317:
475:(2000) uses what are arguably some of the most extensive and intricate footnotes in literature. Throughout the novel, footnotes are used to tell several different narratives outside of the main story. The physical orientation of the footnotes on the page also works to reflect the twisted feeling of the plot (often taking up several pages, appearing mirrored from page to page, vertical on either side of the page, or in boxes in the center of the page, in the middle of the central narrative).
387:
180:) recommend limited use of foot- and endnotes. However, publishers often encourage note references instead of parenthetical references. Aside from use as a bibliographic element, notes are used for additional information, qualification, or explanation that might be too digressive for the main text. Footnotes are heavily utilized in academic institutions to support claims made in academic essays covering myriad topics.
267:
1692:
187:
The MLA (Modern
Language Association) requires the superscript numbers in the main text to be placed following the punctuation in the phrase or clause the note is about. The exception to this rule occurs when a sentence contains a dash, in which case the superscript would precede it. However, MLA is
183:
In particular, footnotes are the normal form of citation in historical journals. This is due, firstly, to the fact that the most important references are often to archive sources or interviews that do not readily fit standard formats, and secondly, to the fact that historians expect to see the exact
157:
Footnote reference numbers ("cues") in the body text of a page should be placed at the end of a sentence if possible, after the final punctuation. This minimizes the interruption of the flow of reading and allows the reader to absorb a complete sentence-idea before having their attention redirected
695:
follows each brief entry with a footnote (often five or six times the length of the main text) in which saints, historical figures, and other topics are used as examples for philosophical digression. The separate footnotes are designed to contradict each other, and only when multiple footnotes are
83:
are informational notes published at the end of a chapter, the end of a volume, or the conclusion of a multi-volume book. Unlike footnotes, which require manipulating the page design (text-block and page layouts) to accommodate the additional text, endnotes are advantageous to editorial production
712:
uses footnotes as a character device that highlights unreliable passages in the narration. As the editor of his father's autobiography, the narrator's son must correct any of his father's misstated facts. The frequency of these corrections increases as the father falls victim to both hubris and
354:
partially eliminates the need for notes, being the web's way to refer to another document. However, it does not allow citing to offline sources and if the destination of the link changes, the link can become dead or irrelevant. A proposed solution is the use of a
104:
number at the end of the pertinent block of text. Typographic characters, such as the asterisk (*) and the dagger mark (†) also are used in place of sequential numbers to identify notes; the traditional order of usage of the typographic characters is: (i) the
463:'s "Notes Towards a Mental Breakdown" (1967) is one sentence ("A discharged Broadmoor patient compiles 'Notes Towards a Mental Breakdown,' recalling his wife's murder, his trial and exoneration.") and a series of elaborate footnotes to each one of the words.
565:), in which he is allegedly the editor of a manuscript by the fictional François Charles Fernand d’Antin, contains copious footnotes purporting to help explain the nonsensical French text. The point of the book is that each written French poem
503:
includes over 400 endnotes, some over a dozen pages long. Several literary critics suggested that the book be read with two bookmarks. Wallace uses footnotes, endnotes, and in-text notes in much of his other writing as
652:
648:
uses footnotes, about which he says: " can allow you to create a kind of secret second narrative, which is important if, say, you're writing a book about what a story is and whether stories are significant."
162:
The cue is placed after any punctuation (normally after the closing point of a sentence). ... Notes cued in the middle of a sentence are a distraction to the reader, and cues are best located at the end of
457:(1939) uses footnotes along with left and right marginal notes in Book II Chapter 2. The three types of notes represent comments from the three siblings doing their homework: Shem, Shaun, and Issy.
245:
is famous in the
American legal community for his writing style, in which he never uses notes. He prefers to keep all citations within the text (which is permitted in American legal citation).
592:. The narrator of the novel, known as "B.L.A.," tells the fantastical story as if true, while the editor, Gabbler, annotates the story through footnotes and thinks the manuscript is only a
208:
of various academic and legal texts which do not take into account notes. Aggressive use of this strategy can lead to a text affected by "foot and note disease" (a derogation coined by
172:
Notes are most often used as an alternative to long explanations, citations, comments, or annotations that can be distracting to readers. Most literary style guidelines (including the
608:
has 185 footnotes, adumbrating fictional events before and after those of the main text, in the same archaic narrative voice, and citing fictional scholarly and magical authorities.
1057:
1006:
195:
As signposts to direct the reader to information the author has provided or where further useful information is pertaining to the subject in the main text.
3244:
1329:
188:
not known for endnote or footnote citations, and APA and
Chicago styles use them more regularly. Historians are known to use Chicago style citations.
651:
Dr Carol Bolton uses extensive footnotes to provide the modern reader with a cipher for a novel about the travels of the fictional
Spanish traveller
1303:
683:
uses a footnote to further satirize the style of a history while making a sardonic statement about the extinction of "humanists" in modern society.
359:. As of 2024, the HTML Living Standard has provided several workarounds for the inclusion of footnotes depending on length or type of annotation.
2098:
1851:
904:
88:
of contemporary editions of the Bible often place the notes in a narrow column in the page centre, between two columns of biblical text.
655:, an early 19th-century construct of Robert Southey's, designed to provide him with vehicle to critique the societal habits of the day.
1525:
1380:
2559:
1229:
812:
1353:
989:
285:
277:
691:
201:
As an alternative to parenthetical references; it is a simpler way to acknowledge information gained from another source.
1639:
242:
177:
1074:
1458:
1124:
491:. These footnotes span several pages and often overtake the main plotline, and add to the absurdist tone of the book.
303:
362:
In instances where a user needs to add an endnote or footnote using HTML, they can add the superscript number using
2975:
2091:
797:
604:
550:
579:
has made numerous uses within his novels. The footnotes will often set up running jokes for the rest of the novel.
1494:
1284:
757:
1202:
335:
for web pages, has no mechanism for adding notes. Despite a number of different proposals over the years, the
1607:
1326:
222:
3267:
1518:
316:
2990:
2084:
1582:
1300:
708:
679:
173:
1252:
636:
in the text into paragraph-long comedic monologues that would otherwise break the flow of the narrative.
398:
57:
is a brief text in which the author comments on the subject and themes of the book and names supporting
644:
545:
65:
of books and documents, typographically, a note is usually several lines of text at the bottom of the
2076:
1710:
749:
often have footnotes, detailing and informing the reader of the background of the world in the novel.
623:
356:
1181:
2050:
1450:
850:
20:
1917:
1405:
1826:
1511:
891:
But beyond the ... double dagger, this order is not familiar to most readers, and never was.
773:
uses footnotes to explore the story and relationship of characters V.M. Straka and F.X. Caldeira.
620:
uses footnotes to insert comical remarks and explanations by one of the protagonists, Bartimaeus.
1856:
1612:
793:
717:. While most of these changes are minor, a few are essential to plot and character development.
714:
700:
revealed. This technique was used in part to evade the harsh censorship of 17th-century France.
671:) which allows communication between the main character’s universe and the fictional bookworld.
616:
487:(1967) utilizes extensive and lengthy footnotes for the discussion of a fictional philosopher,
321:
38:
915:
100:
of texts in the
English language, the footnotes and the endnotes usually are indicated with a
3315:
3262:
2376:
1982:
1831:
432:
as U+2E2C “⸬”) to indicate a marginal note. It can often be mistaken for two closely-spaced
3289:
3272:
3158:
2733:
1902:
494:
8:
3279:
3005:
2903:
2793:
2748:
2316:
2161:
2131:
1634:
1622:
1592:
1338:
1152:
483:
466:
433:
42:
73:
throughout the text. Notes are usually identified with superscript numbers or a symbol.
3320:
3294:
3284:
2045:
2040:
1972:
1565:
1406:"Dave Fitzgerald Reviews Terena Elizabeth Bell's Story Collection Tell Me What You See"
1129:
939:
739:
1778:
1239:
79:
are informational notes located at the foot of the thematically relevant page, whilst
3325:
2631:
2574:
1930:
1894:
1876:
1866:
1836:
1796:
1627:
1490:
1473:
1454:
1312:
1280:
985:
734:
526:
422:
246:
84:
because the textual inclusion does not alter the design of the publication. However,
428:
Early printings of the Douay Bible used a four-dot punctuation mark (represented in
3020:
2941:
2865:
2525:
1750:
1357:
1039:
889:(ver. 3.1 ed.). Point Roberts, Washington: Hartley and Marks. pp. 68–69.
769:
721:
703:
674:
559:
521:
478:
129:. Additional typographic characters used to identify notes include the Number sign
444:
At times, notes have been used for their comical effect, or as a literary device.
3251:
3193:
2808:
1889:
1659:
1555:
1442:
1333:
1307:
802:
776:
752:
611:
576:
555:
471:
332:
250:
138:
28:
3055:
2233:
1907:
1811:
1806:
1768:
1649:
1234:
1099:
1043:
599:
584:
453:
238:
142:
134:
85:
1735:
761:
uses both footnotes and margin notes to offer additional commentary and humor.
730:, the main plot is told through the annotative endnotes of a fictional editor.
3309:
3143:
2763:
2691:
2510:
2487:
1745:
1477:
808:
663:
658:
633:
628:
570:
499:
460:
418:
336:
209:
114:
110:
1952:
955:
191:
Aside from their technical use, authors use notes for a variety of reasons:
3228:
2888:
2646:
2445:
1967:
1816:
1381:""Tell Me What You See" Is A Timeless Collection About Unprecedented Times"
686:
538:
122:
118:
66:
2960:
2706:
2676:
2612:
2597:
2540:
2108:
2065:
2055:
1992:
1725:
1715:
1669:
1602:
1597:
1542:
1534:
1225:
1058:"Passed/Failed: An education in the life of Candida Lycett Green, writer"
780:
589:
507:
448:
421:
is generally credited as the inventor of the footnote, first used in the
130:
101:
97:
386:
3116:
2918:
2846:
2210:
2112:
2027:
2008:
1947:
1821:
1801:
1786:
1700:
1654:
1570:
1547:
825:
785:
764:
746:
639:
593:
367:
205:
70:
50:
2106:
3256:
3074:
2661:
2331:
2271:
2248:
2176:
2013:
1925:
1884:
1740:
1730:
1587:
845:
835:
726:
533:
366:, then link the superscripted text to the reference section using an
351:
340:
667:
series exploits the use of footnotes as a communication device (the
69:, at the end of a chapter, at the end of a volume, or a house-style
3174:
2361:
2346:
2060:
1987:
1962:
1940:
1935:
1861:
1841:
1760:
1674:
984:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford university press. pp. 332–334.
830:
488:
146:
106:
58:
1238:, 26 January 2015 issue. Retrieved 25 January 2015. Archived from
3212:
3101:
2286:
2035:
1977:
1957:
1846:
1720:
1644:
1617:
1575:
697:
429:
126:
960:
How to Write
Footnotes: Rules and Examples | Grammarly Blog
249:
has also written against the use of notes in judicial opinions.
2422:
2191:
1664:
225:
Style Manual devotes over 660 words to the topic of footnotes.
1503:
253:, however, advocates using notes instead of inline citations.
16:
Text placed at the bottom of a page or at the end of a chapter
2823:
2778:
2301:
2146:
840:
339:
has been unable to reach a consensus on it. Because of this,
229:
has guidance for footnote usage in its historical documents.
1100:"A Guide to Footnotes and Endnotes for NASA History Authors"
792:
The short story "The Fifth Fear" in Terena
Elizabeth Bell's
2468:
1679:
1030:
Rogers, Timothy (1968). "Rupert Brooke: Man and
Monument".
328:
226:
62:
184:
nature of the evidence that is being used at each stage.
1075:"Chapter 15: Footnotes, indexes, contents, and outlines"
1691:
1125:"In Justice Breyer's Opinion, A Footnote Has No Place"
1056:
Candida Lycett Green (Betjeman's daughter), quoted in
27:"Footnote" redirects here. For the Israeli film, see
530:
includes lengthy footnotes and a parallel narrative.
1203:"[whatwg] Footnotes, end notes, side notes"
789:, frequently uses footnotes to add humorous asides.
1007:"MLA Endnotes and Footnotes // Purdue Writing Lab"
742:, is stylized as footnotes to a nonexistent novel.
1182:"Indiana Courts - Footnotes in Judicial Opinions"
324:", rendered as a "pop up" over the relevant text
149:, the little hand with an extended index finger.
3307:
938:Many of these symbols are used, for example, in
374:and then link the superscripted text to "ref1".
1253:"4.14 Common idioms without dedicated elements"
1378:
37:For the usage of footnoting on Knowledge, see
19:"Endnote" redirects here. For other uses, see
2092:
1519:
1342:(5 September 2004). Retrieved 5 January 2009.
558:, but when pronounced, sounds similar to the
1079:U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual
956:"How to Write Footnotes: Rules and Examples"
873:The Oxford Companion to the English Language
343:, for example, has had to introduce its own
2018:
1489:. Montpelier, Vt.: Invisible Cities Press.
1487:The Devil's Details: A History of Footnotes
1316:(24 August 2004). Retrieved 5 January 2009.
1277:The Devil's Details: A History of Footnotes
696:read together is Bayle's core argument for
2099:
2085:
1526:
1512:
1144:
979:
944:History of the People of the United States
884:
868:
866:
304:Learn how and when to remove this message
204:To escape the limitations imposed on the
3245:Version of this table as a sortable list
982:New Hart's rules: the Oxford style guide
912:The Centre for Editing Lives and Letters
518:) also makes extensive use of footnotes.
315:
91:
1441:
1403:
1293:
902:
632:parody series used footnotes to expand
596:attempting to be a literary masterwork.
216:
3308:
1432:
1150:
1029:
863:
2080:
1507:
1484:
1467:
1379:Lutwick-Deaner, Rachel (2023-01-20).
1351:
1319:
805:story resemble a historical document.
588:makes uses of footnotes to break the
582:B.L.A. and G.B. Gabbler's meta novel
320:A footnote on the Knowledge article "
3097: ⟨ ⟩
1179:
851:Knowledge style guide for references
514:(originally published in Spanish as
381:
347:tag for citing references in notes.
260:
13:
1426:
1151:Posner, Richard A. (Summer 2001).
905:"Toward a History of the Manicule"
903:Sherman, William H. (2005-04-01).
692:Historical and Critical Dictionary
439:
276:tone or style may not reflect the
243:Supreme Court of the United States
198:To attribute a quote or viewpoint.
178:American Psychological Association
14:
3337:
1327:"Jonathan Strange and Mr Norrell"
887:The Elements of Typographic Style
811:used footnotes frequently in his
605:Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell
167:
1690:
813:Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
542:is written entirely in endnotes.
385:
370:. Create an anchor tag by using
286:guide to writing better articles
265:
232:
113:, (iii) the Crossed dagger mark
1533:
1470:Toward a Theory of the Footnote
1447:The Footnote: A Curious History
1435:Fictional Footnotes and Indexes
1397:
1372:
1345:
1269:
1245:
1219:
1195:
1173:
1117:
1092:
1067:
1004:
372:<a name="ref1"></a>
1437:. Miskatonic University Press.
1060:, interview by Jonathan Sale.
1050:
1023:
998:
973:
948:
932:
896:
878:
758:I Am America (And So Can You!)
1:
1404:Feather, Heavy (2023-01-16).
1162:. American Judges Association
856:
551:Mots d'Heures: Gousses, Rames
223:US Government Printing Office
137:, the diamond-shaped lozenge
1449:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
653:Don Manuel Alvarez Espriella
350:It might be argued that the
7:
1583:Canons of page construction
1180:Oddi, Marcia (2005-01-07).
885:Bringhurst, Robert (2005).
819:
801:uses footnotes to make the
680:Natural History of the Dead
174:Modern Language Association
158:to the content of the note.
152:
10:
3342:
2560:inverted ! and ?
1352:Green, John (2006-08-07).
1301:"Do You Believe in Magic?"
645:An Abundance of Katherines
377:
25:
18:
3240:
3128:
3032:
2976:sound recording copyright
2930:
2835:
2718:
2586:
2499:
2434:
2260:
2120:
2001:
1916:
1875:
1777:
1759:
1711:Anthropodermic bibliopegy
1699:
1688:
1541:
1064:, Thursday 27 April 2006.
980:Waddingham, Anne (2014).
516:El beso de la mujer araña
357:digital object identifier
237:Former Associate Justice
133:, the Greek letter delta
2051:Intentionally blank page
1451:Harvard University Press
1433:Denton, William (2014).
1385:Southern Review of Books
1104:NASA History Style Guide
1044:10.1093/english/17.99.79
512:Kiss of the Spider Woman
117:, (iv) the Section sign
21:Endnote (disambiguation)
1332:2 February 2016 at the
1306:16 January 2009 at the
546:Luis d'Antin van Rooten
364:<sup></sup>
345:<ref></ref>
256:
125:, and (vi) the Pilcrow
121:, (v) the Vertical bar
109:, (ii) the Dagger mark
3093: { }
3085: ( )
3070: « »
3066: ‹ ›
3051: " "
3047: ' '
3043: “ ”
3039: ‘ ’
2019:
1472:. Berlin: De Gruyter.
1184:. The Indiana Law Blog
617:The Bartimaeus Trilogy
325:
322:William Booth (forger)
165:
39:Knowledge:Cite sources
1485:Zerby, Chuck (2002).
1468:Riess, Peter (1984).
1005:Lab, Purdue Writing.
563:"Mother Goose Rhymes"
319:
160:
141:, the downward arrow
92:Numbering and symbols
3290:Japanese punctuation
2991:registered trademark
2876: |
2734:plus and minus signs
2127:
1410:Heavy Feather Review
1257:html.spec.whatwg.org
798:Tell Me What You See
698:Fideistic skepticism
495:David Foster Wallace
217:Government documents
63:editorial production
3280:Chinese punctuation
3006:service mark symbol
2749:multiplication sign
2267: &
1339:The Washington Post
1153:"Against Footnotes"
715:Alzheimer's disease
484:The Third Policeman
467:Mark Z. Danielewski
417:The London printer
145:, and the manicule
43:Knowledge:Footnotes
3295:Korean punctuation
3285:Hebrew punctuation
2046:Fore-edge painting
2041:Extra-illustration
1130:The New York Times
1011:Purdue Writing Lab
940:John Bach McMaster
783:'s collaboration,
740:Enrique Vila-Matas
735:Bartleby & Co.
397:. You can help by
331:, the predominant
326:
3303:
3302:
2632:ordinal indicator
2575:irony punctuation
2074:
2073:
1953:Addendum/Appendix
1837:Table of contents
1313:The Village Voice
991:978-0-19-957002-7
554:(the title is in
527:Lake Wobegon Days
415:
414:
314:
313:
306:
280:used on Knowledge
278:encyclopedic tone
247:Richard A. Posner
86:graphic designers
71:typographic usage
3333:
3252:Currency symbols
3232:
3231:
3225:
3217:
3216:
3215:(paragraph mark)
3209:
3205:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3186:
3178:
3177:
3171:
3163:
3162:
3155:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3136:
3120:
3119:
3113:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3024:
3023:
3021:trademark symbol
3017:
3009:
3008:
3002:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2979:
2978:
2972:
2964:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2945:
2944:
2942:copyright symbol
2938:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2907:
2906:
2900:
2892:
2891:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2850:
2849:
2843:
2827:
2826:
2820:
2812:
2811:
2805:
2797:
2796:
2790:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2752:
2751:
2745:
2737:
2736:
2730:
2726:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2665:
2664:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2643:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2609:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2563:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2529:
2528:
2526:exclamation mark
2522:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2442:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2237:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2022:
1751:Treasure binding
1694:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1481:
1464:
1443:Grafton, Anthony
1438:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1356:. Archived from
1349:
1343:
1323:
1317:
1297:
1291:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1249:
1243:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1207:lists.whatwg.org
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1157:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1071:
1065:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1002:
996:
995:
977:
971:
970:
968:
967:
952:
946:
936:
930:
929:
927:
926:
920:
914:. Archived from
909:
900:
894:
893:
882:
876:
870:
722:Vladimir Nabokov
709:Barney's Version
704:Mordecai Richler
675:Ernest Hemingway
569:like an English
522:Garrison Keillor
410:
407:
389:
382:
373:
365:
346:
309:
302:
298:
295:
289:
288:for suggestions.
284:See Knowledge's
269:
268:
261:
46:
35:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3236:
3227:
3224: §
3223:
3221:
3211:
3208: ⸿
3207:
3204: ¶
3203:
3201:
3192:
3189: ⌑
3188:
3185: ◊
3184:
3182:
3173:
3170: ☞
3169:
3167:
3161:(hedera, aldus)
3157:
3154: ❧
3153:
3151:
3142:
3139: ‡
3138:
3135: †
3134:
3132:
3124:
3115:
3112: ”
3111:
3109:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3028:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2989:
2986: ®
2985:
2983:
2974:
2971: ℗
2970:
2968:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2940:
2937: ©
2936:
2934:
2926:
2917:
2914: ·
2913:
2911:
2902:
2899: •
2898:
2896:
2887:
2884: ‖
2883:
2880: ¦
2879:
2875:
2873:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2845:
2842: _
2841:
2839:
2831:
2822:
2819: ^
2818:
2816:
2809:minus-plus sign
2807:
2804: ∓
2803:
2801:
2794:plus–minus sign
2792:
2789: ±
2788:
2786:
2777:
2774: ~
2773:
2771:
2762:
2759: ÷
2758:
2756:
2747:
2744: ×
2743:
2741:
2732:
2729: −
2728:
2725: +
2724:
2722:
2714:
2705:
2702: ⌀
2701:
2699:
2690:
2687: °
2686:
2684:
2675:
2672: ‱
2671:
2669:
2660:
2657: ‰
2656:
2654:
2645:
2642: %
2641:
2639:
2630:
2627: ª
2626:
2623: º
2622:
2620:
2611:
2608: №
2607:
2605:
2596:
2593: #
2592:
2590:
2582:
2573:
2570: ⸮
2569:
2567:
2558:
2555: ¿
2554:
2551: ¡
2550:
2548:
2539:
2536: ‽
2535:
2533:
2524:
2521: !
2520:
2518:
2509:
2506: ?
2505:
2503:
2495:
2486:
2483: ⸗
2482:
2479: ⹀
2478:
2476:
2467:
2464: —
2463:
2460: –
2459:
2456: ‒
2455:
2453:
2444:
2441: -
2440:
2438:
2430:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2375:
2372: ⁂
2371:
2369:
2360:
2357: *
2356:
2354:
2345:
2342: …
2341:
2339:
2330:
2327: \
2326:
2324:
2315:
2312: /
2311:
2309:
2300:
2297: ^
2296:
2294:
2285:
2282: @
2281:
2279:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2256:
2247:
2244: .
2243:
2241:
2232:
2229: ‴
2228:
2225: ″
2224:
2221: ′
2220:
2218:
2209:
2206: '
2205:
2202: ’
2201:
2199:
2190:
2187: ‐
2186:
2184:
2175:
2172: ;
2171:
2169:
2160:
2157: :
2156:
2154:
2145:
2142: ,
2141:
2139:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2116:
2105:
2075:
2070:
1997:
1912:
1908:Tipped-in pages
1871:
1852:Acknowledgments
1773:
1755:
1702:
1695:
1686:
1660:Recto and verso
1546:
1537:
1532:
1497:
1461:
1429:
1427:Further reading
1424:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1387:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1350:
1346:
1334:Wayback Machine
1325:Michael Dirda,
1324:
1320:
1308:Wayback Machine
1299:Grady Hendrix,
1298:
1294:
1274:
1270:
1261:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1224:
1220:
1211:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1163:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1136:
1134:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1062:The Independent
1055:
1051:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1013:
1003:
999:
992:
978:
974:
965:
963:
954:
953:
949:
937:
933:
924:
922:
918:
907:
901:
897:
883:
879:
871:
864:
859:
822:
803:science fiction
777:Terry Pratchett
753:Stephen Colbert
612:Jonathan Stroud
577:Terry Pratchett
472:House of Leaves
442:
440:Literary device
411:
405:
402:
395:needs expansion
380:
371:
363:
344:
333:markup language
310:
299:
293:
290:
283:
274:This section's
270:
266:
259:
251:Bryan A. Garner
235:
219:
170:
155:
94:
47:
36:
26:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3339:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3219:
3199:
3180:
3165:
3149:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3107:
3089:
3080:
3061:
3056:quotation mark
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3016:
3011:
3001:
2996:
2981:
2966:
2947:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2909:
2894:
2871:
2852:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2814:
2799:
2784:
2769:
2754:
2739:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2697:
2682:
2667:
2652:
2637:
2618:
2603:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2565:
2546:
2531:
2516:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2474:
2451:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2382:
2367:
2352:
2337:
2322:
2307:
2292:
2277:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2239:
2216:
2197:
2182:
2167:
2152:
2137:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2011:
2005:
2003:
2002:Other elements
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1867:Printer's mark
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1812:Imprimi potest
1809:
1807:Edition notice
1804:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1650:Page numbering
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1552:
1550:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1482:
1465:
1459:
1439:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1396:
1371:
1344:
1318:
1292:
1268:
1244:
1235:The New Yorker
1218:
1194:
1172:
1143:
1116:
1091:
1066:
1049:
1022:
997:
990:
972:
947:
931:
895:
877:
875:(1992) p. 709.
861:
860:
858:
855:
854:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
821:
818:
817:
816:
806:
790:
774:
762:
750:
743:
731:
718:
701:
684:
672:
669:footnoterphone
656:
649:
637:
634:one-line jokes
624:Michael Gerber
621:
609:
602:'s 2004 novel
600:Susanna Clarke
597:
585:The Automation
580:
574:
543:
531:
519:
505:
492:
476:
464:
458:
454:Finnegans Wake
441:
438:
423:Bishops' Bible
413:
412:
392:
390:
379:
376:
312:
311:
273:
271:
264:
258:
255:
239:Stephen Breyer
234:
231:
218:
215:
214:
213:
202:
199:
196:
169:
168:Academic usage
166:
154:
151:
93:
90:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3338:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3263:Logic symbols
3261:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2765:
2764:division sign
2761:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2708:
2707:diameter sign
2704:
2698:
2693:
2692:degree symbol
2689:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2512:
2511:question mark
2508:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2489:
2488:double hyphen
2485:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2424:
2420:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2113:typographical
2110:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:Illustrations
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1791:bastard title
1790:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1746:Picture cover
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1698:
1693:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:Marginal note
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1460:0-674-90215-7
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1360:on 2006-11-25
1359:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:Chuck Zerby,
1272:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1183:
1176:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1038:(99): 79–84.
1037:
1033:
1026:
1012:
1008:
1001:
993:
987:
983:
976:
961:
957:
951:
945:
941:
935:
921:on 2013-10-08
917:
913:
906:
899:
892:
888:
881:
874:
869:
867:
862:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
814:
810:
809:Douglas Adams
807:
804:
800:
799:
795:
791:
788:
787:
782:
778:
775:
772:
771:
766:
763:
760:
759:
754:
751:
748:
745:The works of
744:
741:
738:, a novel by
737:
736:
732:
729:
728:
723:
719:
716:
711:
710:
705:
702:
699:
694:
693:
688:
685:
682:
681:
676:
673:
670:
666:
665:
664:Thursday Next
660:
659:Jasper Fforde
657:
654:
650:
647:
646:
641:
638:
635:
631:
630:
629:Barry Trotter
625:
622:
619:
618:
613:
610:
607:
606:
601:
598:
595:
591:
587:
586:
581:
578:
575:
572:
571:nursery rhyme
568:
564:
561:
557:
553:
552:
547:
544:
541:
540:
535:
532:
529:
528:
523:
520:
517:
513:
509:
506:
502:
501:
500:Infinite Jest
496:
493:
490:
486:
485:
480:
479:Flann O'Brien
477:
474:
473:
468:
465:
462:
461:J. G. Ballard
459:
456:
455:
450:
447:
446:
445:
437:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
419:Richard Jugge
409:
400:
396:
393:This section
391:
388:
384:
383:
375:
369:
360:
358:
353:
348:
342:
338:
337:working group
334:
330:
323:
318:
308:
305:
297:
294:February 2024
287:
281:
279:
272:
263:
262:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
233:Legal writing
230:
228:
224:
211:
210:John Betjeman
207:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
192:
189:
185:
181:
179:
175:
164:
159:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
99:
89:
87:
82:
78:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
40:
33:
31:
22:
3316:Bibliography
3268:Math symbols
3229:section mark
2889:vertical bar
2647:percent sign
2446:hyphen-minus
1968:Bibliography
1857:Introduction
1817:Nihil obstat
1797:Frontispiece
1779:Front matter
1613:Illumination
1560:
1486:
1469:
1446:
1434:
1413:. Retrieved
1409:
1399:
1388:. Retrieved
1384:
1374:
1362:. Retrieved
1358:the original
1347:
1337:
1321:
1311:
1295:
1288:
1287:, p. 28 and
1276:
1271:
1260:. Retrieved
1256:
1247:
1240:the original
1233:
1221:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:
1197:
1186:. Retrieved
1175:
1164:. Retrieved
1160:Court Review
1159:
1146:
1135:. Retrieved
1133:. 1995-07-28
1128:
1119:
1107:. Retrieved
1103:
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1078:
1069:
1061:
1052:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1014:. Retrieved
1010:
1000:
981:
975:
964:. Retrieved
962:. 2022-12-19
959:
950:
943:
934:
923:. Retrieved
916:the original
911:
898:
890:
886:
880:
872:
796:
784:
768:
756:
733:
725:
707:
690:
687:Pierre Bayle
678:
668:
662:
643:
627:
615:
603:
583:
566:
562:
549:
539:Ibid: A Life
537:
525:
515:
511:
498:
482:
470:
452:
443:
427:
416:
403:
399:adding to it
394:
361:
349:
327:
300:
291:
275:
236:
220:
190:
186:
182:
171:
161:
156:
95:
80:
76:
75:
54:
48:
29:
2677:basis point
2613:numero sign
2598:number sign
2541:interrobang
2109:punctuation
2066:Thumb index
2032:Die-cutting
1993:Author page
1918:Back matter
1877:Body matter
1726:Dust jacket
1716:Bookbinding
1703:back covers
1670:Rubrication
1623:Historiated
1543:Page layout
1535:Book design
1354:"Footnotes"
1226:Jill Lepore
1084:October 26,
781:Neil Gaiman
590:fourth wall
508:Manuel Puig
449:James Joyce
102:superscript
98:typesetting
3310:Categories
3273:Whitespace
3257:Diacritics
3117:ditto mark
2919:interpunct
2847:underscore
2211:apostrophe
2111:and other
2028:Book rhyme
2009:Book curse
1948:Postscript
1931:Conclusion
1827:Dedication
1822:Imprimatur
1802:Title page
1787:Half-title
1701:Front and
1655:Pull quote
1556:Annotation
1548:typography
1496:1931229058
1415:2023-04-13
1390:2023-04-13
1285:1931229058
1262:2024-09-03
1230:The Cobweb
1212:2024-09-03
1188:2015-11-04
1166:2014-10-13
1137:2008-04-30
1016:2022-01-11
966:2023-06-10
925:2013-06-28
857:References
826:Annotation
794:collection
786:Good Omens
765:Doug Dorst
747:Jack Vance
640:John Green
594:prose poem
368:anchor tag
206:word count
163:sentences.
51:publishing
3321:Reference
3259:(accents)
3075:guillemet
2662:per mille
2332:backslash
2272:ampersand
2249:full stop
2177:semicolon
2020:ex-librīs
2014:Bookplate
1926:Afterword
1885:Body text
1761:Endpapers
1741:Paperback
1731:Hardcover
1640:Miniature
1628:Inhabited
1608:Headpiece
1588:Catchword
1478:717030605
846:Nota bene
836:Hyperkino
767:'s novel
727:Pale Fire
706:'s novel
534:Mark Dunn
425:of 1568.
406:July 2019
352:hyperlink
341:MediaWiki
77:Footnotes
61:. In the
59:citations
3326:Metadata
3175:manicule
2961:copyleft
2377:asterism
2362:asterisk
2347:ellipsis
2061:Slipcase
1988:Postface
1983:Colophon
1963:Glossary
1958:Endnotes
1936:Epilogue
1903:Sections
1890:Chapters
1862:Prologue
1842:Foreword
1832:Epigraph
1675:Typeface
1645:Ornament
1561:Footnote
1445:(1997).
1330:Archived
1304:Archived
1279:, 2007,
1109:July 10,
831:Citation
820:See also
489:de Selby
176:and the
153:Location
107:Asterisk
81:endnotes
30:Footnote
3213:pilcrow
3194:lozenge
3159:fleuron
3102:bracket
2956:
2952:
2861:
2857:
2418:
2387:
2287:at sign
2115:symbols
2107:Common
2056:Pop-ups
2036:Endband
1847:Preface
1769:Marbled
1736:Leather
1721:Buckram
1618:Initial
1576:Scholia
1032:English
815:series.
560:English
430:Unicode
378:History
241:of the
96:In the
3233:
3222:
3218:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3168:
3164:
3152:
3148:
3144:dagger
3137:
3133:
3121:
3110:
3106:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3025:
3014:
3010:
2999:
2995:
2984:
2980:
2969:
2965:
2950:
2946:
2935:
2923:
2912:
2908:
2904:bullet
2897:
2893:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2855:
2851:
2840:
2828:
2817:
2813:
2802:
2798:
2787:
2783:
2772:
2768:
2757:
2753:
2742:
2738:
2727:
2723:
2711:
2700:
2696:
2685:
2681:
2670:
2666:
2655:
2651:
2640:
2636:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2606:
2602:
2591:
2579:
2568:
2564:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2534:
2530:
2519:
2515:
2504:
2492:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2439:
2427:
2423:dinkus
2416:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2370:
2366:
2355:
2351:
2340:
2336:
2325:
2321:
2310:
2306:
2295:
2291:
2280:
2276:
2265:
2253:
2242:
2238:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:hyphen
2185:
2181:
2170:
2166:
2155:
2151:
2140:
2136:
2125:
1978:Errata
1665:Rubric
1635:Margin
1603:Header
1598:Footer
1593:Column
1493:
1476:
1457:
1364:28 May
1289:passim
1283:
988:
567:sounds
556:French
434:colons
32:(film)
2824:caret
2779:tilde
2317:slash
2302:caret
2234:prime
2162:colon
2147:comma
2132:space
1973:Index
1941:Outro
1899:Parts
1566:Gloss
1156:(PDF)
919:(PDF)
908:(PDF)
841:Ibid.
504:well.
2469:dash
1680:Font
1545:and
1491:ISBN
1474:OCLC
1455:ISBN
1366:2024
1281:ISBN
1111:2024
1086:2015
986:ISBN
779:and
329:HTML
257:HTML
227:NASA
221:The
67:page
55:note
53:, a
41:and
2866:tie
1232:",
1228:. "
1040:doi
755:'s
724:'s
720:In
689:'s
677:'s
661:'s
642:'s
626:'s
614:'s
548:'s
536:'s
524:'s
510:'s
497:'s
481:'s
469:'s
451:'s
401:.
49:In
3312::
1453:.
1408:.
1383:.
1336:,
1310:,
1255:.
1205:.
1158:.
1127:.
1102:.
1077:.
1036:17
1034:.
1009:.
958:.
942:,
910:.
865:^
770:S.
436:.
212:).
2954:©
2859:⁀
2408:*
2401:*
2394:*
2100:e
2093:t
2086:v
1527:e
1520:t
1513:v
1499:.
1480:.
1463:.
1418:.
1393:.
1368:.
1265:.
1242:.
1215:.
1191:.
1169:.
1140:.
1113:.
1088:.
1046:.
1042::
1019:.
994:.
969:.
928:.
573:.
408:)
404:(
307:)
301:(
296:)
292:(
282:.
147:☞
143:↓
139:◊
135:Δ
131:#
127:¶
123:‖
119:§
115:‡
111:†
45:.
34:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.