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316:, then the year will be pleasant and unexceptional, and if a spider is found, then it will be a bad year with shortages and ruined crops. If a fly is found inside, then it will be a moderate season, and if nothing is found, then serious diseases will occur all that year.
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304:. The reaction between the tannins from the gall nut and the iron produces a complex that gives the iron gall ink its color. The gum arabic makes the ink more viscous and helps bind the ink to the writing surface.
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in the production of iron gall ink. Tannins belong to a group of molecules known as polyphenols and can be taken from different parts of plants such as leaves, pods, fruits, and gall nuts.
256:. The oak marble is frequently called the oak apple due to the superficial resemblance and the preponderance of the oak marble gall in the wild. Other galls found on oak trees include the
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187:. Oak apples range in size from 2 to 4 centimetres (1 to 2 in) in diameter and are caused by chemicals injected by the
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342:. The commemoration persists in some areas today, although festivities have little to do with the Restoration.
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219:, which modify the oak bud into the gall, a structure that protects the developing larvae until they undergo
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to the early twentieth century, iron gall ink was the main medium used for writing in the
Western world.
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in western North
America. Oak apples may be brownish, yellowish, greenish, pinkish, or reddish.
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Along with gall nuts, other important ingredients in the production of iron gall ink include
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Considerable confusion exists in the general literature between the oak apple and the
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Gloucestershire
Naturalists' Society photograph of galls with 'red apple' appearance
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Oak galls have been used in the production of ink since at least the time of the
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The
Penguin Guide to the Superstitions of Britain and Ireland
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The adult female wasp lays single eggs in developing leaf
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is the common name for a large, round, vaguely apple-like
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in 1660. The popular name refers to the event during the
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The Book Before
Printing: Ancient, Medieval and Oriental
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It is said that if a "worm" is found inside the gall on
830:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
264:, but each of these has its own distinctive form.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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322:(or Royal Oak Day) is a former public holiday in
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226:Some common oak-apple-forming species are the
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950:. Princeton University Press. p. 124.
444:Oak apples on oak leaf and in cross section
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
988:"Oak Apple Gall Wasp (Biorhiza pallida)"
947:Plant Galls of the Western United States
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871:travelingscriptorium.library.yale.edu
855:. Dover Publications. pp. 551–2.
326:on 29 May that commemorated the
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
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211:. The wasp larvae feed on the gall
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183:commonly found on many species of
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906:"Amphibolips confluenta (agamic)"
851:Diringer, David (1 March 1982).
780:Huckleberry oak, canyon live oak
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467:List of galls called oak apples
34:needs additional citations for
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387:tree with multiple oak apples.
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238:in eastern North America, and
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557:Amphibolips quercuspomiformis
426:Oak apple gall on Garry oak (
139:Oak galls on a Pyrenean oak (
585:Andricus quercuscalifornicus
359:An oak apple on an oak leaf.
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992:iNaturalist United Kingdom
822:Cranshaw, Whitney (2004).
775:Trichoteras vacciniifoliae
414:Oak apples on an oak tree.
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289:Gall nuts are a source of
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161:An oak apple on a tree in
944:Russo, Ronald A. (2021).
895:. Penguin Books. p. 344.
747:Trichoteras coquilletti
338:when Charles hid in an
16:Gall found on oak trees
1014:Amphibolips confluenta
535:Amphibolips confluenta
235:Amphibolips confluenta
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956:10.1515/9780691213408
891:Roud, Steven (2003).
232:gall wasp in Europe,
215:resulting from their
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648:Atrusca brevipennata
595:California scrub oak
488:adding missing items
191:of certain kinds of
43:improve this article
910:www.gallformers.org
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1032:The Oak Apple Gall
695:Besbicus mirabilis
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486:; you can help by
258:oak artichoke gall
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965:978-0-691-21340-8
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653:shrub live oak,
614:Arizona white oak
567:interior live oak
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336:English Civil War
142:Quercus pyrenaica
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873:. 21 March 2013
867:"Iron Gall Ink"
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163:Worcestershire
125:Oak apples on
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32:This article
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995:. Retrieved
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913:. Retrieved
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875:. Retrieved
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796:Knopper gall
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518:Host species
495:October 2023
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298:iron sulfate
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
729:sessile oak
725:English oak
622:netleaf oak
507:Oak apples
328:Restoration
284:Middle Ages
282:. From the
248:Other galls
58:"Oak apple"
1047:Cynipoidea
1041:Categories
1026:See also:
997:2024-09-21
974:2020949502
915:2024-09-21
807:References
701:Oregon oak
655:Gambel oak
626:Toumey oak
591:valley oak
484:incomplete
371:Oak apples
332:Charles II
302:gum arabic
217:secretions
69:newspapers
1052:Oak galls
203:Formation
197:Cynipidae
193:gall wasp
173:Oak apple
790:See also
540:various
402:oak gall
340:oak tree
308:Folklore
260:and the
177:oak gall
99:May 2023
733:Europe
521:Region
346:Gallery
324:England
167:England
83:scholar
972:
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877:24 May
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628:, and
291:tannin
213:tissue
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512:Image
189:larva
151:Spain
145:) in
90:JSTOR
76:books
970:LCCN
960:ISBN
879:2023
832:ISBN
461:male
300:and
209:buds
199:.
181:gall
147:León
131:leaf
62:news
952:doi
490:.
385:oak
383:An
330:of
185:oak
175:or
45:by
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97:(
87:·
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39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
