561:
601:
1874:
589:
4355:
859:
1017:=42; AACCDD). As a result, the genome is large (12.6 Gb, 1C-value=12.85) and complex. Cultivated hexaploid oat has a unique mosaic chromosome architecture that is the result of numerous translocations between the three subgenomes. These translocations may cause breeding barriers and incompatibilities when crossing varieties with different chromosomal architecture. Hence, oat breeding and the crossing of desired traits has been hampered by the lack of a reference genome assembly. In May 2022, a fully annotated reference genome sequence of
676:
823:
656:
1860:
75:
702:
931:
1846:
573:
6313:
1832:
62:
913:
310:
895:
877:
841:
1892:
759:
526:; it can grow to a height of 1.8 metres (5.9 ft). The leaves are long, narrow, and pointed, and grow upwards; they can be some 15 to 40 centimetres (5.9 to 15.7 in) in length, and around 5 to 15 millimetres (0.20 to 0.59 in) in width. At the top of the stem, the plant branches into a loose cluster or
265:, but need less summer heat and more rain, making them important in areas such as Northwest Europe that have cool wet summers. They can tolerate low-nutrient and acid soils. Oats grow thickly and vigorously, allowing them to outcompete many weeds, and compared to other cereals are relatively free from diseases.
4348:
Similar proteins to the gliadin found in wheat exist as secalin in rye, hordein in barley, and avenins in oats and are collectively referred to as "gluten." Derivatives of these grains such as triticale and malt and other ancient wheat varieties such as spelt and kamut also contain gluten. The gluten
4760:
Pinto-Sánchez, María Inés; Causada-Calo, Natalia; Bercik, Premysl; Ford, Alexander C.; Murray, Joseph A.; Armstrong, David; et al. (2017). "Safety of Adding Oats to a Gluten-Free Diet for
Patients With Celiac Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Clinical and Observational Studies".
779:
in the seed that would make it go sour or rancid; the grain is then dried to minimise the risk of spoilage by bacteria and fungi. There may follow numerous stages of cutting or grinding the grain, depending on which sort of product is required. For oatmeal (oat flour), the grain is ground to a
641:, or barley; they are harmed by sustained cold below −7 °C (20 °F). They have a lower summer heat requirement and greater tolerance of (and need for) rain than the other cereals mentioned, so they are particularly important in areas with cool, wet summers, such as Northwest Europe.
644:
Oats can grow in most fertile, drained soils, being tolerant of a wide variety of soil types. Although better yields are achieved at a soil pH of 5.3 to 5.7, oats can tolerate soils with a pH as low as 4.5. They are better able to grow in low-nutrient soils than wheat or
2046:
Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Teisher, Jordan K.; Clark, Lynn G.; et al. (2017). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the
Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications".
3804:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
974:, for example. Global trade represents a modest percentage of production, less than 10%, most of the grain being consumed within producing countries. The main exporter is Canada, followed by Sweden and Finland; the US is the main importer.
770:
Harvested oats go through multiple stages of milling. The first stage is cleaning, to remove seeds of other plants, stones and any other extraneous materials. Next is dehulling to remove the indigestible bran, leaving the seed or
1116:
lines have been established, where maize chromosome segments have been introgressed into the oat genome. This potentially transfers thousands of genes from a species that is distantly related, but is not considered a
3803:
4033:
1903:" or "crimped") to make them easier to digest, or may be fed whole. They may be given alone or as part of a blended food pellet. Cattle are also fed oats, either whole or ground into a coarse flour using a
3958:"Title 21--Chapter 1, Subchapter B, Part 101 - Food labeling - Specific Requirements for Health Claims, Section 101.81: Health claims: Soluble fiber from certain foods and risk of coronary heart disease"
750:
and by insects including aphids, armyworms, cockchafers, grasshoppers, thrips, and wireworms. Most of these pests are not specific to oats, and only occasionally cause significant damage to oat crops.
1931:, or harvested in early summer. They also can be used for pasture; they can be grazed a while, then allowed to head out for grain production, or grazed continuously until other pastures are ready.
3674:
Montilla-Bascón, G.; Sánchez-Martín, J.; Rispail, N.; Rubiales, D.; Mur, L.; Langdon, T.; et al. (2013). "Genetic
Diversity and Population Structure Among Oat Cultivars and Landraces".
3631:
Riaz, Adnan; Hathorn, Adrian; Dinglasan, Eric; Ziems, Laura; Richard, Cecile; Singh, Dharmendra; et al. (2016). "Into the vault of the
Vavilov wheats: old diversity for new alleles".
1104:
The addition lines with alien chromosomes can be used as a source for novel traits in oats. For example, research on oat-maize-addition lines has been used to map genes involved in
5441:
3379:
Thondehaalmath, Tejas; Kulaar, Dilsher Singh; Bondada, Ramesh; Maruthachalam, Ravi (2021). "Understanding and exploiting uniparental genome elimination in plants: insights from
600:
3058:
Yan, Honghai; Martin, Sara L.; Bekele, Wubishet A.; Latta, Robert G.; Diederichsen, Axel; Peng, Yuanying; Tinker, Nicholas A. (2016-01-17). "Genome size variation in the genus
280:. Global production is dominated by Canada and Russia; global trade is a small part of production, most of the grain being consumed within the producing countries. Oats are a
3783:
253:, as their seeds resembled those of other cereals closely enough for them to be included by early cultivators. Oats tolerate cold winters less well than cereals such as
970:
In 2022, global production of oats was 26 million tonnes, led by Canada with 20% of the total and Russia with 17% (table). This compares to over 100 million tonnes for
1613:
3746:
3910:"Effect of oat supplementation interventions on cardiovascular disease risk markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
2029:, as in the idioms "sowing one's (wild) oats", meaning having many sexual partners in one's youth, and "getting your oats", meaning having sex regularly.
5437:
5428:
4283:
2641:
Decker, Eric A.; Rose, Devin J.; Stewart, Derek (2014). "Processing of oats and the impact of processing operations on nutrition and health benefits".
1097:
breeding material; the rapid loss of the alien chromosomes from the unrelated pollen donor results in a plant with only a single set of chromosomes (a
743:). Crown rust infection can greatly reduce photosynthesis and overall physiological activities of oat leaves, thereby reducing growth and crop yield.
4576:"Cereal-Based Gluten-Free Food: How to Reconcile Nutritional and Technological Properties of Wheat Proteins with Safety for Celiac Disease Patients"
3241:
Maughan, Peter J.; Lee, Rebekah; Walstead, Rachel; Vickerstaff, Robert J.; Fogarty, Melissa C.; Brouwer, Cory R.; et al. (22 November 2019).
1899:
Oats are commonly used as feed for horses when extra carbohydrates and the subsequent boost in energy are required. The oat hull may be crushed ("
6648:
6190:
4213:
6857:
6710:
4187:
1992:
offers improved nutritional value, but remains controversial because a small proportion of people with celiac disease react to pure oats.
1077:
It is possible to hybridize oats with grasses in other genera, allowing plant breeders the ready introgression of traits. In contrast to
4488:
Fric, Premysl; Gabrovska, Dana; Nevoral, Jiri (2011). "Celiac disease, gluten-free diet, and oats: Nutrition
Reviews©, Vol. 69, No. 2".
2247:
Nan, Jinsheng; Ling, Yu; An, Jianghong; Wang, Ting; Chai, Mingna; Fu, Jun; Wang, Gaochao; Yang, Cai; Yang, Yan; Han, Bing (2022-12-28).
6831:
6477:
4788:
Ciacci, Carolina; Ciclitira, Paul; Hadjivassiliou, Marios; Kaukinen, Katri; Ludvigsson, Jonas F.; McGough, Norma; et al. (2015).
4349:
found in all of these grains has been identified as the component capable of triggering the immune-mediated disorder, coeliac disease.
3117:
Kamal, Nadia; Tsardakas
Renhuldt, Nikos; Bentzer, Johan; Gundlach, Heidrun; Haberer, Georg; Juhász, Angéla; et al. (2022-06-01).
6195:
5655:
5647:
5622:
5515:
3811:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
560:
4676:
de Souza, M. Cristina P.; Deschênes, Marie-Eve; Laurencelle, Suzanne; Godet, Patrick; Roy, Claude C.; Djilali-Saiah, Idriss (2016).
6573:
5787:
5587:
5582:
5470:
3775:
572:
6728:
2471:
588:
6661:
6599:
5685:
5577:
5550:
5545:
5421:
4727:
Sontag-Strohm, Tuula; Lehtinen, Pekka; Kaukovirta-Norja, Anu (2008). "Oat products and their current status in the celiac diet".
3442:
Kynast, Ralf G.; Riera-Lizarazu, Oscar; Vales, M. Isabel; Okagaki, Ron J.; Maquieira, Silvia B.; Chen, Gang; et al. (2001).
6759:
5716:
5675:
5665:
5637:
5612:
5560:
5460:
5452:
1895:
A commercially prepared grain mix for horses, with crimped maize, oats, and barley mixed with molasses and pelleted supplement
675:
655:
542:, as the wall of the fruit is fused on to the actual seed. Like other cereal grains, the caryopsis contains the outer husk or
5797:
5670:
5592:
5540:
5532:
4874:
4744:
3816:
3526:
3034:
2753:
2689:
2552:
2518:
2455:
2375:
6810:
712:
Oats can outcompete many weeds, as they grow thickly (with many leafy shoots) and vigorously, but are still subject to some
6666:
6263:
5736:
5731:
5627:
5490:
3830:
2392:
5850:
511:
3908:
Llanaj, Erand; Dejanovic, Gordana M.; Valido, Ezra; Bano, Arjola; Gamba, Magda; Kastrati, Lum; et al. (June 2022).
249:
grown for its seed, which is known by the same name (usually in the plural). Oats appear to have been domesticated as a
6472:
5520:
5474:
5414:
4625:
Penagini, Francesca; Dilillo, Dario; Meneghin, Fabio; Mameli, Chiara; Fabiano, Valentina; Zuccotti, Gian (2013-11-18).
2414:
2018:), recorded in different forms from 1870. Similar songs are recorded from France, Canada, Belgium, Sweden, and Italy.
6994:
5494:
4961:
4137:
1778:"). As of late 2020, the oat milk market became the second-largest among plant milks in the United States, following
2566:
Nazareno, Eric S.; Li, Feng; Smith, Madeleine; Park, Robert F.; Kianian, Shahryar F.; Figueroa, Melania (May 2018).
436:
oat species (each with two sets of chromosomes); the sets are dubbed A, B, C, and D. The diploid species are the CC
6908:
5771:
5766:
3742:
2502:
3957:
3735:
2865:
Park, R. F.; Boshoff, W. H. P.; Cabral, A. L.; Chong, J.; Martinelli, J. A.; McMullen, M. S.; et al. (2022).
6715:
6635:
2011:
724:
6903:
6764:
5811:
5792:
5444:
4896:
2800:"A technical guide to TRITEX, a computational pipeline for chromosome-scale sequence assembly of plant genomes"
2296:
Weiss, Ehud; Kislev, Mordechai E.; Hartmann, Anat (2006-06-16). "Autonomous
Cultivation Before Domestication".
2008:
defined oats as "A grain, which in
England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people."
6849:
4574:
Lamacchia, Carmela; Camarca, Alessandra; Picascia, Stefania; Di Luccia, Aldo; Gianfrani, Carmen (2014-01-29).
6697:
734:
723:
Oats are relatively free from diseases. Nonetheless, they suffer from some leaf diseases, such as stem rust (
706:
5505:
1976:
proteins. It almost always occurs in genetically predisposed people, having a prevalence of about 1% in the
1609:
6555:
6529:
5947:
3771:
1984:, requiring caution in the use of oats if people are sensitive to the gluten in those grains. For example,
1702:
6438:
1873:
6428:
6423:
6400:
6293:
6283:
6210:
5726:
6002:
4921:
1943:
is used as animal bedding; it absorbs liquids better than wheat straw. The straw can be used for making
6844:
5617:
5217:
4373:
La
Vieille, Sébastien; Pulido, Olga M.; Abbott, Michael; Koerner, Terence B.; Godefroy, Samuel (2016).
4005:
1988:
often contains only a small proportion of oats alongside wheat or other cereals. Use of pure oats in a
1600:
717:
6604:
5510:
2739:
1947:, small decorative woven figures. Tied in a muslin bag, oat straw has been used to soften bath water.
6989:
6751:
6268:
5976:
5406:
4678:"Pure Oats as Part of the Canadian Gluten-Free Diet in Celiac Disease: The Need to Revisit the Issue"
1049:(brought in) from other "A" genome species have contributed many valuable traits, like resistance to
514:. Domesticated oat grains first appear in the archaeological record in Europe around 3000 years ago.
6146:
4354:
6242:
6215:
5240:
3568:"Legislation governing genetically modified and genome-edited crops in Europe: the need for change"
2138:
Zhou, X.; Jellen, E.N.; Murphy, J.P. (1999). "Progenitor germplasm of domesticated hexaploid oat".
1960:
1113:
498:
Oats were cultivated for some thousands of years before they were domesticated. A granary from the
6689:
4841:
4790:"The gluten-free diet and its current application in coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis"
74:
6550:
5843:
5302:
5235:
2938:
Latta, Robert G.; Bekele, Wubishet A.; Wight, Charlene P.; Tinker, Nicholas A. (23 August 2019).
1675:
1060:
1042:
6918:
6836:
6464:
4238:
3304:
Park, R.; Boshoff, W.; Cabral, A.; Chong, J.; Martinelli, J.; McMullen, M.; et al. (2022).
1915:. Oat forage is commonly used to feed all kinds of ruminants, as pasture, straw, hay or silage.
1487:
6653:
6524:
6371:
6333:
6200:
5350:
5245:
4217:
4113:
3856:"Cholesterol-lowering effects of oat β-glucan: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
1980:. Oat products are frequently contaminated by other gluten-containing grains, mainly wheat and
1767:
1683:
1125:
982:
6542:
3979:
2153:
1859:
1448:
6999:
6885:
5746:
5706:
4954:
3513:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1536. New York: Springer New York. pp. 31–42.
2249:"Genome resequencing reveals independent domestication and breeding improvement of naked oat"
1638:, and 8% water (table). In a reference serving of 100 g (3.5 oz), oats provide 389
1461:
499:
321:
201:
6790:
6627:
6485:
5756:
5345:
3579:
3132:
2957:
2200:
2015:
1513:
1474:
1067:
696:
33:
17:
6928:
5721:
5570:
4284:"Since prehistoric times oat grass has been a major source of food for animals and humans"
1821:, made of ale and oatmeal with spices, was a traditional British drink and a favourite of
8:
6979:
6298:
5385:
5210:
5203:
5175:
4627:"Gluten-Free Diet in Children: An Approach to a Nutritionally Adequate and Balanced Diet"
3983:
2717:"Oats production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)"
2421:
1845:
1763:
1612:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
1244:
1234:
4260:
4083:
3960:. US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. 1 April 2015
3583:
3136:
2961:
2273:
2248:
2204:
6936:
6823:
6537:
6316:
6117:
5942:
5930:
5836:
5395:
5390:
4814:
4789:
4704:
4677:
4653:
4626:
4602:
4575:
4551:
4516:
4465:
4430:
4401:
4375:"Celiac Disease and Gluten-Free Oats: A Canadian Position Based on a Literature Review"
4374:
4339:
3934:
3909:
3880:
3855:
3717:
3691:
3656:
3608:
3567:
3548:
3491:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3361:
3348:
3305:
3286:
3273:
3242:
3223:
3174:
3161:
3118:
3099:
3040:
2999:
2991:
2978:
2948:
2939:
2920:
2912:
2899:
2866:
2847:
2834:
2799:
2622:. United States Department of Agriculture| Agricultural Research Service. 18 April 2008
2592:
2567:
2540:
2221:
2184:
2165:
2115:
2026:
1969:
1790:
for centuries, until changes in farming practices in the 1960s, oats were used in many
1713:
from whole oats, as long as the food provides 0.75 grams of soluble fiber per serving.
1635:
1500:
1428:
1264:
488:
69:
6862:
6516:
6164:
5602:
4056:
2719:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2024
6785:
6446:
6237:
6129:
5565:
5555:
4819:
4740:
4736:
4709:
4658:
4607:
4556:
4538:
4501:
4470:
4452:
4406:
4331:
4133:
3939:
3885:
3822:
3812:
3709:
3660:
3648:
3613:
3595:
3540:
3532:
3522:
3483:
3478:
3465:
3443:
3412:
3400:
3365:
3353:
3335:
3290:
3278:
3227:
3215:
3178:
3166:
3148:
3091:
3044:
3030:
2995:
2983:
2916:
2904:
2851:
2839:
2821:
2749:
2695:
2685:
2658:
2597:
2548:
2532:
2524:
2514:
2451:
2447:
2371:
2313:
2278:
2226:
2157:
2107:
1977:
1799:
1526:
1352:
1105:
422:
5500:
4153:
3721:
3552:
3495:
3103:
2615:
2544:
1686:. The benefical effect of oat consumption on lowering blood lipids is attributed to
6974:
6941:
6169:
6080:
5920:
5816:
5380:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5297:
5267:
4947:
4809:
4801:
4770:
4732:
4699:
4689:
4648:
4638:
4597:
4587:
4546:
4528:
4497:
4460:
4442:
4396:
4386:
4343:
4321:
3929:
3921:
3875:
3867:
3699:
3683:
3640:
3603:
3587:
3514:
3473:
3457:
3448:
3392:
3343:
3325:
3268:
3258:
3205:
3156:
3140:
3123:
3081:
3073:
3064:
3022:
2973:
2965:
2894:
2886:
2829:
2811:
2745:
2650:
2587:
2579:
2506:
2363:
2305:
2268:
2260:
2216:
2208:
2169:
2149:
2119:
2097:
2064:
2056:
2022:
1989:
1928:
1369:
978:
407:
399:
296:
feed; the crop can also be grown as groundcover and ploughed in as a green manure.
6591:
6451:
6405:
6013:
4866:
2264:
483:. This means that they are derived from what was considered a weed of the primary
6984:
6772:
6676:
6392:
6278:
6140:
6090:
5318:
4900:
4774:
3185:
2769:
1965:
1956:
1822:
1771:
1691:
1687:
1659:
1584:
1094:
535:
506:
in the Middle East contained a large number of wild oat grains (120,000 seeds of
418:
376:
112:
6895:
6702:
5751:
5632:
5465:
3518:
1831:
6969:
6818:
6382:
5307:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5004:
4837:
4010:
3925:
3806:
3330:
3210:
3193:
3144:
2969:
2890:
2816:
2212:
2005:
1814:
1751:
1747:
1050:
936:
792:
713:
538:
flowers, which mature into the oat seeds or grains. Botanically the grain is a
480:
382:
273:
250:
99:
5741:
5680:
4447:
3687:
3644:
3263:
3026:
2654:
2510:
2367:
6964:
6958:
6741:
6288:
5954:
5375:
5340:
5185:
5121:
4805:
4781:
4542:
4456:
4034:"Oatmilk edges past soymilk for #2 slot in US plant-based milk retail market"
3854:
Whitehead, Anne; Beck, Eleanor J.; Tosh, Susan; Wolever, Thomas M.S. (2014).
3713:
3695:
3652:
3599:
3536:
3469:
3339:
3152:
2825:
2699:
2536:
1879:
1810:
1803:
1791:
1710:
1651:
1224:
1190:
1046:
1002:
772:
701:
503:
473:
289:
217:
125:
4939:
4720:
4533:
3871:
3673:
3509:
Ishii, Takayoshi (2017). "Wide Hybridization Between Oat and Pearl Millet".
2309:
649:, but generally are less tolerant of high soil salinity than other cereals.
6875:
6356:
6230:
6100:
5937:
5895:
5875:
5287:
5162:
5153:
5103:
5078:
4974:
4823:
4753:
4713:
4694:
4662:
4611:
4560:
4474:
4410:
4391:
4335:
4061:
3943:
3889:
3826:
3617:
3544:
3487:
3444:"A complete set of maize individual chromosome additions to the oat genome"
3404:
3357:
3282:
3219:
3170:
3095:
2987:
2908:
2843:
2662:
2601:
2498:
2317:
2282:
2230:
2161:
2140:
2111:
1706:
1623:
1539:
1176:
1090:
630:
6800:
5690:
5660:
5480:
3770:
3461:
3396:
3119:"The mosaic oat genome gives insights into a uniquely healthy cereal crop"
3077:
2944:
species suggests extensive chromosome rearrangement in ancestral diploids"
2568:"Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae : a threat to global oat production"
1754:
and oat bread. Oats are an ingredient in many cold cereals, in particular
6684:
6612:
6415:
6365:
6273:
6225:
6220:
6205:
5991:
5964:
5925:
5910:
5885:
5607:
5083:
4669:
4567:
4108:
2716:
2102:
2085:
1924:
1904:
1900:
1779:
1727:
1679:
1647:
1627:
1160:
1082:
788:
551:
285:
277:
138:
6777:
6565:
5597:
4368:
4366:
4364:
3428:
3420:
3378:
3003:
2924:
2858:
2336:
2069:
476:. This implies that the two varieties were domesticated independently.
448:, along with two tetraploid oats (each with four sets), namely the AACC
6578:
6134:
6070:
5915:
5880:
5370:
5312:
3704:
2039:
1944:
1912:
1795:
1787:
1655:
1386:
1335:
395:
5436:
4643:
4592:
4326:
4309:
4179:
3591:
3116:
3086:
2583:
2060:
1813:
where a percentage of oats, often 30%, is added to the barley for the
1093:
after such crosses. These wide crosses are typically made to generate
985:
and have delivery dates in March, May, July, September, and December.
662:
6617:
6586:
6511:
6498:
6258:
6174:
6075:
5900:
5859:
5335:
5259:
5170:
5049:
5044:
4787:
4726:
4618:
4361:
3243:"Genomic insights from the first chromosome-scale assemblies of oat (
2681:
1985:
1908:
1663:
1643:
1109:
864:
634:
547:
539:
492:
468:
Genomic study suggests that the hulled variety and the naked variety
387:
347:
313:
Oat ancestry, showing how hexaploid species including the common oat
293:
6327:
5761:
4178:
Heuzé, Valérie; Tran, Gilles; Boudon, Anne; Lebas, François (2016).
324:
using molecular DNA and morphological evidence places the oat genus
39:"Oats" redirects here. For other cultivated and wild species of the
6870:
6723:
6350:
6158:
6123:
6048:
6038:
5981:
5194:
4759:
2940:"Comparative linkage mapping of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid
1865:
1851:
1783:
1775:
1739:
1318:
1133:
1129:
781:
763:
747:
579:
531:
366:
331:
292:
when consumed regularly. One of the most common uses of oats is as
281:
168:
6640:
6503:
2528:
6736:
6459:
6065:
6059:
6008:
5890:
5867:
5711:
5224:
5034:
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4573:
1837:
1759:
1743:
1731:
1695:
1639:
1298:
1098:
1006:
960:
918:
682:
527:
523:
433:
269:
242:
158:
6490:
3441:
2045:
6111:
6043:
5959:
5905:
5230:
5014:
4994:
4982:
4970:
1981:
1973:
1818:
1755:
1402:
900:
882:
846:
828:
776:
484:
339:
309:
258:
246:
148:
61:
1809:
In Britain, oats are sometimes used for brewing beer, such as
1021:
was reported. The AA subgenome is presumed to be derived from
981:
are traded in US dollars in quantities of 5000 bushels on the
6085:
6028:
6018:
5971:
5292:
5131:
5126:
5113:
5063:
5009:
4999:
4624:
4517:"Clinical and diagnostic aspects of gluten related disorders"
4372:
4191:
3240:
1940:
1735:
1086:
1078:
971:
813:
646:
614:, spikelet and base of outer grain of both cultivated species
360:
355:
335:
326:
254:
178:
86:
44:
40:
32:
This article is about the common cereal. For other uses, see
5828:
1742:, but may also be used in a variety of baked goods, such as
6053:
6023:
5039:
5024:
4481:
4424:
4422:
4420:
3010:
2084:
Burger, Jutta C.; Chapman, Mark A.; Burke, John M. (2008).
1891:
1674:
Chronic consumption of oat products lowers blood levels of
784:, oats are often rolled flat to make them quicker to cook.
543:
3797:
3776:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
3194:"Orphan Crops and their Wild Relatives in the Genomic Era"
758:
637:
regions. They tolerate cold winters less well than wheat,
5029:
3907:
3682:(6). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 1305–1314.
3630:
2289:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2014:
is the first line of a traditional folksong (1380 in the
1631:
1210:
1118:
720:
with measures such as sowing seed that is free of weeds.
638:
457:
391:
343:
262:
4417:
3853:
3306:"Breeding oat for resistance to the crown rust pathogen
2867:"Breeding oat for resistance to the crown rust pathogen
2798:
Marone, Marina; Singh, Harmeet; Pozniak, Curtis (2022).
2634:
2077:
495:
people found hard to distinguish from the primary crop.
2242:
2240:
2185:"Oat evolution revealed in the maternal lineages of 25
787:
Oat flour can be ground for small scale use by pulsing
3324:(11). Springer Science and Business Media: 3709–3734.
3303:
2937:
2864:
2126:
2086:"Molecular insights into the evolution of crop plants"
550:
which occupies most of the seed, and the protein-rich
522:
The oat is a tall stout grass, a member of the family
4487:
4303:
4301:
4177:
3057:
2237:
554:
which if planted in soil can grow into a new plant.
4682:
Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
4379:
Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
3639:(3). Springer Science and Business Media: 531–544.
3372:
2565:
2358:Arendt, Elke K.; Zannini, Emanuele (2013). "Oats".
2295:
4429:Comino, Isabel; Moreno, Mde L.; Sousa, C. (2015).
4076:
3808:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
2797:
2669:
2360:Cereal Grains for the Food and Beverage Industries
2351:
2083:
1128:and found five major groupings, namely commercial
4428:
4298:
4206:
2640:
1438:
1308:
6956:
3320:. Breeding towards Agricultural Sustainability.
2137:
780:specified fineness. For home use such as making
6191:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
5062:
3019:Genomic Designing of Climate-Smart Cereal Crops
2497:. Vol. 2 : Achievements and impacts.
487:domesticates such as wheat. They survived as a
334:subfamily. That subfamily includes the cereals
3764:
3572:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
2486:
1155:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
582:, containing the small wind-pollinated flowers
472:diverged around 51,200 years ago, long before
5844:
5422:
4969:
4955:
4307:
4194:, Association Française de Zootechnie and FAO
4188:Institut national de la recherche agronomique
2357:
2246:
2731:
2675:
2472:"Oats: weeds and integrated weed management"
1646:) and are a rich source (20% or more of the
690:
4508:
2492:
1726:When used in foods, oats are most commonly
5851:
5837:
5429:
5415:
4962:
4948:
4314:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
4025:
3772:United States Food and Drug Administration
2711:
2709:
1923:Winter oats may be grown as an off-season
502:, about 11,400 to 11,200 years ago in the
456:. Tetraploids were formed as much as 10.6
317:derive from diploid and tetraploid species
60:
6196:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
5485:
4813:
4729:Gluten-Free Cereal Products and Beverages
4703:
4693:
4652:
4642:
4601:
4591:
4550:
4532:
4464:
4446:
4400:
4390:
4325:
3933:
3879:
3703:
3624:
3607:
3477:
3347:
3329:
3272:
3262:
3209:
3160:
3085:
2977:
2898:
2833:
2815:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2591:
2272:
2220:
2154:10.2135/cropsci1999.0011183x003900040042x
2101:
2068:
4794:United European Gastroenterology Journal
4003:
3997:
3903:
3901:
3899:
2493:Pratap, Aditya; Kumar, Jitendra (2014).
2441:
1890:
1032:
757:
700:
308:
5193:
4836:
4281:
4216:. eXtension. 2008-02-11. Archived from
3849:
3847:
3745:, Government of Canada. 1 August 2008.
3565:
2737:
2706:
2676:Galvin, Meg; Romine, Stepfanie (2011).
1770:in 1966. Oats are also used to produce
798:
791:or old-fashioned (not quick) oats in a
594:Panicle with spikelets containing seeds
284:-rich food associated with lower blood
268:Oats are used for human consumption as
14:
6957:
4877:from the original on 18 September 2015
4514:
4127:
4054:
4031:
3972:
3860:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2784:
2176:
1927:and ploughed under in the spring as a
716:. Control can be by herbicides, or by
479:Oats are thought to have emerged as a
27:Cool weather staple grain, animal feed
6332:
6331:
5832:
5410:
4943:
4107:
3896:
3508:
3191:
2331:
2329:
2327:
1690:. Oat consumption can help to reduce
1626:, including 11% dietary fiber and 4%
1059:is one such trait, introgressed from
432:hexaploid genome derives from three
374:and the closely related minor crop –
6909:adce4e66-e238-48d5-8512-409f8af5322f
6752:c20686f3-384a-44a0-8930-cd489dd6fc6d
6264:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
4032:Watson, Elaine (25 September 2020).
3844:
3633:Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution
3016:
2395:. USDA Agricultural Research Service
2049:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
460:, and hexaploids as much as 7.4 mya.
413:Analysis of maternal lineages of 25
4004:Hitchens, Antonia (6 August 2018).
3950:
3297:
3192:Ye, Chu-Yu; Fan, Longjiang (2021).
1995:
1112:inheritance of these novel traits,
24:
4846:Samuel Johnson's Dictionary Online
4084:"Beer Judge Certification Program"
4055:Graves, Carwyn (4 December 2022).
2495:Alien Gene Transfer in Crop Plants
2324:
2182:
2002:Dictionary of the English Language
1139:
402:shows that the ancestral forms of
25:
7011:
4867:"Oats and Beans and Barley Grows"
4435:World Journal of Gastroenterology
2474:. Government of Western Australia
2390:
1950:
1669:
1025:and the CCDD from the tetraploid
6850:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:391732-1
6312:
6311:
4737:10.1016/b978-012373739-7.50010-1
4502:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00368.x
4431:"Role of oats in celiac disease"
4353:
4261:"Lancashire fringe (corn dolly)"
3743:Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
3676:Plant Molecular Biology Reporter
3566:Halford, Nigel G. (2019-01-15).
3318:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
3017:Kole, Chittaranjan, ed. (2020).
2879:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
2012:"Oats and Beans and Barley Grow"
1872:
1858:
1844:
1830:
1806:and eggs" served with oatbread.
929:
911:
893:
875:
857:
839:
821:
674:
654:
599:
587:
571:
559:
463:
73:
4914:
4889:
4859:
4830:
4521:World Journal of Clinical Cases
4282:Barbano, Paul (18 March 2020).
4275:
4253:
4239:"Alternative Bedding Materials"
4231:
4171:
4154:"Oats: The Perfect Horse Feed?"
4146:
4121:
4101:
4048:
3833:from the original on 2024-05-09
3786:from the original on 2024-03-27
3752:from the original on 2018-05-13
3728:
3667:
3559:
3502:
3435:
3234:
3110:
3051:
2931:
2762:
2608:
2559:
2503:Springer Science+Business Media
2464:
2435:
2407:
1918:
1746:(which may be made with coarse
1585:β-glucans (soluble fiber)
5812:List of international rankings
4897:"sow one's (wild) oats: idiom"
4731:. Elsevier. pp. 191–202.
4132:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
3385:Journal of Experimental Botany
2384:
2362:. Elsevier. p. 243–283e.
1886:
1738:. Oatmeal is chiefly eaten as
1709:of food products that contain
624:
517:
13:
1:
5858:
4036:. William Reed Business Media
3914:European Journal of Nutrition
3314:: achievements and prospects"
2875:: achievements and prospects"
2032:
1934:
1782:, but exceeding the sales of
1165:1,628 kJ (389 kcal)
1005:species with three ancestral
753:
666:
358:, along with grasses such as
4775:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.009
4308:Biesiekierski, J.R. (2017).
2810:(128). BioMed Central: 128.
2643:British Journal of Nutrition
2442:Forsberg, Robert A. (1995).
1703:Food and Drug Administration
1608:Percentages estimated using
1144:
546:, the starchy food store or
304:
7:
6294:Issues relating to biofuels
6284:Energy return on investment
4130:Food in Early Modern Europe
4006:"Hey, Where's my oat milk?"
3519:10.1007/978-1-4939-6682-0_3
2393:"Hardy Oats Stand the Cold"
2339:. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
2265:10.1093/gigascience/giad061
2025:, oats are associated with
1966:Celiac (or coeliac) disease
1650:, DV) of protein (34% DV),
1601:USDA FoodData Central entry
988:
619:
390:wild oat, one that has its
10:
7016:
4515:Tovoli, Francesco (2015).
3926:10.1007/s00394-021-02763-1
3736:"Oat and barley ß-glucans"
3331:10.1007/s00122-022-04121-z
3211:10.1016/j.molp.2020.12.013
3145:10.1038/s41586-022-04732-y
2970:10.1038/s41598-019-48639-7
2891:10.1007/s00122-022-04121-z
2817:10.1186/s13007-022-00964-1
2337:"Avena sativa: Common oat"
2213:10.1038/s41598-018-22478-4
2090:American Journal of Botany
1954:
1721:
718:integrated pest management
694:
299:
288:and reduced risk of human
38:
31:
6340:
6307:
6269:Energy content of biofuel
6251:
6183:
6099:
5990:
5866:
5806:
5780:
5699:
5646:
5531:
5451:
5328:
5280:
5258:
5184:
5161:
5152:
5112:
5074:
5058:
4990:
4981:
4448:10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11825
4214:"Grazing of Oat Pastures"
3688:10.1007/s11105-013-0598-8
3645:10.1007/s10722-016-0380-5
3264:10.1186/s12915-019-0712-y
3027:10.1007/978-3-319-93381-8
2738:Webster, Francis (2016).
2655:10.1017/S000711451400227X
2620:Cereal Disease Laboratory
2572:Molecular Plant Pathology
2511:10.1007/978-1-4614-9572-7
2368:10.1533/9780857098924.243
1705:allows companies to make
1607:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1575:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1538:
1525:
1512:
1499:
1486:
1473:
1460:
1447:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1401:
1385:
1368:
1351:
1334:
1317:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1233:
1223:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1154:
993:
957:
691:Weeds, pests and diseases
207:
200:
70:Scientific classification
68:
59:
54:
6995:Plants described in 1753
6243:Thermal depolymerization
6216:Industrial biotechnology
4806:10.1177/2050640614559263
4158:Kentucky Equine Research
2680:. Carlsbad, California:
2678:The SparkPeople Cookbook
1961:Gluten-related disorders
1792:traditional Welsh dishes
1750:for a rougher texture),
1734:or ground into fine oat
1081:, oats sometimes retain
237:), sometimes called the
6211:Fischer–Tropsch process
6201:Biomass heating systems
5303:Intermediate wheatgrass
4534:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i3.275
4320:(Supplement 1): 78–81.
4263:. University of Reading
4241:. Farm Advisory Service
4057:"Food Tales from Wales"
3872:10.3945/ajcn.114.086108
2391:Bliss, Rosalie Marion.
2310:10.1126/science.1127235
1716:
1707:health claims on labels
1682:, reducing the risk of
1676:low-density lipoprotein
1610:US recommendations
804:Oats production – 2022
705:Oat leaf infected with
512:intentional cultivation
370:. The wild ancestor of
5351:History of agriculture
4114:The Compleat Housewife
3247:spp.) diploid species"
1896:
1684:cardiovascular disease
1622:Uncooked oats are 66%
1614:the National Academies
1126:simple sequence repeat
983:Chicago Board of Trade
767:
709:
566:Botanical illustration
491:by having grains that
318:
3980:"Quaker Oats History"
3462:10.1104/pp.125.3.1216
3078:10.1139/gen-2015-0132
1894:
1283:Vitamins and minerals
1124:A 2013 study applied
1033:Genetics and breeding
963:of the United Nations
775:". Heating denatures
761:
746:Oats are attacked by
704:
500:Pre-Pottery Neolithic
322:Phylogenetic analysis
312:
5346:Neolithic Revolution
5281:Emerging grain crops
4695:10.1155/2016/1576360
4392:10.1155/2016/1870305
4128:Albala, Ken (2003).
3381:Arabidopsis thaliana
3021:. pp. 133–169.
2450:. pp. 223–224.
2183:Fu, Yong-Bi (2018).
2103:10.3732/ajb.95.2.113
2016:Roud Folk Song Index
1068:all stage resistance
799:Production and trade
766:oats, ready to cook
697:List of oat diseases
534:. These contain the
510:). The find implies
34:Oat (disambiguation)
6299:Sustainable biofuel
5442:agricultural output
5386:Genetic engineering
4441:(41): 11825–11831.
3984:Quaker Oats Company
3584:2019JSFA...99....8H
3429:0000-0003-0036-3330
3421:0000-0002-8869-1947
3397:10.1093/jxb/erab161
3137:2022Natur.606..113K
3004:0000-0003-1410-5631
2962:2019NatSR...912298L
2925:0000-0002-9145-5371
2304:(5780): 1608–1610.
2205:2018NatSR...8.4252F
1786:. As a mainstay of
1764:Quaker Oats Company
1666:(213% DV) (table).
1370:Pantothenic acid (B
1151:
805:
681:Harvesting oats in
470:A. sativa var. nuda
410:of the Near East.
5438:Lists of countries
5396:Crop wild relative
5391:Selective breeding
5218:A. hypochondriacus
4922:"to get your oats"
2949:Scientific Reports
2448:Chapman & Hall
2415:"Oat Growth Guide"
2193:Scientific Reports
2027:sexual intercourse
1970:autoimmune disease
1897:
1701:The United States
1654:(44% DV), several
1565:Other constituents
1149:
803:
768:
733:) and crown rust (
710:
346:; they are in the
319:
6952:
6951:
6786:Open Tree of Life
6334:Taxon identifiers
6325:
6324:
6238:Sabatier reaction
5826:
5825:
5404:
5403:
5276:
5275:
5254:
5253:
5236:Pitseed goosefoot
5176:Tartary buckwheat
5148:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5139:
4769:(2): 395–409.e3.
4746:978-0-12-373739-7
4644:10.3390/nu5114553
4637:(11): 4553–4565.
4593:10.3390/nu6020575
4490:Nutrition Reviews
4327:10.1111/jgh.13703
4310:"What is gluten?"
3818:978-0-309-48834-1
3592:10.1002/jsfa.9227
3528:978-1-4939-6680-6
3391:(13): 4646–4662.
3308:Puccinia coronata
3131:(7912): 113–119.
3036:978-3-319-93380-1
2885:(11): 3709–3734.
2869:Puccinia coronata
2755:978-0-12-810452-1
2748:. pp. 1–10.
2691:978-1-4019-3132-2
2584:10.1111/mpp.12608
2553:978-1-4614-9572-7
2520:978-1-4614-9571-0
2457:978-0-412-37310-7
2377:978-0-85709-413-1
2061:10.1111/jse.12262
1620:
1619:
1555:
1554:
1106:C4 photosynthesis
1023:Avena longiglumis
968:
967:
964:
726:Puccinia graminis
423:mitochondrial DNA
225:
224:
16:(Redirected from
7007:
6990:Medicinal plants
6945:
6944:
6932:
6931:
6922:
6921:
6912:
6911:
6899:
6898:
6889:
6888:
6879:
6878:
6866:
6865:
6853:
6852:
6840:
6839:
6827:
6826:
6814:
6813:
6804:
6803:
6794:
6793:
6781:
6780:
6768:
6767:
6755:
6754:
6745:
6744:
6732:
6731:
6719:
6718:
6706:
6705:
6703:NBNSYS0000002615
6693:
6692:
6680:
6679:
6670:
6669:
6657:
6656:
6644:
6643:
6631:
6630:
6621:
6620:
6608:
6607:
6595:
6594:
6582:
6581:
6569:
6568:
6559:
6558:
6546:
6545:
6533:
6532:
6520:
6519:
6507:
6506:
6494:
6493:
6481:
6480:
6468:
6467:
6455:
6454:
6442:
6441:
6432:
6431:
6419:
6418:
6409:
6408:
6396:
6395:
6386:
6385:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6361:
6360:
6359:
6329:
6328:
6315:
6314:
6159:Pongamia pinnata
5853:
5846:
5839:
5830:
5829:
5817:Lists by country
5798:Organic farmland
5431:
5424:
5417:
5408:
5407:
5381:Green Revolution
5366:Tell Abu Hureyra
5361:Fertile Crescent
5356:Natufian culture
5298:Indian ricegrass
5191:
5190:
5159:
5158:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5060:
5059:
4988:
4987:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4941:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4817:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4763:Gastroenterology
4757:
4751:
4750:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4707:
4697:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4656:
4646:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4605:
4595:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4554:
4536:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4468:
4450:
4426:
4415:
4414:
4404:
4394:
4370:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4351:
4329:
4305:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3937:
3920:(4): 1749–1778.
3905:
3894:
3893:
3883:
3866:(6): 1413–1421.
3851:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3751:
3740:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3707:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3611:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3481:
3456:(3): 1216–1227.
3449:Plant Physiology
3439:
3433:
3432:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3351:
3333:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3276:
3266:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3213:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3164:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3089:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2981:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2902:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2837:
2819:
2795:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2746:Elsevier Science
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2616:"Oat crown rust"
2612:
2606:
2605:
2595:
2578:(5): 1047–1060.
2563:
2557:
2556:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2333:
2322:
2321:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2148:(4): 1208–1214.
2135:
2124:
2123:
2105:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2043:
1996:In human culture
1990:gluten-free diet
1929:green fertilizer
1876:
1862:
1848:
1834:
1772:milk substitutes
1730:or crushed into
1660:dietary minerals
1442:
1406:
1390:
1373:
1356:
1339:
1322:
1312:
1279:
1278:
1152:
1148:
1114:radiation hybrid
1058:
1057:
958:
935:
933:
932:
917:
915:
914:
899:
897:
896:
881:
879:
878:
863:
861:
860:
845:
843:
842:
827:
825:
824:
806:
802:
762:Fully-processed
678:
668:
658:
603:
591:
575:
563:
489:Vavilovian mimic
431:
408:Fertile Crescent
400:Genetic evidence
213:
78:
77:
64:
52:
51:
21:
7015:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7005:
7004:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6948:
6940:
6935:
6927:
6925:
6917:
6915:
6907:
6902:
6894:
6892:
6884:
6882:
6874:
6869:
6861:
6856:
6848:
6843:
6835:
6830:
6822:
6817:
6809:
6807:
6799:
6797:
6789:
6784:
6776:
6773:Observation.org
6771:
6763:
6758:
6750:
6748:
6740:
6735:
6727:
6722:
6714:
6709:
6701:
6696:
6688:
6683:
6675:
6674:MichiganFlora:
6673:
6665:
6660:
6652:
6647:
6639:
6634:
6626:
6624:
6616:
6611:
6603:
6598:
6590:
6585:
6577:
6572:
6564:
6562:
6554:
6549:
6541:
6536:
6528:
6523:
6515:
6510:
6502:
6497:
6489:
6484:
6476:
6471:
6463:
6458:
6450:
6445:
6437:
6435:
6427:
6422:
6414:
6412:
6404:
6399:
6391:
6389:
6381:
6379:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6336:
6326:
6321:
6303:
6279:Energy forestry
6247:
6179:
6141:Jatropha curcas
6102:
6095:
6003:Camelina sativa
5993:
5986:
5862:
5857:
5827:
5822:
5821:
5802:
5776:
5695:
5642:
5527:
5447:
5435:
5405:
5400:
5324:
5319:Oryza coarctata
5272:
5250:
5180:
5136:
5108:
5065:
5054:
4977:
4968:
4938:
4937:
4927:
4925:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4905:
4903:
4901:Merriam-Webster
4895:
4894:
4890:
4880:
4878:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4850:
4848:
4838:Johnson, Samuel
4835:
4831:
4786:
4782:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4725:
4721:
4674:
4670:
4623:
4619:
4572:
4568:
4513:
4509:
4486:
4482:
4427:
4418:
4371:
4362:
4352:
4306:
4299:
4289:
4287:
4280:
4276:
4266:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4244:
4242:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4223:
4221:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4197:
4195:
4176:
4172:
4163:
4161:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4126:
4122:
4106:
4102:
4092:
4090:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4065:
4053:
4049:
4039:
4037:
4030:
4026:
4016:
4014:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3986:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3906:
3897:
3852:
3845:
3836:
3834:
3819:
3802:
3798:
3789:
3787:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3672:
3668:
3629:
3625:
3564:
3560:
3529:
3507:
3503:
3440:
3436:
3377:
3373:
3302:
3298:
3239:
3235:
3198:Molecular Plant
3190:
3186:
3115:
3111:
3056:
3052:
3037:
3015:
3011:
2936:
2932:
2863:
2859:
2796:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2692:
2674:
2670:
2649:(S2): S58–S64.
2639:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2564:
2560:
2521:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2325:
2294:
2290:
2245:
2238:
2181:
2177:
2136:
2127:
2082:
2078:
2044:
2040:
2035:
1998:
1978:developed world
1968:is a permanent
1963:
1957:Oat sensitivity
1955:Main articles:
1953:
1937:
1921:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1868:
1863:
1854:
1849:
1840:
1835:
1823:Oliver Cromwell
1800:Welsh breakfast
1768:instant oatmeal
1752:oatmeal cookies
1724:
1719:
1692:body mass index
1688:oat beta-glucan
1672:
1658:, and numerous
1603:
1598:
1546:
1533:
1520:
1507:
1494:
1481:
1468:
1455:
1443:
1413:
1404:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1371:
1363:
1354:
1346:
1337:
1329:
1320:
1313:
1284:
1273:
1268:
1245:Polyunsaturated
1235:Monounsaturated
1219:
1214:
1185:
1180:
1147:
1142:
1140:Nutritive value
1095:doubled haploid
1055:
1054:
1035:
1027:Avena insularis
996:
991:
930:
928:
912:
910:
894:
892:
876:
874:
858:
856:
840:
838:
822:
820:
801:
795:or spice mill.
756:
714:broadleaf weeds
699:
693:
686:
679:
670:
659:
627:
622:
615:
604:
595:
592:
583:
576:
567:
564:
536:wind-pollinated
520:
466:
429:
394:in six sets of
307:
302:
272:, including as
221:
215:
209:
196:
72:
48:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7013:
7003:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6942:wfo-0000852231
6933:
6923:
6913:
6900:
6890:
6880:
6867:
6854:
6841:
6828:
6815:
6805:
6795:
6782:
6769:
6756:
6746:
6733:
6720:
6707:
6694:
6681:
6671:
6658:
6645:
6632:
6622:
6609:
6596:
6583:
6570:
6560:
6547:
6534:
6521:
6508:
6495:
6482:
6469:
6456:
6443:
6433:
6420:
6410:
6397:
6387:
6377:
6362:
6346:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6187:
6185:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6155:
6144:
6137:
6132:
6130:Chinese tallow
6127:
6120:
6115:
6107:
6105:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
5998:
5996:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5977:Water hyacinth
5974:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5957:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5935:
5934:
5933:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5872:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5856:
5855:
5848:
5841:
5833:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5788:Irrigated land
5784:
5782:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5757:Sunflower seed
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5652:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5537:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5468:
5463:
5457:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5434:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5411:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5315:
5310:
5308:Kangaroo grass
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5264:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5199:
5197:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5167:
5165:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5118:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4967:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4944:
4936:
4935:
4913:
4888:
4858:
4829:
4800:(2): 121–135.
4780:
4752:
4745:
4719:
4668:
4617:
4586:(2): 575–590.
4566:
4527:(3): 275–284.
4507:
4496:(2): 107–115.
4480:
4416:
4360:
4297:
4286:. Cape Gazette
4274:
4252:
4230:
4205:
4170:
4145:
4138:
4120:
4117:. p. 169.
4100:
4075:
4047:
4024:
4011:The New Yorker
3996:
3971:
3949:
3895:
3843:
3817:
3796:
3763:
3727:
3666:
3623:
3558:
3527:
3501:
3434:
3371:
3296:
3233:
3184:
3109:
3072:(3): 209–220.
3050:
3035:
3009:
2930:
2857:
2783:
2772:. Deposits.org
2761:
2754:
2730:
2705:
2690:
2684:. p. 98.
2668:
2633:
2607:
2558:
2519:
2505:. p. 51.
2485:
2463:
2456:
2434:
2406:
2383:
2376:
2350:
2323:
2288:
2236:
2175:
2125:
2096:(2): 113–122.
2076:
2055:(4): 259–290.
2037:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2006:Samuel Johnson
1997:
1994:
1952:
1951:Celiac disease
1949:
1936:
1933:
1920:
1917:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1748:steel-cut oats
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1671:
1670:Health effects
1668:
1618:
1617:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1070:(ASR) against
1051:oat crown rust
1034:
1031:
995:
992:
990:
987:
966:
965:
955:
954:
949:
943:
942:
939:
937:United Kingdom
925:
924:
921:
907:
906:
903:
889:
888:
885:
871:
870:
867:
853:
852:
849:
835:
834:
831:
817:
816:
810:
800:
797:
793:food processor
755:
752:
695:Main article:
692:
689:
688:
687:
685:, Sweden, 2021
680:
673:
671:
660:
653:
633:best grown in
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
616:
605:
598:
596:
593:
586:
584:
577:
570:
568:
565:
558:
519:
516:
481:secondary crop
465:
462:
446:A. longiglumis
442:A. canariensis
417:species using
386:, a naturally
306:
303:
301:
298:
274:steel cut oats
251:secondary crop
223:
222:
216:
205:
204:
198:
197:
193:A. sativa
190:
188:
184:
183:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
129:
128:
123:
116:
115:
110:
103:
102:
97:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
57:
56:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7012:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6943:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6924:
6920:
6914:
6910:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6891:
6887:
6881:
6877:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6806:
6802:
6796:
6792:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6747:
6743:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6672:
6668:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6623:
6619:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6561:
6557:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6434:
6430:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6407:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6388:
6384:
6378:
6373:
6367:
6363:
6358:
6352:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6330:
6318:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6289:Food vs. fuel
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6098:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5989:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5936:
5932:
5931:vegetable oil
5929:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5854:
5849:
5847:
5842:
5840:
5835:
5834:
5831:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5432:
5427:
5425:
5420:
5418:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5376:Domestication
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5341:Founder crops
5339:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5186:Amaranthaceae
5183:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5154:Pseudocereals
5151:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4975:pseudocereals
4972:
4965:
4960:
4958:
4953:
4951:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4923:
4917:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4876:
4872:
4871:Joe-offer.com
4868:
4862:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4833:
4825:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4784:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4756:
4748:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4723:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4621:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4570:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4484:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4356:
4350:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4302:
4285:
4278:
4262:
4256:
4240:
4234:
4220:on 2017-11-23
4219:
4215:
4209:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4141:
4139:0-313-31962-6
4135:
4131:
4124:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4051:
4035:
4028:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4000:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3959:
3953:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3848:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3800:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3601:
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3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3562:
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3524:
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3505:
3497:
3493:
3489:
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3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
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3445:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3237:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2804:Plant Methods
2801:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2771:
2765:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2473:
2467:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2423:
2416:
2410:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1972:triggered by
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1881:
1880:Oatmeal stout
1875:
1870:
1867:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:oatmeal stout
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1714:
1712:
1711:soluble fiber
1708:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1662:, especially
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:dietary fiber
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:carbohydrates
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1336:Riboflavin (B
1333:
1326:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1191:Dietary fiber
1188:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:Carbohydrates
1172:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:Uncooked oats
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1066:, conferring
1065:
1063:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:allohexaploid
1000:
986:
984:
980:
975:
973:
962:
956:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
940:
938:
927:
926:
922:
920:
909:
908:
904:
902:
891:
890:
886:
884:
873:
872:
868:
866:
855:
854:
850:
848:
837:
836:
832:
830:
819:
818:
815:
811:
808:
807:
796:
794:
790:
785:
783:
778:
774:
765:
760:
751:
749:
744:
742:
741:
737:
732:
731:
727:
721:
719:
715:
708:
703:
698:
684:
677:
672:
664:
657:
652:
651:
650:
648:
642:
640:
636:
632:
631:annual plants
613:
609:
602:
597:
590:
585:
581:
574:
569:
562:
557:
556:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
515:
513:
509:
505:
504:Jordan Valley
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
474:domestication
471:
464:Domestication
461:
459:
455:
454:A. agadiriana
452:and the AABB
451:
447:
444:, and the AA
443:
439:
438:A. ventricosa
435:
428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:
379:
378:
373:
369:
368:
363:
362:
357:
353:
350:tribe, while
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:
323:
316:
311:
297:
295:
291:
290:heart disease
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:
230:
219:
214:
212:
206:
203:
202:Binomial name
199:
195:
194:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:Tracheophytes
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
63:
58:
53:
50:
46:
42:
35:
30:
19:
7000:Staple foods
6801:Avena_sativa
6729:Avena~sativa
6543:Avena sativa
6478:Avena_sativa
6372:Avena sativa
6342:Avena sativa
6341:
6157:
6151:
6147:
6139:
6122:
6118:Big bluestem
6110:
6103:energy crops
6058:
6033:
6001:
5317:
5288:Canary grass
5223:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5163:Polygonaceae
5019:
5010:Maize (Corn)
4926:. Retrieved
4916:
4904:. Retrieved
4891:
4879:. Retrieved
4870:
4861:
4849:. Retrieved
4845:
4832:
4797:
4793:
4783:
4766:
4762:
4755:
4728:
4722:
4685:
4681:
4671:
4634:
4630:
4620:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4438:
4434:
4382:
4378:
4347:
4317:
4313:
4288:. Retrieved
4277:
4265:. Retrieved
4255:
4243:. Retrieved
4233:
4222:. Retrieved
4218:the original
4208:
4196:. Retrieved
4183:
4180:"Oat forage"
4173:
4162:. Retrieved
4160:. 2003-12-29
4157:
4148:
4129:
4123:
4112:
4109:Smith, Eliza
4103:
4091:. Retrieved
4087:
4078:
4066:. Retrieved
4062:Nation.Cymru
4060:
4050:
4038:. Retrieved
4027:
4015:. Retrieved
4009:
3999:
3987:. Retrieved
3974:
3962:. Retrieved
3952:
3917:
3913:
3863:
3859:
3835:. Retrieved
3807:
3799:
3788:. Retrieved
3779:
3766:
3754:. Retrieved
3730:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3636:
3632:
3626:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3510:
3504:
3453:
3447:
3437:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3236:
3204:(1): 27–39.
3201:
3197:
3187:
3128:
3122:
3112:
3069:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3018:
3012:
2956:(1): 12298.
2953:
2947:
2941:
2933:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2807:
2803:
2774:. Retrieved
2764:
2740:
2733:
2721:. Retrieved
2677:
2671:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2624:. Retrieved
2619:
2610:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2499:New York, NY
2494:
2488:
2476:. Retrieved
2466:
2444:The Oat Crop
2443:
2437:
2425:. Retrieved
2409:
2397:. Retrieved
2386:
2359:
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2301:
2297:
2291:
2256:
2252:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2178:
2145:
2141:Crop Science
2139:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2070:10261/240149
2052:
2048:
2041:
2020:
2010:
2001:
2000:In his 1755
1999:
1964:
1945:corn dollies
1938:
1922:
1919:Ground cover
1898:
1808:
1794:, including
1725:
1700:
1673:
1642:(1,630
1640:kilocalories
1628:beta-glucans
1621:
1569:
1564:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1263:
1209:
1175:
1123:
1108:. To obtain
1103:
1091:pearl millet
1076:
1071:
1061:
1047:introgressed
1045:, and genes
1038:
1036:
1026:
1022:
1019:Avena sativa
1018:
1014:
1010:
999:Avena sativa
998:
997:
976:
969:
951:
946:
812:Millions of
786:
769:
745:
739:
735:
729:
725:
722:
711:
643:
628:
611:
607:
521:
507:
497:
478:
469:
467:
453:
450:A. insularis
449:
445:
441:
437:
426:
425:showed that
414:
412:
406:grew in the
403:
381:
377:A. byzantina
375:
372:Avena sativa
371:
365:
359:
351:
325:
320:
315:Avena sativa
314:
267:
247:cereal grain
238:
234:Avena sativa
233:
232:
228:
226:
211:Avena sativa
210:
208:
192:
191:
179:
132:
119:
106:
93:
49:
29:
6685:NatureServe
6613:iNaturalist
6366:Wikispecies
6274:Energy crop
6221:Pellet fuel
6206:Biorefinery
6170:Switchgrass
6014:Coconut oil
5992:Energy from
5926:Cooking oil
5911:Biogasoline
5886:Babassu oil
5211:A. cruentus
5204:A. caudatus
5005:Job's tears
4040:20 December
4017:10 December
3964:10 November
3705:10261/95010
3578:(1): 8–12.
3251:BMC Biology
2626:15 November
2446:. Suffolk:
2253:GigaScience
2199:(1): 4252.
1925:groundcover
1905:roller mill
1887:Animal feed
1780:almond milk
1766:introduced
1680:cholesterol
1648:Daily Value
1319:Thiamine (B
1121:technique.
1083:chromosomes
1062:A. sterilis
1037:Species of
789:rolled oats
736:P. coronata
661:Harvest in
625:Cultivation
608:A. sterilis
518:Description
508:A. sterilis
419:chloroplast
404:A. sterilis
396:chromosomes
383:A. sterilis
286:cholesterol
278:rolled oats
165:Subfamily:
139:Commelinids
113:Angiosperms
6980:Demulcents
6959:Categories
6916:WisFlora:
6824:kew-397860
6819:Plant List
6436:Calflora:
6184:Technology
6165:Salicornia
6148:Miscanthus
6071:Sugar beet
5943:cellulosic
5916:Bioliquids
5896:Biobutanol
5752:Sugar cane
5747:Sugar beet
5648:Vegetables
5471:Corn/Maize
5371:Tell Aswad
5313:Nipa grass
5066:(Triticum)
4316:(Review).
4224:2013-03-27
4184:Feedipedia
4164:2023-06-20
3837:2024-06-21
3790:2024-03-28
3087:1807/71262
2529:2013957869
2033:References
1935:Other uses
1913:hammermill
1817:. Oatmeal
1796:laverbread
1788:West Wales
1678:and total
1656:B vitamins
1501:Phosphorus
754:Processing
707:crown rust
665:, Norway,
354:is in the
239:common oat
6587:GrassBase
6556:200024905
6530:200024905
6512:FloraBase
6259:Agflation
6152:giganteus
6081:Sunflower
6076:Sugarcane
5994:foodstock
5901:Biodiesel
5860:Bioenergy
5656:Artichoke
5633:Raspberry
5623:Pineapple
5511:Triticale
5466:Buckwheat
5336:Triticeae
5260:Lamiaceae
5171:Buckwheat
5050:Wild rice
5045:Triticale
4924:. Collins
4631:Nutrients
4580:Nutrients
4543:2307-8960
4457:1007-9327
3714:0735-9640
3696:1572-9818
3661:254499298
3653:0925-9864
3600:0022-5142
3537:1064-3745
3470:0032-0889
3413:242417200
3366:249381794
3340:0040-5752
3291:208225185
3257:(1): 92.
3228:229342158
3179:248890897
3153:1476-4687
3045:211554462
2996:201283146
2917:249381794
2852:254152395
2826:1746-4811
2700:709682714
2682:Hay House
2537:870451823
1986:oat bread
1909:burr mill
1698:people.
1664:manganese
1514:Potassium
1488:Manganese
1475:Magnesium
1403:Folate (B
1387:Vitamin B
1353:Niacin (B
1225:Saturated
1145:Nutrients
1132:and four
1130:cultivars
1110:Mendelian
1043:hybridize
865:Australia
748:nematodes
635:temperate
629:Oats are
612:A. sativa
580:spikelets
548:endosperm
540:caryopsis
532:spikelets
493:Neolithic
440:, the AA
427:A. sativa
388:hexaploid
348:Triticeae
305:Phylogeny
294:livestock
187:Species:
83:Kingdom:
6904:VicFlora
6893:VASCAN:
6876:25509314
6871:Tropicos
6798:PalDat:
6724:NSWFlora
6690:2.128765
6654:10208975
6641:391732-1
6592:imp01113
6473:eFloraSA
6413:BioLib:
6351:Wikidata
6317:Category
6252:Concepts
6135:Duckweed
6124:Camelina
6101:Non-food
6049:Rapeseed
6039:Palm oil
5982:Wood gas
5955:Methanol
5948:mixtures
5868:Biofuels
5793:Land use
5742:Palm oil
5681:Rapeseed
5588:Eggplant
5583:Cucumber
5445:rankings
5332:See also
5195:Amaranth
5099:Norin 10
5094:Red Fife
5089:Khorasan
4875:Archived
4840:(1755).
4824:25922672
4714:27446824
4663:24253052
4612:24481131
4561:25789300
4475:26557006
4411:27446825
4385:: 1–10.
4336:28244676
4198:27 March
4111:(1739).
4093:20 March
3944:34977959
3890:25411276
3831:Archived
3827:30844154
3784:Archived
3774:(2024).
3747:Archived
3722:18581328
3618:29952140
3553:23707249
3545:28132141
3496:22852580
3488:11244103
3405:33851980
3358:35665827
3283:31757219
3220:33346062
3171:35585233
3104:22267641
3096:26881940
2988:31444367
2909:35665827
2844:36461065
2663:25267246
2602:28846186
2545:26278759
2318:16778044
2283:37524540
2274:10390318
2231:29523798
2189:species"
2162:21632337
2112:21632337
1866:Oat milk
1852:Porridge
1838:Oatcakes
1784:soy milk
1776:oat milk
1744:oatcakes
1740:porridge
1570:Quantity
1435:Quantity
1429:Minerals
1381:1.349 mg
1364:0.961 mg
1347:0.139 mg
1330:0.763 mg
1305:Quantity
1299:Vitamins
1136:groups.
1134:landrace
1064:CAV 1979
989:Genomics
959:Source:
809:Country
782:porridge
764:porridge
620:Agronomy
367:Agrostis
332:Pooideae
282:nutrient
169:Pooideae
155:Family:
126:Monocots
6975:Cereals
6886:5390243
6737:NTFlora
6579:2705290
6491:1114783
6460:Ecocrop
6066:Soybean
6060:Sorghum
6009:Cassava
5938:Ethanol
5921:Biomass
5891:Bagasse
5876:Alcohol
5781:Related
5767:Tobacco
5712:Cassava
5686:Soybean
5578:Coconut
5551:Avocado
5546:Apricot
5521:exports
5506:Sorghum
5495:exports
5475:exports
5453:Cereals
5241:Cañihua
5225:Celosia
5122:Einkorn
5035:Sorghum
5015:Millets
4983:Cereals
4971:Cereals
4851:20 July
4815:4406897
4705:4904650
4688:: 1–8.
4654:3847748
4603:3942718
4552:4360499
4466:4631980
4402:4904695
4344:6493455
4068:23 July
3989:20 July
3935:9106631
3881:5394769
3756:27 July
3609:6492171
3580:Bibcode
3349:9729147
3310:f. sp.
3274:6874827
3162:9159951
3133:Bibcode
2979:6707241
2958:Bibcode
2900:9729147
2871:f. sp.
2835:9719158
2593:6638059
2399:21 July
2298:Science
2222:5844911
2201:Bibcode
2170:8521495
2120:8521495
2023:English
1804:cockles
1802:, and "
1760:granola
1732:oatmeal
1722:As food
1636:protein
1449:Calcium
1397:0.12 mg
1265:Protein
1099:haploid
1007:genomes
979:futures
961:FAOSTAT
919:Finland
777:enzymes
728:f. sp.
683:Brastad
663:Jølster
528:panicle
524:Poaceae
434:diploid
330:in the
300:Origins
270:oatmeal
243:species
241:, is a
175:Genus:
159:Poaceae
145:Order:
87:Plantae
6985:Fodder
6883:uBio:
6863:1269-4
6832:PLANTS
6791:790381
6749:NZOR:
6566:AVESAT
6563:FoIO:
6429:121139
6406:114872
6390:APDB:
6357:Q12104
6112:Arundo
6044:Potato
5960:Stover
5906:Biogas
5722:Cotton
5717:Coffee
5691:Turnip
5676:Potato
5666:Garlic
5661:Carrot
5638:Tomato
5613:Papaya
5571:Orange
5566:Citrus
5561:Cherry
5556:Banana
5481:Millet
5461:Barley
5246:Djulis
5231:Quinoa
5104:Winter
5064:Wheat
4995:Barley
4842:"Oats"
4822:
4812:
4743:
4712:
4702:
4661:
4651:
4610:
4600:
4559:
4549:
4541:
4473:
4463:
4455:
4409:
4399:
4342:
4334:
4136:
3942:
3932:
3888:
3878:
3825:
3815:
3720:
3712:
3694:
3659:
3651:
3616:
3606:
3598:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3525:
3494:
3486:
3476:
3468:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3403:
3364:
3356:
3346:
3338:
3312:avenae
3289:
3281:
3271:
3226:
3218:
3177:
3169:
3159:
3151:
3124:Nature
3102:
3094:
3065:Genome
3043:
3033:
3002:
2998:. CPW
2994:
2986:
2976:
2923:
2919:. RFP
2915:
2907:
2897:
2873:avenae
2850:
2842:
2832:
2824:
2770:"Oats"
2752:
2723:29 May
2698:
2688:
2661:
2600:
2590:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2517:
2454:
2422:Quaker
2374:
2316:
2281:
2271:
2229:
2219:
2168:
2160:
2118:
2110:
1982:barley
1974:gluten
1901:rolled
1819:caudle
1762:; the
1756:muesli
1728:rolled
1634:, 17%
1527:Sodium
1521:429 mg
1508:523 mg
1495:4.9 mg
1482:177 mg
1272:16.9 g
1249:2.54 g
1239:2.18 g
1229:1.21 g
1195:11.6 g
1184:66.3 g
1161:Energy
1001:is an
994:Genome
934:
916:
901:Brazil
898:
883:Poland
880:
862:
847:Russia
844:
829:Canada
826:
814:tonnes
740:avenae
730:avenae
485:cereal
430:'s
342:, and
340:barley
261:, and
259:barley
220:(1753)
149:Poales
43:, see
6970:Avena
6926:WoI:
6858:SANBI
6808:PFI:
6760:NZPCN
6742:17289
6667:41459
6649:IRMNG
6625:IPA:
6618:57156
6538:FoAO2
6504:AVESA
6416:42557
6393:52006
6380:APA:
6231:stove
6086:Wheat
6029:Maize
6019:Grape
5972:Straw
5881:Algae
5707:Cacao
5700:Other
5671:Onion
5608:Mango
5598:Lemon
5593:Grape
5541:Apple
5533:Fruit
5516:Wheat
5293:Drinn
5132:Spelt
5127:Emmer
5114:Farro
5084:Durum
5079:Bread
5000:Fonio
4928:3 May
4906:3 May
4881:3 May
4340:S2CID
4290:2 May
4267:2 May
4245:2 May
4192:CIRAD
3750:(PDF)
3739:(PDF)
3718:S2CID
3692:eISSN
3657:S2CID
3549:S2CID
3492:S2CID
3479:65602
3425:ORCID
3423:. RM
3417:ORCID
3415:. RB
3409:S2CID
3362:S2CID
3287:S2CID
3245:Avena
3224:S2CID
3175:S2CID
3100:S2CID
3060:Avena
3041:S2CID
3000:ORCID
2992:S2CID
2942:Avena
2921:ORCID
2913:S2CID
2848:S2CID
2776:2 May
2541:S2CID
2478:2 May
2427:2 May
2418:(PDF)
2343:2 May
2187:Avena
2166:S2CID
2116:S2CID
1941:straw
1911:, or
1736:flour
1696:obese
1630:, 7%
1576:Water
1456:54 mg
1414:56 μg
1218:6.9 g
1087:maize
1085:from
1079:wheat
1056:Pc98
1039:Avena
977:Oats
972:wheat
947:World
773:groat
738:var.
647:maize
415:Avena
380:– is
361:Briza
356:Poeae
352:Avena
336:wheat
327:Avena
255:wheat
180:Avena
133:Clade
120:Clade
107:Clade
94:Clade
45:Avena
41:genus
6965:Oats
6929:2474
6919:2708
6896:7435
6845:POWO
6837:AVSA
6811:7506
6778:6448
6765:2508
6716:4498
6711:NCBI
6677:2020
6662:ITIS
6636:IPNI
6628:5167
6605:6123
6600:GRIN
6574:GBIF
6499:EPPO
6452:K2QJ
6439:1020
6424:BOLD
6401:APNI
6383:4690
6226:mill
6175:Wood
6054:Rice
6024:Hemp
5965:corn
5772:Wine
5737:Milk
5732:Meat
5727:Fish
5628:Plum
5618:Pear
5603:Lime
5491:Rice
5268:Chia
5040:Teff
5025:Rice
5020:Oats
4973:and
4930:2024
4908:2024
4883:2024
4853:2024
4820:PMID
4741:ISBN
4710:PMID
4686:2016
4659:PMID
4608:PMID
4557:PMID
4539:ISSN
4471:PMID
4453:ISSN
4407:PMID
4383:2016
4332:PMID
4292:2024
4269:2024
4247:2024
4200:2023
4134:ISBN
4095:2024
4088:BJCP
4070:2024
4042:2020
4019:2018
3991:2024
3966:2015
3940:PMID
3886:PMID
3823:PMID
3813:ISBN
3758:2019
3710:ISSN
3649:ISSN
3614:PMID
3596:ISSN
3541:PMID
3533:ISSN
3523:ISBN
3484:PMID
3466:ISSN
3401:PMID
3354:PMID
3336:ISSN
3279:PMID
3216:PMID
3167:PMID
3149:ISSN
3092:PMID
3031:ISBN
2984:PMID
2905:PMID
2840:PMID
2822:ISSN
2778:2024
2750:ISBN
2741:Oats
2725:2024
2696:OCLC
2686:ISBN
2659:PMID
2628:2015
2598:PMID
2549:ISBN
2533:OCLC
2525:LCCN
2515:ISBN
2480:2024
2452:ISBN
2429:2024
2401:2024
2372:ISBN
2345:2024
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