643:
771:
42:
316:
541:
822:, to a background role while he "inserted Suharto, together with other military men, into new places", legitimising the New Order government. He faced widespread criticism throughout his life from Indonesian historians and was alluded to by a member of the military as "a historian who pretends to be a military man", although he enjoyed travelling overseas as his titular military rank meant he could wear a uniform.
416:. Despite wanting to remain in the military, under the influence of his father he continued his education, eventually enrolling in the faculty of literature at the University of Indonesia. During the 1950s he wrote extensively and was active in numerous political and academic groups, finally graduating with a degree in history in 1958.
817:
For his military and civilian service, Notosusanto received several awards from the
Indonesian government, including the Bintang Dharma, Bintang Gerilya, Bintang Yudha, Dharma Naraya, and Satyalencana Penegak. McGregor describes him as "the central propagandist of the New Order regime", writing that
633:
on academic sorties. He completed his bachelour's degree in history from UI in 1958, becoming a lecturer at UI after graduation. On 12 December 1960, he married Irma
Sawitri Ramelan (better known as Lilik). Together they had three children: Indrya Smita, Inggita Sukma, and Narottama.
559:
for further military training. Influenced by his father's disapproval of the military, he finished his senior high school education, despite wanting to continue with the army. After graduating senior high school in 1951, he immediately enrolled with the faculty of literature at the
761:
During this period
Notosusanto continued to teach, although he also became involved with administrative work at UI. He served as assistant dean at the university's faculty of literature between 1963 and 1964, later serving as assistant rector from 1964 to 1967. After writing his
474:(regents); his grandfather, Notomidjojo, was likewise connected to the nobility. While still a child Nugroho Notosusanto began writing short stories; his father later recalled that they were filled with themes of struggle and nationalism. Another of Notosusanto's relatives,
818:
he worked "tirelessly" to support the military. She argues that he controlled a "cult of personality" built around
President Suharto, giving the reorganisation of history museums as an example. According to McGregor, Notosusanto relegated the country's first president,
797:. Concurrently with his work as Minister of Education and Culture, Notosusanto served as rector of UI; students disapproved of his selection, considering him a military official sent to limit their freedom. He died at his Jakarta home on 3 June 1985 after suffering a
750:, Mexico, opened in 1972 and contained numerous dioramas. In a later pamphlet Notosusanto wrote that dioramas were necessary as "the habit of reading is still developing ... historical visualisation remains an effective way to express the identity of
573:
During the 1950s
Notosusanto wrote extensively, focusing on essays but also writing poems and, later, short stories; the last of his creative works were written around 1956. He published four short story anthologies between 1958 and 1963. The first,
766:
on "The Peta Army During the
Japanese Occupation in Indonesia", Notosusanto received his doctorate in 1977 from UI; the thesis was translated into Indonesian and published in 1979 by Gramedia. Two years later he was made a full professor.
443:
regime led to his being regarded with contempt by other
Indonesian historians. Between 1983 and his death Notosusanto served concurrently as rector of the University of Indonesia and Minister of Education and Culture.
1579:
594:, Yogyakarta, and Jakarta. The others, and his numerous stories which were published outside of anthologies, mostly dealt with the war and the positive effects of revolution.
597:
Aside from his writing, Notosusanto was active in student and political organisations, the student press, and academic conferences. With other students he picketed the
1603:
1396:
435:'s history division, holding an honorary rank. Continuing to teach, he wrote extensively on the revolution and other military events, including the first book on the
512:
so that his father could work for the
Ministry of Law. The younger Notosusanto fought for the revolutionaries. He first joined the 17th Brigade of the Student Army (
1644:
1514:
1470:
McGregor, Katharine E. (2005). "Nugroho
Notosusanto: The Legacy of a Historian in the Service of an Authoritarian Regime". In Zurbuchen, Mary S. (ed.).
1436:
1538:
140:
90:
528:
and often slept at the homes of local villagers. Historian
Katherine McGregor suggests that this influenced his later short stories, which took
400:(15 July 1930 – 3 June 1985) was an Indonesian short story writer turned military historian who served as a professor of history at the
57:
642:
1669:
786:
723:; 1984), for which Notosusanto received a writing credit. He subsequently wrote books accentuating the role of the military in Indonesia's
686:
650:
By the early 1960s, Notosusanto had abandoned his literary career, focusing instead on history. In 1960 he received a scholarship from the
709:, was the first on the subject to be published and was the "official version" of the incident. It was later used as the basis for the pro-
1659:
793:
and student selection systems. He also instituted a new curriculum, replacing the one that had been in use since 1975 and promoting the
1649:
582:), consisted of six short stories. It dealt with the struggle against the Dutch colonists during the revolution. His second anthology,
1679:
1530:
464:, on 15 July 1930, the first of three children born to R.P. Notosusanto, a professor of Islamic law and later one of the founders of
1689:
1639:
1575:
315:
655:
1500:
1378:
1664:
1595:
1388:
493:, in 1937. The following year he transferred to a school for native Indonesians in the colony's capital at Batavia (now
1684:
693:. In 1963 he was appointed to the committee deciding on the content of the Monas Museum to be built in the base of the
1479:
1020:
734:
in Jakarta as a modern museum showcasing the military's role in the country's history. The museum, modeled after the
681:
During the mid-to-late 1960s Notosusanto wrote extensively on the military history of Indonesia, including a book on
751:
678:
of 1948. In 1964 he was chosen as head of the Department of Military History. He also worked as a lecturer at UI.
662:, England. He dropped out in 1961 and returned to Indonesia in 1962. Around this time he was recruited by General
1510:
1437:"Representing the Indonesian Past: The National Monument History Museum from Guided Democracy to the New Order"
789:
and taking office three days later. During his two years as minister, he worked on several programs, including
724:
505:
409:
381:
1674:
694:
1654:
802:
671:
478:, later recalled that he had always stood at attention, "like a soldier", when the future national anthem "
230:
551:
After the end of the revolution, Notosusanto was given a choice between resuming his studies or going to
782:
775:
743:
304:
770:
370:
468:, and his wife. The family was well connected, and several of Nugroho Notosusanto's relatives were
41:
735:
561:
401:
117:
715:
651:
602:
465:
1010:
755:
731:
698:
440:
436:
162:
1634:
1629:
1534:
790:
663:
659:
424:
423:, in the early 1960s Notosusanto – by then a lecturer – was contacted by General
420:
508:
from 1945 to 1949 Nugroho Notosusanto's family lived in the temporary national capital at
8:
798:
646:
Nugroho Notosusanto as Head of the History Center of the Indonesian National Armed Forces
618:
570:, or UI). However, he continued to resent the older generation and political leadership.
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540:
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888:
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846:
806:
461:
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203:
145:
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95:
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from 1945 to 1949, he saw active service as a member of the Student Army, working
1490:
1368:
667:
591:
432:
339:
964:
The Revolt Against the Japanese of a Peta Battalion in Blitar, February 14, 1945
1364:
754:". In existing museums he revised the dioramas to better suit the needs of the
598:
525:
479:
413:
1492:
History in Uniform: Military Ideology and the Construction of Indonesia's Past
1623:
1177:
1175:
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1171:
1169:
892:
675:
630:
428:
1567:
1269:
913:
871:
850:
485:
Nugroho Notosusanto began his elementary education at a Dutch-run school in
439:
of 1965. His work producing official history on behalf of the authoritarian
988:
971:
937:
763:
702:
498:
457:
405:
1166:
954:
1056:
1054:
1052:
747:
622:
590:), was published the following year and followed events in three cities:
556:
545:
408:, he exhibited a high degree of nationalism from a young age. During the
109:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
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1038:
1036:
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758:
government. In 1969 he was promoted to head the Monas Museum committee.
1455:
794:
509:
475:
283:
28:
1370:
State Terrorism and Political Identity in Indonesia: Fatally Belonging
497:), graduating in 1942. He completed his junior high school studies in
1029:
682:
490:
1257:
739:
614:
529:
1088:
1086:
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Notosusanto (centre) with several contemporary writers, including
819:
785:
when it was formed on 16 March 1983, replacing outgoing minister
710:
610:
494:
453:
219:
199:
78:
1594:
1317:
1275:
1012:
Siapa Nugroho Notosusanto, Tentara Yang Menjadi Tokoh Pendidikan
1081:
486:
470:
168:
1574:
1181:
1513:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Ministry of Education and Culture.
626:
606:
552:
25:
1008:
1329:
1509:
1199:
1060:
930:
The Coup Attempt of the September 30 Movement in Indonesia
707:
The Coup Attempt of the 30 September Movement in Indonesia
1472:
Beginning to remember: The Past in the Indonesian Present
1341:
1216:
1214:
1245:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1115:
1113:
1071:
1069:
427:
and tasked with writing a history of the revolution and
1387:
1305:
1263:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
981:
The National Struggle and the Armed Forces in Indonesia
666:
to provide a version of the revolution amenable to the
1293:
1281:
1211:
1187:
1154:
1137:
1125:
1110:
1098:
1066:
518:), later transferring to the People's Security Army (
1578:(in Indonesian). Presidential Library of Indonesia.
1529:
1226:
1092:
605:embassies in Jakarta, supporting independence for
1560:Development of Indonesian Cabinets and Government
1621:
1474:. Singapore University Press. pp. 209–232.
1391:[Credits for Pengkhianatan G-30-S PKI].
927:
565:
519:
513:
1556:Perkembangan Kabinet dan Pemerintahan Indonesia
1395:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfiden Foundation.
697:in the centre of Jakarta. His 1968 book on the
16:Indonesian historian and politician (1930–1985)
1645:Academic staff of the University of Indonesia
730:Sometime after 1968 Notosusanto conceived of
983:. Jakarta: Centre for Armed Forces History.
966:. Jakarta: Centre for Armed Forces History.
949:. Jakarta: Centre for Armed Forces History.
928:Notosusanto, Nugroho; Saleh, Ismail (1971).
701:coup in 1965, written in collaboration with
978:
961:
944:
899:
878:
857:
836:
1495:. Honolulu: University of Honolulu Press.
830:
613:. He also travelled extensively, visiting
524:). During this period he exclusively did
40:
1015:. Jakarta: Tempo Publishing. p. 16.
1562:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Ghalia.
1553:
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1411:
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1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1287:
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1148:
1131:
1119:
1104:
1075:
825:
769:
641:
539:
264:
419:After a failed attempt to study at the
1622:
656:School of Oriental and African Studies
130:15 January 1982 – 3 June 1985
1435:McGregor, Katharine E. (April 2003).
1009:Pusat Data dan Analisa Tempo (2019).
947:The Peta Army in Indonesia, 1943-1945
781:Notosusanto was made a member of the
1276:Tempo 2012, Tidak Sekadar Buat Makan
431:. By 1964 he had become head of the
70:19 March 1983 – 3 June 1985
1670:Indonesian male short story writers
1602:(in Indonesian). 10 November 1973.
921:
906:Green of My Land, Green of My Shirt
13:
1660:20th-century Indonesian historians
1517:from the original on 11 April 2013
1399:from the original on 31 March 2014
1182:PLI, Prof. Dr. Nugroho Notosusanto
674:-backed history which ignored the
535:
14:
1701:
1650:Government ministers of Indonesia
1606:from the original on 4 March 2016
1541:from the original on 10 June 2022
1389:"Kredit Pengkhianatan G-30-S PKI"
58:Minister of Education and Culture
1680:20th-century short story writers
1582:from the original on 26 May 2024
805:. At the time, he was a titular
452:Nugroho Notosusanto was born in
314:
1690:University of Indonesia rectors
1598:[Not Only for Eating].
1576:"Prof. Dr. Nugroho Notosusanto"
908:]. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
866:]. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
845:]. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
260:
1640:University of Indonesia alumni
1489:McGregor, Katharine E (2007).
1356:
1061:Kemdikbud, Nugroho Notosusanto
1002:
902:Hidjau Tanahku, Hidjau Badjuku
506:Indonesian National Revolution
410:Indonesian National Revolution
382:Indonesian War of Independence
1:
979:Notosusanto, Nugroho (1975).
962:Notosusanto, Nugroho (1974).
945:Notosusanto, Nugroho (1971).
900:Notosusanto, Nugroho (1963).
887:]. Jakarta: Pembangunan.
879:Notosusanto, Nugroho (1961).
858:Notosusanto, Nugroho (1959).
837:Notosusanto, Nugroho (1958).
447:
996:
932:. Jakarta: Pembimbing Masa.
672:Communist Party of Indonesia
637:
404:. Born to a noble family in
7:
1665:People from Rembang Regency
1264:Filmindonesia.or.id, Kredit
10:
1706:
1596:"Tidak Sekadar Buat Makan"
783:Fourth Development Cabinet
776:Fourth Development Cabinet
744:Museo Nacional de Historia
689:rebellion in 1945 and the
1685:20th-century male writers
812:
803:Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery
387:
377:
362:
345:
335:
327:
322:
310:
300:
292:
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274:
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231:Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery
226:
209:
186:
181:
177:
153:
134:
123:
115:
103:
84:
74:
63:
55:
51:
39:
23:
1554:Suprapto, Bibit (1985).
1326:, pp. 382, 391–392.
1093:TIM, Nugroho Notosusanto
1414:"A soldier's historian"
1412:McGregor, Kate (2001).
1373:. New York: Routledge.
831:Short story collections
736:Australian War Memorial
562:University of Indonesia
521:Tentara Keamanan Rakjat
402:University of Indonesia
288:University of Indonesia
118:University of Indonesia
778:
725:fight for independence
716:Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI
652:Rockefeller Foundation
647:
566:
548:
520:
514:
466:Gadjah Mada University
1531:"Nugroho Notosusanto"
1511:"Nugroho Notosusanto"
826:Selected bibliography
773:
732:Satria Mandala Museum
721:Treachery of G30S/PKI
699:30 September Movement
645:
567:Universitas Indonesia
543:
437:30 September Movement
346:Years of service
163:W. A. F. J. Tumbelaka
1675:Indonesian essayists
1535:Taman Ismail Marzuki
791:compulsory education
664:Abdul Haris Nasution
660:University of London
425:Abdul Haris Nasution
421:University of London
355:1964–1985 (civilian)
250:Irma Sawitri Ramelan
1655:Indonesian generals
1393:filmindonesia.or.id
1338:, pp. xiii, 3.
799:cerebral hemorrhage
398:Nugroho Notosusanto
46:Notosusanto in 1985
34:Nugroho Notosusanto
1208:, pp. 99–101.
801:and was buried at
779:
691:Battle of Surabaya
648:
549:
352:1945–1949 (active)
305:Fourth Development
1533:(in Indonesian).
1502:978-9971-69-360-2
1380:978-0-415-37152-0
1350:, pp. 30–34.
807:brigadier general
695:National Monument
462:Dutch East Indies
394:Brigadier General
391:
390:
367:Brigadier general
204:Dutch East Indies
1697:
1615:
1613:
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1431:
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1427:
1419:Inside Indonesia
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1027:
1026:
1006:
992:
975:
958:
941:
922:Historical works
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875:
854:
654:to study at the
569:
523:
517:
323:Military service
318:
268:
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202:, Central Java,
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182:Personal details
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20:
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1503:
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1400:
1381:
1365:Heryanto, Ariel
1359:
1354:
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1318:
1310:
1306:
1298:
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1286:
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1258:
1254:, p. xiii.
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1007:
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839:Hudjan Kepagian
833:
828:
815:
668:Indonesian Army
640:
576:Hudjan Kepagian
557:the Netherlands
538:
536:Post-revolution
515:Tentara Pelajar
450:
433:Indonesian Army
358:
340:Indonesian Army
270:
258:
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35:
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5:
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1501:
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1450:(75): 91–122.
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1409:
1385:
1379:
1360:
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1355:
1353:
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1340:
1328:
1316:
1314:, p. 103.
1304:
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832:
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811:
670:and counter a
639:
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537:
534:
526:reconnaissance
482:" was played.
480:Indonesia Raya
449:
446:
414:reconnaissance
389:
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336:Branch/service
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217:(aged 54)
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1481:9971-69-303-8
1477:
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1457:
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1449:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1422:(68 ed.)
1421:
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1394:
1390:
1386:
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1376:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1349:
1348:McGregor 2007
1344:
1337:
1336:McGregor 2007
1332:
1325:
1324:Suprapto 1985
1320:
1313:
1312:McGregor 2003
1308:
1302:, p. 21.
1301:
1300:McGregor 2007
1296:
1290:, p. 11.
1289:
1288:McGregor 2007
1284:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1252:McGregor 2007
1248:
1241:
1240:McGregor 2001
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1223:, p. 13.
1222:
1221:Heryanto 2006
1217:
1215:
1207:
1206:McGregor 2003
1202:
1196:, p. 48.
1195:
1194:McGregor 2007
1190:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1163:, p. 46.
1162:
1161:McGregor 2007
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378:Battles/wars
215:(1985-06-03)
197:15 July 1930
155:Succeeded by
125:
105:Succeeded by
65:
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1635:1985 deaths
1630:1930 births
1586:31 December
1545:31 December
1521:31 December
1403:25 December
1357:Works cited
748:Mexico City
623:Philippines
546:Ajip Rosidi
504:During the
237:Nationality
222:, Indonesia
213:3 June 1985
144: [
136:Preceded by
110:Fuad Hassan
94: [
86:Preceded by
1624:Categories
795:humanities
787:Daud Jusuf
629:, and the
510:Yogyakarta
476:Budi Darma
448:Early life
328:Allegiance
293:Profession
284:Alma mater
240:Indonesian
193:1930-07-15
29:Brig. Gen.
1461:21 August
1444:Indonesia
997:Footnotes
893:611193440
885:This Love
860:Tiga Kota
756:New Order
683:Supriyadi
638:Historian
619:Singapore
584:Tiga Kota
491:East Java
441:New Order
331:Indonesia
311:Signature
296:Historian
126:In office
75:President
66:In office
56:19th
31:Rd. Panji
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530:humanist
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165:(acting)
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169:Sujudi
1600:Tempo
1558:[
1452:JSTOR
1440:(PDF)
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627:Japan
607:Egypt
553:Breda
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26:Prof.
1612:2012
1588:2012
1564:OCLC
1547:2012
1523:2012
1497:ISBN
1476:ISBN
1463:2022
1428:2021
1405:2012
1375:ISBN
1017:ISBN
985:OCLC
968:OCLC
951:OCLC
934:OCLC
910:OCLC
889:OCLC
868:OCLC
847:OCLC
774:The
752:ABRI
609:and
601:and
499:Pati
363:Rank
265:1960
210:Died
187:Born
746:in
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555:in
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