62:
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274:, which allowed the British Government access to remote parts of Australia to undertake atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. The general public were largely unaware of the risks from the testing program, stemming from official secrecy about the testing program and the remote locations of the test sites.
449:
radioactive dispersion and contamination of military assets, building structures and early crash test dummies. The Minor Trial of Vixen A dispersing
Plutonium over a wide area by conventional explosive was considered to have had the longest half-life of any test or trial conducted in Australia.
448:
Over a decade, 1953 to 1963, a series of "Minor Trials" occurred testing components of the Atomic and
Hydrogen Bombs using in some instances radioactive and toxic materials, such as Plutonium, Beryllium, and Uranium. Most of the minor trials involved conventional explosions to map out the
266:. Because supplies could be brought to the site via rail, it was preferred over Emu Field. A total of seven major tests were conducted at Maralinga. Both the Federal government and Australian newspapers at the time were very supportive of the tests. In 1952, the
88:
In
Australia there were three sites. Testing was carried out between 1952 and 1957 and was mostly done at the surface. A few hundred smaller scale tests were conducted at both Emu Field and Maralinga between 1953 and 1963.
105:. Following the second Mosaic explosion, the radioactive cloud that was supposed to be taken away from the site, was sent back by wind that was not anticipated by the British scientists.
1221:
422:, the Maralinga tests were a striking example of extreme secrecy, but by the late 1970s there was a marked change in how the Australian media covered the British nuclear tests.
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85:
in the Indian Ocean) between 1957 and 1958. These were airbursts mostly occurring over water or suspended a few hundred metres above the ground by balloon.
1758:
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1753:
284:, 570 km away, which had been used for rocket testing, was initially used as a base from which planes were flown for testing of the bomb clouds.
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Before the tests could begin the
Maralinga Tjarutja, the traditional Aboriginal owners of the land, were forcibly removed.
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Opposition to the tests grew throughout the 1950s. A poll in 1957 found that almost half the population was against them.
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journalist Ian
Anderson wrote an article entitled "Britain's dirty deeds at Maralinga" and several related articles.
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Australia's program of testing for
Strontium 90, between 1957 and 1978, samples of children's bones taken at autopsy
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434:. Some resourceful investigative journalists emerged and political scrutiny became more intense. In June 1993,
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Sources and
Effects of Ionizing Radiation: UNSCEAR 2000 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annex
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who participated as an
Australian serviceman during the later stage Minor Trials became a prominent
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192:. The test site of Emu Field was abandoned just hours after the second and final test, Totem 2.
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Several books have been written about nuclear weapons testing in
Australia. These include
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A testing site at
Maralinga was established in 1955, close to a siding along the
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1222:"Australian Participants in British Nuclear Tests in Australia 2006 - Dosimetry"
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United Nations Scientific Committee On The Effects Of Atomic Radiation (2000).
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Australian Participants in British Nuclear Tests in Australia, Vol 1: Dosimetry
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Taming the Great South Land: A History of the Conquest of Nature in Australia
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Two separate atomic test projects occurred at the islands, the first being
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1227:. Australian Department of Veterans' Affairs. p. 7. Archived from
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Beyond belief: the British bomb tests: Australia's veterans speak out
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known at the time as Christmas Island (not to be confused with
1378:
Australian government database of nuclear explosions and tests
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A toxic legacy: British nuclear weapons testing in Australia
1005:: Atomic Testing: The Diary of Anthony Brown, Woomera, 1953
1383:
Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency
41:
between 1952 and 1957. These explosions occurred at the
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Unstable Ground: Performance and the Politics of Place
73:
The British conducted testing in the Pacific Ocean at
1759:
Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
1727:
Reaction Time: Climate Change and the Nuclear Option
1326:"Dig for secrets: the lesson of Maralinga's Vixen B"
1022:
454:
Minor trials name, location and radioactive material
188:
The atomic tests at Emu Field in 1953 were known as
1754:List of inquiries into uranium mining in Australia
1816:
1388:Australian Strontium 90 testing program 1957-58
1259:. University of California Press. p. 214.
1011:by Roger Cross and veteran and whistleblower,
1720:Maralinga: Australia's Nuclear Waste Cover-up
1432:
997:Maralinga: Australia's Nuclear Waste Cover-up
69:remembering the people concerned in the tests
1713:Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy
1395:(as of 2017 ARPANSA have no longer hosted a
1342:
1123:. United Nations Publications. p. 176.
16:List of atomic weapons exploded in Australia
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25:Map showing nuclear test sites in Australia
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1744:Australia and weapons of mass destruction
1509:Medical Association for Prevention of War
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1074:Australia and weapons of mass destruction
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272:Defence (Special Undertakings) Act 1952
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1779:Ranger Uranium Environmental Inquiry
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1007:. In 2006 Wakefield Press published
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1189:. Sydney, NSW: Hachette Australia.
13:
1840:Australia–United Kingdom relations
1784:Renewable energy commercialization
1769:Nuclear weapons tests in Australia
1469:Australian Conservation Foundation
1448:Anti-nuclear movement in Australia
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1102:, Commonwealth of Australia, p. 3.
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1051:List of books about nuclear issues
258:British nuclear tests at Maralinga
110:Major tests at Monte Bello Islands
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1830:Environmental issues in Australia
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991:Britain, Australia and the Bomb
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1098:Michael Carter et al. (2006).
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1789:Renewable energy in Australia
1412:Ionising Radiation and Health
1343:Philip Jones (5 April 2000).
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1499:Greenpeace Australia Pacific
1151:Kalmykov, Stepan N. (2010).
418:According to Liz Tynan from
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1799:Uranium mining in Australia
1324:Liz Tynan (November 2013).
1296:. Peter Lang. p. 210.
1056:McClelland Royal Commission
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130:Operation Hurricane/Mosaic
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1764:Nuclear power in Australia
1554:Dorothy Auchterlonie Green
1253:Lines, William J. (1991).
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1157:. Springer. p. 342.
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1514:Mineral Policy Institute
289:Major tests at Maralinga
270:passed legislation, the
264:Trans-Australian Railway
197:Major tests at Emu Field
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1464:The Australia Institute
1361:Australian Government.
1345:"Ian Anderson obituary"
1794:Say Yes demonstrations
1569:Eileen Kampakuta Brown
1529:The Wilderness Society
1504:Kupa Piti Kungka Tjuta
1479:Australian Labor Party
1185:Walker, Frank (2014).
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26:
1689:Eileen Wani Wingfield
1290:McAuley, Gay (2006).
420:James Cook University
138:3 October 1952 11:15
101:and the second being
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35:nuclear weapons tests
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1399:of their own report
1330:Chain Reaction #119
1234:on 25 February 2009
1003:My Australian Story
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171:19 June 1956 10:14
112:
99:Operation Hurricane
93:Monte Bello Islands
65:Memorial tablet in
33:conducted 12 major
1594:Michael Denborough
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392:25 Sep 1957 10:00
378:14 Sep 1957 14:35
359:22 Oct 1956 00:05
345:11 Oct 1956 14:27
331:04 Oct 1956 16:30
317:27 Sep 1956 17:00
309:Operation Buffalo
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268:Liberal Government
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225:15 Oct 1953 07:00
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157:16 May 1956 11:15
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336:
333:
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90:
86:
84:
80:
76:
75:Malden Island
68:
63:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
1768:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1684:Stuart White
1659:Kerry Nettle
1649:Dee Margetts
1639:Scott Ludlam
1629:Sandra Kanck
1357:
1349:The Guardian
1348:
1338:
1329:
1319:
1307:. Retrieved
1292:
1270:. Retrieved
1255:
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1229:the original
1186:
1180:
1168:. Retrieved
1153:
1146:
1134:. Retrieved
1119:
1099:
1062:Silent Storm
1061:
1008:
1001:
995:
989:
987:
979:
909:Wewak VK60C
892:Wewak VK60A
453:
447:
444:Minor Trials
435:
417:
409:26.6 kt
395:5.67 kt
381:0.93 kt
362:10.8 kt
320:12.9 kt
288:
279:
276:
271:
261:
196:
187:
145:
109:
96:
87:
72:
28:
18:
1664:Tilman Ruff
1654:Jean Melzer
1309:25 December
1272:25 December
1170:25 December
1136:25 December
1041:Downwinders
1013:Avon Hudson
875:Naya TM101
807:Naya TM100
756:Wewak VK30
739:Wewak VK27
722:Wewak VK28
705:Wewak VK29
688:Wewak VK33
424:Avon Hudson
348:2.9 kt
334:1.4 kt
1819:Categories
1457:and groups
1401:since 2013
1391:report at
1385:(ARPANSA)
1303:9052010366
1266:0520078306
1238:2 December
1130:9211422388
1080:References
976:Opposition
966:Beryllium
949:Beryllium
943:Wewak 60B
932:Beryllium
926:Wewak 60A
915:Plutonium
898:Plutonium
881:Plutonium
858:Kuli TM50
847:Beryllium
841:Kuli TM16
813:Plutonium
790:Kuli TM11
779:Beryllium
773:Kuli TM11
762:Beryllium
745:Beryllium
728:Beryllium
711:Beryllium
694:Plutonium
609:Beryllium
541:Beryllium
490:Beryllium
484:Emu Field
228:10 kt
174:60 kt
168:Mosaic Two
160:15 kt
154:Mosaic One
141:25 kt
79:Kiritimati
1614:Jim Green
1589:Ian Cohen
1584:Moss Cass
1564:Bob Brown
1187:MARALINGA
960:Taranaki
957:1961–1963
838:1960–1961
821:1960–1962
787:1959–1960
770:1959–1960
671:Taranaki
583:1956–1958
569:Kuli TM4
566:1956–1960
549:1955–1957
532:1955–1957
469:Material
463:Location
356:Breakaway
252:Maralinga
242:8 kt
236:Totem Two
222:Totem One
184:Emu Field
135:Hurricane
51:Maralinga
47:Emu Field
39:Australia
1737:See also
1634:Ian Lowe
1604:Jim Falk
1019:See also
864:Uranium
830:Uranium
796:Uranium
677:Uranium
660:Uranium
643:Uranium
626:Uranium
592:Uranium
575:Uranium
558:Uranium
524:Uranium
507:Uranium
412:Balloon
403:Taranaki
351:Airdrop
314:One tree
147:HMS Plym
963:Vixen B
946:Vixen A
929:Vixen A
912:Vixen A
895:Vixen A
827:Kittens
824:Naya 2
759:Vixen A
742:Vixen A
725:Vixen A
708:Vixen A
691:Vixen A
674:Vixen B
640:Vixen A
623:Kittens
620:Naya 3
586:Naya 1
555:Kittens
538:Kittens
521:Kittens
501:Naya 3
282:Woomera
67:Paisley
1547:People
1300:
1263:
1193:
1161:
1127:
1064:(film)
918:0.277
901:0.294
697:0.008
637:Wewak
493:0.036
487:Kitten
466:Trial
398:Tower
384:Tower
365:Tower
328:Marcoo
323:Tower
301:Yield
245:Tower
231:Tower
209:Yield
177:Tower
163:Tower
122:Yield
1698:Books
1232:(PDF)
1225:(PDF)
969:17.6
952:1.72
935:1.72
782:26.2
748:0.27
731:0.25
714:0.14
654:Dobo
646:67.8
629:23.4
603:Naya
578:6605
544:0.75
535:Naya
518:Naya
510:13.8
460:Year
426:, an
375:Tadje
304:Type
298:Date
295:Name
212:Type
206:Date
203:Name
125:Type
119:Date
116:Name
57:Sites
1397:copy
1311:2012
1298:ISBN
1274:2012
1261:ISBN
1240:2008
1191:ISBN
1172:2012
1159:ISBN
1138:2012
1125:ISBN
1000:and
940:1961
923:1961
906:1961
889:1961
884:0.6
878:Tims
872:1961
861:Tims
855:1961
844:Tims
816:0.6
810:Tims
804:1960
793:Tims
776:Tims
765:0.1
753:1959
736:1959
719:1959
702:1959
685:1959
668:1957
657:Rats
651:1957
634:1957
617:1957
612:1.6
606:Tims
600:1957
595:151
589:Rats
572:Tims
561:120
515:1955
504:Tims
498:1955
481:1953
389:Biak
342:Kite
77:and
49:and
29:The
867:90
850:39
833:32
799:67
680:25
663:28
37:in
1821::
1347:.
1328:.
1282:^
1205:^
1107:^
1087:^
1015:.
994:,
527:5
53:.
45:,
1440:e
1433:t
1426:v
1403:)
1365:.
1351:.
1332:.
1313:.
1276:.
1242:.
1199:.
1174:.
1140:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
