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354:. Upon his death, he passed this realm to his son Louis the Pious, who would in turn pass it to his firstborn son Lothair I. However, the latter's brothers—Charles and Louis—refused to recognize him as their suzerain. When Lothair attempted to invade their lands, they allied against him and defeated him at the
452:
Pro Deo amur et pro christian poblo et nostro commun saluament, d'ist di en auant, in quant Deus sauir et podir me dunat, si saluarai eo cist meon fradre Karlo, et in adiudha et in cadhuna cosa, si cum om per dreit son fradra saluar dift, in o quid il mi altresi fazet. Et ab Ludher nul plaid nunquam
503:
In Godes minna ind in thes christianes folches ind unser bedhero gealtnissi, fon thesemo dage frammordes, so fram so mir Got geuuizci indi mahd furgibit, so hald ih tesan minan bruodher, soso man mit rehtu sinan bruodher scal, in thiu, thaz er mig sosoma duo ; indi mit
Ludheren in nohheiniu
461:
For the love of God and
Christiandom and our joint salvation, from this day onward, to the best of my knowledge and abilities granted by God, I shall protect my brother Charles by any means possible, as one ought to protect one's brother, insofar as he does the same for me, and I shall never
378:"On the Quarrels of Louis the Pious's Sons". This was a firsthand account, as Nithard had campaigned alongside his cousin Charles the Bald. It was however biased, reflecting the perspective of the allies and casting Lothair as an aggressor and villain.
522:
Oba Karl then eid, then er sinemo bruodher
Ludhuuuige gesuor, geleistit, indi Ludhuuuig min herro, then er imo gesuor, forbrihchit, ob ih inan es iruuenden ne mag, noh ih noh thero nohhein, then ih es iruuenden mag, uuidhar Karle imo ce follusti ne
482:
If Louis keeps the oath which he has sworn to his brother
Charles, and my lord Charles on the other hand breaks it, if I cannot dissuade him from it—neither I nor anyone else whom I could dissuade from it—then I shall render him no aid against
430:'s forces captured Rome, it was transferred back to Paris along with various other historical manuscripts. Napoleon would later return most of the others, but kept this one. It is currently found in the National Library of France under the
385:
Although the Oaths are of little political importance, given that they were superseded by the more comprehensive Treaty of Verdun, they are of significant importance to the field of linguistics. As the scholar
Philippe Walter wrote:
381:
Louis and
Charles swore their oaths not as kings—a term which is never used—but rather as lords, with their respective entourages acting as witnesses. Ostensibly they were acceding to Lothair I's demands as his future 'subjects'.
473:
Si
Lodhuvigs sagrament, que son fradre Karlo iurat conservat, et Karlus meos sendra de suo part non los tanit, si io returnar non l'int pois, ne io ne neuls, cui eo returnar int pois, in nulla aiudha contra Lodhuvig nun li iv
366:
to affirm their alliance by swearing a joint oath against
Lothair. The following year the civil war would end with the Treaty of Verdun, in which the three claimants partitioned the Empire amongst themselves.
950:
Humphrey Illo, « Quelques observations sur les
Serments de Strasbourg et sur le manuscrit qui les contient (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, latin 9768 Xe s., f. 13 recto :
847:
831:
564:. Cerquiglini further observes that "No Old French text, not even any of the oldest ones, shows dialectal features consistent with only one particular region."
390:"This is the oldest extant French text. It is political in nature, not literary, and is important in that it marks the written debut of the 'vulgar' tongue."
538:
Several scholars consider the
Romance portion of the Oaths to have been translated from an unattested Latin original, while others maintain its originality.
437:
The other manuscript, which is kept in the same library under the call number Latin 14663, is a copy of the former that was made in the fifteenth century.
84:
43:
560:
The difficulty of discerning a particular dialect in the text may be due to a deliberate effort by the author to write in a sort of regional
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Holtus, Günter (1998). "Rilievi su un'edizione comparatistica dei Giuramenti di Strasburgo". In Jószef Herman (ed.).
999:
895:
112:
1442:
1321:
Thompson, James Westfall (1926). "The Romance Text of the Strassburg Oaths. Was it Written in the Ninth Century?".
541:
According to Hall, the text does not contain any particular features that would mark it as belonging to the future
347:
140:
1412:
1193:
Arrigo Castellani, « L'ancien poitevin et le problème linguistique des Serments de Strasbourg » dans
102:
269:
207:
79:
335:, as it is the oldest extant document in France that was written deliberately and consistently in a form of
941:
Philippe Walter, Naissances de la littérature française, p. 12, éd. Presses Universitaires du Mirail, 1998.
748:
572:
724:
351:
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83-92 ; G. de Poerck, « Le manuscrit B.N. lat. 9768 et les Serments de Strasbourg », in
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The older manuscript was copied around the year 1000, probably for an abbey in Picardy (either that of
567:
Nevertheless, various other scholars have suggested that the Oaths were written in an early form of
355:
324:
so that the soldiers of Charles the Bald could understand him. Likewise, the latter recited his in
262:
149:
52:
814:, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1991, Que-sais-je ? ; éd. mise à jour, 2007.
557:. Hall describes the language of the text as "nearly undifferentiated conservative Pre-French".
602:
The following is a reconstructed pronunciation of Louis's oath and that of Charles's soldiers:
431:
370:
The Oaths were not preserved in their original form; they were instead copied by the historian
332:
168:
958:
col.) : commentaire, transcription critique, étude codicologique, fac-similé », in
117:
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1385:
1380:
1417:
765:
212:
960:
Bulletin de la Société des Fouilles Archéologiques et des Monuments Historiques de l'Yonne
8:
1358:
Wright, Roger (2002). "Early Medieval Pan-Romance Comprehension". In Roger Wright (ed.).
807:
399:
Nithard's text has been passed down to us via two manuscripts that are today kept at the
542:
69:
1346:
1338:
1309:
1280:
1272:
1255:
Lowe, Lawrence F. H.; Edwards, Bateman (1927). "The Language of the Strassburg Oaths".
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would be signed, with major consequences for Western Europe's geopolitical landscape.
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willingly enter into a pact with Lothair against the interests of my brother Charles
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Hilty, Gerold (2010). "Review of Francesco Lo Monaco and Claudia Villa (eds.),
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350:, Charlemagne, who had conquered much of its former territory, announced its
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Here are the Romance sections of folio 13r along with digital facsimiles:
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This is a close translation of Louis's oath, except that an equivalent to
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This, in turn, was equivalent to the oath sworn by Charles's soldiers.
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1172:
Etude sur la langue de la version française des Serments de Strasbourg
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Suchier, Hermann, « Zur Lautlehre der Strassburger Eide »,
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414:). In the fifteenth century it was in the possession of the Abbey of
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791:« Moyen Âge : l'affirmation des langues vulgaires »
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appears to be missing. The soldiers of Louis the German replied:
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422:
and transferred to Rome; after her death it was acquired by the
16:
842 military alliance made by the kings of East and West Francia
718:
Partition of the Empire according to the Treaty of Verdun, 843.
471:
450:
607:
pro dɛ́ə amór e pro krístjan pɔ́blə e nɔ́strə komún salvamɛ́nt
331:
The Romance section of the Oaths is of special importance to
1157:
Jahrbuch für romanische und englische Sprache und Literatur
504:
thing ne gegango, zhe minan uuillon imo ce scadhen uuerhen.
453:
prindrai qui meon uol cist meon fradre Karle in damno sit.
991:
Histoire de la langue : du latin à l'ancien français
418:
in Paris. Around 1650 it was bought by the Swedish Queen
359:
1034:"The Oaths of Strassburg: Phonemics and Classification"
1292:
Rea, John A. (1958). "Again the Oaths of Strassburg".
692:
374:, another grandson of Charlemagne, in a work titled
362:. Charles and Louis met in February 842 near modern
320:
Louis the German swore his oath in an early form of
827:at the historical museum of Strasbourg, p. 5,
706:
Conquests during the reign of Charlemagne, 758–814.
553:'keep' < *tɛ́ni̯at, which is characteristic of
634:e kárləs mɛ́əs sɛ́ndrə də sóə párt non lə s tánət
627:kí məon vɔ́l tsést məon fráðrə kárlə en dámnə sét
1399:
549:groups, with the possible exception of the form
293:were a military pact made on 14 February 842 by
445:Louis the German's oath is recorded as follows:
1245:
1231:I Giuramenti di Strasburgo: Testi e tradizione
1222:A History of the French Language through Texts
1168:
434:Latin 9768. The Oaths are found on folio #13.
1248:La transizione dal latino alle lingue romanze
1219:
1130:
909:Geneviève Bührer-Thierry et Charles Mériaux,
270:
19:For the oath sworn during World War Two, see
994:. University Press of America. p. 115.
640:en núla ajúða kɔ́ntra loðuvíg nón li iv ɛ́r
621:sí kóm ɔ́m pər dréi̯t son fráðrə salvár déft
1254:
638:nə jɔ́ nə nəúls kui ɛ́ə rətornár ént pɔ́i̯s
595:Hotel room in Strasbourg with oath text in
328:so that Louis's soldiers would understand.
277:
263:
29:
496:. Charles the Bald is recorded as saying:
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987:
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466:The army of Charles the Bald swore that:
1373:Photos of the manuscripts found at the
1360:A Sociophilological Study of Late Latin
1250:. Tübingen: Niemeyer. pp. 195–212.
1134:Les serments prêtés à Strasbourg en 842
492:The language reflects an early form of
376:De Dissensionibus Filiorum Ludovici Pii
1400:
1362:. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 175–190.
1357:
533:
1228:
877:
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632:kə son fráðrə kárlə dʒurát konsɛ́rvat
625:eð a loðér núl plai̯t nónka prendrái̯
1031:
848:"Plan d'occupation des sols, page 5"
611:en kánt dɛ́əs savér e poðér mə dónat
1291:
1082:La formation de la langue française
913:, Gallimard, 3 September 2019, 770
487:
13:
1213:
872:
693:Partitions of Charlemagne's empire
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885:, Éditions Michel Hagège, 1996, p
883:Le francais, histoire d'un combat
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636:sí jɔ́ rətornár non lént pɔ́i̯s
513:et in aiudha et in cadhuna cosa
1428:History of the French language
1423:Military history of Strasbourg
1112:Cerquiglini (2007), pp. 44, 56
1022:Cerquiglini (2007), p. 98
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623:en ɔ́ keð íl mí altresí fátsət
113:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts
1:
1224:. London/New York: Routledge.
1220:Ayres-Bennett, Wendy (1995).
776:
394:
301:against their older brother
7:
1433:Medieval history of Germany
988:Machonis, Peter A. (1990).
759:
10:
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1375:National Library of France
1079:Allières, Jacques (2010).
401:National Library of France
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18:
1121:Cerquiglini (2007), p. 66
911:La France avant la France
305:, the designated heir of
28:
1206:Hall (1953), pp. 317-321
1032:Hall, Robert A. (1953).
812:La naissance du français
796:Encyclopædia universalis
754:Treaty of Ribemont, 880.
141:Articles and determiners
1443:West Germanic languages
1169:Tabachovitz, A (1932).
1103:Machonis (1990), p. 119
615:tsést məon fráðrə karlə
521:
502:
472:
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1131:Paris, Gaston (1879).
954:col., 13 verso :
742:Treaty of Mersen, 870.
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1085:. P.U.F. p. 11.
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313:. One year later the
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346:Centuries after the
103:Phonological history
808:Bernard Cerquiglini
534:Linguistic features
309:, the successor of
291:Oaths of Strasbourg
108:Oaths of Strasbourg
834:2015-04-08 at the
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677:
666:
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619:eð en kaðúna kɔ́za
600:
494:Ripuarian Frankish
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1195:Cultura néolatina
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617:eð en ajúða
432:call number
352:restoration
311:Charlemagne
246:Aspirated h
194:Orthography
164:conjugation
1402:Categories
1241:: 273–276.
1181:1140826196
864:2020-09-19
777:References
395:Manuscript
364:Strasbourg
322:Old French
213:Circumflex
169:morphology
1351:163216298
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1143:754313496
1091:758872392
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420:Christina
303:Lothair I
227:Phonology
1391:Folio 13
1386:Folio 13
1381:Folio 12
1323:Speculum
1294:Language
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1038:Language
978:188-214.
832:Archived
760:See also
581:Poitevin
577:Lorraine
573:Lyonnais
555:Lorraine
523:uuirdit.
428:Napoleon
426:. After
358:in June
337:Romance.
203:Alphabet
150:personal
146:Pronouns
75:Dialects
53:a series
51:Part of
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794:in the
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127:Grammar
94:History
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1273:JSTOR
1062:JSTOR
887:. 175
858:(PDF)
851:(PDF)
579:, or
562:koiné
551:tanit
157:Verbs
1177:OCLC
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1087:OCLC
1054:ISSN
1006:OCLC
996:ISBN
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