldic cross
138:crotz occitana
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2327:Saint Florian
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1577:
1575:In modern use
1573:
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1562:
1557:
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1535:
1533:
1532:Occitan cross
1528:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1461:
1455:
1441:on 2008-11-12
1440:
1436:
1430:
1422:
1416:
1402:on 2007-09-27
1401:
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1383:
1376:
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1359:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1316:
1310:
1296:on 2007-10-19
1295:
1291:
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1271:on 2011-07-21
1270:
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1232:on 2007-10-18
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973:
970:Miscellaneous
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826:
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793:
792:Haute-Garonne
789:
787:
783:
781:
777:
774:
770:
769:
761:
757:
753:
752:Midi-Pyrénées
749:
747:
743:
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737:
736:
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710:
707:
699:
688:
685:
681:
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667:
664:
660:
657: –
656:
652:
651:Find sources:
645:
641:
635:
634:
629:This article
627:
623:
618:
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524:Palazzo Mozzi
518:
513:
509:
502:
497:
496:
495:
493:
492:Saint Maurice
489:
485:
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478:
474:
470:
466:
465:First Crusade
462:
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451:
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269:Midi-Pyrénées
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130:Occitan cross
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
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77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3094:
2977:Signum manus
2930:Christograms
2898:Processional
2831:Conciliation
2757:Saint Julian
2569:Consecration
2407:Saint Thomas
2387:Saint Philip
2337:Saint George
2136:
1607:Anuradhapura
1524:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1481:. Retrieved
1477:
1468:
1443:. Retrieved
1439:the original
1429:
1404:. Retrieved
1400:the original
1390:
1381:
1369:
1358:the original
1353:
1344:
1335:
1323:
1298:. Retrieved
1294:the original
1284:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:the original
1259:
1234:. Retrieved
1230:the original
1220:
1212:
1208:
1194:
1186:
1181:
1169:
1164:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:crwflags.com
1123:
1099:
919:Saint-Didier
824:
786:Hautes-Alpes
766:Départements
758:Flag of the
728:
702:
693:
683:
676:
669:
662:
650:
638:Please help
633:verification
630:
538:Arms of the
508:cross potent
488:Coptic cross
483:
481:
456:
454:
449:
447:
440:
436:Air Toulouse
434:
427:
412:
410:
381:
379:
364:
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308:cross fleury
304:cross pattée
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281:Hautes-Alpes
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222:coat of arms
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105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3117:Scientology
2957:IX monogram
2814:By function
2747:Saint Alban
2549:Carolingian
2437:Short Sword
2397:Saint Piran
2377:Saint Peter
2317:Saint David
2199:Patriarchal
2052:Latin/Roman
1877:Evangelists
1657:Balkenkreuz
1647:Arrow/Barby
1483:31 December
1084:Pisan cross
1005: /
977:Toulouse FC
760:Aran Valley
612:Modern uses
421:sarcophagus
417:Forcalquier
352:Forcalquier
228:(in modern
99:August 2024
3239:Categories
2787:Two-barred
2489:Historical
2357:Saint John
2307:Saint Chad
2248:Resistance
2062:Macedonian
1951:'s variant
1949:Archbishop
1745:Canterbury
1617:Archangels
1445:2007-06-09
1406:2007-05-30
1300:2007-08-11
1275:2007-08-11
1236:2007-08-11
1115:References
990:43°36′16″N
937:Travaillan
666:newspapers
461:Raymond IV
265:Felibritge
195:. In the
69:newspapers
3255:Occitania
2934:Chrismons
2893:Preaching
2735:Quarterly
2705:Nestorian
2645:Gammadion
2628:Engrailed
1867:Ethiopian
1715:Byzantine
1695:Bulgarian
1213:Archistra
993:1°26′36″E
860:Colomiers
740:Occitania
724:Occitania
696:June 2018
473:Byzantine
402:Visigoths
394:Turkestan
386:sun cross
356:Raymond V
277:Occitania
214:ramondina
193:Occitania
3167:Swastika
3127:Shamrock
3055:Kolovrat
3045:Irminsul
3003:See also
2903:Lalibela
2883:Pectoral
2878:Necklace
2868:Memorial
2836:Heraldry
2826:Blessing
2685:Lorraine
2655:Jewelled
2501:Avellane
2239:Quadrate
2127:Novgorod
2097:Maronite
2022:Jeremiah
2002:Huguenot
1839:Crucifix
1817:Crosslet
1787:Cercelée
1735:Camargue
1705:Burgundy
1637:Armenian
1454:cite web
1415:cite web
1309:cite web
1245:cite web
1172:(1830),
1155:(2005),
1074:Cercelée
1054:Heraldry
1034:See also
975:Logo of
944:Flag of
931:Toulouse
890:Méthamis
872:Gigondas
866:Fanjeaux
842:Ansignan
588:Valbelle
398:Provence
375:Venasque
360:heraldry
258:Limousin
254:Auvergne
250:Dauphiné
238:Provence
230:Provence
3075:Mjölnir
3065:Lauburu
3035:Ichthys
2967:Labarum
2947:Chi Rho
2920:Wayside
2873:Mission
2797:Victory
2767:Templar
2725:Pierced
2715:Peñalba
2675:Lazarus
2665:Katanga
2636:Erminée
2417:Serbian
2267:Russian
2187:Fitchée
2167:Patonce
2137:Occitan
2072:Maltese
1962:Gnostic
1919:Fourchy
1807:Cossack
1775:Variant
1725:Calvary
1677:Bottony
1667:Bolnisi
1587:Alcoraz
1568:Crosses
1496:Sources
1040:Portals
906:impaled
902:Monclar
896:Moissac
878:Laissac
854:Céreste
798:Hérault
680:scholar
605:Béziers
584:Tourves
429:commune
371:Durance
348:Occitan
314:History
296:Occitan
246:Gascony
242:Guyenne
224:of the
134:Occitan
83:scholar
2915:Summit
2888:Plague
2863:Mercat
2858:Market
2841:Nordic
2806:Voided
2579:Coptic
2559:Chouan
2539:Brigid
2257:Ringed
2229:Potent
2177:Pattée
2117:Nordic
2107:Moline
2087:Marian
2077:Marada
1929:Fylfot
1909:Forked
1897:Fitchy
1887:Fleury
1858:Double
1827:Fitchy
1797:Coptic
1765:Celtic
1686:Branch
1375:"Data"
1350:"Data"
1329:"Data"
1174:p. 336
1157:p. 152
1145:laisse
1066:France
946:Vianne
884:Llupia
829:Tolosa
682:
675:
668:
661:
653:
542:(1509)
450:L'Auta
406:zodiac
382:L'Auta
292:pattée
288:blazon
185:cleché
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2846:Pisan
2821:Altar
2695:Neith
2609:Crown
2521:Black
2287:Salem
2209:Pommy
2157:Papal
1982:Greek
1378:(GIF)
1361:(GIF)
1332:(GIF)
1091:Notes
848:Buoux
687:JSTOR
673:books
173:) or
90:JSTOR
76:books
3096:Rota
3085:Rose
3015:Ankh
2853:High
2511:Aviz
2012:Iron
1485:2016
1460:link
1421:link
1315:link
1251:link
804:Tarn
780:Gard
773:Aude
659:news
346:The
338:and
286:The
256:and
128:The
62:news
3157:Sun
2994:Rho
2991:Tau
2467:Tau
642:by
603:in
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