31:
750:
545:
443:
462:
402:
799:
424:
597:
162:
500:
894:
961:
688:
557:
842:
44:
576:
481:
533:
1262:
519:
1884:
335:
The plant galls mostly develop directly after the female insect lays the eggs. The inducement for the gall formation is largely unknown; discussion speculates as to chemical, mechanical, and viral triggers. The hatching larvae nourish themselves with the nutritive tissue of the galls, in which they
336:
are otherwise well-protected from external environmental effects. The host plants, and the size and shape of the galls are specific to the majority of gall wasps, with about 70% of the known species parasitizing various types of
1517:
Yoshihisa Abe; George Melika; Graham N. Stone (January 2007). "The diversity and phylogeography of cynipid gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the
Oriental and eastern Palearctic regions, and their associated communities".
277:
The antennae are straight and consist of two or three segments. In many varieties, the backside of the mesosoma appears longitudinally banded. The wings are typically simply structured. The female's egg-depositing
364:
protects the developing gall wasp for the most vulnerable stage of its life cycle, but many other wasps have found a way to penetrate this defence and parasitise the gall and/or larva(e) within. Some of these
298:, with one two-sex generation and one parthenogenic generation annually, whereas some species produce very few males and reproduce only by parthenogenesis, possibly because of infection of the females'
637:. The latter type of gall is induced by this type of wasp not on the leaves, but on the roots of the oak. On the buds of young oak twigs, one can often find the hard-shelled galls of
1737:
Jack Hearn; Erik Gobbo; José Luis Nieves-Aldrey; et al. (3 October 2023). "Phylogenomic analysis of protein-coding genes resolves complex gall wasp relationships".
1675:
Peters, Ralph S.; Krogmann, Lars; Mayer, Christoph; Donath, Alexander; Gunkel, Simon; Meusemann, Karen; Kozlov, Alexey; Podsiadlowski, Lars; Petersen, Malte (2017).
629:
which likewise can be found on the undersides of leaves, and are recognizable for their spheroidal shape and irregular red streaks. The oak potato gall wasp (
401:
658:
The external phylogeny of the
Cynipidae is based on Peters et al 2017. The Apocrita is within the "Sawflies" which are shown separately for simplicity here.
442:
2694:
1359:
2739:
596:
2649:
2469:
2412:
2704:
1579:; Richard Stouthamer (September 1998). "Distribution of Wolbachia among the guild associated with the parthenogenetic gall wasp Diplolepis rosae".
3592:
2599:
1410:
1043:
461:
423:
2767:
2729:
2644:
2489:
1402:
1176:
3631:
2989:
2749:
2714:
2604:
1418:
1370:
1087:
1072:
710:
344:. Galls can be found on nearly all parts of such trees, including the leaves, buds, branches, and roots. Other species of gall wasps live in
544:
3227:
1426:
1125:
634:
352:, and many herbs. Species determination is usually much easier through observation of the galls produced rather than of the insect itself.
2772:
1908:
1378:
1225:
499:
328:
3728:
3566:
3682:
3605:
480:
1950:
1866:
1841:
1822:
556:
30:
3610:
1016:
The internal phylogeny of gall wasps in the cladogram is based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis of Hearn et al. 2023.
222:
inch) are known worldwide, with about 360 species of 36 different genera in Europe and some 800 species in North
America.
1644:
262:
in apocritan wasps, starting with the third abdominal segment proper. Together, the petiole and the gaster form the
3545:
3636:
3558:
3723:
322:
of most gall wasps develop in characteristic plant galls they induce themselves, but many species are instead
3618:
1563:
1894:
389:
Most species of gall wasps live as gall-formers on oaks. One of the best-known is the common oak gall wasp (
575:
3475:
3462:
1636:
749:
1888:
1661:
564:
469:
295:
3695:
3480:
202:
for larval development. About 1,300 species of this generally very small creature (1–8 millimetres or
43:
3646:
1943:
1492:
395:), which induces characteristic, 2-cm in diameter, spherical galls on the undersides of oak leaves.
1779:
1345:
251:
235:
153:
1449:
The galls of several species, especially
Mediterranean variants, were once used as tanning agents.
450:
431:
255:
247:
3672:
311:
bacteria. The various generations differentiate both in their appearance and in the form of the
3402:
294:, in which a male is completely unnecessary, and partly two-sex propagation. Most species have
3667:
3597:
1904:
1739:
1497:
604:
3659:
3514:
3449:
1936:
1688:
409:
532:
8:
3440:
1736:
507:
391:
1692:
377:) to bore into the gall. These parasitoids may, in turn, be preyed upon by other wasps,
3718:
1629:
1581:
1576:
414:
38:
798:
176:
161:
3654:
3501:
2832:
2664:
2347:
1914:
1862:
1837:
1818:
1791:
1752:
1716:
1640:
1598:
1594:
1535:
771:
115:
3085:
3017:
2817:
2374:
2125:
1760:
1744:
1706:
1696:
1606:
1590:
1543:
1531:
1527:
960:
488:
3454:
518:
3506:
3467:
3046:
2547:
2450:
2356:
2058:
2042:
1482:
1453:
893:
378:
291:
3623:
687:
633:) has round galls that grow to about 4 cm. These are known colloquially as
3553:
3540:
3242:
2994:
2867:
2782:
2744:
2634:
2624:
2619:
2555:
2494:
2425:
2384:
2364:
2324:
2295:
2090:
1928:
745:
730:
1701:
1676:
3712:
3425:
3359:
3323:
3315:
2999:
2822:
2802:
2762:
2734:
2394:
2369:
2332:
2311:
2117:
1919:
1795:
1756:
1602:
1539:
1464:
1457:
940:
1764:
617:. Light lentiform galls on the undersides of the same leaves are induced by
3385:
3346:
3247:
3209:
3192:
2958:
2921:
2913:
2807:
2797:
2787:
2699:
2669:
2565:
2537:
2517:
2499:
2337:
2180:
2172:
2130:
2003:
1720:
1487:
1386:
1205:
909:
841:
836:
682:
303:
146:
1610:
1547:
3579:
3434:
3232:
3214:
3119:
3098:
3072:
2984:
2971:
2903:
2895:
2885:
2877:
2719:
2709:
2689:
2639:
2629:
2589:
2532:
2509:
2484:
2474:
2440:
2389:
2151:
2074:
1960:
1516:
665:
583:
370:
183:
95:
3493:
3354:
3338:
3330:
3319:
3311:
3290:
3237:
3114:
3106:
3064:
3038:
2966:
2846:
2812:
2724:
2684:
2674:
2659:
2522:
2404:
2379:
2303:
2267:
2143:
2066:
1861:. Department of Zoology, Stockholm University. 1–176. Doctoral thesis.
1748:
1711:
1624:
889:
781:
374:
345:
279:
191:
125:
3584:
3527:
3307:
3303:
3257:
3222:
3148:
3140:
3127:
3077:
3051:
3009:
2979:
2859:
2854:
2827:
2792:
2777:
2679:
2654:
2609:
2581:
2527:
2479:
2435:
2430:
2222:
2214:
2193:
1991:
1979:
1631:
Extraordinary
Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals
1477:
1434:
1354:
1261:
1209:
1144:
1140:
614:
366:
341:
323:
307:
267:
243:
75:
55:
3571:
3396:
1575:
1350:
The
Cynipidae contains two subfamilies, one extinct and one extant:
3532:
3488:
3419:
3252:
3025:
2935:
2754:
2594:
2243:
2201:
2159:
2109:
2103:
2082:
2014:
1997:
1394:
1256:
955:
700:
588:
271:
263:
231:
105:
3182:
3028:(paper wasps, potter wasps, pollen wasps, yellowjackets, hornets)
2050:
1564:
The population biology of oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)
259:
1732:
1730:
1566:
Stone et al. (2002) Annual Review of
Entomology Vol. 47: 633-668
250:, while the second abdominal segment forms a sort of shaft, the
3298:
2614:
1985:
1973:
1883:
678:
319:
299:
239:
85:
65:
3690:
3519:
2457:
1727:
1463:
Galls formed on oak trees are one of the main ingredients in
349:
199:
3190:
1569:
361:
312:
195:
234:, gall wasps have a distinctive body shape, the so-called
3274:
3169:
3161:
1674:
613:
These turn reddish in the fall and are commonly known as
337:
1923:
282:
is often seen protruding from the tip of the metasoma.
1510:
1628:
645:Galls do not cause significant harm to oak trees.
290:The reproduction of gall wasps is usually partly
3710:
1958:
326:of other gall wasps, such as those of the genus
621:; darker ones with bulging edges are formed by
285:
1944:
1422:Nieves-Aldrey, Nylander & Ronquist, 2015.
1406:Nieves-Aldrey, Nylander & Ronquist, 2015.
1390:Nieves-Aldrey, Nylander & Ronquist, 2015.
1374:Nieves-Aldrey, Nylander & Ronquist, 2015.
1559:
1557:
1430:Liljeblad, Nieves-Aldrey & Melika, 2011.
1854:
492:parthenogenetic generation, oak marble gall
1951:
1937:
1771:
373:use their long, hardened egg-laying tube (
29:
1710:
1700:
1677:"Evolutionary History of the Hymenoptera"
1662:"Tree galls are rarely cause for concern"
1617:
1554:
1836:(in German). Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer.
1653:
550:Acorn Plum Gall, cut in half, with larva
160:
1853:Phylogeny and Evolution of Gall Wasps (
1366:The Cynipinae consists of nine tribes:
3711:
1777:
1664:. Michigan State University Extension.
1460:was known for his study of gall wasps.
3401:
3400:
1932:
1668:
1623:
1011:
653:
3696:AC1F87FE-FFE1-FF80-FF61-FE98FA26B347
3647:a6cb1f49-6e79-4984-8f21-7ac51af844d8
3559:63c98969-f252-46a3-bfca-f0607b5a23ae
1832:Honomichl, K.; Bellmann, H. (1994).
1660:Kidd, Russell (September 10, 2012).
1659:
1817:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1443:
194:. Their common name comes from the
13:
1834:Biologie und Ökologie der Insekten
1806:
14:
3740:
1876:
1813:Gauld, I. D.; Bolton, B. (1988).
1882:
1778:Yudell, Michael (July 1, 1999).
1595:10.1046/J.1365-2540.1998.00385.X
1260:
959:
892:
840:
797:
748:
686:
595:
574:
555:
543:
531:
517:
498:
479:
460:
441:
422:
400:
254:. The petiole connects with the
42:
3729:Asexual reproduction in animals
3130:(sapygid, or club-horned wasps)
625:Also striking are the galls of
511:parthenogenetic generation gall
454:parthenogenetic generation gall
435:parthenogenetic generation gall
1532:10.1080/00305316.2007.10417504
1:
3349:(mason bees, leafcutter bees)
1503:
958:(stinging wasps, bees, ants)
355:
648:
413:parthenogenetic generation,
286:Reproduction and development
7:
1911:Featured Creatures Web site
1471:
1339:
266:, while the thorax and the
225:
10:
3745:
1343:
619:Neuroterus quercusbaccarum
565:Neuroterus quercusbaccarum
470:Neuroterus quercusbaccarum
258:, which is the functional
3409:
3380:
3273:
3181:
3160:
3139:
3097:
3063:
3037:
3008:
2957:
2934:
2912:
2894:
2876:
2845:
2564:
2546:
2508:
2449:
2403:
2355:
2346:
2323:
2294:
2265:
2242:
2213:
2192:
2171:
2142:
2116:
2102:
2041:
2037:
2012:
1968:
1896:Andricus quercusclavigera
1702:10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.027
1254:
1247:
1223:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1174:
1167:
1138:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1085:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1041:
1034:
1027:
953:
938:
931:
907:
887:
880:
873:
834:
812:
792:
785:
775:
743:
728:
721:
714:
704:
676:
669:
152:
145:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
1346:List of Cynipidae genera
384:
246:) is conjoined with the
190:in the wasp superfamily
2133:(web-spinning sawflies)
1780:"Kinsey's Other Report"
602:Raspberry gall made by
451:Andricus quercuscalicis
432:Andricus quercuscalicis
296:alternating generations
3260:(thread-waisted wasps)
3088:(sierolomorphid wasps)
3020:(rhopalosomatid wasps)
2225:(parasitic wood wasps)
1856:Hymenoptera: Cynipidae
1855:
1851:Liljeblad, J. (2002).
643:Andricus quercustozae.
623:Neuroterus numismalis.
473:sexual generation gall
238:. The first abdominal
169:
3724:Gall-inducing insects
3668:Paleobiology Database
1740:Systematic Entomology
1344:Further information:
605:Diastrophus nebulosus
166:Diastrophus nebulosus
164:
3554:Fauna Europaea (new)
1891:at Wikimedia Commons
627:Cynips longiventris,
608:, larvae inside gall
410:Andricus fecundatrix
177:traditionally called
2069:(cimbicid sawflies)
1900:A. quercuscornigera
1693:2017CBio...27.1013P
1493:Common spangle gall
1452:Before his work in
568:common spangle gall
508:Cynips longiventris
392:Cynips quercusfolii
168:on a raspberry gall
2154:(cedar wood wasps)
2077:(conifer sawflies)
1749:10.1111/SYEN.12611
1577:Menno Schilthuizen
1012:Internal phylogeny
654:External phylogeny
415:oak artichoke gall
170:
154:at least 80 genera
3706:
3705:
3655:Open Tree of Life
3403:Taxon identifiers
3394:
3393:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3327:
3294:
3284:
3269:
3268:
3261:
3218:
3217:(cockroach wasps)
3203:
3173:
3152:
3131:
3123:
3110:
3089:
3086:Sierolomorphidae
3081:
3055:
3029:
3021:
3018:Rhopalosomatidae
2975:
2930:
2929:
2863:
2841:
2840:
2833:Trichogrammatidae
2758:
2695:Eutrichosomatidae
2665:Epichrysomallidae
2585:
2575:
2463:
2421:
2348:Proctotrupomorpha
2315:
2314:(ichneumon wasps)
2307:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2205:
2184:
2163:
2155:
2134:
2094:
2093:(common sawflies)
2086:
2085:(pergid sawflies)
2078:
2070:
2062:
2054:
1915:Wikispecies entry
1887:Media related to
1868:978-91-7265-494-5
1843:978-3-437-25020-0
1824:978-0-19-858521-3
1627:(2007). "Galls".
1439:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1360:Hodiernocynipinae
1336:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1259:(oak gall wasps)
1236:
1235:
1156:
1155:
1098:
1097:
1008:
1007:
999:
998:
990:
989:
981:
980:
972:
971:
920:
919:
862:
861:
853:
852:
839:and other groups
823:
822:
772:Proctotrupomorpha
761:
760:
631:Biorrhiza pallida
159:
158:
141:
116:Proctotrupomorpha
3736:
3699:
3698:
3686:
3685:
3676:
3675:
3663:
3662:
3650:
3649:
3640:
3639:
3627:
3626:
3624:NBNSYS0000159810
3614:
3613:
3601:
3600:
3588:
3587:
3575:
3574:
3562:
3561:
3549:
3548:
3536:
3535:
3523:
3522:
3510:
3509:
3497:
3496:
3484:
3483:
3471:
3470:
3458:
3457:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3398:
3397:
3348:
3340:
3333:(plasterer bees)
3332:
3301:
3292:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3270:
3259:
3216:
3202:
3201:
3200:(sphecoid wasps)
3197:
3188:
3187:
3171:
3150:
3129:
3121:
3108:
3087:
3079:
3053:
3027:
3019:
2973:
2955:
2954:
2861:
2818:Tanaostigmatidae
2756:
2740:Melanosomellidae
2583:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2462:
2461:
2453:
2419:
2375:Neuroscelionidae
2353:
2352:
2313:
2305:
2292:
2291:
2263:
2262:
2224:
2203:
2182:
2161:
2153:
2132:
2126:Megalodontesidae
2092:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2059:Blasticotomidae
2053:(argid sawflies)
2052:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1920:Family Cynipidae
1886:
1872:
1858:
1847:
1828:
1800:
1799:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1714:
1704:
1687:(7): 1013–1018.
1672:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1634:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1520:Oriental Insects
1514:
1498:Silk button gall
1444:In human culture
1437:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1264:
1250:
1249:
1212:oak gall wasps)
1199:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1170:
1169:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1020:
1019:
963:
934:
933:
896:
883:
882:
876:
875:
844:
801:
788:
787:
778:
777:
752:
724:
723:
717:
716:
707:
706:
690:
672:
671:
662:
661:
639:Andricus kollari
599:
578:
559:
547:
535:
521:
502:
489:Andricus kollari
483:
464:
445:
426:
404:
379:hyperparasitoids
221:
220:
216:
211:
210:
206:
139:
47:
46:
33:
21:
20:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3694:
3689:
3681:
3679:
3671:
3666:
3658:
3653:
3645:
3643:
3635:
3630:
3622:
3617:
3609:
3604:
3596:
3591:
3583:
3578:
3570:
3565:
3557:
3552:
3544:
3539:
3531:
3526:
3518:
3513:
3505:
3500:
3492:
3487:
3479:
3474:
3466:
3461:
3453:
3448:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3405:
3395:
3390:
3364:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3265:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3177:
3156:
3151:(scoliid wasps)
3135:
3093:
3059:
3054:(tiphiid wasps)
3047:Bradynobaenidae
3033:
3004:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2926:
2908:
2890:
2872:
2837:
2650:Cynipencyrtidae
2572:(chalcid wasps)
2571:
2570:
2568:
2560:
2548:Mymarommatoidea
2542:
2504:
2470:Proctorenyxidae
2455:
2454:
2451:Proctotrupoidea
2445:
2413:Austrocynipidae
2399:
2357:Platygastroidea
2342:
2319:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2230:
2209:
2204:(stem sawflies)
2188:
2167:
2138:
2112:
2098:
2091:Tenthredinidae
2061:(fern sawflies)
2043:Tenthredinoidea
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2008:
1964:
1957:
1879:
1869:
1850:
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1815:The Hymenoptera
1812:
1809:
1807:Further reading
1804:
1803:
1784:Natural History
1776:
1772:
1735:
1728:
1681:Current Biology
1673:
1669:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1637:Greenwood Press
1622:
1618:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1555:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1483:Oak marble gall
1474:
1454:human sexuality
1446:
1398:Billberg, 1820.
1348:
1342:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1283:
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1157:
1099:
1014:
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814:other families
762:
656:
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579:
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539:
538:Acorn Plum Gall
536:
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358:
292:parthenogenesis
288:
228:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
198:they induce on
140:Latreille, 1802
138:
41:
17:
16:Family of wasps
12:
11:
5:
3742:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3687:
3677:
3664:
3651:
3641:
3628:
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3589:
3576:
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3541:Fauna Europaea
3537:
3524:
3511:
3498:
3485:
3472:
3459:
3446:
3431:
3415:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3392:
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3378:
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3370:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3324:stingless bees
3316:carpenter bees
3296:
3287:
3285:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3243:Pemphredonidae
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3166:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3125:
3122:(spider wasps)
3117:
3112:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3083:
3080:(flower wasps)
3075:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3023:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2995:Sclerogibbidae
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2974:(cuckoo wasps)
2969:
2963:
2961:
2952:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2910:
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2900:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2868:Gasteruptiidae
2865:
2862:(ensign wasps)
2857:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2783:Pelecinellidae
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2752:
2747:
2745:Metapelmatidae
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2705:Hetreulophidae
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2635:Chrysolampidae
2632:
2627:
2625:Chalcedectidae
2622:
2620:Cerocephalidae
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2578:
2576:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2556:Mymarommatidae
2552:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2506:
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2495:Proctotrupidae
2492:
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2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
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2433:
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2426:Diplolepididae
2423:
2415:
2409:
2407:
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2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2385:Platygastridae
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2365:Geoscelionidae
2361:
2359:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2325:Ceraphronoidea
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:Ichneumonidae
2309:
2300:
2298:
2296:Ichneumonoidea
2289:
2260:
2240:
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2236:
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1877:External links
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1438:Ashmead, 1896.
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1414:Ashmead, 1903.
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1382:Ashmead, 1903.
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746:Ichneumonoidea
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731:Ceraphronoidea
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357:
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287:
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186:of the family
157:
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133:
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3456:
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3442:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3361:
3360:Stenotritidae
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3347:Megachilidae
3345:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3256:
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3138:
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3118:
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3111:
3109:(velvet ants)
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
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3040:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3016:
3015:
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3000:Scolebythidae
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2914:Trigonaloidea
2911:
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2899:
2897:
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2823:Tetracampidae
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2811:
2809:
2806:
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2803:Signiphoridae
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2763:Neanastatidae
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2735:Megastigmidae
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2626:
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2395:Sparasionidae
2393:
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2370:Janzenellidae
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2363:
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2360:
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2333:Ceraphronidae
2331:
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2316:
2310:
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2301:
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2181:Xiphydriidae
2179:
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2173:Xiphydrioidea
2170:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2131:Pamphiliidae
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2118:Pamphilioidea
2115:
2111:
2107:
2105:
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1466:
1465:iron gall ink
1462:
1459:
1458:Alfred Kinsey
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1425:
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1412:
1411:Eschatocerini
1409:
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1151:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:Eschatocerini
1039:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1004:
1003:
995:
994:
986:
985:
977:
976:
968:
967:
964:
962:
957:
951:
950:
947:
946:
943:
942:
941:Trigonaloidea
936:
935:
929:
928:
925:
924:
916:
915:
912:
911:
905:
904:
901:
900:
897:
895:
891:
885:
884:
878:
877:
871:
870:
867:
866:
858:
857:
849:
848:
845:
843:
838:
832:
831:
828:
827:
819:
818:
815:
810:
809:
806:
805:
802:
800:
796:
790:
789:
783:
780:
779:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:
757:
756:
753:
751:
747:
741:
740:
737:
736:
733:
732:
726:
725:
719:
718:
712:
709:
708:
702:
699:
698:
695:
694:
691:
689:
684:
680:
674:
673:
667:
664:
663:
659:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
607:
606:
598:
593:
590:
586:
585:
577:
572:
567:
566:
558:
553:
546:
541:
534:
529:
520:
515:
510:
509:
501:
496:
491:
490:
482:
477:
472:
471:
463:
458:
453:
452:
444:
439:
434:
433:
425:
420:
416:
412:
411:
403:
398:
397:
396:
394:
393:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
333:
332:
330:
325:
321:
316:
315:they induce.
314:
310:
309:
305:
304:endosymbiotic
301:
297:
293:
283:
281:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
223:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:hymenopterans
181:
178:
174:
167:
163:
155:
151:
148:
144:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
122:Superfamily:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3410:
3386:Unicalcarida
3341:(sweat bees)
3293:(mason bees)
3248:Philanthidae
3215:Ampulicidae
3210:Ammoplanidae
3193:Spheciformes
3191:
2972:Chrysididae
2959:Chrysidoidea
2922:Trigonalidae
2896:Megalyroidea
2878:Stephanoidea
2808:Spalangiidae
2798:Pteromalidae
2788:Perilampidae
2768:Neodiparidae
2757:(fairyflies)
2730:Macromesidae
2700:Herbertiidae
2670:Eucharitidae
2645:Coelocybidae
2566:Chalcidoidea
2538:Monomachidae
2518:Austroniidae
2500:Vanhorniidae
2490:Peradeniidae
2420:(gall wasps)
2417:
2338:Megaspilidae
2266:
2183:(wood wasps)
2152:Anaxyelidae
2075:Diprionidae
2013:
2004:Holometabola
2002:Superorder:
1996:Infraclass:
1961:Hymenopteran
1899:
1895:
1852:
1833:
1814:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1738:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1655:
1630:
1619:
1586:
1580:
1571:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1488:Knopper gall
1403:Diastrophini
1387:Ceroptresini
1365:
1349:
1255:
1224:
1206:Ceroptresini
1204:
1177:Diastrophini
1175:
1147:gall wasps)
1139:
1124:
1086:
1071:
1042:
1023:
1015:
954:
939:
910:Stephanoidea
908:
888:
837:Chalcidoidea
835:
813:
794:
793:
744:
729:
683:paraphyletic
677:
657:
642:
638:
635:oak potatoes
630:
626:
622:
618:
612:
603:
582:
563:
506:
487:
468:
449:
430:
408:
390:
388:
359:
334:
327:
317:
306:
289:
276:
270:make up the
229:
187:
179:
172:
171:
165:
135:
112:Infraorder:
18:
3580:iNaturalist
3435:Wikispecies
3339:Halictidae
3331:Colletidae
3320:orchid bees
3312:cuckoo bees
3291:Andrenidae
3233:Crabronidae
3170:Formicidae
3162:Formicoidea
3120:Pompilidae
3107:Mutillidae
3099:Pompiloidea
3073:Chyphotidae
2990:Plumariidae
2985:Embolemidae
2904:Megalyridae
2886:Stephanidae
2750:Moranilidae
2720:Leucospidae
2715:Idioporidae
2710:Heydeniidae
2690:Eurytomidae
2640:Cleonymidae
2630:Chalcididae
2605:Boucekiidae
2590:Aphelinidae
2584:(fig wasps)
2533:Maamingidae
2510:Diaprioidea
2485:Pelecinidae
2475:Roproniidae
2441:Liopteridae
2390:Scelionidae
2306:(braconids)
2304:Braconidae
2162:(horntails)
2067:Cimbicidae
1712:2434/801122
1625:Piper, Ross
1419:Phanacidini
1371:Aulacideini
1088:Aulacideini
1073:Phanacidini
711:Parasitoida
666:Hymenoptera
584:Hopea ponga
371:parasitoids
340:, inducing
313:plant galls
96:Hymenoptera
3713:Categories
3384:See also:
3355:Melittidae
3308:bumblebees
3304:honey bees
3275:Anthophila
3258:Sphecidae
3238:Mellinidae
3228:Bembicidae
3149:Scoliidae
3141:Scolioidea
3128:Sapygidae
3115:Myrmosidae
3078:Thynnidae
3065:Thynnoidea
3052:Tiphiidae
3039:Tiphioidea
2967:Bethylidae
2860:Evaniidae
2847:Evanioidea
2813:Systasidae
2755:Mymaridae
2725:Lyciscidae
2685:Eupelmidae
2675:Eulophidae
2660:Encyrtidae
2582:Agaonidae
2523:Diapriidae
2418:Cynipidae
2405:Cynipoidea
2380:Nixoniidae
2223:Orussidae
2215:Orussoidea
2160:Siricidae
2144:Siricoidea
1990:Subclass:
1980:Arthropoda
1765:Q123440111
1504:References
1427:Qwaqwaiini
1126:Qwaqwaiini
890:Evanioidea
782:Cynipoidea
615:oak apples
375:ovipositor
367:inquilines
356:Parasitism
346:eucalyptus
324:inquilines
280:ovipositor
236:wasp waist
192:Cynipoidea
173:Gall wasps
126:Cynipoidea
102:Suborder:
76:Arthropoda
24:Gall wasp
3719:Cynipidae
3683:cynipidae
3468:Cynipidae
3455:Cynipidae
3441:Cynipidae
3411:Cynipidae
3223:Astatidae
3026:Vespidae
3010:Vespoidea
2980:Dryinidae
2855:Aulacidae
2828:Torymidae
2793:Pirenidae
2778:Ormyridae
2773:Ooderidae
2680:Eunotidae
2655:Diparidae
2610:Calesidae
2528:Ismaridae
2480:Heloridae
2436:Ibaliidae
2431:Figitidae
2202:Cephidae
2194:Cephoidea
2104:Xyeloidea
2083:Pergidae
1992:Pterygota
1972:Kingdom:
1889:Cynipidae
1796:0028-0712
1757:0307-6970
1611:Q56609382
1603:0018-067X
1548:Q56853717
1540:0030-5316
1478:Oak apple
1435:Synergini
1355:Cynipinae
1210:inquiline
1145:inquiline
1141:Synergini
1024:Cynipidae
795:Cynipidae
649:Evolution
581:Galls on
342:oak galls
308:Wolbachia
268:propodeum
244:propodeum
230:Like all
188:Cynipidae
180:gallflies
147:Diversity
136:Cynipidae
62:Kingdom:
56:Eukaryota
3489:BugGuide
3420:Wikidata
3253:Psenidae
2595:Azotidae
2110:Xyelidae
2051:Argidae
1998:Neoptera
1978:Phylum:
1974:Animalia
1963:families
1924:BugGuide
1761:Wikidata
1721:28343967
1607:Wikidata
1582:Heredity
1544:Wikidata
1472:See also
1395:Cynipini
1379:Aylacini
1340:Taxonomy
1257:Cynipini
1226:Aylacini
956:Aculeata
701:Apocrita
679:Sawflies
589:Peravoor
525:oak gall
329:Synergus
272:mesosoma
264:metasoma
232:Apocrita
226:Features
132:Family:
106:Apocrita
72:Phylum:
66:Animalia
52:Domain:
3426:Q640774
3183:Apoidea
1986:Insecta
1984:Class:
1959:Extant
1903:on the
1689:Bibcode
300:gametes
260:abdomen
252:petiole
217:⁄
207:⁄
175:, also
92:Order:
86:Insecta
82:Class:
3673:150413
3660:241305
3644:NZOR:
3611:154031
3598:105054
3533:1CYNIF
3299:Apidae
3281:(bees)
3172:(ants)
2615:Ceidae
2458:s.str.
1865:
1840:
1821:
1794:
1763:
1755:
1719:
1643:
1609:
1601:
1546:
1538:
320:larvae
256:gaster
248:thorax
240:tergum
200:plants
182:, are
3691:Plazi
3680:PPE:
3637:73401
3593:IRMNG
3585:55594
3546:11332
3494:14878
1790:(6).
385:Types
350:maple
242:(the
196:galls
3632:NCBI
3606:ITIS
3572:4339
3567:GBIF
3528:EPPO
3520:7495
3476:BOLD
1909:IFAS
1898:and
1863:ISBN
1838:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1792:ISSN
1753:ISSN
1717:PMID
1641:ISBN
1599:ISSN
1536:ISSN
641:and
369:and
362:gall
318:The
3619:NBN
3515:EoL
3507:8VX
3502:CoL
3481:659
3463:AFD
3450:ADW
1922:at
1788:108
1745:doi
1707:hdl
1697:doi
1591:doi
1528:doi
587:at
338:oak
302:by
3715::
3693::
3670::
3657::
3634::
3621::
3608::
3595::
3582::
3569::
3556::
3543::
3530::
3517::
3504::
3491::
3478::
3465::
3452::
3437::
3422::
3322:,
3318:,
3314:,
3310:,
3306:,
1907:/
1905:UF
1786:.
1782:.
1759:.
1751:.
1743:.
1729:^
1715:.
1705:.
1695:.
1685:27
1683:.
1679:.
1639:.
1635:.
1605:.
1597:.
1587:81
1585:.
1556:^
1542:.
1534:.
1524:41
1522:.
1456:,
685:)
381:.
360:A
348:,
274:.
219:16
209:32
3326:)
3302:(
2950:a
2948:t
2946:a
2944:e
2942:l
2940:u
2938:c
2936:A
2460:)
2456:(
2286:a
2284:c
2282:i
2280:t
2278:i
2276:s
2274:a
2272:r
2270:a
2268:P
2258:a
2256:t
2254:i
2252:r
2250:c
2248:o
2246:p
2244:A
2029:a
2027:t
2025:y
2023:h
2021:p
2019:m
2017:y
2015:S
1952:e
1945:t
1938:v
1871:.
1859:)
1846:.
1827:.
1798:.
1767:.
1747::
1723:.
1709::
1699::
1691::
1649:.
1613:.
1593::
1550:.
1530::
1467:.
1362:†
1208:(
1143:(
681:(
331:.
215:5
212:–
205:1
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