North Western Area Campaign

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was of little strategic significance, but Townsville was the largest aircraft depot in northern Australia. It was also an important staging point for aircraft en route to New Guinea and the Central Pacific Area. This interlude brought consciousness of the air war more sharply into focus for the Australian people. For three successive nights from 25 July, Townsville was bombed by Emily flying boats of the 14th (Yokosuka) Air Group. Six American Airacobras of the 8th Fighter Group were alerted and airborne during the second alert, while the intruder was still 80 kilometres distant. The Emily managed to drop its bombs and avoid being intercepted despite these elaborate preparations. The Yokosuka Air Group returned again the following night, as if spurred on by its earlier success. This time, however, Emily number W37 was intercepted by two Airacobras from the 36th Fighter Squadron, which scored a number of hits on the huge flying boat. It escaped apparently without serious damage and an Allied wireless operator subsequently intercepted a transmission indicating that W37 had arrived back at Rabaul.

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reflected from the earth, cover regions near the ground. Had the Japanese known this, they could, by flying at low level, have come quite close to the target before their presence was detected. Fortunately for Britain, even the German pilots did not know of this trick early in the war. The German pilots did learn it later, and long after the Darwin raids passed the trick on to the Japanese just as their air strength was nearly exhausted. The Americans failed to intercept during the next five raids and on 2 April the Shell oil refineries in Harvey Street were struck by bomb splinters, causing 136 000 litres of aviation spirit to be lost. Two days later, however, the Kittyhawks were ready and waiting when seven bombers and six fighters attacked the civil airfield at Darwin. The 9th Fighter Squadron destroyed five bombers and two Zeros, losing only one of its own aircraft and damaging two. This engagement, needless to say, did much to restore confidence within the beleaguered community. Second Lieutenants John Landers and Andrew Reynolds both managed to destroy two aircraft each during this encounter.

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Aborigine was killed, another wounded, and some damage was done to the aerodrome. The 9th Fighter Squadron only managed to destroy one Nakajima reconnaissance plane, but in doing so they helped pioneer the use of early warning radar in the south-west Pacific. Early warning radar was without doubt the single most important factor to influence the outcome of the north Australian air war. Without adequate warning the Allied fighters could offer little defence against the enemy formations which invariably arrived over the mainland at extreme altitude. The 22 March raid was in fact the first successful radar-controlled intercept of the war. By detecting the incoming formation at a range of approximately 130 kilometres the CSIR's experimental radar station at Dripstone Caves, near Darwin, had effectively proved the usefulness of the concept of radar-controlled interception to a largely pessimistic military and civilian community.

1799:

offensive. However MacArthur rated the prospect of a Japanese assault on mainland Australia, he could not afford to overlook the unquestionable superiority of Japanese air strength in Timor, Java, and Celebes. By May 1943, the Japanese had developed almost sixty-seven airfields in the arc of islands around Australia. An Allied General Headquarters report of 14 March 1943 had estimated that a total of 334 Japanese aircraft could be deployed to the north-west of Australia. Such was the significance of the threat to the region that eleven squadrons, which included three of MacArthur's highly valued heavy bombardment squadrons, had been committed to the region's defence by August 1943. The buildup of air defences was to continue and by July 1944, when the last Japanese aircraft had been shot down over Australia, there were seventeen squadrons participating in the defence of northern Australia.

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reports 105 Fighter Control Unit Headquarters, encl. 1A. This aircraft, serial number 5349, was the first substantially intact Zero to be examined by Allied intelligence personnel. See RAAF Historical Section, North-West Area interviews, book 3; and Intelligence officer's report, 520 BU, 29 March 1943. AWM 64, RAAF Formation and unit records, ORB No. 77 Squadron and unit history sheet, August 1942 – December 1944, AWM 64, entry of 17 September 1942. Gadja, After The Battle, no. 28, 1980, p. 46. Dr Frank J. Olynyk, 'Summary of American fighter-pilot victories during Pacific Operations', unpublished manuscript, Aurora, Ohio, USA. D. P. Mellor, Australia in the War of 1939–1945, The Role of Science and Industry, Canberra, 1958, p. 436. AA: CRS M431, CP 142, item 2, p. 4.

2048:. Reconnaissance flights were conducted throughout the entire campaign and the last Japanese aircraft to fly over Australia during the second world war was a Mitsubishi Ki21 (Sally), piloted by Lieutenant Kiyoshi Iizuka. Reconnaissance operations were far more numerous than bombing operations, and yet only ten Japanese reconnaissance aircraft were ever destroyed by Allied fighters. The appearance of a reconnaissance aircraft usually indicated to those below that an attack by level bombers was imminent. Reconnaissance flights were generally made at altitudes in excess of 6000 metres although Broome and Millingimbi, which had only light anti-aircraft defences, were both reconnoitred from below 3000 metres. Sergeant Akira Hayashi was flying a Bab when he first 2538:

aircraft force-landed in the water and the pilot dived overboard. An attempt by Legge to bomb the 'Jake' in the water was unsuccessful, but the Beaufort came down to 100 feet (30 m), and the navigator straddled the enemy aircraft with a burst from his nose gun, causing the 'Jake' to burst into flames. The Allied defence of northern Australia must be judged a success given that the Allied air forces destroyed 174 aircraft during the twenty-nine months after February 1942, losing only sixty-eight Kittyhawks and Spitfires themselves. The Japanese personnel losses were much higher than these figures suggest as more than half the aircraft lost by the Japanese were bombers, usually Bettys, which each carried seven crewmen.

203: 192: 170: 2444:

dive through the enemy formation, safe in the knowledge that the Zero would be unable to follow at the same speed. On 30 July the 49th had an opportunity to demonstrate that it could achieve creditable results, providing its Kittyhawks had the height advantage. On this particular occasion, Darwin's twenty-sixth air raid, the Americans had been given ample warning of the incoming attack and were thus able to strike the enemy from above, destroying six bombers and three fighters and losing only one P-40. Second Lieutenant John Landers emerged from this combat as the group's second ace after having already destroyed three enemy aircraft during an earlier engagement.

1963:... When about ten miles from the ship I was suddenly attacked by nine fighters which approached directly from the sun ... At that time I was proceeding down wind at 600 ft . I endeavoured to turn into the wind but all fabric except starboard aileron was destroyed ... There was no alternative but to land down wind and this procedure was rendered even more hazardous by the fact that the float mechanism had been destroyed by gunfire ... noise caused by bullets striking the plane was terrific ... I struck the water at a great force but after bouncing three times managed to complete the landing ... The portwaist gun was untenable due to extreme heat but 41: 2375:, which was responsible for evaluating and monitoring the development of Japanese aircraft. The unit's north Australian representative was an Australian, Pilot Officer Crook, who was constantly competing with souvenir hunters for access to Japanese aircraft wreckage. Crook's main task. was to examine enemy aircraft wreckage and collect any data plates that had escaped the attention of the souvenir hunters, so as to monitor changes in armament, crew capacity, camouflage, airframe and engine design. By comparing serial numbers and production dates it was possible also to estimate production rates for individual aircraft types. 2485:

first Zero, as well as a Kate bomber. The Japanese lost three aircraft altogether and although there were no Spitfires shot down, one Beaufighter was destroyed on the ground (A19-31). Five days later No. 457 Squadron recorded its first victory. Four aircraft were scrambled to intercept Japanese aircraft reported to be over Bathurst Island. They were ordered to 4500 metres and found a Dinah heading for home over the sea about twenty-five kilometres from Darwin. Flight Lieutenant MacLean and Flight Sergeant McDonald each made two attacks at close range and the enemy plunged into the sea burning fiercely.

1851: 214: 111: 2364:

intact, gave Allied intelligence officers their first opportunity to try to establish the basis of the Zero's phenomenal performance. A detailed examination of the aircraft established such crucial factors as maximum range and firepower and also highlighted a number of significant weaknesses such as the lack of fuel tank protection, pilot armour, and armoured glass. Equally significant was the discovery that the Japanese were using Swedish-designed cannons and American-designed direction-finding compasses, propellers and machine-guns. The Zero had already begun to look vulnerable.

2421:

George Kiser managed to duplicate this feat two days later when he too destroyed two bombers and one Zero. This was to be the last raid for some time as the 23rd Air Flotilla then refrained from attacking Australia for almost six weeks. The 49th Fighter Group had thus far compiled a very creditable record. Prior to May it had lost eight of its P-40s and three pilots while destroying a total of thirty-eight Japanese planes and an estimated 135 crewmen. The 49th's combat record was in fact the only bright spot in the Allied war effort which was then still largely defensive.

270: 259: 248: 237: 226: 149: 181: 2456:

bomb the Hudsons based at Hughes Field. Twenty-four Kittyhawks from the 7th and 8th Fighter Squadrons managed to intercept the formation, shooting down fifteen Japanese aircraft for the loss of just one P-40. This later proved to be the most successful combat of the entire campaign. It also gave the group its third ace, First Lieutenant James Morehead, who shot down two Zeros over Cape Fourcroy on Melville Island. The group left north Australia with a final tally of seventy-nine Japanese aircraft which had cost them twenty-one Kittyhawks (and two damaged).

2340:

unfavourable weather report. It was therefore more the result of good luck, rather than good management, that Darwin was not left completely undefended during the first Japanese air attack. In the event the American Kittyhawks could offer little more than token resistance to the 1st Air Fleet which arrived over Darwin undetected, and in overwhelming numbers. The Japanese pilots were also experienced combat veterans whereas the majority of the American pilots were pitifully inexperienced, some having as little as twelve hours' experience in combat aircraft.

2198:. Until then the Japanese had operated very consistently with most flights arriving over the target during the early afternoon. However, when operations resumed during the last week of July after a six-week lapse, the bombers arrived over the target under cover of darkness. Most formations were dramatically reduced in size and on six consecutive nights, beginning on 25 July, the city was bombed by small shotai (three-plane) formations. The attacks were all made from altitudes in excess of 6,600 metres (21,654 feet) and the damage was minimal. 2489:

losing four of their own aircraft. However, the bombers did manage to hit six oil tanks, setting two of them on fire. Squadron Leader Goldsmith, who destroyed two aircraft during this engagement, later wrote in his log-book: Squirted at a Hap while his No. 2 came round behind me. Knocked lumps off wing, was hit in tail wheel and wing root. Followed bombers 80 miles out to sea, attacked out of sun. Got a Hap on way down, made two attacks on Betty which broke formation. Landed with 3 galls petrol, tail wheel broke off when I touched down.

99: 1806:. Offensive operations against northern Australia, on the other hand, continued until late 1943, and were directed against a wide variety of land-based targets as well as merchant shipping. Darwin was probably, after Port Moresby, the most frequently bombed Allied base in the south-west Pacific. For almost two years the Japanese Air Force was able to maintain a bomber offensive which significantly disrupted and delayed the Allied war effort, whilst simultaneously causing considerable anxiety within the Australian civil community. 2526:

of other Fifth Air Force bomber groups in New Guinea. These activities made a worthwhile contribution to MacArthur's advance along the north New Guinea coast by destroying installations and forcing the enemy to retain defences well to the rear thereby weakening the front. The Spitfires subsequently shot down two more Dinahs, bringing the wing's total to seventy-six, slightly less than that of the 49th Fighter Group. No. 1 Fighter Wing had, in the course of the war, lost thirty-six Spitfires and suffered damage to nine others.

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the first time that the Japanese Air Force had encountered any significant fighter opposition over mainland Australia and the result, so far as the Japanese were concerned, was less than encouraging. The Americans shot down four Zeros and one bomber while one American aircraft was destroyed and one damaged. Two of the Zeros were shot down by Second Lieutenant House, Jr. Although Horn Island was attacked again on numerous occasions, the Japanese always managed to avoid interception by Allied fighters.

1892:(who, after the war, became an executive director of one of Japan's largest stockbroking firms) was the flying boat's observer at the time, and one of only two crewmen to escape the encounter unscathed. His recollections of the incident, which were published recently in Japan, provide a rare personal insight into the nature of the Japanese air war over northern Australia. The following extract from Takahara's third-person narrative account describes what happened after the Kittyhawk was sighted: 2387:

undefended for almost four weeks before the first elements of the group arrived on 14 March. In the meantime the Japanese had broadened the scope of their attacks to include Broome, Wyndham and Horn Island. The Allies had no fighter defences at Broome or Wyndham when Japanese fighters attacked on 3 March 1942. Twenty-four Allied aircraft were destroyed in the space of fifteen minutes whereas only one Zero, piloted by Chief Air Sergeant Osamu Kudo, was brought down by anti-aircraft gunners.

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it was never completely crippling, but always a cause of concern. In the event, the contest for air superiority over northern Australia was finally decided in the skies over Rabaul and the northern Solomons. The Japanese Naval Air Force, having suffered heavy losses in these areas, was forced to redistribute, using aircraft from the 23rd Air Flotilla. Likewise, the Japanese army's 7th Air Division was also relocated to compensate for losses elsewhere in the Pacific.

2425:

which had been formed in Britain in June 1941. 'The arrangement was that each squadron would receive sixteen aircraft as initial equipment and replacements at the rate of five aircraft per squadron per month.' 23 Unfortunately the first consignment of forty-two Spitfires was diverted to the Middle East following the fall of Tobruk on 21 June. Almost four months were to pass before the second consignment of seventy-one Spitfires arrived in Australia.

2417:

aircraft. Darwin had, up until 4 April, been defended by just one squadron of American fighters. The city began to feel less defenceless when reinforcements arrived two days later in the form of the 7th Fighter Squadron. The 8th Fighter Squadron had also arrived by 15 April, giving the 49th Fighter Group its full complement of sixty aircraft. Never again were the Allies to be outnumbered as they had been at the start of the war.

2324:

Japanese would often arrive at altitudes in excess of 6600 metres (21,654 feet) and the Allies' greatest defence, in these circumstances, was the early warning radar network which could detect incoming formations at distances of up to 240 kilometres (130 nautical miles). The Allied fighters were generally less manoeuvreable than the Zero, and still had to climb rapidly to be able to attack the Japanese from above.

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154 years of peaceful settlement, safe in the belief that their isolation would keep them free from foreign aggression. For most people living in Australia in February 1942 the war was still a slightly abstract notion involving foreign people, places and ideals. On 19 February, however, World War II became a reality for all Australians, destroying once and for all the notion that Australia was inviolable.

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had some cause for celebration as Second Lieutenant Reynolds had managed to shoot down his fifth Japanese aircraft during operations in northern Australia. Reynolds thus became the first ace of the Australian campaign. Five other Allied pilots were to earn this distinction by the time the campaign ended in July 1944. It is unknown if any Japanese pilots emerged as aces from this theatre of operations.

2477:. The wing was commanded by Group Captain Walters and the wing leader was Wing Commander Caldwell who was at that time the RAAF's leading ace. The wing transferred to the Northern Territory in January 1943 with No. 54 Squadron based at Darwin, No. 452 at Strauss, and No. 457 at Livingstone. No. 18 Squadron (NEIAF) also arrived during the same month, emphasizing the shift to the offensive. 2227: 2246:, leaving the 23rd Air Flotilla to carry on the campaign. The bombers continued to come over at night until 12 November 1943 when Darwin was attacked for the very last time. While the night bombers were inaccurate, they ran little risk of interception by fighters. Only twice during the entire bombing campaign did Allied fighters succeed in destroying Japanese bombers at night. 1897:

towards the sea Takahara fired a whole magazine (50 rounds) into it. They saw the fighter hit the water ... Takahara discovered that his wireless operator had been hit and ... the flying-boat, too, with flames coming out of the door forward of the tanks ... Takahara felt the shock as they hit, opened the door and then lost consciousness. He came to in the water.

2081:. I photographed the splash with my camera gun and flew at zero feet around the debris observing three bodies in the water, two of which had partially opened parachutes attached ... One body was that of a large man in a black flying suit and helmet; he was lying spreadeagled on top of the water, face upward and I gained the impression that he was still alive. 2086:

significant aspect of the entire campaign and have also been the subject of the most discussion. The bomber offensive not only accounted for the majority of Japanese aircraft shot down over Australia but also had the greatest strategic implications for the Allied war effort. It was because of the Japanese bomber offensive that the United States

1979:. This was in effect the last anti-shipping strike of 1942. Japanese tactics had changed altogether by January 1943 when they resumed anti-shipping operations in the Arafura Sea and Torres Strait. The vital supply route to Darwin was constantly patrolled by small float-plane formations equipped with either Petes, Jakes or Nakajima B5Ns 2505:

looked as if the wing had lost thirteen aircraft and the fact that all the bombers had reached their target without loss only made the situation look much worse. To add insult to injury, the press obtained the casualty figures, and made much of the fact that this was the first occasion when any communique had reported heavy losses.

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Milne Bay without ever meeting the Japanese on equal terms. The squadron's commanding officer, Wing Commander Cresswell, did however achieve one notable success when he shot down a Betty bomber of the Takao Air Group on the night of 23 November 1942. This was the first successful night interception of the north Australian war.

1623:. The Japanese flying boat located the convoy at 10.30 a.m. and maintained visual contact for a further three hours. When it was about 190 kilometres west of Darwin the H6K made an unsuccessful bombing attack on the vessels before turning for home. Soon afterwards, however, the flying boat was spotted by an American 2098:, to prepare for the rapid transfer of squadrons to airfields around Torres Strait and in the Northern Territory should the Australian mainland come under threat of invasion. To augment these plans the RAAF Directorate of Works was ordered to proceed as quickly as possible with the development of a network of airbases from 2383:

was the first Japanese aircraft shot down over Australia at night during air-to-air combat. The aircraft had crashed on Koolpinyah Station, where it was later discovered substantially intact. An examination of the wreckage revealed that the Betty carried a crew of nine rather than seven, as was previously thought.

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been attacked by an aerial force numerically equivalent to that which had paralysed the American Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, the main thrust of the Allied war effort was then being directed towards the defence of Port Moresby which, until then, had been subjected to just a few, ineffectual nuisance raids.

1745:. The first two Japanese air raids against Darwin, and the events which followed, represent the most humiliating moments in Australia's military history. The Allied command had failed to appreciate the significance of the Japanese buildup to the north-west of Darwin, despite the pattern of recent events at 2407:

Day of days. Our first victory. Seven bombers appeared supported by several fighters. As the bombers came over the point the very first two rounds from the A.A. burst just behind the formation and got five bombers of the seven. One blew up immediately. Another, badly ablaze, screamed down towards the

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personnel while on leave discovered two attache cases, with Jap markings, found to contain electrically heated flying suits and other personal gear'. It was the examination of crash-sites, however, which often yielded the most information. The unit's greatest coup was the salvage of Betty T359, which

2076:

I opened fire with all guns, my starboard cannon stopping almost immediately ... strikes were observed on the port side of the enemy aircraft fuselage, the starboard engine and tail unit. The starboard engine and fuselage immediately caught fire and some pieces of flying debris hit my own plane ... I

1817:

Japanese aircraft losses during this campaign have never been examined in detail, despite the fact that they had direct bearing on the outcome of the campaign. By examining these losses more closely, we may not only increase our understanding of the air war, but also gain a more balanced insight into

1785:

MacArthur viewed the threat to northern Australia with such seriousness that he ordered his first operational fighter squadron be sent to Darwin, rather than Port Moresby. As more fighter squadrons became available they were sent immediately to the Northern Territory and it was late April 1942 before

2550:

Although the damage caused by these attacks was relatively slight, the cost to the Allies in terms of their delayed offensives and diverted resources was considerable, particularly during 1942. The north Australian air war might therefore be described as a thorn in MacArthur's side in the sense that

2525:

The Liberators because of their great range and bomb-carrying capacity were making the most effective contribution achieved from North-Western Area. Their geographical position in the Northern Territory enabled them to strike at targets far behind the Japanese front lines which were out of the reach

2517:

The Japanese 7th Air Regiment encountered a more disciplined opposition when it next attacked Darwin on 20 June. The wing achieved its best result, shooting down fourteen enemy aircraft while losing just three Spitfires. 27 It was during this encounter that Wing Commander Caldwell, who was already a

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The Spitfires persisted with the dogfighting technique until 2 May when five aircraft had to carry out forced landings through lack of fuel. A further three Spitfires made forced landings because of engine failure and all but two of these eight aircraft were later recovered. At the time, however, it

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The wing had its first full-scale encounter with the Japanese on 15 March when all three Spitfire squadrons intercepted a very large force of twenty-two Bettys escorted by twenty-seven Zeros. Using the European tactic of dogfighting, the Spitfires managed to shoot down six Bettys and two Zeros while

2455:

No. 77 Squadron arrived in the Northern Territory just as the veteran American 49th Fighter Group was preparing to leave after five months of continuous combat. The group fought its final battle on 23 August when a very large enemy force of twenty-seven bombers and twenty-seven fighters attempted to

2447:

On the following day Port Moresby was raided for the seventy-seventh time. The formations which attacked Darwin, however, were in general much larger than those which attacked Port Moresby. As late as September 1943 the 23rd Air Flotilla could still assemble a force of thirty-seven aircraft, whereas

2443:

The 23rd Air Flotilla had in the meantime resumed its daylight bombing campaign against Port Darwin. The 49th Fighter Group was equipped at the time with early model Kittyhawk P-40Es which were outclassed by the nimble Zero fighters. The Americans were quick to realize that their best defence was to

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The bombers arrived under cover of darkness during July, leaving the 49th Fighter Group powerless to do anything more than watch. The scope of the Japanese attacks was broadened towards the end of the month to include Port Hedland in Western Australia and Townsville in north Queensland. Port Hedland

2416:

The anti-aircraft guns played an important role throughout the campaign by ensuring that the bombers remained at an altitude from which accurate bombing became very difficult. The Australian gunners were very effective in this regard even though they only managed to shoot down a total of eight enemy

2390:

The Japanese met with stiff opposition, however, when they first attacked Horn Island on 14 March. Eight Nell bombers and nine Zeros arrived over the target at 1:00 p.m. and were intercepted by nine P-40s of the 7th Fighter Squadron, which was then staging through on its way to Darwin. This was

2339:

had been flying patrol over the waters north-west of Darwin. On 19 February, however, its planes had been scheduled for an attempt to get through to Timor. In fact ten of the squadron's P-40s had taken off for Koepang at approximately 9.00 a.m. but had to return half an hour later because of an

2186:

The pattern of attack changed dramatically on 25 April that year when the 753rd Air Corps, led by Lieutenant Commander Matsumi, arrived over Darwin with a force of twenty-four bombers escorted by fifteen fighters. This later proved to be one of the most costly raids of the war with thirteen aircraft

1885:

convoy steaming towards Timor. Mirau reported this by radio and was told to continue shadowing the convoy, which he did for a further three hours. Before heading back to Ceram he made an unsuccessful bombing attack on the convoy from 4,000 metres, using 60 kilogram bombs. The crew of the flying

2663:

See W. M. Prime, 'Fighter Leader', Aviation Historical Society of Australia Journal, vol. 19, no. 2, April–June 1978, p. 27; R. K. Piper, 'Epitaph to a Darwin Raider', Journal of the Aircraft Owners' and Pilots' Association, vol. 35, no. 12, December 1982, pp. 24–8; S. Gadja, 'Air-Raid on

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regularly patrolled the western approaches to Horn Island in an effort to protect the vital shipping lanes through the Torres Strait. The Australian-built Beaufort Mk VIIIs were equipped with ASV (air-to-surface vessel) radar and on 18 June, aircraft number A9-296, piloted by Flying Officer Hopton,

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This initial excitement was followed by almost four weeks of inactivity until 2 March, when nine Kates and sixteen Zeros made a daylight attack on the No. 31 Squadron Beaufighters at Coomalie. Caldwell led No. 54 Squadron in a successful interception and he personally succeeded in shooting down his

2428:

The large-scale daylight raids recommenced on 13 June and continued for four successive days. It was during the last of these raids, on 16 June, that the 49th Fighter Group suffered its first major set-back, losing five of its Kittyhawks while destroying only two enemy aircraft. The Americans still

2420:

The group was able to repeat its earlier successes when, on 25 April, it destroyed thirteen enemy aircraft in an enemy formation comprising twenty-four bombers and fifteen fighters. Three of the bombers were shot down by Second Lieutenant James Morehead of the 8th Fighter Squadron. First Lieutenant

2327:

The rapid climb tactic that was used throughout the war imposed severe limitations on the fighters' endurance and Allied aircraft were often forced to cut short their engagements. Ninety-two per cent of all Japanese aircraft shot down over northern Australia were in fact shot down by Kittyhawks and

2205:

We waited for the fifth raid of 27 bombers in succession with a sick feeling in the pit of the stomach. We could not keep our eyes off the burning tanks. The town was deserted by everybody except a few suckers like ourselves whose work kept them there. The raid did not eventuate. I think it was the

2148:

Land-based bombers participating in daylight raids were invariably accompanied by Mitsubishi Zero fighters, described variously as Haps, Hamps or Zekes. The cost of protecting the bombers was high and there were almost as many fighters destroyed as there were bombers. The Zeros participating in the

2059:

in Timor. The Dinah was extremely fast for its size and could reach speeds in excess of 600 kilometres per hour. Radar plots showed that the Dinahs would cross the coast at extreme altitude and enter a shallow dive during the return flight, gradually gaining speed until they were well clear of

1896:

The fighter then came at them from the rear. As it approached, Takahara blazed away at it with the cannon. At the same time shots from the fighter tore through the body of the flying-boat. When the fighter was right upon them they saw that white smoke was issuing from its tail. As the fighter dived

1813:

Very little has been written about the north Australian air war and what has been published to date has generally tended to reflect the Allied view of events. This situation began changing after the mid 1980s with popular and academic research drawing increasingly on unpublished, primary sources in

2554:

The north Australian air war will always be regarded as a significant, rather than a crucial battle. There were no real winners or losers and yet to all Australians, then as now this episode will always be remembered as a turning point in Australian history. Australians had become complacent after

2546:

The Japanese Air Force never actually reduced the intensity or frequency of its operations, despite these heavy losses. Darwin was attacked by large enemy formations as late as September 1943 and indeed the Northern Territory was still being bombed well after raids on Port Moresby had stopped. The

2463:

No. 31 Squadron's arrival at Coomalie the same month represented a turning point in the war. The Allied air forces had, up until then, been fighting a defensive campaign over their own bases. The introduction of Beaufighters gave the Allies a potent weapon with which to attack the enemy in his own

2363:

The Japanese 1st Air Fleet is conservatively estimated to have lost five aircraft during the first Darwin raid. Australian anti-aircraft gunners accounted for one Zero and one bomber while a second Zero was later found crash-landed on Melville Island. This last aircraft, which was still relatively

2020:

had also begun to take their toll and by early 1944 the Japanese anti-shipping campaign had been abandoned altogether. By this stage of the war the Japanese navy had lost seven float-planes over northern Australia as a direct result of aerial combat. The majority of these losses were attributed to

1901:

Takahara and the other five crewmen who survived the crash were able to draw some comfort from the knowledge that the Japanese Army Air Force did eventually capitalize on their success in locating the Allied convoy. The next morning they saw twenty-seven Japanese bombers flying south to attack the

1781:

south-west Pacific strategies, particularly during 1942. The threat of Japanese invasion forced the Allies to defend the northern, and to a lesser extent the eastern, approaches to mainland Australia. This was done, initially at least, at the expense of the New Guinea campaign. Although Darwin had

2436:

That the radar station at Kissing Point in Townsville managed to detect the enemy flying boats at extreme range. The RAAF's need for an early warning radar network had become so critical that by early 1942 the Australian Radiophysics Laboratory was asked to modify a number of SCR268 anti-aircraft

2343:

Nine Kittyhawks were destroyed in quick succession and only Lieutenant Robert Oestreicher managed to bring his bullet-punctured P-40 ("Miss Nadine" #43) to a normal landing. Oestreicher was the only American pilot to shoot down a Japanese aircraft during this historic action (he was credited with

1798:

By maintaining their offensive stance in the North-Western Area, the Japanese were also presenting a threat to the vulnerable western approaches to New Guinea. This region lay on the flank of MacArthur's main concentrations and had to be adequately protected to ensure the success of his projected

2459:

The Americans' departure was timed to coincide with the arrival of replacement fighters from Britain. These had arrived in Sydney during October which was fortunate for the Allies, as this represented a period of reduced activity for the 23rd Air Flotilla. No. 76 Squadron also arrived at Strauss

2451:

The first Australian reinforcements arrived during August 1942 when twenty-four Kittyhawks from No. 77 Squadron commenced operations at Livingstone. The squadron's arrival coincided with a period of reduced enemy activity and although it remained in the region until early 1943, it later left for

2424:

The 49th Fighter Group had been in combat for more than two months when the British prime minister announced on 28 May that he was sending three Spitfire squadrons to Australia. The squadrons chosen were No. 54 Squadron (RAF) and two Empire Air Training Scheme squadrons, Nos 452 and 457, both of

2323:

bore the brunt of the early operations and eventually accounted for almost half the Japanese aircraft shot down over Australia. It was the 49th Group which also developed the diving-pass system of attack that was to become standard procedure for all Allied fighters in the North-Western Area. The

2164:

had to share responsibility for escorting the bombers. The first raids against Darwin, Broome and Townsville have all been described elsewhere in great detail and so will not be dealt with again in this article. 11 The intention of the following discussion is to provide a general analysis of the

2114:

Fenton and Millingimbi. The Japanese bomber offensive commenced on 19 February 1942 and ended on 12 November 1943 with the last raids against Darwin and Fenton. The Naval Air Force supplied most aircraft for the bomber offensive although it is now known that the Army Air Force participated in at

2085:

The losses sustained through anti-shipping and reconnaissance operations were comparatively slight, however, when it is considered that nearly one hundred and sixty Japanese aircraft were destroyed over Australia during the mainland bombing offensive. These operations were without doubt the most

1967:... manned the starboard gun and vigorously returned the enemy fire ... One boat was discovered to be completely full of holes but boat was launched through the navigator's hatch. By this time the entire plane aft of the wings was melting and large areas of burning gasoline surrounded the plane. 2700:

The other five north Australian aces were First Lieutenant James Bruce Morehead (8th Fighter Squadron), Second Lieutenant John Dave Landers (9th Fighter Squadron), Wing Commander C. R. Caldwell (No. 1 Fighter Wing), Squadron Leader Eric Malcolm Gibbs (No. 54 Squadron) and Squadron Leader Robert

2690:

See Lockwood, Australia's Pearl Harbour; Hall, Darwin 1942; Gadja, After The Battle, no. 28, 1980; R. K. Piper, RAAF News, vol. 27, no. 6, July 1985. AA: CRS M431, CP 142, item 2, p. 4. Ibid., p. 6. Odgers, Air War Against Japan, p. 121. RAAF Historical Section, Combat and attack

2537:

No. 7 Squadron subsequently made two more successful interceptions, one of which must surely rank as the war's most bizarre combat. Flying Officer Legge was flying Beaufort A9-329 on 20 September 1943 when he sighted a 'Jake' 42 miles (68 km) west of Cape Valsch, and attacked it. The enemy

2412:

No less dramatic were the independent reports received the following day of 'hostile fighters flying at about 4/500' with American markings'. The gunners at the oval 'reported distinct Zero features with USA markings'. The fact that these reports were made independently, and at relatively close

2394:

Kittyhawks of the 49th Fighter Group had arrived in Darwin by mid-March and on 22 March they carried out their first interception. Nine bombers, three Zeros and one reconnaissance aircraft had penetrated 300 kilometres inland to Katherine, dropping one stick of bombs from high altitude. An

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On 27 February Lieutenant Oestreicher received telegraphic orders to fly south and report to the 49th Fighter Group at Bankstown. General MacArthur had agreed that the 49th Fighter Group, commanded by Colonel Paul Wurtsmith, should be diverted to the Northern Territory. However, Darwin was left

1760:

The first Darwin air raid was followed by an outbreak of widespread military and civil disorder which, fuelled by rumours of Japanese invasion, soon led to a state of panic. Since this was also the largest ever attack against the Australian mainland, most historical discussions about the war in

2521:

The USAAF 380 Bomb Group's arrival in the Northern Territory had not escaped the enemy's notice and on 30 June they switched their attentions to Fenton where the Liberator B-24s were based. So significant were the long-range Liberator strikes that the Japanese now focused their attacks almost

2398:

Radar was no longer a new-fangled invention to be regarded with suspicion, but a valuable weapon. Faith in its efficacy grew rapidly, sometimes to limits beyond its deserving. It was well known to the radiophysicists that the air warning set did not, because of the interference of radio waves

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Darwin was bombed on sixty-four separate occasions, each of which can be classified according to one of five distinct bombing patterns which alternated between daylight and night attacks. For months at a time the Japanese air forces would adhere to the same attack procedure, giving the Allies

1821:

Japanese air operations against northern Australia fall into three distinct categories: anti-shipping, reconnaissance, and bombing (which includes fighter escort operations). The first of these categories, and the first offensive operations of the northern campaign, were anti-shipping strikes

1809:

Unlike the war in New Guinea, however, the war in northern Australia was fought almost entirely in the air and the only ground troops involved were the gunners who manned the anti-aircraft weapons. Both sides recorded heavy losses of aircraft and aircrew, and in the final analysis it was the

1634:

This was the first of many Japanese aircraft to be shot down over north Australia or within Australian territorial waters during World War II. For nearly two and a half years following this initial engagement, Japanese Army and Naval Air Forces maintained a constant surveillance of northern

2331:

Most Japanese losses were sustained during daylight attacks against targets in the Northern Territory, Port Darwin in particular. However, more than half these attacks occurred at night when the Allied fighters, lacking air-to-air radar, were generally unable to intercept their attackers.

2664:

Broome', After The Battle, no. 28, 1980, pp. 44–8. S. Kikoku Takahara, 'Unbelievable happenings of people who died in the war', Eimusu. Photocopied extract of an unidentified 1983 issue, supplied by Mr David Sissons, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.

2437:

gunnery sets which had arrived in Australia after the Americans were forced to evacuate the Philippines. The first set to be modified in this manner was erected at Kissing Point where, in July 1942, it gave an outstanding one-hour-fifty-minute warning of an approaching enemy aircraft.

2710:

The wreckage of one of these bombers, thought to be a Nakajima Ki49 Helen, was recently located on Cox Peninsula west of Darwin. A number of small components recovered from the site have since been donated to the Australian War Memorial (military technology collection, Acc. 12300 and

2534:

made the first successful radar interception within the Australian war zone. The crew of A9-296 saw an indication of an enemy plane on its radar screen at about ten kilometres distance. This proved to be a Jake float-plane which was attacked by the Beaufort and crashed into the sea.

2408:

ground. The others, with amazing discipline tried to keep formation. I saw a Jap jump out of one of the blazing machines – just a small black dot. His parachute opened but a burning piece of plane fell on it. The Jap fell rapidly and landed just on the other side of the aerodrome.

2311:

A group of RAAF personnel at the site of the wreckage of a Japanese 'Betty' bomber aircraft shot down by Squadron Leader R C Cresswell during a night raid on Darwin. The bodies of nine Japanese were later found near the wrecked bomber.(Australian War Memorial ID number 013716

2210:

The Japanese subsequently used this tactic to great advantage, repeatedly sending over small unescorted formations at night. Elsewhere in the Pacific these lone intruders would remain overhead for hours on end, periodically dropping a bomb to make sure no one got to sleep.

2464:

territory. Unlike the Mitchells and Hudsons which had been conducting offensive operations almost from the start of the war, the Beaufighters of No. 31 Squadron were designed exclusively as ground attack aircraft and did much to increase the enemy's rate of attrition.

2106:

in the north of Queensland. The RAAF became so heavily committed to patrolling the Australian coastline that by April 1943 it had reached the stage where it had more operational squadrons on duty in Australia than in the northern frontline theatres of New Guinea.

2500:

with a Zero. This type of combat resulted in increased fuel consumption which if left unchecked could lead to fuel starvation. The Kittyhawk pilots had therefore developed the diving-pass technique and avoided close quarter combat whenever this was possible.

2508:

The Advisory War Council had little choice but to order an official inquiry and called for a special report from the Chief of Air Staff. As a result of these investigations the Spitfires were fitted with drop-tanks and dogfighting was banned altogether.

2402:

The anti-aircraft defences also put in an outstanding effort on this occasion and the Australian 3.7-inch (94 mm) guns at Fanny Bay brought down two enemy bombers. One eyewitness described the view from the ground in the following dramatic terms:

2177:

These comments were made during the first phase of operations when the raiding force usually consisted of seven bombers, escorted by at least an equal number of fighters. The last of these raids, led by Lieutenant Fujimara, took place on 5 April 1942.

1643:

in north Queensland. For much of this time Australia was also being subjected to regular, full-scale bombing attacks by land-based bombers which were stationed barely a few hours away from the strategic port of Darwin in the Northern Territory.

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The wing had barely commenced operations when it scored its first victory on 6 February 1943. Flight Lieutenant Foster of No. 54 Squadron was vectored to intercept an incoming Dinah which he shot down over the sea near Cape Van Diemen.

1757:. The port was without fighter defences and the army garrison consisted of just two brigades. Darwin harbour had become choked with vulnerable naval and merchant vessels, defended by an anti-aircraft battery of only eighteen guns. 2169:

numerous opportunities for predicting when and where the next attack was likely to occur. The Japanese became so predictable in this regard that one diarist, writing after the raid on 31 March 1942 made the following observation:

40: 2214:

The night bombing pattern was maintained, almost without variation, for the next six months. On 2 March 1943 there was a switch back to daylight operations when Lieutenant Commander Takahide Aioi's force of sixteen Zeros (202nd

2077:

flew behind it for several miles; it was now burning at three points and trailing white smoke ... The enemy aircraft appeared to make an attempt to level out momentarily and hit the water at a point 20 miles due west of

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at 2.00 a.m. but the fifth aircraft, piloted by Sub-Lieutenant Mirau, was delayed with engine trouble and did not take off until 4.00 a.m. Mirau's aircraft was alone when, at about 10.30 a.m., it sighted the

1631:, who then made a diving attack on the Japanese aircraft. After a brief exchange of gunfire both aircraft caught fire and crashed into the sea, thus ending the first aerial combat of the northern Australian air war. 2250:

destroyed one Betty bomber on 23 November 1942, Flight Lieutenant Smithson (457 Squadron), with the co-operation of searchlights, having previously destroyed two Betty bombers during the early hours of 12 November.

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The Spitfires (called "Capstans" to remain secret) which had arrived from Britain the previous month had, by late 1942, finished training at Richmond in New South Wales and been regrouped under the banner of

2201:

While these nocturnal forays may have caused little in the way of material damage, they did have a demoralizing effect on Darwin's population. As one Department of Civil Aviation official noted at the time:

1983:. A tactic commonly employed by Japanese pilots was to switch off the engine and dive out of the sun, which meant that the aircraft was neither heard nor seen until it had dropped its bomb. The supply ship 1769:

have unwittingly reinforced the notion that these early raids on Australia – and Darwin – were isolated incidents conducted opportunistically and in no way related to, say, the later raids against Broome,

2360:

Late that same afternoon the report came through that a coast artillery battery had located both planes within a mile of each other. These are the first confirmed aerial victories on Australian soil.

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When viewed in this context, the war in northern Australia amounts to much more than just another Pearl Harbor. The latter was an isolated strike directed primarily against the capital ships of the

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Field. Intercepting them at about 1500 feet I fired and saw one definitely burst into flames and go down. The other was smoking slightly as he headed for the clouds. I lost him in the clouds.

1581:

squadrons and Australian and Dutch medium bomber squadrons. The Spitfires inflicted substantial losses on Japanese raiders as North-Western Area stepped up its attacks on Japanese positions. RAAF

2145:

in July 1943 were another exception to this general rule as these were carried out by Emily flying boats from the 14th (Yokosuka) Air Group, operating at extreme range from Rabaul, New Britain.

7025: 1924:. She escaped serious damage and continued to steam in a westerly direction until early the next morning when she was attacked by bombers returning from the first Darwin raid. This time the 1822:

directed primarily against Allied ships trying to resupply the beleaguered ground forces in Timor and Java. These operations were scaled down after 19 February 1942 but resumed again in the

2440:

Successes like these were not always the order of the day: at Exmouth Gulf in Western Australia on 24 September 1943 a flock of birds sitting atop the antenna triggered an air raid alert.

1876:. One week after this incident, the Japanese 21st Air Flotilla sent out five of its Mavises to locate any Allied convoys attempting to leave Darwin. Four of the flying boats took off from 3172:

One of which carried the tail code number 354. Australian war artist Roy Hodgkinson depoicted one of these crash sites in a drawing, now in the collection of the Australian War Memorial (

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As mentioned earlier, the first aircraft destroyed during the north Australian campaign was a Kawanishi Mavis which was shot down 190 kilometres west of Darwin after attacking the

1376: 2049: 3027:

This was the first time that Spitfires were used in combat, in the North Western Area. A detailed description of this, the 52nd raid against Darwin, is available in Andrew Thomas's

2187:

failing to return. The 23rd Air Flotilla could ill afford to sustain such high losses and by mid-June it was forced to abandon the practice of mounting large-scale daylight raids.

2060:

the fighter and anti-aircraft defences. Japanese reconnaissance losses were quite acceptable given the frequency with which these operations were conducted. The 70th Squadron lost

1947:, survived the attack and subsequently submitted a comprehensive report, which is now considered to be the earliest contemporary account of an aerial combat in northern Australia. 2028:

Reconnaissance operations were of secondary significance in terms of Japanese aircraft casualties. These operations were conducted primarily by Army Air Force Mitsubishi Ki46s (

1369: 2319:

The northern air war was essentially a fighter conflict with Kittyhawks and Spitfires pitted against Zeros and well-armed Betty bombers. The Kittyhawks of the United States

2242:. These monthly attacks continued through to 13 August when the procedure underwent one final change. The army's 7th Air Division had by this stage withdrawn from Ambon to 7000: 2522:

exclusively on Fenton. The American airbase was to remain their primary target for all future bombing attacks, right up until the last Japanese raid on 12 November 1943.

5475: 2296:(NEIAF). The RAAF, RAF and NEIAF were, however, unable to make any significant contribution to the north Australian war effort until late 1942. The RAAF had a number of 1761:

northern Australia tended to concentrate on these first surprise attacks against Darwin. By treating these events in isolation, however, 20th-century historians such as

1560: 303: 5220: 2262:, it was the need to redistribute elements of the 23rd Air Flotilla that finally forced the Japanese to withdraw altogether from operations against northern Australia. 6965: 4828: 2001:

These anti-shipping operations did not cause any lasting disruption to the Allied coastal supply route and the Japanese flying boat bases at Taberfane and Dobo in the

6826: 4844: 1689:, the Japanese attacked every operational airfield in the northern and north-western parts of Australia, including the strategically important Allied airfields at 5164: 4767: 4739: 3883: 1777:

The Japanese air raids against mainland Australia, though very wide-ranging and seemingly unrelated in strategic terms, did in fact have considerable impact on

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All from the USN's Patwing 10. Bu.No.2306 was shot down near Melville Island while the remaining three were destroyed at their moorings in Darwin Harbour.

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were Philippine registered ships acquired in February 1942 as a part of the U.S. Army's "Permanent Fleet" in the South West Pacific Area. (see Masterson)

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The Americans were also at a distinct disadvantage when the Japanese launched their first attack on Darwin. Since 15 February 1942 the newly activated

2194:, and Ambon was now reported to be fifty-seven fighters, sixty-nine bombers and four observation aircraft, with a heavier concentration of aircraft at 1647:

By early 1942 the Japanese had assembled a force of nearly 130 aircraft in the islands to the north-west of Darwin. This force, comprising sixty-three

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The name Capstan was used consistently by the RAAF in the North-Western Area to describe the Australian export version of the Supermarine Spitfire.

1173: 2547:

Japanese Air Force also achieved some measure of success by consistently attacking Australia while being on the defensive in most other theatres.

1975:, which came alongside and identified itself. Soon afterwards, however, the ship was also attacked and sunk by twenty-seven dive-bombers from the 1862:

convoy. Japanese anti-shipping operations had actually commenced on 8 February 1942 – almost two weeks before the first raid on Darwin – when the

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had forced a redistribution of the available squadrons. One 36-aircraft fighter squadron of the 23rd Air Flotilla with 12 reserves was sent to

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at a time when it was critically short of both. The Allied Commander at that time, General MacArthur, also directed his air force commander,

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The nine Dinahs shot down over Australia are all thought to have belonged to the 70th Independent Squadron of the 7th Air Division, based at

5206: 3362: 5584: 5440: 5424: 5396: 4644: 3851: 3336: 2052:. The Bab was an antiquated design, even by 1942 standards, and this was probably the only occasion when one was ever used over Australia. 2247: 7035: 6341: 5408: 5320: 5264: 5227: 4509: 1976: 1048: 5313: 4045: 897: 747: 462: 289: 2898: 6819: 5447: 3837: 3795: 2744:

The Allied code-names which appear in parentheses will be used hereafter to distinguish between different types of Japanese aircraft.

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The Allied code-names which appear in parentheses will be used hereafter to distinguish between different types of Japanese aircraft.

2238:

The 23rd Air Flotilla, with headquarters at Kendari in the Celebes, was then under orders to make monthly attacks against Darwin and

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Douglas Lockwood, Australia's Pearl Harbour, Melbourne, 1966; Timothy Hall, Darwin 1942, Australia's Darkest Hour, Melbourne, 1980.

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Spitfires. The remaining thirteen aircraft were all destroyed by either anti-aircraft fire, Beauforts, Hudsons or Beaufighters.

2110:

The operations discussed in this category were directed exclusively against land-based targets such as Townsville, Horn Island,

7040: 7015: 5766: 5278: 4128: 3666: 3218: 2371:(TAIU) which had established a sub-unit in the North-Western Area during October 1942. The TAIU was an American unit, based in 2150: 1826:

and Torres Strait regions during early 1943. Anti-shipping operations were usually conducted by naval flying boats such as the

1289: 2529:

Elsewhere, far to the east of Darwin, No. 7 Squadron (RAAF) had also begun to notch up an impressive record. No. 7 Squadron's

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during October but, as was the case with No. 77 Squadron, they too departed soon afterwards without having seen much combat.

795: 708: 674: 645: 360: 3548:

The forgotten Air Force : the establishment and employment of Australian air power in the North-Western area, 1941–1945

2774:(a popular cigarette brand at that time) be used to disguise the Spitfire's arrival in the Australian theatre of operations. 2304:

medium bombers based in the region during early 1942 but these were unsuited to the type of combat dictated by the Japanese.

2157: 1943:

was investigating the ship's unreported presence when it was set upon by nine Zero fighters. The Catalina pilot, Lieutenant

1889: 6595: 6002: 5888: 5053: 4520: 4516: 4494: 4098: 3207:– which crashed on Melville Island during the return flight has been recounted in numerous publications, Australian author 1960: 1873: 1660: 1441: 1166: 951: 909: 742: 467: 437: 3097: 2044:) and Zeros were also used to a lesser degree, and a naval reconnaissance aircraft was the first to appear over Darwin on 6510: 5974: 5306: 5292: 4505: 1053: 718: 2173:

This is getting monotonous – the same. Slight variation this time, however, because they also came over at 10 p.m..

6719: 6588: 6466: 6044: 5759: 5710: 5468: 5023: 4275: 4114: 3962: 3816: 1713: 713: 509: 482: 6835: 5717: 5689: 5506: 5088: 4807: 4774: 3614: 3581: 3513: 3130: 2831: 1564: 1309: 534: 3990: 1935:

was another American Army supply ship which had the misfortune to be in the area at the time. A United States Navy

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Intelligence data turned up in the most unlikely circumstances, as for example in September 1942 when a 'party of

2231: 2065: 1810:

inability to replace these mounting losses which forced Japan to abandon its offensive campaign there altogether.

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AWM 54, Written Records, 1939–1945 war, 625/3/1 (II), Report to HQ AA Defence following the raid on 4 April 1942.

2230:

No 1 (Fighter) Wing radar tracks for the 2 March 1943 raid against Coomalie, N.T. (From Australian Archives File

1850: 1656: 1159: 963: 4785: 4353: 1619:

without air cover and was forced to return the following day, having failed to reinforce the Allied garrison on

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George Odgers, Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Air War Against Japan 1943–1945, Canberra, 1957, p. 38.

2618: 1886:

boat were just settling down to lunch when, as described earlier, they were attacked by an American Kittyhawk.

1854:

United States DC3, destroyed in Japanese raids on Bathurst Island Mission, Bathurst Island, Northern Territory.

1434: 890: 880: 3636:

Wings Beneath the Sea: The Aviation Archaeology of Catalina Flying Boats in Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory

6842: 6775: 6726: 6657: 6482: 5988: 5939: 5703: 5696: 5299: 5060: 4851: 3904: 3526:

The Army Air Forces in World War II. Volume Four. The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan August 1942 to July 1944

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and 753rd Air Corps were used most often in these operations although Kates, Sallys, Lilys, Mitsubishi G3Ms (

1571: 1080: 805: 564: 427: 365: 355: 6916: 6812: 6187: 6148: 5067: 4902: 4887: 4814: 4793: 4611: 4289: 4075: 4068: 4052: 3763: 3722: 3694: 1209: 1120: 830: 735: 686: 3600:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 3 – Air (reprint ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 6975: 6879: 6203: 6155: 5773: 5745: 5598: 5213: 5192: 4713: 4376: 4282: 3772: 2611: 1803: 1628: 1350: 1229: 985: 609: 452: 7010: 6945: 6677: 6173: 6092: 6037: 5925: 5881: 5531: 5157: 5081: 4983: 4860: 4732: 4725: 4685: 4658: 4390: 4323: 3918: 3729: 3659: 2492:

Goldsmith's reference to having only three gallons of fuel left was a warning which went unheeded. The

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had been built up to six squadrons, and was conducting daily attacks on Japanese positions in the NEI.

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convoy. The flying boat crew were subsequently captured on Melville Island and eventually interned at

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systems were in very short supply during 1942, yet again Darwin received priority over Port Moresby.

1636: 1277: 975: 589: 579: 412: 330: 4346: 3634: 2983:

RAAF Historical Section, North-West Area interviews, item 716, combat report dated 23 February 1942.

2674:

RAAF Historical Section, North-West Area interviews, item 716, combat report dated 23 February 1942.

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in New Guinea the Japanese attacking formations became smaller and smaller as the war progressed.

2206:

worst day in my life I have spent to date, just waiting for something to eventuate, which did not.

52:

near Darwin in 1943. This was one of three joint Australian-Dutch squadrons formed during the war.

6740: 6684: 6554: 6414: 6099: 5752: 5648: 5554: 5122: 4990: 4960: 4924: 4909: 4781: 4673: 4651: 4597: 4583: 4565: 4229: 4010: 3738: 3687: 3341:. Washington: Transportation Unit, Historical Division, Special Staff, U. S. Army. Archived from 2220: 2119: 1754: 1694: 1640: 1545: 1299: 1234: 1214: 1204: 1106: 926: 614: 569: 397: 370: 340: 3369: 3342: 2717:

RAAF Historical Section, contemporary typewritten narrative account of No. 7 Squadron operation.

2072:, accounted for one of these aircraft, and this happened also to be his last confirmed victory: 7005: 6432: 6325: 6127: 6078: 5981: 5874: 5844: 5627: 5515: 5241: 5032: 4623: 4604: 4574: 4121: 4091: 1533: 970: 681: 524: 422: 407: 345: 218: 6923: 6646: 6489: 6385: 6355: 6311: 6051: 6016: 6009: 5932: 5830: 5271: 5248: 5095: 4706: 4243: 3983: 3969: 3652: 3639:. Faculty of Law, Business and Arts, Northern Territory University.: Unpublished M.A. Thesis. 2336: 1952: 1219: 1125: 885: 728: 604: 447: 442: 392: 4541: 2794: 2735:

2nd Lt Robert J Buel's P-40E (#54 White) belonged to the 3rd Pursuit Squadron (Provisional).

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The heavy losses suffered by the Japanese Naval Air Service around Rabaul and the Northern

2006: 1726:

explodes on 8 May 1942, several hours after being damaged by a Japanese carrier air attack.

1721: 1578: 1422: 1345: 1304: 1070: 1058: 946: 752: 584: 335: 2219:) escorted nine Betty bombers (753rd Kōkūtai) on a raid against the satellite airfield at 1655:

fighters, and eighteen four-engined flying boats, had been assembled from elements of the

8: 6865: 6639: 6517: 6473: 5995: 5129: 4895: 4422: 4252: 4236: 4185: 2771: 2344:

two). The following extract from his combat report describes the events of that morning:

2153:. However, the fleet had to withdraw from the area after 19 February, at which stage the 2017: 2009: 1746: 1610: 1563:

and additional airfields were built to the south of the town. By October 1942 the RAAF's

1429: 1282: 1224: 1183: 941: 815: 504: 432: 174: 2280:

The defence of northern Australia was an international effort involving elements of the

1361: 6950: 6858: 6691: 6616: 6570: 6540: 6448: 6288: 5953: 5837: 5731: 5682: 5620: 5376: 5327: 5136: 4760: 4415: 4213: 3540:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 3 – Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 3079: 2353: 2091: 1991: 1863: 1717: 1671: 1541: 1489: 1468: 1239: 1099: 1092: 1031: 1021: 995: 847: 769: 402: 202: 191: 185: 169: 6849: 6733: 6623: 6563: 6524: 6457: 6439: 6405: 6348: 6302: 6246: 6071: 5809: 5801: 5738: 5591: 5185: 4717: 4178: 4157: 3867: 3610: 3577: 3509: 3492: 3473: 3452: 3431: 3414: 3393: 3321: 3302: 3283: 3266: 3243: 3126: 2880:, vol. 19, no. 2, April–June 1978, p. 27; R. K. Piper, 'Epitaph to a Darwin Raider', 2827: 2099: 1984: 1929: 1910: 1778: 1750: 1736: 1549: 1446: 1417: 1412: 1333: 1132: 1085: 990: 835: 820: 764: 619: 554: 519: 514: 387: 375: 196: 3524: 3212: 2697:

Douglas Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force 1939–1942, Canberra, 1960, p. 650.

2103: 1994:

was also sunk by float-planes at Millingimbi on 10 May, although on this occasion a

6768: 6761: 6705: 6369: 6134: 6120: 6023: 5960: 5911: 5724: 5577: 5524: 5334: 5285: 5199: 4429: 4406: 3939: 3560: 3552: 3204: 2902: 2530: 2135: 2095: 2041: 2037: 2029: 2013: 1944: 1762: 1559:(RAAF) base there, the Allies quickly recovered. Darwin was reinforced to meet the 1512: 1505: 1498: 1475: 1461: 1338: 1294: 1026: 854: 840: 810: 723: 703: 594: 529: 417: 350: 230: 3948: 3595: 3535: 1787: 1602: 6791: 6503: 6418: 6376: 6274: 6217: 6085: 5867: 5858: 5387: 4969: 4945: 4199: 3222: 3200: 3181: 3161: 3016: 2622: 2474: 2301: 2289: 2266: 2161: 2154: 2142: 2111: 2087: 2022: 1652: 1537: 1456: 956: 931: 800: 494: 457: 281: 269: 258: 247: 236: 225: 154: 6903: 1955:

and headed on a northerly course to conduct a routine patrol in the vicinity of

1909:

Anti-shipping operations were resumed on 18 February when the Army supply ship,

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For security reasons, the Australian military command instructed that the name

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was sunk in this fashion near Wessel Island on 22 January 1943. The store ship

1940: 1917: 1903: 1866: 1835: 1648: 1574: 1270: 1014: 868: 776: 698: 252: 180: 128: 7046:

Campaigns, operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

3556: 2045: 6939: 6609: 4534: 4383: 4222: 3591: 3496: 3418: 3408: 3270: 2931:

S. Kikoku Takahara, 'Unbelievable happenings of people who died in the war',

2255: 2078: 2061: 1956: 1831: 1827: 1766: 1702: 1598: 1260: 213: 116: 45: 3551:(Thesis). Masters Thesis. Canberra: Australian Defence Force Academy, UNSW. 3153: 2884:, vol. 35, no. 12, December 1982, pp. 24–8; S. Gadja, 'Air-Raid on Broome', 2687:

Australian Archives (AA): CRS A1196, I/505/505, Spitfires Reccos, 17 August.

2277:

in the Central Pacific to await the expected advance of the American fleet.

2273:

in December, and a 36-aircraft bomber squadron with 12 reserves was sent to

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Flight of Diamonds: The Story of Broome's War and the Carnot Bay Diamonds

3208: 2348:

After flying about among the clouds for about half an hour I spotted two

2002: 1921: 1823: 1771: 1698: 691: 662: 539: 140: 32: 3564: 3413:. Bull Creek, WA: Royal Australian Air Force Association (W.A. Branch). 3299:

Wounded Eagle: The Bombing of Darwin and Australia's Air Defence Scandal

3193: 2368: 1786:

Port Moresby's fighter defences equalled those of Darwin. Early warning

5902: 5655: 5634: 4527: 3860: 3788: 2906: 2493: 2320: 2069: 1839: 1690: 1686: 1586: 3173: 1951:

At 0800, February 19 I took off from Port Darwin in command of PBY-5

1151: 6165: 5570: 5367: 5178: 4976: 4931: 2496:

had learnt through experience that there was nothing to be gained by

2274: 2127: 1998:

from No. 457 Squadron managed to shoot down one of the float-planes.

1114: 104: 4452: 3258: 3240:

Flying Buccaneers: The Illustrated Story of Kenney's Fifth Air Force

2615: 4436: 4164: 2865:

Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Air War Against Japan 1943–1945

2497: 2372: 2297: 2090:

was forced to divert both fighter and heavy bomber aircraft to the

1995: 1682: 1741:

Darwin bore the brunt of these devastating attacks which began on

1555:

While the Japanese attack on Darwin inflicted heavy damage on the

1548:(NEI) between 1942 and 1945. The campaign began with the Japanese 7021:

Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving Australia

6986:

World War II aerial operations and battles of the Pacific theatre

3487:

Clayton, Mark (1986). "The north Australian air war, 1942–1944".

3338:

U. S. Army Transportation In The Southwest Pacific Area 1941–1947

2307: 2239: 2195: 2056: 1570:

The Allied force continued to expand in 1943 with the arrival of

7051:

Battles and operations of World War II involving the Netherlands

2134:) were all used to a lesser extent. The raids on Townsville and 5046: 3644: 3107: 1906:, where they took part in the famous break-out in August 1944. 1872:

was attacked by a dive-bomber just 112 kilometres west of

1793: 3368:. Australia: Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from 3121:"Units of the Royal Australian Air Force: A Concise History", 2025:, which do not generally take the offensive in aerial combat. 1818:

this often overlooked aspect of Australia's military history.

630: 7026:

Aerial operations and battles of World War II involving Japan

5234: 2518:

European theatre ace, shot down his fifth Japanese aircraft.

2243: 1959:... an unreported merchantman was observed off north cape of 1877: 1620: 3428:

Invading Australia: Japan and the Battle for Australia, 1942

3280:

Shrouded Secrets: Japan's War on Mainland Australia, 1942–44

2974:

which was sunk in Darwin harbour shortly after these events.

2704:

Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force 1939–1942, p. 563.

2671:

which was sunk in Darwin harbour shortly after these events.

2064:

Dinahs altogether, four of them being lost in a single day (

1697:

in north Queensland. The Allied supply ships that plied the

1552:

on 19 February 1942 and continued until the end of the war.

3156:(coded 62TG54) destroyed on the ground at Bathurst Island. 2993:

Gajda, Stan (1983). "Dinah Recovery in Western Australia".

2943: 2941: 2281: 2191: 1678: 1592: 7031:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Australia

2226: 1971:

The crew of the Catalina were subsequently rescued by the

1391: 2938: 3574:

Tocumwal to Tarakan. Australians and the B-24 Liberator

2968:

Patrol Squadron 22 was serviced by the seaplane tender

2882:

Journal of the Aircraft Owners' and Pilots' Association

2667:

Patrol Squadron 22 was serviced by the seaplane tender

4306:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

2068:). Wing Commander C. R. Caldwell, Australia's leading 2165:

bomber offensive against Darwin after February 1942.

2115:

least two raids (19 February 1942 and 20 June 1943).

3523:

Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea, eds. (1950).

2021:

large twin-engined bombers, such as the Beaufort or

7001:

Battles of World War II involving the United States

3410:

WA's Pearl Harbour: The Japanese Air Raid on Broome

1928:caught fire and drifted ashore at Bathurst Island. 3069:"P-40E/E-1 Operations in Australia Part Four Ver5" 2352:with a fixed landing gear on a course heading for 311: 73:Northern Australia and the Netherlands East Indies 6966:Naval battles of World War II involving Australia 3057:(Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1957), p.121. 3009:CRS A1196, I/505/505, Spitfires Reccos, 17 August 2680:S. Gadja, 'Dinah Recovery in Western Australia', 1597:At 4.00 a.m. on 15 February 1942 a Japanese 6937: 2878:Aviation Historical Society of Australia Journal 1916:, was attacked by a Japanese plane north of the 3265:(8). Canberra: Australian War Memorial: 33–45. 2367:Discoveries like these were the concern of the 2258:has pointed out in his official history of the 3203:(coded BII-124) – and its pilot Petty Officer 2899:"Northern Territory Library image PH0406/0665" 6991:Military history of Japan during World War II 3660: 3392:. Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press. 2817: 2815: 2557: 1814:both Japan, Australia and the United States. 1377: 1167: 646: 297: 2005:were constantly attacked throughout 1943 by 1794:Japanese offensive in the North-Western Area 6961:Battles of World War II involving Australia 3607:The Shadow's Edge. Australia's Northern War 3390:The Shadow's Edge: Australia's Northern War 3277: 2714:Odgers, Air War Against Japan, p. 120. 2149:first Darwin raid were all attached to the 1577:heavy bomber units, Australian and British 6956:South West Pacific theatre of World War II 3667: 3653: 3522: 3301:. Chatswood, NSW: New Holland Publishers. 2812: 1384: 1370: 1174: 1160: 653: 639: 304: 290: 3609:. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. 3334: 3259:"The north Australian air war, 1942–1944" 2947: 2190:The Japanese aircraft strength on Timor, 3533: 3491:(8). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 3237: 3095: 2306: 2225: 1849: 1712: 1593:Japanese presence off northern Australia 6996:Battles of World War II involving Japan 3529:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3486: 3425: 3256: 3089: 3060: 1705:were also vulnerable to these attacks. 1532:was an air campaign fought between the 1181: 145: 6938: 5514: 5492:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 3604: 3590: 3571: 3544: 3508:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 3503: 3489:Journal of the Australian War Memorial 3448:Spitfire Aces of Burma and the Pacific 3444: 3387: 3360: 3263:Journal of the Australian War Memorial 3029:Spitfire Aces of Burma and the Pacific 2821: 2181: 1845: 1659:which had already participated in the 1395:Bombing of South East Asia, 1944–1945 6981:Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II 6971:Naval aviation operations and battles 6363:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 5795:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 5441:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 5397:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 4502:Rape during the occupation of Germany 3648: 3537:Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942 3465: 3406: 3318:Darwin 1942: Australia's Darkest Hour 2992: 2852:Darwin 1942, Australia's Darkest Hour 2512: 1365: 1155: 634: 285: 5485:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 4517:Rape during the liberation of France 3632: 3315: 3296: 3096:Dunlevie, James (18 February 2016). 1585:flying boats also successfully laid 3430:. Camberwell, Vic.: Penguin Books. 3066: 2876:See W. M. Prime, 'Fighter Leader', 2560:Allied and Japanese aircraft losses 2467: 2050:reconnoitred Broome on 3 March 1942 13: 7036:Military attacks against Australia 5711:German invasion of the Netherlands 3991:Weather events during World War II 3625: 3363:"Air War Against Japan, 1943–1945" 1730: 14: 7062: 6342:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 3472:. Carlisle, WA: Hesperian Press. 2850:, Melbourne, 1966; Hall, Timothy. 2701:William Foster (No. 54 Squadron). 2294:Netherlands East Indies Air Force 6902: 3674: 3335:Masterson, Dr. James R. (1949). 3055:Air War Against Japan, 1943–1945 268: 257: 246: 235: 224: 212: 201: 190: 179: 168: 147: 133: 121: 109: 97: 39: 3633:Jung, Silvano Vittorio (2001). 3597:Air War Against Japan 1943–1945 3451:. New York: Osprey Publishing. 3186: 3166: 3147: 3138: 3114: 3047: 3034: 3031:(Osprey Publishing, 2009, p.9). 3021: 3001: 2986: 2977: 2962: 2953: 2764: 2747: 2413:range, gives them credibility. 2369:Technical Air Intelligence Unit 660: 6589:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 4299:Territorial changes of Germany 4207:Indonesian National Revolution 2997:. No. 39. pp. 41–44. 2925: 2891: 2870: 2857: 2840: 2787: 2738: 2729: 2684:, no. 39, 1983, pp. 41–4. 1649:Mitsubishi G4M (Betty) bombers 1: 7041:Airstrikes conducted by Japan 5989:Japanese invasion of Thailand 5940:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 5704:German invasion of Luxembourg 4085:Mediterranean and Middle East 3320:. Sydney: Methuen Australia. 3278:Connaughton, Richard (1994). 3230: 2959:PBY-5 Catalina #18, ex-22-P-4 2795:"No. 18 (NEI) Squadron, RAAF" 2286:United States Army Air Forces 2155:3rd, 4th, and 202nd Air Corps 1834:and float-planes such as the 1589:in Japanese shipping routes. 1572:United States Army Air Forces 510:Qantas Short Empire shootdown 5896:Invasion of the Soviet Union 5585:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 4903:Independent State of Croatia 3506:An Atlas of Australia's Wars 3257:Clayton, Mark (April 1986). 2824:An Atlas of Australia's Wars 1615:convoy. The convoy had left 1561:perceived threat of invasion 1107:Manchuria and Northern Korea 535:KNILM Douglas DC-3 shootdown 7: 6880:End of World War II in Asia 6720:Western invasion of Germany 6227:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 6204:Second Battle of El Alamein 5774:Hundred Regiments Offensive 5746:Battle of the Mediterranean 5599:Italian invasion of Albania 3773:Air warfare of World War II 3211:having even penned a poem, 3078:. p. 6. Archived from 2575:Japanese attacking aircraft 2104:Jacky Jacky (Higgins Field) 1804:United States Pacific Fleet 1657:21st and 23rd Air Flotillas 1530:North-Western Area Campaign 905:Dutch East Indies (1941–42) 862:Strategic bombing (1944–45) 26:North Western Area Campaign 10: 7067: 6806:Naval bombardment of Japan 6174:First Battle of El Alamein 6093:Battle of Christmas Island 6038:Japanese invasion of Burma 5802:Italian invasion of Greece 5718:German invasion of Belgium 5690:German invasion of Denmark 5663:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 5532:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 3796:Comparative military ranks 3576:. Canberra: Banner Books. 3572:Nelmes, Michael V (1994). 3534:Gillison, Douglas (1962). 3466:Tyler, William H. (1987). 2541: 2260:Royal Australian Air Force 1734: 1708: 1565:North-Western Area Command 1557:Royal Australian Air Force 1054:Volcano and Ryukyu Islands 7016:Australia–Japan relations 6895: 6727:Bratislava–Brno offensive 6667: 6658:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 6395: 6282:Allied invasion of Sicily 6236: 6142:Aleutian Islands campaign 6114:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 6061: 6052:Greek famine of 1941–1944 5947:Second Battle of Changsha 5852:German invasion of Greece 5820: 5697:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 5672: 5610: 5505: 5386: 5112: 5022: 4870: 4573: 4564: 4322: 4147: 4039:North and Central Pacific 4000: 3762: 3755: 3682: 3407:Prime, Mervyn W. (1985). 3180:24 September 2012 at the 3007:Australian Archives (AA): 2888:, no. 28, 1980, pp. 44–8. 2848:Australia's Pearl Harbour 2621:24 September 2012 at the 2475:No. 1 Fighter Wing (RAAF) 2248:Squadron Leader Cresswell 1403: 1193: 670: 323: 161: 90: 56: 38: 30: 25: 6319:Allied invasion of Italy 6296:Solomon Islands campaign 6045:Third Battle of Changsha 5642:First Battle of Changsha 5548:Second Sino-Japanese War 4488:German military brothels 4354:United States war crimes 3238:Birdsall, Steve (1975). 3199:6 September 2007 at the 2867:, Canberra, 1957, p. 38. 2642: 2141:16 February 2011 at the 1665:British battleships HMS 1635:Australia, ranging from 1609:to shadow the ill-fated 1324:Neutralisation of Rabaul 1290:Markham-Ramu-Finisterres 1141:Second Sino-Japanese War 981:Estevan Point Lighthouse 736:Indian Ocean (1941–1945) 687:Marshalls–Gilberts raids 6741:Second Guangxi campaign 6596:Philippines (1944–1945) 6100:Battle of the Coral Sea 6003:Fall of the Philippines 5649:Battle of South Guangxi 5555:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 4961:Italian Social Republic 3557:10.26190/unsworks/18038 3445:Thomas, Andrew (2009). 3426:Stanley, Peter (2008). 3361:Odgers, George (1957). 3242:. New York: Doubleday. 3123:RAAF Historical Section 2118:Betty bombers from the 1663:and the sinking of the 1546:Netherlands East Indies 743:Japanese merchant raids 575:Nauru and Ocean Islands 6326:Armistice of Cassibile 6128:Battle of Dutch Harbor 6079:Battle of the Java Sea 5982:Attack on Pearl Harbor 5882:Syria–Lebanon campaign 5875:Battle of South Shanxi 5845:Invasion of Yugoslavia 5628:Battle of the Atlantic 5242:Korean Liberation Army 4955:(until September 1943) 4912:(until September 1944) 4890:(until September 1944) 3545:Helson, Peter (1997). 3316:Hall, Timothy (1980). 3015:10 August 2011 at the 2358: 2350:series 97 dive bombers 2316: 2235: 2208: 2175: 2130:) and Nakajima Ki49s ( 2083: 1969: 1899: 1855: 1727: 1629:Lieutenant Robert Buel 1042:Hiroshima and Nagasaki 886:Burma and India (1944) 709:Gilberts and Marshalls 162:Commanders and leaders 6490:Second Battle of Guam 6386:Bengal famine of 1943 6356:Second Battle of Kiev 6312:Battle of the Dnieper 6017:Battle of Wake Island 5889:East African campaign 5831:Battle of South Henan 5476:atrocities by Germans 5249:Korean Volunteer Army 4230:Occupation of Germany 3984:Music in World War II 3605:Powell, Alan (1988). 3504:Coates, John (2006). 3388:Powell, Alan (1988). 3282:. London: Brassey's. 3221:14 March 2011 at the 2629:36 x Mitsubishi A6M2 2603:19 February 1942 (AM) 2346: 2337:33rd Pursuit Squadron 2310: 2288:(USAAF), the British 2229: 2203: 2171: 2160:19 March 2012 at the 2074: 2036:), Mitsubishi Ki-21 ( 1949: 1939:from the U.S. Navy's 1894: 1853: 1836:Mitsubishi F1M (Pete) 1828:Kawanishi H6K (Mavis) 1716: 1653:Mitsubishi A6M (Zero) 1639:on the west coast to 952:Philippines (1944–45) 910:Philippines (1941–42) 314:Japanese offensives, 50:No. 18 (NEI) Squadron 6776:Surrender of Germany 6254:Battle of West Hubei 6211:Guadalcanal campaign 6181:Battle of Stalingrad 6107:Battle of Madagascar 4881:Albania protectorate 4668:(formerly Swaziland) 4377:Wehrmacht war crimes 4193:Expulsion of Germans 3977:Art and World War II 3875:British contribution 3824:Governments in exile 3348:on 30 September 2014 3297:Ewer, Peter (2009). 3085:on 20 November 2022. 2636:2 x Mitsubishi A6M2 2032:). Kawasaki Ki-48s ( 2007:No. 31 Squadron RAAF 1661:Philippines campaign 1627:fighter, piloted by 1346:Bombing of Hollandia 1185:New Guinea campaign 753:Homfreyganj massacre 6866:Potsdam Declaration 6755:Italy (Spring 1945) 6518:Liberation of Paris 5975:Siege of Sevastopol 4993:(until August 1944) 4896:Wang Jingwei regime 4718:from September 1943 4678:from September 1944 4616:from September 1944 4476:Romanian war crimes 4467:Persecution of Jews 4453:Croatian war crimes 4423:Japanese war crimes 4237:Occupation of Japan 4186:First Indochina War 3898:Military production 3810:Declarations of war 3160:21 May 2011 at the 2846:Lockwood. Douglas. 2799:Allies in adversity 2562: 2182:April–December 1942 2018:No. 7 Squadron RAAF 1846:February–April 1942 1779:General MacArthur's 1601:flying boat of the 545:Andaman and Nicobar 6976:Northern Australia 6859:Surrender of Japan 6692:Battle of Iwo Jima 6541:Belgrade offensive 5954:Siege of Leningrad 5838:Battle of Shanggao 5767:British Somaliland 5732:Dunkirk evacuation 5683:Norwegian campaign 5621:Invasion of Poland 5448:Japanese prisoners 4416:Italian war crimes 4347:British war crimes 4262:Soviet occupations 4046:South-West Pacific 3933:Allied cooperation 3891:Military equipment 2971:William B. Preston 2854:, Melbourne, 1980. 2669:William B. Preston 2598:1 x Kawanishi H6K 2558: 2513:June–November 1943 2494:49th Fighter Group 2321:49th Fighter Group 2317: 2236: 2092:Northern Territory 1941:Patrol Squadron 22 1856: 1728: 1542:northern Australia 1408:North Western Area 1351:Western New Guinea 1100:Japanese surrender 1066:Naval bombardments 996:Fire balloon bombs 719:Volcano and Ryukyu 714:Marianas and Palau 7011:1942 in Australia 6946:Conflicts in 1942 6933: 6932: 6891: 6890: 6734:Battle of Okinawa 6633:Burma (1944–1945) 6467:Mariana and Palau 6247:Tunisian campaign 6072:Fall of Singapore 5996:Fall of Hong Kong 5739:Battle of Britain 5592:Operation Himmler 5501: 5500: 5165:Dutch East Indies 4808:Southern Rhodesia 4560: 4559: 4460:Genocide of Serbs 4363:German war crimes 4340:Soviet war crimes 4333:Allied war crimes 4179:Division of Korea 4158:Chinese Civil War 3956:Strategic bombing 3868:Manhattan Project 3479:978-0-85905-105-7 3458:978-1-84603-896-9 3437:978-0-670-02925-9 3399:978-0-522-84371-2 3327:978-0-454-00252-2 3308:978-1-74110-825-5 3289:978-1-85753-160-2 3249:978-0-385-03218-6 3217:, in his honour. 3067:Birkett, Gordon. 2640: 2639: 2631:81 x Nakajima B5N 2595:1 x Kawanishi H6K 2100:Truscott Airfield 2012:. Radar-equipped 1840:Aichi E13A (Jake) 1737:Bombing of Darwin 1720:aircraft carrier 1603:21st Air Flotilla 1550:bombing of Darwin 1523: 1522: 1359: 1358: 1310:Bombing of Rabaul 1230:Goodenough Island 1149: 1148: 991:Lookout Air Raids 898:Southwest Pacific 628: 627: 478:Dutch East Indies 280: 279: 197:Thomas C. Kinkaid 175:Frank J. Fletcher 86: 85: 7058: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6909:World portal 6907: 6906: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6861: 6852: 6845: 6838: 6829: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6801: 6794: 6785: 6778: 6771: 6769:Prague offensive 6764: 6762:Battle of Berlin 6757: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6706:Vienna offensive 6701: 6694: 6687: 6685:Battle of Manila 6680: 6660: 6651: 6642: 6635: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6575: 6566: 6559: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6478: 6469: 6462: 6453: 6444: 6435: 6428: 6426:Korsun–Cherkassy 6421: 6410: 6388: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6358: 6351: 6344: 6337: 6328: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6298: 6291: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6268:Bombing of Gorky 6263: 6256: 6249: 6229: 6222: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6137: 6135:Battle of Midway 6130: 6123: 6121:Battle of Gazala 6116: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6031:Battle of Borneo 6026: 6024:Malayan campaign 6019: 6012: 6005: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5970: 5968:Bombing of Gorky 5963: 5961:Battle of Moscow 5956: 5949: 5942: 5935: 5928: 5921: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5813: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5725:Battle of France 5720: 5713: 5706: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5580: 5578:Munich Agreement 5573: 5566: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5534: 5527: 5512: 5511: 5494: 5487: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5463:Soviet prisoners 5457: 5450: 5443: 5434: 5427: 5418: 5411: 5404: 5403:German prisoners 5399: 5379: 5370: 5363: 5356: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5281: 5274: 5267: 5260: 5251: 5244: 5237: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5167: 5160: 5153: 5146: 5139: 5132: 5125: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5042: 5035: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4963: 4956: 4948: 4941: 4939:French Indochina 4934: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4905: 4898: 4891: 4883: 4863: 4854: 4847: 4838: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4786:from August 1944 4777: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4681: 4669: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4571: 4570: 4551: 4544: 4537: 4530: 4523: 4512: 4497: 4490: 4483: 4478: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4446: 4439: 4432: 4430:Nanjing Massacre 4425: 4418: 4409: 4407:Nuremberg trials 4400: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4356: 4349: 4342: 4335: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4292: 4285: 4278: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4248: 4239: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4174: 4167: 4160: 4140: 4131: 4124: 4117: 4108: 4101: 4094: 4087: 4078: 4071: 4064: 4055: 4048: 4041: 4034: 4027: 4020: 4013: 4011:Asia and Pacific 3993: 3986: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3951: 3942: 3940:Mulberry harbour 3935: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3907: 3900: 3893: 3886: 3877: 3870: 3863: 3854: 3847: 3840: 3833: 3826: 3819: 3812: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3782: 3775: 3760: 3759: 3748: 3741: 3732: 3725: 3718: 3711: 3704: 3697: 3690: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3620: 3601: 3587: 3568: 3541: 3530: 3519: 3500: 3483: 3462: 3441: 3422: 3403: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3375:on 27 April 2015 3374: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3347: 3331: 3312: 3293: 3274: 3253: 3225: 3205:Hajime Toyoshima 3190: 3184: 3170: 3164: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3073: 3064: 3058: 3051: 3045: 3038: 3032: 3025: 3019: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2995:After The Battle 2990: 2984: 2981: 2975: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2936: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2909:. Archived from 2895: 2889: 2886:After The Battle 2874: 2868: 2863:Odgers, George. 2861: 2855: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2819: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2791: 2775: 2768: 2762: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2682:After The Battle 2583:15 February 1942 2578:Japanese losses 2563: 2468:January–May 1943 2232:A11231, 5/70/INT 2046:10 February 1942 1945:Thomas H. Moorer 1774:or Horn Island. 1763:Douglas Lockwood 1743:19 February 1942 1677:. From bases in 1540:air forces over 1398: 1396: 1386: 1379: 1372: 1363: 1362: 1278:2nd Lae-Salamaua 1210:1st Lae-Salamaua 1205:Battle of Rabaul 1188: 1186: 1176: 1169: 1162: 1153: 1152: 1121:Manchuria (1945) 976:Aleutian Islands 826:Indochina (1945) 796:Indochina (1940) 782:2nd Indian Ocean 765:1st Indian Ocean 760:Christmas Island 665: 655: 648: 641: 632: 631: 590:Aleutian Islands 580:Zhejiang-Jiangxi 550:Christmas Island 361:French Indochina 318: 306: 299: 292: 283: 282: 273: 272: 262: 261: 251: 250: 240: 239: 231:Shigeyoshi Inoue 229: 228: 217: 216: 206: 205: 195: 194: 184: 183: 173: 172: 157: 153: 151: 150: 139: 137: 136: 127: 125: 124: 115: 113: 112: 103: 101: 100: 58: 57: 43: 23: 22: 16:Campaign in WWII 7066: 7065: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7055: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6929: 6922: 6915: 6901: 6899: 6887: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6857: 6848: 6841: 6834: 6825: 6820:Atomic bombings 6818: 6811: 6804: 6797: 6790: 6781: 6774: 6767: 6760: 6753: 6746: 6739: 6732: 6725: 6718: 6711: 6704: 6697: 6690: 6683: 6676: 6663: 6656: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6578: 6569: 6562: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6523: 6516: 6511:Eastern Romania 6509: 6504:Warsaw Uprising 6502: 6497:Tannenberg Line 6495: 6488: 6483:Western Ukraine 6481: 6472: 6465: 6456: 6447: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6413: 6404: 6391: 6384: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6333: 6324: 6317: 6310: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6280: 6275:Battle of Kursk 6273: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6232: 6225: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6163: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6091: 6086:St Nazaire Raid 6084: 6077: 6070: 6057: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5910: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5868:Anglo-Iraqi War 5866: 5859:Battle of Crete 5857: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5829: 5816: 5807: 5800: 5793: 5788:Eastern Romania 5786: 5779: 5772: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5606: 5597: 5590: 5583: 5576: 5569: 5562: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5530: 5523: 5497: 5490: 5483: 5474: 5467: 5462: 5453: 5446: 5439: 5430: 5423: 5414: 5407: 5402: 5395: 5382: 5375: 5366: 5359: 5354: 5349:Western Ukraine 5347: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5298: 5293:Northeast China 5291: 5284: 5277: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5170: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5108: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5018: 5011: 5004: 4999:Slovak Republic 4997: 4989: 4982: 4975: 4970:Empire of Japan 4968: 4959: 4951: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4886: 4879: 4866: 4859: 4850: 4843: 4834: 4827: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4759: 4752: 4745: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4684: 4672: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4622: 4610: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4556: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4526: 4515: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4482:Sexual violence 4481: 4474: 4465: 4458: 4451: 4442: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4414: 4405: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4352: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4318: 4311: 4304: 4297: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4260: 4251: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4221: 4212: 4205: 4200:Greek Civil War 4198: 4191: 4184: 4177: 4170: 4163: 4156: 4143: 4136: 4127: 4120: 4113: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4083: 4074: 4067: 4060: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4030: 4025:South-East Asia 4023: 4016: 4009: 3996: 3989: 3982: 3975: 3968: 3961: 3954: 3947: 3938: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3889: 3884:Military awards 3882: 3873: 3866: 3859: 3850: 3843: 3836: 3829: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3801: 3794: 3787: 3778: 3771: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3728: 3721: 3714: 3709: 3700: 3693: 3686: 3678: 3673: 3643: 3628: 3626:Further reading 3623: 3617: 3584: 3516: 3480: 3459: 3438: 3400: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3328: 3309: 3290: 3250: 3233: 3228: 3223:Wayback Machine 3201:Wayback Machine 3191: 3187: 3182:Wayback Machine 3171: 3167: 3162:Wayback Machine 3152: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3071: 3065: 3061: 3052: 3048: 3039: 3035: 3026: 3022: 3017:Wayback Machine 3006: 3002: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2939: 2930: 2926: 2916: 2914: 2913:on 7 March 2016 2897: 2896: 2892: 2875: 2871: 2862: 2858: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2826:. p. 270. 2822:Coates (2006). 2820: 2813: 2803: 2801: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2779: 2778: 2769: 2765: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2645: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2627:71 x Aichi D3A 2623:Wayback Machine 2614: 2610: 2544: 2515: 2470: 2290:Royal Air Force 2184: 2162:Wayback Machine 2143:Wayback Machine 2126:), Aichi D3As ( 2102:in the west to 2088:Fifth Air Force 1961:Melville Island 1874:Bathurst Island 1848: 1796: 1739: 1733: 1731:Raids on Darwin 1711: 1667:Prince of Wales 1595: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1519: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1360: 1355: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1150: 1145: 1137: 1049:Mariana Islands 922:Solomon Islands 891:Burma (1944–45) 881:Burma (1942–43) 876:Burma (1941–42) 869:Burma and India 801:Franco-Thai War 748:Andaman Islands 675:Central Pacific 666: 661: 659: 629: 624: 463:Gilbert Islands 356:Zaoyang–Yichang 319: 315: 312: 310: 267: 266: 256: 255: 245: 244: 234: 233: 223: 211: 210: 200: 199: 189: 188: 178: 177: 167: 148: 146: 134: 132: 131: 122: 120: 119: 110: 108: 107: 98: 96: 74: 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7064: 7054: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6920: 6913: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6839: 6836:South Sakhalin 6832: 6831: 6830: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6772: 6765: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6673: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6636: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6613: 6606: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6576: 6567: 6560: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6479: 6470: 6463: 6454: 6445: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6411: 6401: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6373: 6359: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6315: 6308: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6261:Battle of Attu 6257: 6250: 6242: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6223: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6170: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6152: 6138: 6131: 6124: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6067: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6013: 6010:Battle of Guam 6006: 5999: 5992: 5985: 5978: 5971: 5964: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5936: 5933:Battle of Kiev 5929: 5922: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5848: 5841: 5834: 5826: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5805: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5678: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5631: 5624: 5616: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5551: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5520: 5518: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5472: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5444: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5432:United Kingdom 5428: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5400: 5392: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5364: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5245: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5118: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5043: 5036: 5028: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4906: 4899: 4892: 4884: 4876: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4836:British Empire 4829:United Kingdom 4825: 4818: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4729: 4722: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4670: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4645:Czechoslovakia 4641: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4579: 4577: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4545: 4542:Rape of Manila 4538: 4531: 4524: 4513: 4498: 4491: 4479: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4463: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4419: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4394: 4380: 4373: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4350: 4343: 4328: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4313:United Nations 4309: 4302: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4272: 4258: 4249: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4172:Decolonization 4168: 4161: 4153: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4118: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4081: 4080: 4079: 4072: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4028: 4021: 4006: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3936: 3922: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3894: 3887: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3864: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3848: 3845:United Kingdom 3841: 3827: 3820: 3813: 3806: 3799: 3792: 3785: 3784: 3783: 3768: 3766: 3757: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3749: 3742: 3735: 3734: 3733: 3726: 3719: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3691: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3672: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3649: 3642: 3641: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3615: 3602: 3592:Odgers, George 3588: 3582: 3569: 3542: 3531: 3520: 3514: 3501: 3484: 3478: 3463: 3457: 3442: 3436: 3423: 3404: 3398: 3385: 3358: 3332: 3326: 3313: 3307: 3294: 3288: 3275: 3254: 3248: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3214:The Zero Pilot 3185: 3165: 3146: 3137: 3131: 3113: 3088: 3059: 3046: 3033: 3020: 3000: 2985: 2976: 2961: 2952: 2950:, p. 320. 2948:Masterson 1949 2937: 2924: 2890: 2869: 2856: 2839: 2832: 2811: 2785: 2777: 2776: 2763: 2746: 2737: 2727: 2726: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2707:AWM PR 85/194. 2705: 2702: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2648:Original notes 2644: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2634:3 x Aichi D3A 2632: 2625: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2543: 2540: 2514: 2511: 2469: 2466: 2410: 2409: 2292:(RAF) and the 2183: 2180: 2096:General Kenney 2066:17 August 1943 1918:Wessel Islands 1890:Mr M. Takahara 1847: 1844: 1795: 1792: 1735:Main article: 1732: 1729: 1710: 1707: 1651:, forty-eight 1594: 1591: 1575:B-24 Liberator 1521: 1520: 1518: 1517: 1510: 1503: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1487: 1480: 1466: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1389: 1388: 1381: 1374: 1366: 1357: 1356: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1320: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1300:Huon Peninsula 1297: 1292: 1287: 1280: 1275: 1268: 1263: 1257: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1179: 1178: 1171: 1164: 1156: 1147: 1146: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1118: 1110: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1078: 1076:South Sakhalin 1073: 1068: 1063: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1018: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 967: 966: 960: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 912: 907: 901: 900: 894: 893: 888: 883: 878: 872: 871: 865: 864: 859: 852: 845: 838: 833: 831:Malacca Strait 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 792: 791: 789:Southeast Asia 785: 784: 779: 774: 773: 772: 762: 757: 756: 755: 745: 739: 738: 732: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 699:Doolittle Raid 696: 689: 684: 678: 677: 671: 668: 667: 658: 657: 650: 643: 635: 626: 625: 623: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 486: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 379: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 324: 321: 320: 309: 308: 301: 294: 286: 278: 277: 253:Kiyohide Shima 221: 164: 163: 159: 158: 143: 129:United Kingdom 93: 92: 88: 87: 84: 83: 82:Allied victory 80: 76: 75: 72: 70: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 36: 35: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7063: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7006:1942 in Japan 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6870: 6867: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6856: 6851: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6843:Kuril Islands 6840: 6837: 6833: 6828: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6814: 6810: 6807: 6803: 6800: 6796: 6793: 6789: 6784: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6738: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6659: 6655: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6625: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6610:Syrmian Front 6607: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6556:Market Garden 6552: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6423: 6420: 6416: 6415:Monte Cassino 6412: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6387: 6383: 6378: 6374: 6371: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5941: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5909: 5904: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5781:Baltic states 5778: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5493: 5489: 5486: 5482: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5433: 5429: 5426: 5425:United States 5422: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5361:Quốc dân Đảng 5358: 5357: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5061:Liechtenstein 5058: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845:United States 4842: 4837: 4833: 4832: 4830: 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2381: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2303: 2300:trainers and 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2256:George Odgers 2252: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2151:1st Air Fleet 2146: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2113: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2082: 2080: 2079:Cape Fourcroy 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1982: 1978: 1977:1st Air Fleet 1974: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1907: 1905: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1852: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1800: 1791: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1738: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1706: 1704: 1703:Torres Strait 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1605:set out from 1604: 1600: 1599:Kawanishi H6K 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1397: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1285: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1187: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1081:Kuril Islands 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 968: 965: 964:North America 962: 961: 958: 957:Borneo (1945) 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 917: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 902: 899: 896: 895: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 873: 870: 867: 866: 863: 860: 858: 857: 853: 851: 850: 846: 844: 843: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 793: 790: 787: 786: 783: 780: 778: 777:Bay of Bengal 775: 771: 768: 767: 766: 763: 761: 758: 754: 751: 750: 749: 746: 744: 741: 740: 737: 734: 733: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 694: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 679: 676: 673: 672: 669: 664: 656: 651: 649: 644: 642: 637: 636: 633: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 491: 490: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 398:Western Hubei 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 384: 383: 377: 374: 372: 371:Central Hubei 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 341:South Guangxi 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 328: 327: 322: 317: 307: 302: 300: 295: 293: 288: 287: 284: 276: 271: 265: 260: 254: 249: 243: 238: 232: 227: 222: 220: 215: 209: 204: 198: 193: 187: 182: 176: 171: 166: 165: 160: 156: 144: 142: 130: 118: 117:United States 106: 95: 94: 89: 81: 78: 77: 71: 68: 67: 63: 60: 59: 55: 51: 48:bombers from 47: 46:B-25 Mitchell 42: 37: 34: 29: 24: 19: 6917:Bibliography 6900: 6713:Project Hula 6678:Vistula–Oder 6647: 6580: 6571: 6555: 6525: 6474: 6458: 6449: 6440: 6406: 6303: 6218: 6194: 6164: 5915: 5808: 5753:North Africa 5455:Soviet Union 5409:Soviet Union 5335:Soviet Union 5103:Vatican City 5013:Vichy France 4918:German Reich 4815:Soviet Union 4801:South Africa 4794:Sierra Leone 4747:Newfoundland 4566:Participants 4549:Marocchinate 4253: 4244: 4214: 4092:North Africa 4053:Indian Ocean 3912:Nazi plunder 3803:Cryptography 3676:World War II 3635: 3606: 3596: 3573: 3565:1959.4/38719 3547: 3536: 3525: 3505: 3488: 3468: 3447: 3427: 3409: 3389: 3377:. Retrieved 3370:the original 3350:. Retrieved 3343:the original 3337: 3317: 3298: 3279: 3262: 3239: 3213: 3192:The fate of 3188: 3168: 3149: 3140: 3122: 3116: 3110:, Australia. 3101: 3091: 3080:the original 3075: 3062: 3054: 3049: 3041: 3036: 3028: 3023: 3003: 2994: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2964: 2955: 2932: 2927: 2915:. Retrieved 2911:the original 2893: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2864: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2823: 2802:. Retrieved 2798: 2789: 2781: 2780: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2740: 2731: 2722: 2721: 2681: 2668: 2647: 2646: 2586: 2559: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2507: 2503: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2347: 2342: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2318: 2279: 2264: 2253: 2237: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2189: 2185: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2147: 2117: 2109: 2084: 2075: 2054: 2027: 2010:Beaufighters 2000: 1987:Patricia Cam 1986: 1972: 1970: 1953:Bu. No. 2306 1950: 1931: 1925: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1895: 1888: 1882: 1868: 1859: 1857: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1801: 1797: 1784: 1776: 1767:Timothy Hall 1759: 1747:Pearl Harbor 1740: 1722: 1673: 1666: 1646: 1633: 1611: 1596: 1569: 1554: 1529: 1527: 1513: 1506: 1499: 1490: 1483: 1476: 1469: 1462: 1435:Kuala Lumpur 1423: 1407: 1339: 1283: 1271: 1266:Bismarck Sea 1240: 1220:Kokoda Track 1139: 1138: 1113: 1093: 1059: 1006: 1001:Project Hula 986:Fort Stevens 915: 855: 848: 841: 729:Ocean Island 692: 682:Pearl Harbor 610:Fort Stevens 488: 487: 483:3rd Changsha 468:Indian Ocean 423:Pearl Harbor 413:2nd Changsha 408:South Shanxi 381: 380: 346:West Suiyuan 325: 275:Chūichi Hara 264:Aritomo Gotō 242:Takeo Takagi 219:George Brett 208:Aubrey Fitch 91:Belligerents 31:Part of the 18: 6648:Bodenplatte 6534:Gothic Line 5760:West Africa 5307:Philippines 5286:Netherlands 5151:Czech lands 5089:Switzerland 5033:Afghanistan 4984:Philippines 4852:Puerto Rico 4768:Philippines 4754:New Zealand 4740:Netherlands 4693:Free France 4444:Prosecution 4245:Osoaviakhim 4115:West Africa 4099:East Africa 3746:Conferences 3209:Clive James 3076:ADF-Serials 2907:10070/36488 2759:Florence D. 2498:dogfighting 2380:77 squadron 2003:Aru Islands 1973:Florence D. 1932:Florence D. 1922:Arnhem Land 1920:in eastern 1864:minesweeper 1832:H8K (Emily) 1824:Arafura Sea 1772:Millingimbi 1699:Arafura Sea 1695:Horn Island 1641:Horn Island 1329:Admiralties 1305:New Britain 1126:Mutanchiang 947:New Britain 663:Pacific War 620:Mount Emily 540:Operation K 453:Sand Island 438:Philippines 393:South Henan 376:North China 141:Netherlands 33:Pacific War 6940:Categories 6748:West Hunan 6581:Pointblank 5917:Silver Fox 5903:Summer War 5656:Winter War 5635:Phoney War 5416:Azerbaijan 5377:Yugoslavia 5272:Luxembourg 5114:Resistance 4861:Yugoslavia 4726:Luxembourg 4528:Sook Ching 4324:War crimes 3926:Technology 3919:Opposition 3861:Lend-Lease 3838:Australian 3831:Home front 3789:Blitzkrieg 3739:Casualties 3730:Commanders 3702:Operations 3231:References 3053:G.Odgers, 2804:4 November 2755:Don Isidro 2612:10 x P-40E 2609:4 x PBY-5 1926:Don Isidro 1913:Don Isidro 1691:Townsville 1687:New Guinea 1447:2nd Sabang 1424:Matterhorn 1413:1st Sabang 1295:Wewak Raid 1071:Sagami Bay 1060:Starvation 942:New Guinea 585:Madagascar 505:New Guinea 366:Kaimingjie 186:John Crace 6951:Coral Sea 6813:Manchuria 6699:Indochina 6475:Bagration 5926:Lithuania 5571:Anschluss 5368:Viet Minh 5265:Lithuania 5207:Hong Kong 4977:Manchukuo 4932:Azad Hind 4591:Australia 4391:Aftermath 4254:Paperclip 4149:Aftermath 3949:Total war 3817:Diplomacy 3780:In Europe 3497:0729-6274 3419:219836510 3271:0729-6274 3194:Zero 5349 3174:ART 21687 3040:A.Thomas. 2782:Citations 2772:'Capstan' 2723:Footnotes 2592:1 x P-40E 2531:Beauforts 2354:Batchelor 2275:Kwajalein 2040:), C5Ms ( 2014:Beauforts 1869:Deloraine 1751:Singapore 1723:Lexington 1718:U.S. Navy 1681:, Timor, 1625:Kittyhawk 1442:Singapore 1430:Palembang 1340:Take Ichi 1284:Chronicle 1235:Buna–Gona 1225:Milne Bay 1215:Coral Sea 1115:Kantokuen 1022:Air raids 937:Australia 927:Coral Sea 821:Singapore 816:Hong Kong 615:Dureenbee 605:Newcastle 570:Coral Sea 515:Singapore 433:Hong Kong 336:Chongqing 331:Manchukuo 316:1940–1942 105:Australia 6924:Category 6873:document 6783:document 6640:Ardennes 6624:Budapest 6572:Crossbow 6450:Overlord 6289:Smolensk 5507:Timeline 5342:Slovakia 5328:Thailand 5179:Ethiopia 5144:Bulgaria 5068:Portugal 5006:Thailand 4888:Bulgaria 4666:Eswatini 4659:Ethiopia 4612:Bulgaria 4437:Unit 731 4398:Response 4215:Keelhaul 4165:Cold War 4138:Americas 4129:timeline 4122:Atlantic 4002:Theaters 3594:(1968). 3352:26 April 3219:Archived 3197:Archived 3178:Archived 3158:Archived 3154:41-20051 3103:ABC News 3013:Archived 2619:Archived 2616:1 x C-53 2373:Brisbane 2298:Wirraway 2267:Solomons 2221:Coomalie 2158:Archived 2139:Archived 1996:Spitfire 1937:Catalina 1911:MV 1583:Catalina 1579:Spitfire 1544:and the 1538:Japanese 1491:Meridian 1470:Outflank 1418:Surabaya 1241:Lilliput 1133:Chongjin 1094:Downfall 1032:Yokosuka 849:Tiderace 806:Thailand 560:Solomons 428:Thailand 403:Shanggao 388:Panjiayu 69:Location 6850:Shumshu 6617:Hungary 6564:Estonia 6548:Lapland 6526:Dragoon 6459:Neptune 6441:Ichi-Go 6407:Tempest 6349:Changde 6304:Cottage 6196:Jubilee 5912:Finland 5810:Compass 5516:Prelude 5469:Finland 5355:Vietnam 5321:Romania 5193:Germany 5172:Estonia 5158:Denmark 5137:Belgium 5130:Austria 5123:Albania 5054:Ireland 5040:Andorra 5024:Neutral 4991:Romania 4925:Hungary 4910:Finland 4782:Romania 4674:Finland 4652:Denmark 4598:Belgium 4584:Algeria 4290:Romania 4276:Hungary 4032:Pacific 3756:General 3710:Leaders 3695:Battles 3688:Outline 3379:2 April 2935:, 1983. 2917:2 March 2711:12437). 2587:Houston 2542:Results 2240:Merauke 2217:Kōkūtai 2196:Kendari 2136:Mossman 2057:Koepang 1992:Macumba 1981:(Kates) 1965:LeBaron 1883:Houston 1860:Houston 1709:Air war 1683:Celebes 1674:Repulse 1612:Houston 1316:1944–45 1247:Merauke 1086:Shumshu 971:Ellwood 836:Vietnam 525:Ellwood 64:1942–45 6827:Debate 6799:Taipei 6792:Borneo 6370:Tarawa 5564:Europe 5525:Africa 5314:Poland 5300:Norway 5279:Malaya 5258:Latvia 5200:Greece 5186:France 5082:Sweden 5047:Bhutan 4775:Poland 4761:Norway 4733:Mexico 4700:Greece 4686:France 4624:Canada 4605:Brazil 4575:Allies 4521:Serbia 4510:Poland 4283:Poland 4269:Baltic 4062:Europe 3764:Topics 3716:Allied 3613: 3580: 3512: 3495: 3476: 3455: 3434: 3417: 3396: 3324: 3305: 3286: 3269: 3246: 3129: 3108:Sydney 3044:,p.26. 2933:Eimusu 2830: 2606:Darwin 2589:convoy 2569:Target 2302:Hudson 2284:, the 2132:Helens 2120:Kanoya 2112:Fenton 2038:Sallys 2030:Dinahs 2023:Hudson 1755:Rabaul 1685:, and 1637:Broome 1617:Darwin 1534:Allied 1514:Livery 1507:Collie 1500:Balsam 1484:Lentil 1477:Robson 1463:Millet 1452:Padang 1334:Emirau 856:Zipper 842:Jurist 811:Malaya 770:Ceylon 704:Midway 600:Sydney 595:Midway 565:Tulagi 555:Ceylon 530:Broome 520:Darwin 473:Borneo 458:Niihau 418:Malaya 351:Wuyuan 152: 138: 126: 114: 102: 79:Result 6603:Leyte 6433:Narva 6419:Anzio 6377:Makin 6335:Burma 6219:Torch 6188:Rzhev 6149:Kiska 5235:Korea 5221:Japan 5214:Italy 5096:Tibet 5075:Spain 4953:Italy 4714:Italy 4707:India 4631:China 4506:Japan 4106:Italy 4018:China 3970:Women 3373:(PDF) 3366:(PDF) 3346:(PDF) 3083:(PDF) 3072:(PDF) 3042:Ibid. 2753:Both 2643:Notes 2244:Wewak 2124:Nells 2062:eight 2034:Lilys 2016:from 1985:HMAS 1957:Ambon 1904:Cowra 1878:Ceram 1867:HMAS 1788:radar 1621:Timor 1607:Ambon 1587:mines 1457:Sigli 1027:Tokyo 1015:Japan 932:Timor 500:Burma 495:Timor 155:Japan 6669:1945 6397:1944 6238:1943 6166:Blue 6156:Attu 6063:1942 5822:1941 5674:1940 5612:1939 5541:Asia 5388:POWs 5228:Jews 4946:Iraq 4872:Axis 4822:Tuva 4638:Cuba 3723:Axis 3611:ISBN 3578:ISBN 3510:ISBN 3493:ISSN 3474:ISBN 3453:ISBN 3432:ISBN 3415:OCLC 3394:ISBN 3381:2014 3354:2013 3322:ISBN 3303:ISBN 3284:ISBN 3267:ISSN 3244:ISBN 3127:ISBN 2919:2016 2828:ISBN 2806:2007 2757:and 2566:Date 2282:RAAF 2271:Truk 2192:Bali 2128:Vals 2042:Babs 1830:and 1765:and 1753:and 1701:and 1693:and 1679:Java 1672:HMS 1670:and 1536:and 1528:The 1272:I-Go 1253:1943 1197:1942 1037:Kure 724:Truk 489:1942 448:Wake 443:Guam 382:1941 326:1940 61:Date 3561:hdl 3553:doi 3176:). 3011:. 2903:hdl 2254:As 2070:ace 1930:MV 1838:or 1261:Wau 6942:: 6417:/ 3559:. 3261:. 3106:. 3100:. 3074:. 2940:^ 2901:. 2814:^ 2797:. 2223:. 1842:. 1749:, 1007:PX 916:RY 5920:) 5914:( 4788:) 4784:( 4720:) 4716:( 4680:) 4676:( 4618:) 4614:( 3668:e 3661:t 3654:v 3619:. 3586:. 3567:. 3563:: 3555:: 3518:. 3499:. 3482:. 3461:. 3440:. 3421:. 3402:. 3383:. 3356:. 3330:. 3311:. 3292:. 3273:. 3252:. 2921:. 2905:: 2836:. 2808:. 2315:) 2234:) 1385:e 1378:t 1371:v 1175:e 1168:t 1161:v 693:K 654:e 647:t 640:v 305:e 298:t 291:v

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