3441:), the circumflex, for historical reasons, has come to serve a similar role. In fact, almost all the cases where the circumflex is used to distinguish homographs can be explained by the reasons above: it would therefore be false to declare that it is in certain words a sign placed solely to distinguish homographs, as with the grave accent. However, it does allow one to remove certain ambiguities. For example, in words that underwent the change of "eu" to "û", the circumflex avoids possible homography with other words containing "u":
58:
4983:
2337:
449:
3112:
associated with the consonant loss described above). Vowel length is no longer distinctive in most varieties of modern French, but some of the older length distinctions now correspond to differences in vowel quality, and the circumflex can be used to indicate these differences orthographically.
1652:
Sylvius was quite aware that the circumflex was purely a graphical convention. He showed that these diphthongs, even at that time, had been reduced to monophthongs, and used the circumflex to "join" the two letters that had historically been diphthongs into one
2314:"It is these precepts that you should follow concerning the accents of the French language. All diligent printers should also observe these rules, because such things greatly enrich printing and demonstrate that nothing is left to chance."
2297:
Thus Dolet uses the circumflex to indicate lost or silent phonemes, one of the uses for which the diacritic is still used today. Although not all his suggested usages were adopted, his work has allowed insight into the historical
540:
in 1531. A kind of grammatical survey of French written in Latin, the book relies heavily on the comparison of ancient languages to his contemporary French and explained the specifics of his language. At that time, all
528:; that is, a pure vowel sound, one whose articulation at both beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not glide up or down towards a new position of articulation. He justifies its usage in his work
1986:
2323:
In many cases, the circumflex indicates the historical presence of a phoneme which over the course of linguistic evolution became silent, and then disappeared altogether from the orthography.
2307:, "que tu garderas quant aux accents de la langue Francoyse. Leſquels auſsi obſerueront tous diligents Imprimeurs : car telles choſes enrichiſſent fort l'impreſsion, & demõſtrent"
510:
1795:. As French no longer had any true diphthongs, the diaeresis alone would have sufficed to distinguish between ambiguous vowel pairs. His circumflex was entirely unnecessary. As such the
2416:
remained orthographically for some time, and various attempts were made to distinguish the historical presence graphically, but without much success. Notably, 17th century playwright
2980:
The circumflex accent was also used to indicate French vowels deriving from Greek eta (η), but this practice has not always survived in modern orthography. For example, the spelling
435:
attempted to prescribe a precise usage for the diacritic in their treatises on language. The modern usage of the circumflex accent became standardized in the 18th or 19th century.
2409:
sounds had begun to disappear before hard consonants in many words, being replaced by a compensatory elongation of the preceding vowel, which was maintained into the 18th century.
2281:. Dolet specifies that the acute accent should be written in noting the contraction. This contraction of two like vowels into one long vowel is also seen in other words, such as
2033:
1756:
1418:
864:
1703:
1455:
1375:
901:
821:
1202:
1168:
1134:
648:
614:
580:
1799:
became standardized in French orthography, and
Sylvius' circumflex usage never caught on. But the grammarian had pointed out an important orthographical problem of the time.
1578:
1535:
1024:
981:
1907:
1867:
1618:
1064:
3223:
The diacritic disappears in related words if the pronunciation changes (particularly when the vowel in question is no longer in the stressed final syllable). For example:
1492:
938:
1338:
1304:
1270:
1236:
784:
750:
716:
682:
2475:
drop in favor of a circumflex. Thus, many learned words, or words added to the French vocabulary since then often keep both the pronunciation and the presence of the
3536:
experts, aware of the difficulties and inconsistencies of the circumflex, proposed in 1990 a simplified orthography abolishing the circumflex over the letters
3898:
3313:
There are nonetheless notable exceptions to the pronunciation rules given here. For instance, in non-final syllables, "ê" can be realized as a closed
3606:
3546:
3276:
In other cases, the presence or absence of the circumflex in derived words is not correlated with pronunciation, for example with the vowel "u":
98:
57:
545:
treatises used classical Latin and Greek as their models. Sylvius presents the circumflex in his list of typographic conventions, stating:
4291:
2081:
Maniere de bien traduire d'une langue en aultre : d'aduantage de la punctuation de la langue
Francoyse, plus des accents d'ycelle
530:
Iacobii Sylvii
Ambiani In Linguam Gallicam Isagoge una, cum eiusdem Grammatica Latinogallica ex Hebraeis Graecis et Latinus authoribus
290:
3891:
3464:, "sour", justifies maintaining the accent in the feminine and plural. The accent is also maintained in derived words such as
1930:
3544:
except in cases where its absence would create ambiguities and homographs. These recommendations, although published in the
2358:
470:
4683:
4964:
2165:
and lose its phonemic status, although it remained in orthography. Some of the syncopes Dolet cites, however, had the mute
2261:. It is important to remember that mute "e" at the end of a word was pronounced as a schwa until the 17th century. Thus
3884:
3867:
3844:
3823:
3804:
3782:
2384:
496:
2366:
478:
126:
5008:
2554:
More examples of a disappearing 's' that has been marked with an accent circumflex can be seen in the words below:
4738:
3000:
Some circumflexes appear for no known reason. It is thought to give words an air of prestige, like a crown (thus
2068:, but he opened the door for discussion among French grammarians to improve and disambiguate French orthography.
154:
424:(known as Sylvius) is the first writer known to have used the Greek symbol in his writing (although he wrote in
2362:
534:
An
Introduction to the Gallic (French) Language, And Its Grammar With Regard to Hebrew, Latin and Greek Authors
474:
116:
3550:, were immediately and widely criticized, and were adopted only slowly. Nevertheless, they were upheld by the
3573:
283:
221:
93:
3212:
The circumflex does not affect the pronunciation of the letters "i" or "u" (except in the combination "eû":
4796:
3422:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3314:
3269:
3262:
3253:
3246:
3237:
3230:
3182:
3153:
3121:
3054:
2950:
2934:
2930:
2915:
2908:
2896:
2794:
2521:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2425:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2258:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2150:
1991:
1912:
1810:
1721:
1380:
826:
2208:(the reduction of sequences of identical or similar phonemes): Dolet cites forms which no longer exist:
1668:
4950:
2083:(1540), uses the circumflex (this time as a punctuation mark written between two letters) to show three
1423:
1343:
869:
789:
4122:
3374:) applies, the presence of a circumflex accent is not taken into account in the mid vowel alternations
1173:
1139:
1105:
619:
585:
551:
4673:
2895:
often indicates the presence of the Greek letter omega (ω) when the word is pronounced with the sound
3011:
Linguistic interference sometimes accounts for the presence of a circumflex. This is the case in the
2245:
521:
1540:
1497:
986:
943:
5013:
3413:
is widespread in
Parisian and Belgian French, resulting for example in the realization of the word
3109:
2347:
2257:
in the feminine plural (pronounced as two syllables in poetry), realized as a long close mid-vowel
1872:
1832:
1583:
1029:
459:
276:
163:
66:
1460:
906:
3551:
3085:
3084:
All instances of the first and second persons plural of the preterite take the circumflex in the
2921:
This rule is sporadic, because many such words are written without the circumflex; for instance,
2456:
2351:
1309:
1275:
1241:
1207:
755:
721:
687:
653:
463:
4721:
2471:
both in pronunciation and orthography, although the historically evolved word may have let the
182:
3716:
3108:
In general, vowels bearing the circumflex accent were historically long (for example, through
4743:
4209:
4034:
3745:
1658:
131:
4205:
1657:. When two adjacent vowels were to be pronounced independently, Sylvius proposed using the
4042:
2771:
2162:
4733:
2929:
have unaccented vowels despite their etymology (Greek ἀξίωμα and ζώνη) and pronunciation (
408:
The circumflex first appeared in written French in the 16th century. It was borrowed from
8:
4987:
4084:
3936:
3792:
3402:(as indicated by the orthography, and as pronounced in northern Metropolitan varieties).
2742:
Here are some instances where French has lost an S but other
Romance Languages have not:
2093:
121:
2455:
The circumflex was officially introduced into the 1740 edition of the dictionary of the
83:
4306:
4167:
4038:
3856:
3027:
3012:
2770:
The circumflex also serves as a vestige of other lost letters, particularly letters in
2402:
1924:
312:
207:
188:
177:
88:
2157:
was pronounced instead of the modern . In the 14th century, however, this unaccented
1768:). Even these groups, however, did not represent true diphthongs (such as the English
4882:
4678:
4663:
3863:
3840:
3819:
3800:
3778:
107:
3554:, which upgraded them from optional to standard and for use in schoolbooks in 2016.
2949:(but not tracing back to a Greek omega) acquired a circumflex accent and the closed
4668:
4277:
4224:
4137:
3723:
2417:
1774:
254:
249:
240:
3653:
2076:
4781:
4350:
4273:
4061:
3951:
3834:
3771:
3487:
1760:
1710:
537:
264:
216:
159:
74:
1923:, written by Sylvius not only with a circumflex, but a circumflex topped with a
193:
4856:
4811:
4152:
3974:
3654:
Briefue doctrine pour deuement escripre selon la proprieté du langaige Françoys
3568:
421:
362:
Although it is used on i and u as well, it does not affect their pronunciation.
231:
149:
140:
5002:
4941:
4897:
3318:
2888:
409:
3651:
Dolet borrows heavily from an anonymous pamphlet published in 1533 entitled
2797:
would often, in the 18th century, take a circumflex in order to distinguish
4969:
4507:
4118:
4080:
3932:
3711:
3637:
3434:
1791:), but rather adjacent vowels pronounced separately without an intervening
525:
417:
413:
170:
3611:
509:
4976:
4912:
3533:
542:
432:
370:
259:
3748:
article in the French-language
Knowledge (access date 18 February 2006).
4766:
4099:
4019:
3483:
3125:
3043:
2798:
517:
304:
43:
4689:
3516:): The accent is maintained in all forms as well as in derived words (
3390:. This is the case in southern Metropolitan French, where for example
2644:
4826:
4239:
3907:
3563:
3019:
2735:
2626:
2460:
2299:
2204:
2084:
1792:
377:
308:
4186:
2336:
2302:
of French. Dolet summarized his own contributions with these words:
448:
4468:
4399:
4321:
2689:
2572:
2562:
2097:, or the disappearance of an interior syllable, shown by Dolet as:
2579:
4926:
4644:
4004:
2464:
1654:
365:
It often indicates the historical presence of a letter, commonly
3813:
3724:"End of the circumflex? Changes in French spelling cause uproar"
4841:
4595:
4182:
3015:
2721:
2679:
2649:
2637:
2594:
2584:
2421:
2397:
The most common phenomenon involving the circumflex relates to
400:
And in certain words, it is simply an orthographic convention.
3370:
In varieties of French where open/closed syllable adjustment (
2424:" (ſ) to indicate silent "s" and the traditional form for the
4526:
4336:
4254:
3989:
3970:
3876:
2793:
Likewise, the former medieval diphthong "eu" when pronounced
2699:
2665:
2619:
2146:
425:
3437:
serves the purpose of differentiating homographs in French (
2774:
where two vowels have contracted into one phoneme, such as
2524:, both written and pronounced. Likewise the related pairs
1783:
2467:
was enriched with Latin-based words which retained their
516:
Sylvius used the circumflex to indicate so-called "false
3814:
Fagyal, Zsuzsanna; Douglas Kibbee; Fred
Jenkins (2006).
3712:
Site d'information sur la nouvelle orthographe française
1981:{\displaystyle {\overset {~_{h}}{c}}{\bar {\hat {eu}}}r}
376:
It is used, less frequently, to distinguish between two
520:". Early modern French as spoken in Sylvius' time had
1994:
1933:
1875:
1835:
1724:
1671:
1586:
1543:
1500:
1463:
1426:
1383:
1346:
1312:
1278:
1244:
1210:
1176:
1142:
1108:
1032:
989:
946:
909:
872:
829:
792:
758:
724:
690:
656:
622:
588:
554:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
3693:
Tranel (1987, p. 58), Casagrande (1984, pp. 185–188)
1780:
1777:
3862:. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
3026:), which adds a circumflex by association with the
2937:). On the other hand, many learned words ending in
2907:(κῶνος). Where Greek omega does not correspond to
3855:
3770:
3762:Dictionnaire historique de l'orthographe française
2995:
2027:
1980:
1901:
1861:
1750:
1697:
1612:
1572:
1529:
1486:
1449:
1412:
1369:
1332:
1298:
1264:
1230:
1196:
1162:
1128:
1058:
1018:
975:
932:
895:
858:
815:
778:
744:
710:
676:
642:
608:
574:
2765:
2326:
5000:
3684:Casagrande (1984, pp. 89–90), Catach (1995, §52)
2496:: borrowed in the 16th century from the Italian
2141:. Before the 14th century, the so-called "mute
4546:
4449:
4390:
3777:. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
2318:
4711:
4699:
4498:
4459:
2420:, in printed editions of his plays, used the "
4615:
4586:
4576:
4566:
4419:
4370:
3892:
1340:, are representations of diphthongs, such as
284:
4556:
4488:
4439:
3428:
2882:
2520:in the 19th century have all retained their
2401:before a consonant. Around the time of the
4635:
3791:
3759:
3547:Journal officiel de la République française
3103:
2365:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
477:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
438:
4625:
4429:
4380:
3899:
3885:
3768:
2988:, while the Greek letter is still spelled
2761:naître – to be born (Nascer in Portuguese)
2749:connaître – to know (Conoscere in Italian)
369:that has become silent and fallen away in
291:
277:
4951:combining character § Unicode ranges
3818:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3607:Trésor de la langue française informatisé
3592:The circumflex may come from the ancient
2953:pronunciation by analogy with words like
2385:Learn how and when to remove this message
1806:indicated two different pronunciations:
497:Learn how and when to remove this message
346:, has three primary functions in French:
3832:
2153:), regardless of position. For example,
373:over the course of linguistic evolution.
3482:): As the homography disappears in the
2911:in French, the circumflex is not used:
2145:" was always pronounced in French as a
5001:
3853:
3635:
3528:
3439:là ~ la, où ~ ou, çà ~ ça, à ~ a, etc.
2064:Sylvius' proposals were never adopted
1665:in French. Sylvius gives the example
524:all its true diphthongs into phonetic
3880:
3858:The Sounds of French: An Introduction
3836:Louis Meigret, humaniste et linguiste
3460:): The homography with the adjective
3053:(after the muting of the interposing
2752:tempête – storm (Tempesta in Italian)
2310:, "que ne faiſons rien par ignorance.
1759:
1709:
4965:English terms with diacritical marks
2363:adding citations to reliable sources
2330:
2028:{\displaystyle s{\bar {\hat {eu}}}r}
1751:{\displaystyle tr{\ddot {a\imath }}}
1413:{\displaystyle pl{\hat {e\imath }}n}
859:{\displaystyle pl{\hat {e\imath }}n}
475:adding citations to reliable sources
442:
16:Diacritic used in French orthography
2853:(the adjective vs. the preposition
2724:" (old name for Easter, from Latin
1698:{\displaystyle tr{\hat {a\imath }}}
13:
3744:This article draws heavily on the
1450:{\displaystyle m{\hat {o\imath }}}
1370:{\displaystyle m{\hat {a\imath }}}
896:{\displaystyle m{\hat {o\imath }}}
816:{\displaystyle m{\hat {a\imath }}}
508:
431:Several grammarians of the French
14:
5025:
3816:French: A Linguistic Introduction
3092:, due to its necessary dieresis (
1197:{\displaystyle {\hat {o\imath }}}
1163:{\displaystyle {\hat {e\imath }}}
1129:{\displaystyle {\hat {a\imath }}}
643:{\displaystyle {\hat {o\imath }}}
609:{\displaystyle {\hat {e\imath }}}
575:{\displaystyle {\hat {a\imath }}}
4982:
4981:
2984:(θεώρημα) was later replaced by
2335:
2071:
1773:
447:
350:It affects the pronunciation of
56:
3753:
2996:Analogical and idiopathic cases
2746:être – to be (Estar in Spanish)
403:
3906:
3833:Hausmann, Franz Josef (1980).
3705:
3696:
3687:
3678:
3669:
3660:
3645:
3639:In linguam Gallicam isagoge...
3629:
3586:
3168:followed by two consonants) —
2766:Disappearance of other letters
2758:goût – taste (Gustus in Latin)
2755:tête – head (Testa in Italian)
2459:. In more recently introduced
2016:
2011:
1969:
1964:
1890:
1850:
1802:At that time, the combination
1689:
1601:
1573:{\displaystyle fl{\hat {eu}}r}
1561:
1530:{\displaystyle c{\hat {au}}se}
1515:
1478:
1441:
1401:
1361:
1324:
1290:
1256:
1222:
1188:
1154:
1120:
1047:
1019:{\displaystyle fl{\hat {eu}}r}
1007:
976:{\displaystyle c{\hat {au}}se}
961:
924:
887:
847:
807:
770:
736:
702:
668:
634:
600:
566:
315:. It may appear on the vowels
127:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts
1:
4944:(placeholder glyph character)
3799:. Paris: Éditions de Minuit.
3622:
3574:Reforms of French orthography
1902:{\displaystyle m{\hat {eu}}r}
1862:{\displaystyle s{\hat {eu}}r}
1613:{\displaystyle p{\hat {ou}}r}
1059:{\displaystyle p{\hat {ou}}r}
3915:In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek
3193:at the end of a syllable) —
2516:: borrowed from the English
2486:(first appearing in 1080) →
2319:Indication of a lost phoneme
1487:{\displaystyle m{\hat {oy}}}
933:{\displaystyle m{\hat {oy}}}
7:
3702:Fagyal et al. (2006, p. 31)
3557:
2405:in 1066, such post-vocalic
1333:{\displaystyle {\hat {ou}}}
1299:{\displaystyle {\hat {eu}}}
1265:{\displaystyle {\hat {au}}}
1231:{\displaystyle {\hat {oy}}}
779:{\displaystyle {\hat {ou}}}
745:{\displaystyle {\hat {eu}}}
711:{\displaystyle {\hat {au}}}
677:{\displaystyle {\hat {oy}}}
45:COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
10:
5030:
3773:The Sound System of French
2506:: borrowed from the Latin
2479:from Latin. For example:
2304:"Ce ſont les preceptions"
786:, diphthongorum notae, ut
4959:
4924:
4868:
4752:
4712:
4700:
4656:
4636:
4626:
4616:
4587:
4577:
4567:
4557:
4547:
4499:
4489:
4460:
4450:
4440:
4430:
4420:
4391:
4381:
4371:
4348:
4289:
3914:
3839:. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
3769:Casagrande, Jean (1984).
3760:Nina Catach, ed. (1995).
3429:Distinguishing homographs
2883:Indication of Greek omega
33:
26:
21:
4913:tilde § Mathematics
4753:Marks used as diacritics
3854:Tranel, Bernard (1987).
3636:Dubois, Jacques (1531).
3579:
3110:compensatory lengthening
3104:Vowel length and quality
2510:in the 19th century, and
2169:reintroduced later: his
439:Jacques Dubois (Sylvius)
155:Articles and determiners
5009:Latin-script diacritics
3657:(Hausmann 1980, p. 80).
3088:ending except the verb
2668:, phantom" (from Latin
2428:sound when pronounced (
342:The circumflex, called
307:(ˆ) is one of the five
4302: ◌҄
4220: ◌͂
4095: ◌̉
3966: ◌̑
3726:. BBC. 4 February 2016
3596:, or perhaps from the
3433:Although normally the
3076:(by interference with
2891:, the circumflex over
2887:In words derived from
2463:, however, the French
2161:began to disappear in
2029:
1982:
1903:
1863:
1752:
1699:
1650:
1614:
1574:
1531:
1488:
1451:
1414:
1371:
1334:
1300:
1266:
1232:
1198:
1164:
1130:
1096:
1060:
1020:
977:
934:
897:
860:
817:
780:
746:
712:
678:
644:
610:
576:
513:
4148: ◌ͅ
2030:
1983:
1909:in Sylvius' work), or
1904:
1864:
1753:
1707:French pronunciation:
1700:
1615:
1575:
1532:
1489:
1452:
1415:
1372:
1335:
1301:
1267:
1233:
1199:
1165:
1131:
1097:
1061:
1021:
978:
935:
898:
861:
818:
781:
747:
713:
679:
645:
611:
577:
547:
512:
384:('on/about') versus
4988:Category: Diacritics
4792: ◌:
3797:L'Accent du souvenir
3793:Cerquiglini, Bernard
2359:improve this section
2327:Disappearance of "s"
1992:
1931:
1873:
1833:
1722:
1669:
1584:
1541:
1498:
1461:
1424:
1381:
1344:
1310:
1276:
1242:
1208:
1174:
1140:
1106:
1030:
987:
944:
907:
870:
827:
790:
756:
722:
688:
654:
620:
586:
552:
471:improve this section
117:Phonological history
4722:dakuten, handakuten
4674:Gurmukhī diacritics
3529:Orthographic reform
2253:followed by a mute
412:, and combines the
388:'(sure/safe'), and
335:, for example â in
122:Oaths of Strasbourg
4869:Non-diacritic uses
3764:. Paris: Larousse.
3746:Accent circonflexe
3666:Catach (1995, §51)
3600:of the older form
3552:Académie française
2457:Académie Française
2403:Battle of Hastings
2025:
1978:
1899:
1859:
1748:
1695:
1610:
1570:
1527:
1484:
1447:
1410:
1367:
1330:
1296:
1262:
1228:
1194:
1160:
1126:
1056:
1016:
973:
930:
893:
856:
813:
776:
742:
708:
674:
640:
606:
572:
514:
392:('of the') versus
344:accent circonflexe
313:French orthography
4996:
4995:
4977:Punctuation marks
4883:caret (computing)
4739:Syriac diacritics
4684:diacritics in IPA
4679:Hebrew diacritics
4664:Arabic diacritics
2395:
2394:
2387:
2048:to denote a hard
2019:
2014:
1972:
1967:
1949:
1942:
1893:
1853:
1745:
1692:
1604:
1564:
1518:
1481:
1444:
1404:
1364:
1327:
1293:
1259:
1225:
1191:
1157:
1123:
1050:
1010:
964:
927:
890:
850:
810:
773:
739:
705:
671:
637:
603:
569:
507:
506:
499:
301:
300:
51:
50:
5021:
4985:
4984:
4946:
4945:
4938:
4916:
4915:
4909:
4901:
4900:
4894:
4886:
4885:
4879:
4860:
4859:
4853:
4852: ◌′
4845:
4844:
4838:
4837: ◌˗
4830:
4829:
4827:full stop/period
4823:
4822: ◌.
4815:
4814:
4808:
4807: ◌,
4800:
4799:
4793:
4785:
4784:
4778:
4777: ◌̸
4770:
4769:
4763:
4762: ◌’
4734:Khmer diacritics
4725:
4724:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4669:Greek diacritics
4657:In other scripts
4648:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4611:
4609:
4599:
4598:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4542:
4540:
4530:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4511:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4484:
4482:
4472:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4415:
4413:
4403:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4364:
4340:
4339:
4333:
4332: ◌҃
4325:
4324:
4318:
4317: ◌҇
4310:
4309:
4303:
4281:
4280:
4278:smooth breathing
4270:
4269: ◌᾿
4266:
4265: ◌῾
4258:
4257:
4251:
4250: ◌̃
4243:
4242:
4236:
4235: ◌͗
4228:
4227:
4221:
4213:
4212:
4202:
4201: ◌̥
4198:
4197: ◌̊
4190:
4189:
4179:
4178: ◌̨
4171:
4170:
4164:
4163: ◌̄
4156:
4155:
4149:
4141:
4140:
4134:
4133: ◌̛
4126:
4125:
4115:
4114: ◌̢
4111:
4110: ◌̡
4103:
4102:
4096:
4088:
4087:
4077:
4076: ◌̏
4073:
4072: ◌̀
4065:
4064:
4058:
4057: ◌̣
4054:
4053: ◌̇
4046:
4045:
4031:
4030: ◌̈
4023:
4022:
4016:
4015: ◌̂
4008:
4007:
4001:
4000: ◌̧
3993:
3992:
3986:
3985: ◌̌
3978:
3977:
3967:
3963:
3962: ◌̆
3955:
3954:
3948:
3947: ◌᷄
3940:
3939:
3929:
3928: ◌̋
3925:
3924: ◌́
3901:
3894:
3887:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3861:
3850:
3829:
3810:
3788:
3776:
3765:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3720:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3658:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3633:
3616:
3590:
3424:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3316:
3271:
3264:
3255:
3248:
3239:
3232:
3184:
3160:; equivalent of
3155:
3123:
3056:
2952:
2936:
2932:
2917:
2910:
2898:
2796:
2523:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2427:
2418:Pierre Corneille
2415:
2408:
2400:
2390:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2370:
2339:
2331:
2260:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2152:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2002:
2000:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1881:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1841:
1812:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1733:
1718:) as opposed to
1713:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1680:
1620:, or, in Latin,
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1592:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1552:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1506:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1469:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1432:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1392:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1352:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1111:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1038:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1006:
998:
982:
980:
979:
974:
966:
965:
960:
952:
939:
937:
936:
931:
929:
928:
923:
915:
902:
900:
899:
894:
892:
891:
886:
878:
865:
863:
862:
857:
852:
851:
846:
838:
822:
820:
819:
814:
812:
811:
806:
798:
785:
783:
782:
777:
775:
774:
769:
761:
751:
749:
748:
743:
741:
740:
735:
727:
717:
715:
714:
709:
707:
706:
701:
693:
683:
681:
680:
675:
673:
672:
667:
659:
649:
647:
646:
641:
639:
638:
633:
625:
615:
613:
612:
607:
605:
604:
599:
591:
581:
579:
578:
573:
571:
570:
565:
557:
502:
495:
491:
488:
482:
451:
443:
293:
286:
279:
60:
53:
52:
46:
42:
39:
37:
19:
18:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5014:French language
4999:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4955:
4940:
4937: ◌
4936:
4934:
4920:
4911:
4908: ~
4907:
4905:
4896:
4893: °
4892:
4890:
4881:
4878: ^
4877:
4875:
4864:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4840:
4836:
4834:
4825:
4821:
4819:
4810:
4806:
4804:
4795:
4791:
4789:
4780:
4776:
4774:
4765:
4761:
4759:
4748:
4744:Thai diacritics
4720:
4710:
4708:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4690:kana diacritics
4652:
4643:
4633:
4623:
4613:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4594:
4584:
4574:
4564:
4554:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4525:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4506:
4496:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4467:
4457:
4447:
4437:
4427:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4398:
4388:
4378:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4344:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4285:
4274:rough breathing
4272:
4268:
4264:
4262:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4238:
4234:
4232:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4194:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4098:
4094:
4092:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4033:
4029:
4027:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3910:
3905:
3870:
3847:
3826:
3807:
3785:
3756:
3740:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3650:
3646:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3619:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3560:
3531:
3488:past participle
3431:
3372:loi de position
3317:as a result of
3185:(equivalent to
3106:
3022:indicative (or
2998:
2885:
2768:
2391:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2356:
2340:
2329:
2321:
2312:" Translation:
2074:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1776:
1772:
1761:[tʁa.i]
1734:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1706:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1027:
999:
997:
996:
988:
985:
984:
953:
951:
950:
945:
942:
941:
916:
914:
913:
908:
905:
904:
879:
877:
876:
871:
868:
867:
839:
837:
836:
828:
825:
824:
799:
797:
796:
791:
788:
787:
762:
760:
759:
757:
754:
753:
728:
726:
725:
723:
720:
719:
694:
692:
691:
689:
686:
685:
660:
658:
657:
655:
652:
651:
626:
624:
623:
621:
618:
617:
592:
590:
589:
587:
584:
583:
558:
556:
555:
553:
550:
549:
538:Robert Estienne
536:) published by
503:
492:
486:
483:
468:
452:
441:
406:
380:. For example,
297:
265:Help:IPA/French
200:
199:
187:
75:French language
44:
40:
35:
34:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5027:
5017:
5016:
5011:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4979:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4931:
4929:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4903:
4888:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4847:
4832:
4817:
4802:
4787:
4772:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4601:
4532:
4513:
4474:
4405:
4355:
4353:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4327:
4312:
4296:
4294:
4292:Early Cyrillic
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4260:
4245:
4230:
4215:
4192:
4173:
4158:
4153:iota subscript
4143:
4128:
4123:retroflex hook
4105:
4090:
4067:
4048:
4025:
4010:
3995:
3980:
3975:inverted breve
3957:
3942:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3868:
3851:
3845:
3830:
3824:
3811:
3805:
3789:
3783:
3766:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3738:
3737:
3715:
3704:
3695:
3686:
3677:
3668:
3659:
3644:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3569:Latin alphabet
3566:
3559:
3556:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3503:
3469:
3430:
3427:
3405:The merger of
3398:as opposed to
3394:is pronounced
3311:
3310:
3296:
3287:
3274:
3273:
3257:
3241:
3210:
3209:
3176:
3147:
3105:
3102:
3082:
3081:
3058:
3030:plural, thus:
2997:
2994:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2740:
2739:
2729:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2693:
2683:
2673:
2659:
2653:
2641:
2631:
2623:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2588:
2576:
2566:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2511:
2501:
2393:
2392:
2343:
2341:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2317:
2295:
2294:
2241:
2200:
2073:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2035:(Sylvius used
2024:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2006:
1997:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1946:
1938:
1910:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1878:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1838:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1589:
1569:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1503:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1466:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1429:
1409:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1349:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1035:
1015:
1009:
1005:
1002:
995:
992:
972:
969:
963:
959:
956:
949:
926:
922:
919:
912:
889:
885:
882:
875:
855:
849:
845:
842:
835:
832:
809:
805:
802:
795:
772:
768:
765:
738:
734:
731:
704:
700:
697:
670:
666:
663:
636:
632:
629:
602:
598:
595:
568:
564:
561:
505:
504:
455:
453:
446:
440:
437:
422:Jacques Dubois
405:
402:
398:
397:
374:
363:
299:
298:
296:
295:
288:
281:
273:
270:
269:
268:
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262:
257:
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237:
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211:
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204:
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191:
185:
180:
173:
169:
167:
157:
152:
144:
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137:
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135:
134:
129:
124:
119:
111:
110:
104:
103:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
78:
77:
71:
70:
62:
61:
49:
48:
31:
30:
27:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5026:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
4989:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4943:
4942:dotted circle
4933:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4923:
4914:
4904:
4899:
4898:degree symbol
4889:
4884:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4858:
4848:
4843:
4833:
4828:
4818:
4813:
4803:
4798:
4788:
4783:
4773:
4768:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4723:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4646:
4602:
4597:
4533:
4528:
4514:
4509:
4475:
4470:
4406:
4401:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4347:
4338:
4328:
4323:
4313:
4308:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4288:
4279:
4275:
4261:
4256:
4246:
4241:
4231:
4226:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4169:
4159:
4154:
4144:
4139:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4106:
4101:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4068:
4063:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4026:
4021:
4011:
4006:
3996:
3991:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3958:
3953:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3890:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3871:
3869:0-521-31510-7
3865:
3860:
3859:
3852:
3848:
3846:3-87808-406-4
3842:
3838:
3837:
3831:
3827:
3825:0-521-52896-8
3821:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3806:2-7073-1536-2
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3784:0-87840-085-0
3780:
3775:
3774:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3681:
3675:Catach (1995)
3672:
3663:
3656:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3640:
3632:
3628:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3585:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3486:forms of the
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3426:
3416:
3403:
3393:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3320:
3319:vowel harmony
3308:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3268:
3261:
3258:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:second person
3025:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2889:Ancient Greek
2877:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2410:
2404:
2389:
2386:
2378:
2375:December 2020
2368:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2344:This section
2342:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2187:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:Étienne Dolet
2072:Étienne Dolet
2069:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2022:
2007:
2004:
1995:
1975:
1960:
1957:
1944:
1936:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1896:
1886:
1883:
1876:
1856:
1846:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1711:[tʁɛ]
1685:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1664:
1661:, called the
1660:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1607:
1597:
1594:
1587:
1567:
1557:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1524:
1521:
1511:
1508:
1501:
1474:
1471:
1464:
1437:
1434:
1427:
1407:
1397:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1357:
1354:
1347:
1320:
1317:
1286:
1283:
1252:
1249:
1218:
1215:
1184:
1181:
1150:
1147:
1116:
1113:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1053:
1043:
1040:
1033:
1013:
1003:
1000:
993:
990:
970:
967:
957:
954:
947:
920:
917:
910:
883:
880:
873:
853:
843:
840:
833:
830:
803:
800:
793:
766:
763:
732:
729:
698:
695:
664:
661:
630:
627:
596:
593:
562:
559:
546:
544:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
511:
501:
498:
490:
487:December 2020
480:
476:
472:
466:
465:
461:
456:This section
454:
450:
445:
444:
436:
434:
429:
427:
423:
420:. Grammarian
419:
415:
411:
410:Ancient Greek
401:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:
368:
364:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:
347:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
294:
289:
287:
282:
280:
275:
274:
272:
271:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
246:
245:
242:
239:
238:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
213:
212:
209:
206:
205:
195:
192:
190:
189:passé composé
186:
184:
181:
179:
175:
174:
172:
168:
165:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
146:
145:
142:
139:
138:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
113:
112:
109:
106:
105:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
84:Langues d'oïl
82:
81:
80:
79:
76:
73:
72:
68:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
47:
32:
25:
20:
4970:Metal umlaut
4508:chandrabindu
4119:palatal hook
4085:double grave
3990:caron, háček
3937:double acute
3857:
3835:
3815:
3796:
3772:
3761:
3754:Bibliography
3743:
3728:. Retrieved
3718:
3707:
3698:
3689:
3680:
3671:
3662:
3652:
3647:
3638:
3631:
3612:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3435:grave accent
3432:
3414:
3404:
3391:
3371:
3369:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3270:/fɑ̃tɔmatik/
3267:fantomatique
3266:
3259:
3250:
3243:
3234:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:("velar" or
3117:
3107:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3035:
3024:passé simple
3023:
3013:first person
3010:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2974:
2973:(from Latin
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2892:
2886:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2741:
2731:
2725:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2695:
2685:
2675:
2669:
2661:
2658:"disgusting"
2655:
2643:
2633:
2625:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2590:
2578:
2568:
2558:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2411:
2396:
2381:
2372:
2357:Please help
2345:
2322:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2185:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2080:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2036:
1920:
1916:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1769:
1765:
1715:
1662:
1651:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
548:
533:
529:
526:monophthongs
515:
493:
484:
469:Please help
457:
430:
418:grave accent
414:acute accent
407:
404:First usages
399:
393:
389:
385:
381:
366:
359:
355:
351:
343:
341:
336:
302:
226:
194:passé simple
132:Anglo-Norman
99:Francophonie
4225:perispomene
3534:Francophone
3522:mûrissement
3421:instead of
3098:vous haïtes
3094:nous haïmes
3086:conjugation
3036:cantāvistis
2918:(κωμῳδία).
2903:(δίπλωμα),
2801:, such as
2600:coût "cost"
2538:défenestrer
2412:The silent
2246:Contraction
2238:n'avez-vous
2234:n'auez uous
1100:Translation
433:Renaissance
371:orthography
260:Aspirated h
208:Orthography
178:conjugation
5003:Categories
4961:See also:
4767:apostrophe
4100:hook above
4020:circumflex
3908:Diacritics
3730:4 February
3623:References
3490:, we have
3321:: compare
3062:cantāvimus
3047:chantastes
2965:(θρόνος),
2845:) ;
2799:homophones
2606:"to roast"
2508:festivitas
2461:neologisms
2271:suborneˆes
2267:ſuborneˆes
2085:metaplasms
1821:, written
543:linguistic
518:diphthongs
378:homophones
309:diacritics
305:circumflex
227:Circumflex
183:morphology
28:Circumflex
4688:Japanese
4240:sicilicus
4210:underring
4035:diaeresis
3564:Diacritic
3510:mûr(e)(s)
3484:inflected
3450:sûr(e)(s)
3078:chantâtes
3074:chantâmes
3070:chantames
3051:chantâtes
3040:cantāstis
3020:preterite
2969:(πόλος),
2736:Pentecost
2732:Pentecôte
2708:"bastard"
2670:phantasma
2656:degoûtant
2546:bestiaire
2504:festivité
2346:does not
2300:phonetics
2279:subornées
2230:avez-vous
2226:auez uous
2205:Haplology
2191:is today
2111:vraiˆment
2107:uraiˆment
2079:, in his
2017:¯
2012:^
1970:¯
1965:^
1891:^
1851:^
1793:consonant
1766:je trahis
1743:¨
1739:ı
1690:^
1686:ı
1659:diaeresis
1602:^
1562:^
1516:^
1479:^
1442:^
1438:ı
1402:^
1398:ı
1362:^
1358:ı
1325:^
1291:^
1257:^
1223:^
1189:^
1185:ı
1155:^
1151:ı
1121:^
1117:ı
1066:, id est
1048:^
1008:^
962:^
925:^
888:^
884:ı
848:^
844:ı
808:^
804:ı
771:^
737:^
703:^
669:^
635:^
631:ı
601:^
597:ı
567:^
563:ı
522:coalesced
458:does not
241:Phonology
4469:avagraha
4400:anusvara
4322:pokrytie
4206:overring
3795:(1995).
3602:fantauma
3558:See also
3303:sûrement
3294:bûchette
3285:futaille
3263:/fɑ̃tom/
3254:/ɡʁasjø/
3251:gracieux
3238:/ɛ̃fami/
3066:cantāmus
2986:théorème
2982:théorême
2975:binomium
2931:/aksjom/
2916:/kɔmedi/
2862:cruement
2857:), etc.
2784:baailler
2690:conquest
2686:conquête
2573:hospital
2563:ancestor
2518:festival
2514:festival
2430:tempeſte
2263:penseˆes
2193:/dɔnəra/
2178:/lɛsəra/
2135:vraiment
2131:uraiemẽt
2123:laissera
2119:laiſſera
1716:je trais
416:and the
311:used in
217:Alphabet
164:personal
160:Pronouns
89:Dialects
67:a series
65:Part of
4927:Unicode
4717:
4709:
4705:
4697:
4645:visarga
4640:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4591:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4522:
4518:
4503:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4464:
4458:
4454:
4448:
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4418:
4414:
4410:
4395:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4005:cedilla
3358:/tɛtaʁ/
3340:/betiz/
3307:assurer
3260:fantôme
3235:infamie
3231:/ɛ̃fɑm/
3018:of the
3002:suprême
2959:diplôme
2913:comédie
2901:diplôme
2866:crûment
2835:croître
2790:, etc.
2788:bâiller
2714:"beast"
2700:tempest
2696:tempête
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2645:château
2630:"paste"
2569:hôpital
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2534:fenêtre
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2465:lexicon
2446:funeste
2367:removed
2352:sources
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2222:nˆavous
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2197:/dɔnra/
2189:/dɔ̃ra/
2182:/lɛsra/
2176:is now
2171:laiˆrra
2139:donnera
2099:laiˆrra
2094:Syncope
2052:before
1829:(or as
1655:phoneme
479:removed
464:sources
396:('due')
255:Liaison
250:Elision
232:Braille
222:Reforms
150:Adverbs
141:Grammar
108:History
94:Creoles
41:̂
4986:
4947:
4939:
4935:
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4906:
4902:
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4183:ogonek
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3462:sur(e)
3452:(from
3365:/tety/
3355:têtard
3344:abêtir
3337:bêtise
3333:/bɛta/
3305:, but
3265:, but
3249:, but
3247:/ɡʁɑs/
3233:, but
3228:infâme
3156:(open
3060:Latin
3034:Latin
3016:plural
2971:binôme
2945:, and
2923:axiome
2843:croire
2833:(from
2811:devoir
2809:(from
2772:hiatus
2722:Pascha
2718:Pâques
2706:bâtard
2650:castle
2638:August
2612:"task"
2595:forest
2585:hostel
2548:, etc.
2494:festin
2450:chaste
2422:long s
2273:) for
2249:of an
2232:) and
2224:) for
2214:avˆous
2210:auˆous
2186:donˆra
2184:, and
2174:/lɛra/
2163:hiatus
2155:paiera
2127:paiera
2115:donˆra
2103:paiˆra
2066:per se
1941:
1925:macron
1915:as in
1813:as in
1626:plenus
1072:plenus
358:, and
331:, and
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4351:Indic
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3933:acute
3580:Notes
3518:mûrir
3400:/dom/
3396:/dɔm/
3351:/tɛt/
3346:, or
3335:with
3326:/bɛt/
3290:bûche
3244:grâce
3218:jeune
3214:jeûne
3199:hotte
3145:tache
3141:tâche
3137:patte
3068:→ OF
3006:voûte
2963:trône
2935:/zon/
2841:from
2726:pasca
2666:ghost
2620:coast
2610:tâche
2604:rôtir
2591:forêt
2580:hôtel
2484:feste
2442:peste
2438:teſte
2434:haſte
2283:aˆage
2147:schwa
1797:tréma
1663:tréma
1638:causa
1622:maius
1084:causa
1068:maius
426:Latin
171:Verbs
4138:horn
3952:apex
3864:ISBN
3841:ISBN
3820:ISBN
3801:ISBN
3779:ISBN
3732:2016
3613:s.v.
3540:and
3514:meür
3494:but
3458:sëur
3454:seür
3423:/ɑm/
3419:/am/
3409:and
3392:dôme
3382:and
3362:têtu
3360:vs.
3353:and
3348:tête
3342:and
3330:bêta
3328:and
3323:bête
3301:and
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3283:vs.
3216:vs.
3207:cote
3205:vs.
3203:côte
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3172:vs.
3170:prêt
3143:vs.
3135:vs.
3133:pâte
3131:) —
3126:back
3090:haïr
3004:and
2990:bêta
2967:pôle
2957:and
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2947:-one
2943:-ome
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2927:zone
2925:and
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2872:meur
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2827:creu
2813:vs.
2776:aage
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2680:isle
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2350:any
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2287:aage
2285:for
2259:/eː/
2117:for
2056:and
1988:and
1921:sœur
1919:and
1917:cœur
1869:and
1827:meur
1823:seur
1817:and
1764:for
1714:for
1642:flos
1630:mihi
1088:flos
1076:mihi
462:any
460:cite
337:pâté
303:The
4925:In
4782:bar
4349:In
4290:In
4062:dot
3506:mur
3496:dus
3480:deü
3446:sur
3417:as
3415:âme
3411:/a/
3407:/ɑ/
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3376:/e/
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3220:).
3189:or
3183:/o/
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3008:).
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2951:/o/
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2825:);
2803:deu
2795:/y/
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2676:île
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2243:3.
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2202:2.
2195:or
2180:or
2151:/ə/
2137:),
2125:),
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2091:1.
2087::
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