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and the German
Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care was founded in 1953. In the 1960s, nurse anesthetists were utilized as a rescue solution due to a severe shortage of anaesthesiologists. NAs administered anesthesia under supervision of the surgeon and filled in for the shortage of anesthesiologists. Almost from the beginning, the German anesthesiologists worked together with an anesthesia assistant. After completing their nursing program, to become a nurse anesthetist (NA), the nurses were trained for two more years within anesthesia and intensive care. It was not until 1992 that enough anesthesiologists were trained to abandon the NA concept. In 2004, the German private HELIOS hospitals started, once again, to train nurses to become Medizinische Assistant fur Anästhesie (MAfA) comparable to the NA. To become a MAfA, nurses first had to work for at least two years in an anesthesia or intensive care department, followed by one year of practical training in anesthesia (400 hours). The training involved 200 hours of theoretical training and three days of training in an anesthesia simulator. The HELIOS hospitals initiated this MAfA training so that they could introduce parallel anesthesia, that is, one anesthesiologist giving anesthesia in two different theatres. In every OR, a MAfA would administer the anesthesia and receive supervision from the anesthesiologist. Sadly, three weeks after certification of one of the first MAfAs, a fatal complication occurred in a healthy 18-year-old male while a MAfA was giving anesthesia. After this incident, much criticism was levelled by the National Physicians’ Board in Germany and MAfA training was stopped immediately.
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sisters and these nurses started performing duties in various hospitals. Between the First and Second World Wars, operating theatre attendants (OTAs) or theatre porters/orderlies were helping the surgeons and anesthesiologists. After WWII, the OTA changed their names to operating theatre technician (OTT) and extended their role following the model used in the military. OTTs became the assistant to the anesthesiologist and were responsible for the anaesthesia equipment and assisted the anesthesiologist during complex tasks including transfusion, resuscitation and endotracheal intubation. Besides the OTTs, an anaesthetic nursing service was established during the eighties. These relatively few registered anaesthetic nurses could take more responsibility in comparison to the OTT and were, for example, allowed to administer drugs and to set up intravenous infusions. The prospect of training non-medical anaesthesia professionals to administer anaesthesia had been suggested, intermittently, for several years, but has been resisted strongly by the
Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland In Europe, only Belgium and the UK have relied entirely on physician-based anaesthesia but, in recent years, experimental training schemes for non-medical graduates have been introduced to address the staffing crisis problem
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Ministry of Health commissioned a certificate of competence as infirmier aide anesthésiste (IAA) for nurse anesthetists. From then onward, only specialized nurses were allowed to administer anesthesia independent of the surgeon. Similar to the situation in the US, anesthesiologists tried to distance themselves from anesthetists. In 1974, the
Professional Association of Physician Anesthesiologists submitted a Bill in order to extinguish the profession, but the bill was withdrawn and a campaign was started for the legal recognition oh the nurse anesthetist profession. In the 1980s, the profession of nurse anesthetist was nationally recognized and given the new title infirmier spécialisé en anesthésie-réanimation (ISAR). This was accompanied by an official training program and state diploma. Training to become an NA requires at least two years’ experience as a general nurse, followed by success at an examination at the end of two years’ special training in an anaesthetic nurse school teaching the acquisition of the national certification.
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patient to the surgeon would administer the anaesthetic. In 1934, anaesthesia physicians became organised industrially and educationally very early as the
Australian Society of Anaesthetists (ASA), and an early principle was that, whenever possible, one anaesthetist (and not an assistant) would care for and supervise one patient and that the anaesthetised patient would receive priority over all other activities. As nursing shortages were widespread, there was little scope for branching out into anaesthesia administration; nurses gravitated towards operating theatre scout and scrub duties. While the concept of non-medical nurse practitioners surfaced and was successful in the different states of Australia and in New Zealand, the non-medical anaesthesia professional has been more prevalent within the sub- branches of the anaesthesia services. Physicians became the sole administrators of anaesthesia in other parts of the former British Empire – in Singapore, Malaya, Hong Kong, India, Malta, Aden and Gibraltar.
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rapidly. Until now, there have been no non-medical anaesthesia professionals in Japan; however, recently, the debate has started regarding its potential introduction into
Japanese operating theatres. In 2010, a first, important step was taken by starting an exchange education programme with the USA. In China, the history is not much different. Some early pioneer anaesthesiologists came back from the USA bringing with them the message of anaesthesia, but it was not till the early 1950s that modern anaesthesia was introduced only to come to an abrupt halt during the Cultural Revolution when only acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine were encouraged. After 1979, anaesthesia developed rapidly and achieved independence from surgery by 1989. The role of non-medical anaesthesia professionals is very limited in China.
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awarded. A majority (73%) of countries in Africa rely on non-physician anesthesia providers (NPAP) or some form of non-physician qualification in order to practice anesthesia. Most countries had both physician and non-physician training routes. Of all the NPAP training pathways, 60% required a nursing background for entry, 14% required either nursing or other clinical experience, 12% specifically required clinical experience other than nursing, and 14% required no prior clinical experience. Physicians provided clinical supervision and curriculum teaching for NPAP programs less than half the time. Liberia, Niger, Togo, Congo, Central
African Republic, South Sudan, and Eritrea currently only train nurse anesthetists in the administration of anesthesia.
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Nationale
Vereniging van Ziekenhuizen (National Society of Hospitals). According to a survey held in 1969, a shortage of 80–100 anaesthesiologists existed in the Netherlands. This deficit was solved by allowing NAs to administer anaesthesia but only under direct supervision of the surgeon. In 1970, the Dutch National Health Council stated that every anaesthesiologist needed the help of a qualified NA. The flexible, two-table system was henceforth only allowed if an NA stayed with the patient throughout the operation. During the end of the 1960s and early 1970s NAs were exclusively supervised by anaesthesiologists and no longer by surgeons. It was not until 1984 when the training of NAs received approval from the Ministry of Health.
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greatest incidence of morbidity and mortality. In addition to high risks, the job of anesthetist was also very low paying, which dissuaded bright students to take up anesthesia as a profession. An acute shortage of anesthetists compelled most surgeons to recruit medical students or low-ranking physicians from marginal medical specialties. After several incidents following this model, some surgeons felt that training a dedicated anesthetist might improve matters. Surgeons turned to religious hospital sisters, who devoted complete attention to the well-being of the patient and who accepted the gravest responsibilities without any economic reward.
34:
250:(CRNA) is a nurse anesthetist who is licensed to administer anesthesia in the United States. CRNAs account for approximately half of the anesthesia providers in the United States and are the main providers of anesthesia in rural America. Historically, nurse anesthetists have been providing anesthesia care to patients since the American Civil War and the CRNA credential came into existence in 1956. CRNA schools issue a master's or doctorate degree to nurses who have completed a program in anesthesia, which ranges from two to three years in length.
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required a parallel, appropriate development in anaesthesia. Scandinavian nurses developed general anaesthesia into a craft that required high levels of qualification characterised by expert knowledge, observational expertise and skills. Formal education of NAs has taken place since 1962 in Sweden, 1963 in
Finland and 1965 in Norway. National societies of NAs were founded in 1960 in Sweden, 1965 in Norway and 1966 in Finland.
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epidural anaesthesia (44%); managed anaesthetised patients intraoperatively (79%); performed tracheal extubation (77%); and managed patients in the immediate postoperative period (54%). Fifty-seven per cent of respondents at that time reported that they were required to have a physician anesthesiologist supervise their work, while 43% reported no such requirement.
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Despite a gradual increase in the number of anaesthesiologists responsible for anaesthesia, in the first half of the 20th century, nurses and religious nuns largely took care of the anaesthetic aspects of an operation under supervision of a surgeon. Since 1966, NAs were officially trained by the
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Until after WWII, the surgeons were responsible for both operating and supervising the nurse who administered anesthesia. Anesthesia was a subspeciality of the surgical department. Because surgery became increasingly more complex, the
Facharzt für Anästhesie (anaesthesia physician) was introduced
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Initially, nurses took a great deal of responsibility for the practice of
Anaesthesia in Scandinavia and worked in a fashion similar to that pertaining many other countries, under the leadership of a surgeon. Some prominent surgeons, in the mid-19th century, realised that developments in surgery
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granting complete autonomy as of 2024. In states that have opted out of supervision, the Joint Commission and CMS recognize CRNAs as licensed independent practitioners. In states requiring supervision, CRNAs have liability separate from supervising practitioners and are able to administer anesthesia
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The majority of people living in African countries do not have access to safe and affordable anesthesia, analgesia, and surgical care. There are 30 distinct pathways to train as an anesthesia provider in Africa, defined as the unique combination of entry qualification, duration, and qualification
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at Massachusetts General Hospital, pain associated with surgery dissuaded patients and surgeons from most forms of elective surgery. From 1850 until about 1875, most surgical morbidity and mortality was blamed on either infection or anesthesia. After 1875, anesthesia was cited as the cause of the
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In outback Australia, anaesthesia was frequently administered by non-medical assistants, attracting strong criticism by the medical establishment. The standard pattern of anaesthesia administration in the early 1900s in Australian cities was that the general practitioner (GP) referring the
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After 1869, Japanese medicine came under German influence such that regional anaesthesia was dominant over general anaesthesia. It was not until 1950, when Meyer Sakland from USA conveyed modern knowledge of anaesthesia to the Japanese, that general anaesthesia became popular and developed
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The British Army had only ever experienced anaesthesia delivered by doctors and the arrival at the “front” of USA NAs astonished them. The great skill and care that was displayed by these NAs soon caused amazement to yield to admiration and, in 1918, classes were formed for British nursing
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The specialty of a non-medical anesthesia professional did not exist before WWII in France. After WWII, the HĂ´pital de Saint-Germain-en-Laye offered practical training for paramedics and nurses. Until the 1970s, many general hospitals had no appointed physician anesthesiologists. In 1960, the
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A survey of hospital-based practice conducted in 1996 reported that, worldwide, nurse anesthetists provided 85% of all anesthesia for Caesarean sections; administered drugs to induce anaesthesia (77%); performed tracheal intubation (74%); administered spinal anaesthesia (57%); administered
205:. At St John's, the administration of chloroform and ether was taught to the nurses by surgeons, and many of the Franciscan Sisters were assigned as anesthetists throughout the Midwest. Nurse anesthesia became “undoubtedly a prevailing practice in many Catholic hospitals”.
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in 1863 that she administered chloroform to wounded soldiers who needed emergency operations in the battlefield. The earliest recorded nurse to specialize in anesthesia was Sister Mary Bernard Sheridan, a Catholic nun who practiced in 1877 at St. Vincent's Hospital in
145:. Because of different historical backgrounds, anesthetist responsibilities and roles vary widely between countries. Depending on the locality, their role may be limited to intraoperative care during anesthesia itself or may also extend before and after (for
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Autobiography. Sketch of life and labors of Miss Catherine S. Lawrence, who in early life distinguished herself as a bitter opponent of slavery and intemperence, and in later life as a nurse in late war, and for other patriotic and philanthropic
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Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. "Standards Revisions Related to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-04. Retrieved
193:. Her influence spread throughout the Midwest, and many other Catholic nuns who were also nurses began training to administer anesthesia. Nuns of the Third Order of the Hospital Sisters of St Francis from
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and immediate postoperative management). The International Federation of Nurse Anesthetists was established in 1989 as a forum for developing standards of education, practice, and a code of ethics.
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to observe operations and learn their surgical techniques. However, the visiting surgeons also took note of the nurses administering anesthesia at the head of the operating table.
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Taki, M; Fortin, E; Nomura, M (2010). "How to collaborate with anesthesiologists as members of the perioperative care team? The current situation and future prospects in Japan".
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American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (2013). "Scope of Nurse Anesthesia Practice" (PDF). www.aana.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-04. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
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or other medical procedures. Nurse anesthetists (NA's) administer or participate in administration of anesthesia services in 107 countries, working with or without
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Council on Accreditation of Nurse Anesthesia Educational Programs. "Requirements to Practice as a Nurse Anesthetist in the United States". www.coacrna.org.
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Gene Blumenreich. "A Surgeons Responsibility for CRNAs" (PDF). www.aana.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-08-04. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
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Daughettry, Lindsay (2010). "Is There a Shortage of Anesthesia Providers in the United States?". RAND Health. Retrieved September 30, 2018.
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Arbous, MS; Meursing, AE; Van Kleef, JW (2005). "Impact of anesthesia management characteristics on severe morbidity and mortality".
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Although Catholic nuns seemed to be the most influential force in teaching nurses to administer anesthesia in the late 1800s, it was
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Getili, ME (2001). "Anesthesia and non-physician anesthetists: what are the real needs for which kind of health policy?".
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he association of anesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland 1932–1992 and the development of the speciality of anesthesia
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McAuliffe, M. S; Henry, B (1998). "Survey of nurse anesthesia practice, education, and regulation in 96 countries".
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Notes on the administration of anaesthetics in America, with special reference to the practice at the Mayo Clinic
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Garde, John (September 1996). "The Nurse Anesthesia Profession: A Past, Present, and Future Perspective".
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Gene Blumenreich. "Legal Briefs: Captain of the Ship Doctrine" (PDF). www.aana.com. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
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and practitioner oversight requirements vary between healthcare facility and state, with 25 states and
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Before the first public demonstration of successful ether anesthesia in 1846 by William T.G. Morton, a
1129:"lobal Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and eco- nomic development"
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Chan, YW (2010). "History of Anesthesia (Singapore) – from ether to Balanced Anesthesia and Beyond".
375:"The global organization of nurses in anesthesia: The International Federation of Nurse Anesthetists"
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who should be credited for promoting the popularity of nurse anesthesia practice. Mayo and his sons
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Alike, BC; Raykar, NP; Shrime, MG (2015). "Global access to surgical care: a modelling study".
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Among the first American nurses to provide anesthetics was Catherine S. Lawrence during the
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1222:. Abstracts of the 13th Asian and Australasian Congress of Anaesthesiologists. p. 19.
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Smith, AF (2005). "Anaesthetic practitioners in the UK: promise, perils and psychology".
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were well known for their surgical skills. Surgeons traveled from across the country to
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An American nurse anesthetist assists Cameroon partners with anestheisa administration
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Secher, O (1985). "The introduction of ether anesthesia in the Nordic countries".
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Tammisto, T; Tammisto, C. "Finland's first anesthesia revealed by newspapers".
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A US nurse anesthetist assisting a Ghanaian nurse anesthesist with intubation
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Abstracts of the 13th Asian and Australasian Congress of Anaesthesiologists
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Minzuno, J; Yann, D; De Almeida, S (2006). "Nurse Anesthetists in France".
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A nurse anesthetist providing sedation to a patient before an operation
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50-Jahre Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin
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Oakley, M (2006). "The anaesthetic nurses' perception of their role".
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737:"Fact Sheet Concerning State Opt-Outs And November 13, 2001 CMS Rule"
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Anesthesia and the practice of medicine: historical perspectives
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Catherine Lawrence (1820–1904) in a photograph taken during the
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American Society of Anesthesia Technologists & Technicians
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Norder, H. "Over narcotiseren en de dingen die voorbij gaan".
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History of Anesthesia, With Emphasis on the Nurse Specialist.
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History of Anesthesia, With Emphasis on the Nurse Specialist.
905:. Association of Anesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology
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Effects of early-life exposures to anesthesia on the brain
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1237:. Australasian Medical Publishing Company. pp. 14–17.
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Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
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Watchful Care; A History of America's Nurse Anesthetists.
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independently of physicians, such as anesthesiologists.
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Watchful Care: A History of Americas Nurse Anesthetists
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International Federation of Nurse Anesthetists (2007).
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European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
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New York: The Continuum Publishing Company. p. 25-26.
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American Association of Nurse Anaesthetists (2007).
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Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists
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920:. London: UK: Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd.
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581:AANA History: Hand in Hand with Nurse Anesthesia.
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619:Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, p. 54-67.
461:. American Association of Nurse Anesthesiology.
715:American Association of Nurse Anesthesiologists
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1987:
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649:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
606:Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, p. 54.
544:Journal of Perioperative Nursing in Australia
2367:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
1127:Meara, JG; Leather, AJ; Hagander, L (2015).
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1233:Brydon, AG; Hallows, BR; Hughes, M (1932).
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2670:American Association of Nurse Anesthetists
1994:
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1235:Practical Anesthesia. Glebe NSW, Australia
868:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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2715:International Anesthesia Research Society
2322:ASA physical status classification system
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2067:Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia
1205:9th World Congress of Nurse Anesthetists
717:. AANA State Government Affairs Division
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16:Nurse trained to provide anesthesia care
2700:Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists
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379:Trends in Anaesthesia and Critical Care
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1220:The History of Anesthesia in Australia
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708:"Fact Sheet Concerning State Opt Outs"
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248:Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist
234:Certified registered nurse anesthetist
21:Certified registered nurse anesthetist
2680:American Society of Anesthesiologists
1975:
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930:
664:. Proc R Soc Med. pp. 1912–1913.
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201:, and on June 22, 1879, they founded
2769:Advanced practice registered nursing
2685:Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care
1942:
1784:Nursing Interventions Classification
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416:http://ifna-int.org/ifna/page.php?16
2710:Australian Society of Anaesthetists
2618:Physicians' assistant (anaesthesia)
2521:Postoperative residual curarization
1954:
1037:Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica
1002:Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica
404:
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2598:Operating department practitioners
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1014:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1985.tb02150.x
802:European Journal of Anesthesiology
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2608:Certified anesthesia technologist
2516:Postoperative nausea and vomiting
2031:Procedural sedation and analgesia
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19:For the American occupation, see
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2149:Transverse abdominis plane block
1953:
1941:
1930:
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1087:10.1097/00000542-200502000-00005
945:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2005.04429.x
814:10.1097/00003643-200105000-00011
509:Nursing Clinics of North America
227:
2743:
2649:History of neuraxial anesthesia
2603:Certified anesthesia technician
2425:Double-lumen endobronchial tube
2286:Blood–gas partition coefficient
2119:Intravenous regional anesthesia
1794:Nursing Outcomes Classification
1789:Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS)
1461:Associate of Science in Nursing
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2695:Royal College of Anaesthetists
2654:History of tracheal intubation
2301:Minimum alveolar concentration
2238:Anesthesia provision in the US
1466:Bachelor of Science in Nursing
660:Dickenson-Berry, F.M. (1912).
566:. Albany, New York: J.B. Lyon.
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2644:History of general anesthesia
2156:Total intravenous anaesthesia
2104:Inferior alveolar nerve block
2050:Continuous wound infiltration
1688:Psychiatric and mental health
1146:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60160-X
981:Endres, H (24 January 2023).
521:10.1016/S0029-6465(22)00168-2
414:Retrieved May 23, 2007, from
359:
2207:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
1481:Master of Science in Nursing
1182:10.1213/ANE.0000000000004302
970:. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
916:Sykes, K; Bunker, J (2007).
583:Retrieved May 26, 2007 from
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2542:Critical emergency medicine
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197:established a community in
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2588:Anesthesiologist assistant
2450:Relative analgesia machine
1476:Doctor of Nursing Practice
903:"A physician only service"
457:Bankert, Marianne (1989).
391:10.1016/j.tacc.2016.03.001
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2511:Postanesthetic shivering
2377:Neuromuscular monitoring
2268:Rapid sequence induction
2197:Inhalational anesthetics
1812:International Nurses Day
1328:Licensed practical nurse
1170:Anesthesia and Analgesia
645:Clapesattle, H. (1969).
482:Nagelhout, John (2010).
147:preanesthetic assessment
2562:Oral sedation dentistry
2552:Intensive care medicine
2506:Perioperative mortality
2362:Guedel's classification
2109:Intercostal nerve block
1491:Nurse Licensure Compact
329:
131:advanced practice nurse
77:and the elimination of
2613:Anaesthetic technician
2501:Malignant hyperthermia
615:Thatcher, V.S. (1953)
602:Thatcher, V.S. (1953)
373:Meeusen, vera (2016).
322:
243:
177:
2779:Perioperative nursing
2435:Laryngeal mask airway
2279:Scientific principles
2248:Dogliotti's principle
2124:Occipital nerve block
2089:Brachial plexus block
1723:Travel health nursing
1323:Clinical nurse leader
1218:Westhorpe, R (2010).
966:SchĂĽttler, J (2003).
320:
241:
199:Springfield, Illinois
172:
2481:Drug-induced amnesia
2476:Anesthesia awareness
2410:Anesthetic vaporizer
2387:Thyromental distance
2291:Concentration effect
2165:Pharmacologic agents
2134:Pudendal nerve block
1548:Correctional nursing
1110:Lancet Global Health
854:Boulton, TB (1999).
561:Lyon, James (1896).
184:. It was during the
2405:Anaesthetic machine
2263:Tracheal intubation
2253:Intravenous therapy
2192:General anesthetics
2144:Sciatic nerve block
2099:Femoral nerve block
2094:Fascia iliaca block
2072:Epidural anesthesia
2038:Twilight anesthesia
1882:Republic of Ireland
1658:Occupational health
1648:Nursing informatics
1424:Psych/mental health
628:Bankert, M. (1989)
28:
2491:Emergence delirium
2471:Allergic reactions
2347:Entropy monitoring
2129:Paracervical block
2114:Interpleural block
2077:Spinal anaesthesia
2062:Neuraxial blockade
1746:Nursing assessment
1608:Legal consultation
1471:Diploma in Nursing
1456:Nightingale Pledge
1383:Nurse practitioner
983:"Das MAfA-konzept"
858:. London, England.
590:2007-06-04 at the
323:
244:
203:St John's Hospital
191:Erie, Pennsylvania
182:American Civil War
178:
175:American Civil War
110:Outpatient surgery
86:Education required
73:Administration of
26:
2756:
2755:
2593:Nurse anesthetist
2420:Bronchial blocker
2415:Arterial catheter
2306:Second gas effect
2233:Airway management
2202:Local anesthetics
2139:Retrobulbar block
1969:
1968:
1756:Nursing care plan
1751:Nursing diagnosis
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1404:Adult-gerontology
1392:NPs by population
1373:Nurse anesthetist
1353:Advanced practice
1139:(9993): 569–624.
939:(11): 1055–1058.
835:(12): 1506–1509.
685:"CRNA Fact Sheet"
252:Scope of practice
143:anesthesiologists
127:nurse anesthetist
123:
122:
90:Varies by country
27:Nurse anesthetist
2786:
2746:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2583:Anesthesiologist
2372:Mallampati score
2332:Bispectral index
2172:Anticholinergics
1996:
1989:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1957:
1956:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1932:
1623:Medical-surgical
1526:Specialties and
1486:Board of nursing
1358:
1357:
1333:Registered nurse
1308:
1307:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1032:
1026:
1025:
997:
991:
990:
978:
972:
971:
963:
957:
956:
928:
922:
921:
913:
907:
906:
899:
893:
892:
880:
874:
873:
867:
859:
851:
845:
844:
824:
818:
817:
797:
791:
788:
782:
779:
773:
769:
763:
760:
754:
753:
751:
750:
741:
733:
727:
726:
724:
722:
712:
704:
698:
695:
689:
688:
681:
675:
672:
666:
665:
657:
651:
650:
647:The Doctors Mayo
642:
633:
626:
620:
613:
607:
600:
594:
577:
568:
567:
558:
552:
551:
539:
533:
532:
504:
498:
497:
484:Nurse Anesthesia
479:
473:
472:
454:
445:
444:
424:
418:
408:
402:
401:
399:
397:
370:
354:Anesthesiologist
133:who administers
50:Activity sectors
36:
29:
25:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2724:
2658:
2622:
2571:
2525:
2459:
2391:
2337:Body mass index
2310:
2274:
2221:
2187:Benzodiazepines
2160:
2009:
2000:
1970:
1965:
1921:
1798:
1771:
1770:Classification
1765:
1738:Nursing process
1732:
1573:Faith community
1538:Ambulatory care
1529:
1527:
1520:
1446:
1444:
1428:
1387:
1347:
1343:Nurse scientist
1303:
1297:
1292:
1262:
1261:
1246:
1242:
1231:
1227:
1216:
1212:
1201:
1197:
1166:
1162:
1125:
1121:
1106:
1102:
1071:
1067:
1052:
1048:
1033:
1029:
998:
994:
979:
975:
964:
960:
929:
925:
914:
910:
901:
900:
896:
881:
877:
861:
860:
852:
848:
825:
821:
798:
794:
789:
785:
780:
776:
770:
766:
761:
757:
748:
746:
739:
735:
734:
730:
720:
718:
710:
706:
705:
701:
696:
692:
683:
682:
678:
673:
669:
658:
654:
643:
636:
627:
623:
614:
610:
601:
597:
592:Wayback Machine
578:
571:
559:
555:
540:
536:
505:
501:
494:
480:
476:
469:
455:
448:
425:
421:
409:
405:
395:
393:
371:
367:
362:
350:
341:
332:
315:
306:
304:The Netherlands
297:
288:
279:
270:
265:
236:
230:
218:Charles H. Mayo
214:William J. Mayo
210:William W. Mayo
159:
99:
97:
87:
51:
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2792:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2537:Cardiothoracic
2533:
2531:
2530:Subspecialties
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2445:Magill forceps
2442:
2440:Laryngeal tube
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2352:Fick principle
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2182:Butyrophenones
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2007:anesthesiology
1999:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1902:United Kingdom
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1761:Nursing theory
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1678:Perianesthesia
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1506:Nurse registry
1503:
1501:Nursing school
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1414:Women's health
1411:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1338:Graduate nurse
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1240:
1225:
1210:
1195:
1176:(3): 839–846.
1160:
1119:
1100:
1081:(2): 257–268.
1075:Anesthesiology
1065:
1046:
1027:
992:
973:
958:
923:
908:
894:
875:
846:
819:
808:(5): 336–337.
792:
783:
774:
764:
755:
728:
699:
690:
676:
667:
652:
634:
621:
608:
595:
569:
553:
534:
515:(3): 567–580.
499:
492:
474:
467:
446:
419:
403:
364:
363:
361:
358:
357:
356:
349:
346:
340:
337:
331:
328:
314:
311:
305:
302:
296:
293:
287:
284:
278:
277:United Kingdom
275:
269:
266:
264:
261:
229:
226:
158:
155:
121:
120:
119:
118:
113:
107:
100:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
52:
49:
46:
45:
41:
40:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2791:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2749:
2741:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:Organizations
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2567:Pain medicine
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:Complications
2462:
2456:
2455:Tracheal tube
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:Goldman index
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1962:
1961:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1917:
1913:
1912:United States
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1698:Public health
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1683:Perioperative
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:Critical care
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1378:Nurse midwife
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:Student nurse
1316:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
988:
984:
977:
969:
962:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
919:
912:
904:
898:
890:
886:
879:
871:
865:
857:
850:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
787:
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2177:Antiemetics
2084:Nerve block
1960:WikiProject
1877:Philippines
1862:New Zealand
1718:Telenursing
1668:Orthopedics
1598:Home health
1311:Generalists
1008:(1): 2–10.
772:2018-08-03.
295:Scandinavia
75:anesthetics
65:Description
2774:Anesthesia
2763:Categories
2382:Pain scale
2226:Techniques
2003:Anesthesia
1804:By country
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135:anesthesia
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