2090:. The main African objections to the Federation were summed up in a joint memorandum prepared by Nkumbula for Northern Rhodesia and Banda for Nyasaland in 1950, shortly before Nkumbula returned to Northern Rhodesia. These objections were that political domination by the white minority of Southern Rhodesia would prevent greater African political participation, and that control by Southern Rhodesian politicians would lead to an extension of racial discrimination and segregation. Nkumbula returned to Northern Rhodesia in 1950 to fight against Federation and against Mbikusita Lewanika's leadership of Congress. His radicalism caused some chiefs and conservatives to withdraw their support from Congress, but the Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, as the party was renamed in 1951, was able to persuade the African Representative Council to recommend two of its members to be African-nominated members of the Legislative Council in 1951. Shortly after its formation, the Federal government attempted to take control of African affairs from the British Colonial Office, proving the fears of Nkumbula and Banda were justified. It also scaled back the fairly modest British post-war proposals for African development.
2178:
political change in
Northern Rhodesia. A plan for a Legislative Council with an African majority (16 African members to 14 Europeans) was strongly opposed by Welensky, and under pressure from cabinet colleagues, Macleod accepted Welensky's proposal for a council of 45 members, 15 of whom would be elected by a largely African electoral roll, 15 by a largely European roll, 14 by both rolls jointly and 1 by Asians. As well as greatly inflating the value of votes on the largely European roll, there was a further requirement in the 14 so-called "national" constituencies that successful candidates had to gain at least 10% of the African votes and 10% of the European ones. This complicated franchise, which also required voters to have a relatively high income, was used in elections of October 1962. In this, Kaunda's United National Independence Party gained only 14 seats with around 60% of the valid votes; the mainly European Federal party gained 16 seats with 17% of votes, and Nkumbula's Congress held the balance of power with 7 seats: only 37 of the 45 seats were filled, as in many of the "national" constituencies, no party gained 10% of both African and European votes.
2021:
representation of
African interests in the legislatures of each territory. The Commission considered the complete amalgamation of the three territories, and thought that it would be more difficult to plan future development in a looser federal union. It did not favour an alternative under which Southern Rhodesia would absorb the Copperbelt. Despite the almost unanimous African opposition to amalgamation with Southern Rhodesia, the Commission advocated it at some time in the future, However, a majority of Commission members ruled amalgamation out as an immediate possibility, because of African concerns and objections. This majority favoured an early union of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland into one unit which would co-operate economically with Southern Rhodesia as a possible first step to uniting all three territories later. Northern Rhodesia's white population were severely disappointed, but the outbreak of the Second World War fundamentally changed the economic and political situation, as Northern Rhodesian copper became a vital resource in winning the war.
805:, he drafted a petition seeking a British protectorate in 1889, but the Colonial Office took no immediate action on it. However, Rhodes sent Frank Elliott Lochner to Barotseland to obtain a concession and offered to pay the expenses of a protectorate there. Lochner told Lewanika that BSAC represented the British government, and on 27 June 1890, Lewanika consented to an exclusive mineral concession. This (the Lochner Concession) gave the company mining rights over the whole area in which Lewanika was paramount ruler in exchange for an annual subsidy and the promise of British protection, a promise that Lochner had no authority to give. However, the BSAC advised the Foreign Office that the Lozi had accepted British protection. As a result, Barotseland was claimed to be within the British sphere of influence under the
6701:
77:
1376:
1093:, which the railway reached in 1906. The British South Africa Company had been assured that there would be plentiful traffic from its lead and zinc mines, but this did not materialise because of technical mining problems. The railway could not meet the costs of the construction loans, and the only area likely to generate sufficient mineral traffic to relieve these debts was Katanga. Initially, the Congo Free State had concluded that Katanga's copper deposits were not rich enough to justify the capital cost of building a railway to the coast, but expeditions between 1899 and 1901 proved their value. Copper deposits found in Northern Rhodesia before the First World War proved uneconomic to develop.
556:
511:
63:
2101:, formerly a teacher, became Organising Secretary for Congress in the Northern Province, and in 1953 he moved to Lusaka as Secretary General of Congress, under Nkumbula's presidency. The efforts of Congress, including a failed general strike in March 1953, could not prevent the imposition of Federation, and apart from some urban protests, it was sullenly accepted by the African majority. Both Kaunda and Nkumbula began to advocate self-government under African majority rule, rather than just increased African representation in the existing colonial institutions. In addition to demanding the break-up of Federation, Congress targeted local grievances, such as
1945:
984:
1700:
indigenous population as well as the economic interests of the colonial power. However, what was introduced into
Northern Rhodesia in 1930 as a policy of Indirect Rule was little different in practice to the previous policy. Although some legitimate traditional chiefs and other appointed chiefs and headmen were nominated as Native Authorities, they had limited judicial powers and very limited financial resources to build up any institutions of self-government within their communities. Apart from in Barotseland, the District Officers still retained most of their former powers, and used the Native Authorities as intermediaries.
1328:. The fact that unemployed workers had left meant there were no increases in taxation, and labour costs remained low. At a 1932 conference of copper producers in New York, the Rhodesian companies objected to further market intervention, and when no agreement could be made, the previous restrictions on competition lapsed. This placed the Northern Rhodesians in a very powerful position. Meanwhile, the British South Africa Company sold its remaining Southern Rhodesian holdings to the Southern Rhodesian government in 1933 giving it the capital to invest in developing other mines. It negotiated an agreement between
1735:
the
European population was small. In 1913, BSAC drew up plans for Native Reserves along Southern Rhodesian lines, outside which Africans would have no right to own or occupy land, but these plans were not put into effect under company administration. However, reserves were created in 1928 and 1929 in the northern and eastern parts of the protectorate, and about half the land adjacent to the line of the main railway line was reserved for European settlement and farming. In 1938, it was reported that the Native Reserves were overcrowded, while much of the land reserved for Europeans was unoccupied and unused.
955:. The former was recognised as British territory by the Barotseland and North-Western Rhodesia Order-in-Council of 1899 and the latter by the North-Eastern Rhodesia Order-in-Council of 1900. Both Orders-in-Council regularised the position of the BSAC Administrators, the first of whom were appointed in 1895. Both Order-in-Councils confirmed that the territories had the status of protectorates, with the Colonial Office ultimately responsible for the welfare of their indigenous populations, despite BSAC administration. The Colonial Office retained the ultimate responsibility for these territory, and the
1863:
offer of slightly increased bonus payments. The government urged the mine-owners to increase the
African miners' pay, but following a confrontation between workers collecting their pay and diehard strikers, it also tried to force the miners to return to work, using troops of the Northern Rhodesian Regiment. In the violence that followed, the troops fired on the strikers, causing 13 deaths immediately and four later. The Colonial Secretary forced the Governor to hold a Commission of Inquiry, which found that conditions at Nkana and Mufulira had little changed from 1935, although at
1767:. They were not generally politically active, but the Watchtower movement was supposedly involved in the 1935 Copperbelt riots, probably incorrectly. Secondly, Africans educated by missions or abroad sought social, economic and political advancement through voluntary associations, often called "Welfare Associations". Their protests were muted until the early 1930s, and concentrated on improving African education and agriculture, with political representation a distant aspiration. However, several of the Welfare Associations on the Copperbelt were involved in the 1935 disturbances.
1722:. Passfield's Memorandum stated that no further white minority governments would be permitted, dismissing settler aspirations of self-government in Kenya and Northern Rhodesia. This turned Northern Rhodesian Europeans against association with East Africa towards union with Southern Rhodesia. In 1933, a substantial minority in the Northern Rhodesian legislature favoured amalgamation with Southern Rhodesia, despite vigorous African opposition. However, the majority of settlers were still cautious about being marginalised by the much greater numbers of Europeans in Southern Rhodesia.
574:
1743:
than conquest and, although a
Northern Rhodesian parliamentary Committee in 1921 recommended that these claims also should be referred to the Privy Council, the British government preferred to negotiate an overall settlement for the end of BSAC administration in Northern Rhodesia. This effectively acknowledged the company's claim. Under an Agreement of 29 September 1923, the Northern Rhodesian government took over the entire control of lands previously controlled by BSAC from 1 April 1924, paying the company half the net rents and the proceeds of certain land sales.
2476:
142:
2451:
1056:
were expensive and prone to diseases. This force and its replacements were paramilitaries, although there was a small force of
European civil police in the towns. The British South Africa Police were replaced by the Barotse Native Police force, which was formed in 1902 (other sources date this as 1899 or 1901). This had a high proportion of European NCOs as well as all European officers and was merged with the civil police to form the Northern Rhodesia Police in 1911. Initially, Harry Johnston in the
2139:
Northern
Rhodesia also declared a State of emergency there, arrested 45 Zambia African National Congress including Kaunda and banned the party. Kaunda later received a 19-month prison sentence for conspiracy, although no credible evidence of conspiracy was produced. The declaration of States of emergency in both Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland marked the end of attempts by their nationalist parties to work within the colonial system, and the start of a push for immediate and full independence.
1976:
before the
Commission's report was published, there were discussions between the Northern Rhodesian settlers and the Southern Rhodesian government on the terms of a total union of the two Rhodesias as a single colony. Northern Rhodesian settlers were only prepared to join Southern Rhodesia if there were no other way to achieve minority rule. When Northern Rhodesia's mining industry suffered a major downturn in the 1930s, its representatives pushed for amalgamation in January 1936 at
5755:
5765:
1367:
1938, there was the first acknowledgement of the need to represent the opinions of
Africans, and one nominated unofficial European member was added for this purpose, replacing one of the nominated officials, so that the official and unofficial members each numbered eight. In 1941 one additional member was added to both the nominated officials and the elected unofficials, for a total of ten unofficials (nine elected) and nine nominated officials.
1312:
still limited. In 1931 the ownership of Bwana Mkubwa and Nchanga was amalgamated into the Rhokana Corporation, in which Rhodesian Anglo American also predominated. The situation in 1931 was that Rhodesian Selection Trust (RST) owned Roan Antelope and a dominant interest in Mufulira, while Rhokana Corporation owned the remained of Mufulira, Nkana, Nchanga and Bwana Mkubwa. The shareholding structure of RST and particularly of Rhokana was complex.
2508:
691:
493:
1726:
were chiefs, but some educated urban Africans were included. In 1946, a third tier was added with the formation of an African Representative Council for the whole protectorate, whose members were nominated by the Provincial Councils. The African Representative Council was also largely advisory, but was later able to make recommendations for Africans to be nominated as members of the Legislative Council.
1676:
1399:, eight nominated officials, twelve elected unofficials, four African unofficial members nominated by the Governor on the advice the African Representative Council, and two nominated unofficial European members representing the interests of Africans. The nominated officials were identified as the Chief Secretary, Attorney General, Financial Secretary, and Secretary for Native Affairs, and four others.
2033:, the Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia because of opposition from Africans and from within his own party. He did not entirely rule out federation, which had been proposed by a conference held at Victoria Falls in 1949 between the Southern Rhodesian government, and the elected, or "unofficial" members of the Northern Rhodesia Legislative Council led by
2075:. Under Mbikusita Lewanika, Congress gradually developed as a political force. It had some radical policies, but Mbikusita Lewanika favoured gradualism and dialogue with the settler minority. In 1950 and 1951 he failed to deliver a strong anti-Federation message and in 1951 Mbikusita Lewanika was voted out of office and replaced by the more radical
1160:
provided for an Executive Council consisting of six ex-officio senior officials and any other official or unofficial members Governor wished to appoint. At the same time, a legislative council was established, consisting of the Governor and up to nine official members, and five unofficial members who were to be elected by the small European
1008:, as was common in British-ruled territories. There was an Advisory Council, which fulfilled most of the functions of such bodies, and which until 1917 consisted entirely of senior officials. There was no obligation for the company to form a body to consult residents, but after 1917 nominees were added to represent the small European
642:, the BSAC's treaties with local rulers, and British legislation, gave it the status of a protectorate. The territory attracted a relatively small number of European settlers, but from the time they first secured political representation, they agitated for white minority rule, either as a separate entity or associated with
1956:
the same reason. After the Southern Rhodesian electorate voted for self-determination in 1922, this objection ceased, and in 1927 the Conservative Colonial Secretary, Leo Amery gave Southern Rhodesia settlers the impression that he supported their claim to acquire the more productive parts of Northern Rhodesia.
650:. The mineral wealth of Northern Rhodesia made full amalgamation attractive to Southern Rhodesian politicians, but the British Government preferred a looser association to include Nyasaland. This was intended to protect Africans in Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland from discriminatory Southern Rhodesian laws. The
2171:, which concluded that the Federation could not be maintained except by force or through massive changes in racial legislation. It advocated a majority of African members in the Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesian legislatures and giving these territories the option to leave the Federation after five years.
1871:
no strike had happened. It recommended increases in pay and improvements in conditions, which the mine-owners agreed, and also that African miners should be eligible for jobs previously reserved for European miners. This last recommendation was not implemented then, but was gradually introduced after
1734:
In Northern Rhodesia, the British South Africa Company claimed ownership of all the unalienated land in the territory, and the right to alienate it. Europeans occupied land along the line of the railway and near the towns, but at first there was no land shortage, as the population density was low and
1387:
In 1945, there was an increase in the number of unofficial European members representing Africans from one to three, and an additional two nominated unofficials were introduced for a total of five. From 1948, the African Representative Council recommended two African unofficial members for nomination
1047:
which applied in South Africa. In 1889, the British South African Company was given the power to establish a police force and administer justice within Northern Rhodesia. In the case of African natives appearing before courts, the Company was instructed to have regard to the customs and laws of their
2133:
After the defection of Kaunda and the radicals, Nkumbula decided that the Northern Rhodesian African National Congress would contest the Legislative Council elections to be held under the 1959 Order-in-Council in October 1959. To increase the chances of Congress, he entered into electoral pacts with
2024:
During the Second World War, co-operation between the three territories increased with a joint secretariat in 1941 and an advisory Central African Council in 1945, made up of the three Governors and one leading European politician from each territory. Post-war British governments were persuaded that
1900:
entered into agreements with the Northern Rhodesian and Canadian copper mines to supply all the copper needed by the armed forces for set prices. This removed free competition and therefore kept prices down; as British companies, the main copper producers were also subject to the Excess Profits Tax.
1810:
attempted to disperse a group of Africans, violence erupted and six Africans were shot dead. The loss of life shocked both sides and the strike was suspended while a Commission of Inquiry was set up. It concluded that the way the increases were announced was the key factor, and that if they had been
1742:
of the United Kingdom had rejected the British South Africa Company claims to unalienated land in Southern Rhodesia, and this raised questions about the company's claim to unalienated land north of the Zambezi. However, the company's claim in Northern Rhodesia was based on concessions granted rather
1407:
1959 saw a large increase in the proportion of elected members. The Legislative Council then consisted of the Speaker and 30 members. All but eight of these members were to be elected: the eight nominated were the same four named posts as before, two others, and two nominated unofficial members (who
1358:
In 1926, a system of election was worked out and the first election was held for five elected unofficial members, who took their seats together with nine nominated official members. An elector in Northern Rhodesia had to be a United Kingdom citizen, a requirement which practically ruled out Africans
1105:
and the mines. Between 1912, when full-scale copper production began, until 1928 when a Congolese line was completed, almost all of Katanga's copper was shipped over the Rhodesian network. The railway's revenue from Katanga copper enabled it to carry other goods at low rates. Large-scale development
1055:
The British South African Company considered that its territory north of the Zambezi was more suitable for a largely African police force than a European one. However, at first, the British South Africa Police patrolled the north of the Zambezi in North Western Rhodesia, although its European troops
1018:
was first collected in North-Eastern Rhodesia in 1901 and was slowly extended through North-Western Rhodesia between 1904 and 1913. It was charged at different rates in different districts but was supposed to be equivalent to two months' wages, to encourage or force local Africans into the system of
2138:
had been declared in Nyasaland and Banda and many of his followers had been detained without trial, following claims that they had planned the indiscriminate killing of Europeans and Asians, and of African opponents, the so-called "murder plot". Shortly afterwards, on 12 March 1959, the governor of
2116:
Imprisonment radicalised Kaunda, who intensified the campaign of economic boycotts and disobedience on his release, but it had the opposite effect on Nkumbula, who had already acted indecisively over the 1953 general strike. Nkumbula's leadership became increasingly autocratic and it was alleged he
1955:
As early as 1915, the British South Africa Company proposed amalgamating Southern Rhodesia and Northern Rhodesia, but this was rejected by the Southern Rhodesian legislature in 1917, as it might have prevented Southern Rhodesia obtaining self-government. This option was again rejected in 1921, for
1862:
to prevent the advancement of African miners. The European strikers' demands were largely conceded, including an agreement on preventing the permanent "dilution of labour". This was followed by a refusal to grant a proportionate increase of pay to African miners, who then went on strike despite the
1818:
was the establishment of tribal elders' advisory councils for Africans across the Copperbelt, following a system introduced at the Roan Antelope mine. These councils acted as minor courts, referring other matters to the mine compound manager or district organiser. Native courts operated outside the
1114:
Almost from the start of European settlement, the settlers in Northern Rhodesia were hostile to the BSAC administration and its commercial position. The company opposed the settlers' political aspirations and refused to allow them to elect representatives to the Advisory Council, limiting them to a
2181:
Although Congress had arranged before the election with the Federal party that their voters would vote for the other's candidates in some "national" constituencies, Nkumbula agreed to work in a coalition which had Kaunda as Prime Minister, and the two and their parties worked in reasonable harmony
1924:
MPs were concerned that the demand, if granted, would diminish the position of the Africans of Northern Rhodesia. Welensky led a move in the Legislative Council to restrict the British South Africa Company's mineral rights which garnered African support; the Company agreed in 1949 to assign 20% of
1432:
and its High Court of Northern Rhodesia was ultimately subordinate to those of the United Kingdom. This continued after 1924; all United Kingdom statutes in force on 17 August 1911 were applied to Northern Rhodesia, together with those of later years if specific to the Protectorate. Where Africans
1069:
The British South Africa Company was responsible for building the Rhodesian railway system in the period of primary construction which ended in 1911 when the main line through Northern Rhodesia crossed the Congo border to reach the Katanga copper mines. Rhodes' original intention was for a railway
123:
2020:
The Bledisloe Commission reported in March 1939, and suggested that Africans could benefit socially and economically from European enterprise. However, it thought that two major changes would be necessary: firstly, to moderate Southern Rhodesian racial policies, and secondly, to give some form of
1781:
In 1935, the Northern Rhodesian government proposed to increase the rates of tax paid by African miners working on the Copperbelt, while reducing it in rural areas. Although the Provincial Commissioners had been told about the change on 11 January 1935, it was not until 20 May that the Native Tax
1725:
From 1943, six Provincial Councils were set up to form a second tier of African representative institutions above the Native Authorities. These were purely advisory bodies, whose advice the Provincial Commissioner need not accept. Most of the members of the Provincial Councils were rural and many
1411:
The 22 elected members were organised in such a way as to ensure that there were eight African and 14 Europeans. The electoral roll was divided into 'General' and 'Special' with Special voters having much lower financial requirements than General voters so that the majority of Special voters were
1315:
While at first the existence this cartel encouraged investment, consumers sought alternative and cheaper materials and with the economic downturn, the price of copper crashed in 1931. An international agreement restricted output. This caused a catastrophe in Northern Rhodesia where many employees
1216:
covering a poorly defined area of North-Western Rhodesia or negotiated by Joseph Thomson and Alfred Sharpe in 1890 and 1891 with local chiefs in a disputed area of North-Eastern Rhodesia. This claim was accepted by the British Government. After the Charter ended, BSAC joined a group of nine South
2177:
replaced Lennox-Boyd as Colonial Secretary in October 1959: he soon released Banda and negotiated a constitution for responsible government for Nyasaland with him, to follow elections in 1961 that would lead to an African majority on the Legislative Council. However, Macleod was more cautious on
1975:
on the possible closer union of the British territories in East and Central Africa. Its majority thought that Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland should seek closer links with East Africa, but the minority report favoured linking these two territories with Southern Rhodesia on economic grounds. Even
1366:
In 1929, the number of unofficial members was increased to seven. This failed to meet settler aspirations and in 1937 their members demanded parity if numbers with the nine official members, and seats on the Executive Council, until then wholly composed of officials: this demand was rejected. In
1311:
which sought to restrict supply to increase prices then already controlled three-quarters of world copper production, the British government encouraged a group of nine "British" companies to finance Nchanga. This group was dominated by Rhodesian Anglo American, so truly British participation was
946:
to the north, was placed under BSAC administration by an Order-in-Council of 9 May 1891, but no BSAC Administrator was sent to Barotseland until 1895, and the first Administrator, Forbes, who remained until 1897, did little to establish an administration there. Before 1911, Northern Rhodesia was
1419:
In the rural areas where most Africans lived, six special constituencies were drawn. Both general and special voters participated in the elections and their votes counted for equal weight, although the majority of voters were Africans. In the special constituency areas, there were two composite
1240:
ores were discovered about 100 feet below the surface. Prior to 1924, there had not been significant exploitation of Northern Rhodesia's mineral resources: there was some cattle farming in Barotseland, but Northern Rhodesia had attracted little white settlement, in contrast to its southern
1354:
as Presiding Officer. The initial council consisted entirely of nominated members, as no procedure existed at the time for holding elections. However, the members were divided between the "official members" who held executive posts in the administration of the Protectorate, and the "unofficial
1299:
and formed Rhodesian Anglo American, whose other shareholders included US and South African finance houses and the British South Africa Company (BSAC). As BSAC exchanged its own shares for Rhodesian Anglo American ones, Rhodesian Anglo American now became a major shareholder in BSAC. Both Roan
1159:
nor a legislative council, but only an Advisory Council, consisting entirely of nominees. The Northern Rhodesia Order in Council, 1924 transferred to the Governor any power or jurisdiction previously held by the Administrator or vested in the High Commissioner for South Africa. The Order also
1699:
had proposed in "The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa" had gained favour. Lugard suggested that, in colonies where climate and geography precluded extensive European settlement, African interests should be recognised as paramount and the development of such colonies must benefit their
1060:
had responsibility for North Eastern Rhodesia, and Central Africa forces including Sikh and African troops were used there until 1899. Until 1903, local magistrates recruited their own local police, but in that year a North Eastern Rhodesia Constabulary was formed, which had only a few white
129:
2142:
Although Nkumbula and his party won several seats in the October 1959 elections, he made little use of Kaunda's enforced absence and managed to alienate another section of the Northern Rhodesian African National Congress who, with former Zambia African National Congress members, formed the
971:
as enforcers, particularly in North-Eastern Rhodesia. This territory and North-Western Rhodesia were considered by Rhodes and his colonisers to be a "tropical dependency" rather than a northward extension of white-settler controlled southern Africa. In 1895, Rhodes asked his American scout
131:
130:
1445:
Courts of Provincial Commissioners, Senior Resident Magistrates and Resident Magistrates. In criminal matters, such courts could impose sentences of imprisonment for up to three years; in civil matters, they were limited to awards of Β£200 and for recovery of land worth up to Β£144 annual
735:, in Mashonaland and the coastal areas to its east, and when the expected wealth of Mashonaland did not materialise, there was little money left for significant development in the area north of the Zambezi, which he wanted to be held as cheaply as possible. Although Rhodes sent European
117:
1449:
Courts of District Commissioners. In criminal matters, they could impose sentences of imprisonment for up to one year without confirmation by the High Court; they could also impose up to three years' imprisonment with the High Court's consent. Their civil jurisdiction was limited to
121:
122:
2117:
was using party funds for his own benefit. However, Kaunda continued to support Nkumbula even though in 1956 Nkumbula attempted to end the campaign against the colour bar. Kaunda's estrangement from Nkumbula grew when he spent six months in Britain working with the Labour party on
2041:, to begin exploratory talks with Huggins and Welensky representing the white minorities of both Rhodesias, subject to the opinion of the majority African populations being ascertained. After a change in the British government in 1951, the incoming Conservative Colonial Secretary,
128:
127:
1967:
in the 1920s. Northern Rhodesian settlers wanted self-government for the European minority electorate, separate from Southern Rhodesia. However, once the British government appeared to reject the idea of further white minority governments in Africa, talk of amalgamation resumed.
999:
to be valid. The High Commissioner could also make, alter or repeal proclamations for the administration of justice, taxation, and public order without reference to the Administrator, although this power was never used. In this period the Administrator was assisted neither by an
124:
118:
116:
125:
114:
113:
112:
111:
1995:
between the elected members and representatives of the Southern Rhodesian political parties in January 1936 resolved in favour of amalgamation "under a constitution conferring the right of complete self-government". The United Kingdom government initially refused to set up a
115:
126:
120:
119:
966:
in Nyasaland was the local representative of the Colonial Office and the High Commissioner. Rhodes financed much of the British presence in Nyasaland and worked closely with Johnston and his successor, Alfred Sharpe, so he could use them as emissaries and their Nyasaland
1123:
and in 1923 this was granted. This left Northern Rhodesia in a difficult position since the British South Africa Company had believed it owned the land in both territories and some settlers suggested that the ownership in Northern Rhodesia should also be referred to the
635:, on behalf of the British Government. From 1924, it was administered by the British Government as a protectorate, under similar conditions to other British-administered protectorates, and the special provisions required when it was administered by BSAC were terminated.
1135:, while the British South Africa Company retained extensive areas of freehold property and the protectorate's mineral rights. It was also agreed that half of the proceeds of land sales in the former North-Western Rhodesia would go to the Company. On 1 April 1924,
1316:
were sacked and put an end to hopes which many Europeans had held of turning Northern Rhodesia into another white dominion like Southern Rhodesia. Many settlers took this opportunity to move back to Southern Rhodesia, while Africans returned to their farms.
1469:
The Native Courts Ordinance 1937 allowed the Governor to issue a warrant recognising native courts. Their jurisdiction only covered natives but extended to criminal and civil jurisdiction. Native courts were not allowed to impose the death penalty, nor try
110:
1078:, but when little gold was found in Mashonaland, he accepted that the scheme to reach Lake Tanganyika had no economic justification. Railways built by private companies needed traffic that can pay high freight rates, such as large quantities of minerals.
1048:
tribe or nation. An Order in Council of 1900 created the High Court of North-Eastern Rhodesia which took control of civil and criminal justice; it was not until 1906 that North-Western Rhodesia received the same. In 1911 the two were amalgamated into the
994:
Under British South Africa Company rule, the company-appointed Administrator had powers similar to those of the governor of a British colony or protectorate, except that certain decisions of the Administrator affecting Europeans had to be approved by the
1363:. In addition, would-be electors were required to fill in an application form in English, and to have an annual income of at least Β£200 or occupy immovable property worth Β£250 (tribal or community occupation of such property was specifically excluded).
2147:
in October 1959. When Kaunda was released from prison in January 1960, he assumed its leadership. Nkumbula and what was left of Congress retained support in the south of the country, where he had always maintained a strong following among the Ila and
1061:
officers; all its NCOs and troopers were African. This was also merged into the Northern Rhodesia Police in 1912, which then numbered only 18 European and 775 African in six companies, divided between the headquarters of the various districts.
2062:
In 1946, the Federation of African Welfare Societies was formed, uniting the Welfare Societies that had been set up by educated Africans in towns in the 1930s to discuss local affairs in English. In 1948 the Federation changed its name to the
1460:
Criminal trials for treason, murder and manslaughter, or attempts and conspiracies to commit them, were reserved for the High Court. Civil matters relating to constitutional issues, wills and marriages were also restricted to the High Court.
1154:
Under the Administration of the British South Africa Company, the Administrator had similar powers to those of a colonial governor, except that certain powers were reserved to the High Commissioner for South Africa. There was neither an
1711:, published his Memorandum on Native Policy in East and Central Africa. His statement of colonial policy was an emphatic reassertion of the principle of paramountcy of African interests, which his predecessor as Colonial Secretary, the
1408:
were not specifically responsible for African interests). These two members were retained to provide that there were some members who could be called upon for Ministerial duties if there were too few elected members willing to do so.
2121:, but the final rupture came only in October 1958 when Nkumbula tried to purge Congress of his opponents and assume sweeping powers over the party. In that month, Kaunda and most of the younger, more radical members left to form the
1241:
neighbour. Unlike Southern Rhodesia, which had seen a flood of fortune-seeking prospectors seeking to set up independent mines, Northern Rhodesia's mining policy was to agree large-scale deals with major commercial mining companies.
1276:(RST β later renamed Roan Selection Trust) to finance further mining developments. Beatty then sold his controlling interest in RST to AMC in 1930, becoming AMC's largest shareholder. AMC's commitment to RST allowed it to bring the
2186:
gained 55 of the 75 parliamentary seats. The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was formally dissolved on 31 December 1963, and the country became the independent Republic of Zambia on 24 October 1964, with Kaunda as President.
1100:
was formed to exploit the Katanga mines. King Leopold wanted a railway entirely in Congolese territory, linked to the Congo River, but in 1908, he agreed with the British South Africa Company to continue the Rhodesian railway to
2025:
closer association in Central Africa would cut costs, and they agreed to a federal solution, not the full amalgamation that the Southern Rhodesian government preferred. The first post-war Colonial Secretary from 1946 to 1950,
828:, which was known to have copper and was thought might also have gold. Rhodes, possibly prompted by Harry Johnston, wanted a mineral concession for the BSAC in Katanga. He sent Alfred Sharpe to obtain a treaty from its ruler,
1420:'Reserved European seats', in which special voters were restricted to one-third of the influence. There were also two 'Reserved African seats' in the areas of the ordinary constituencies, although all votes counted in full.
1128:. However, the British South Africa Company insisted that its claims were unchallengeable and persuaded the United Kingdom government to enter into direct negotiations over the future administration of Northern Rhodesia.
1777:
staged a relatively non-violent protest against its introduction, which was severely suppressed. A sharp increase in the rate of Hut tax in 1920 caused unrest, as did the 1935 increase in the tax rate on the Copperbelt.
1685:
From the 1890s and until after the end of BSAC administration, a policy of Direct Rule over Africans was operated, within the limits of what was possible with very small numbers of white District Officers. Except in
2045:
removed the condition of sounding out African opinion in November 1951 and pushed ahead against strong African opposition. After further revisions of the proposals for federation, agreement was reached. Following a
1694:
of their powers of administering justice, and deposed troublesome ones, although most chiefs accepted their reduced role as local agents of the District Officers. By the late 1920s, the idea of Indirect Rule that
108:
2748:
David Gordon, (2000). Decentralized Despots or Contingent Chiefs: Comparing Colonial Chiefs in Northern Rhodesia and the Belgian Congo. KwaZulu-Natal History and African Studies Seminar, University of Natal,
1782:
Amendment Ordinance was signed, with rates implemented as of 1 January 1935. This retrospective increase outraged the miners, who already had grievances about low pay and poor conditions, and also with the
3382:
G. D. Clough, (1924). The Constitutional Changes in Northern Rhodesia and Matters Incidental to the Transition, Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, Third Series, Vol. 6, No. 4 p. 281.
1332:
and the copper mine companies for exclusive use and used resources freed up to buy a major stake in the Anglo American Corporation. By the end of the 1930s, Northern Rhodesian copper mining was booming.
1012:: Northern Rhodesia had no elected representation while under BSAC rule. There were five nominated members: four represented the former North-Western Rhodesia and one represented North-Eastern Rhodesia.
2892:
G. D. Clough, (1924). The Constitutional Changes in Northern Rhodesia and Matters Incidental to the Transition, Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, Third Series, Vol. 6, No. 4 pp.
1106:
of the Copperbelt only began in the late 1920s, with an increasing world market for copper. Transport was no problem as only short branches had to be built to connect the Copperbelt to the main line.
361:
1224:
However significant they were, these copper deposits could not be exploited commercially until the Southern Rhodesian railway had extended across the Zambezi and continued northward, to reach the
2167:
until after the declaration of the States of emergency, when it decided to set up a Royal Commission on the future of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland to be held in 1960. This became the
1851:
on the border with Southern Rhodesia. Simultaneously, African Urban Advisory Councils were established in the main Copperbelt towns. Relations between Africans and Europeans were often strained.
654:
formed in 1953 was intensely unpopular among the vast African majority and its formation hastened calls for majority rule. As a result of this pressure, the country became independent in 1964 as
109:
1416:
were eligible to vote). In the towns in which a majority of Europeans lived, there were twelve constituencies; special voters could have no more than one-third of the influence on the total.
996:
914:
Boundaries with other British territories were fixed by Orders-in-Council. The border between the British Central Africa Protectorate and North-Eastern Rhodesia was fixed in 1891 at the
5742:
1197:, who led and oversaw the massive Northern Territories (BSA) Exploration Co. expedition first established for Westerners that major copper deposits existed in Central Africa. Along the
860:
were, firstly, to enter into treaties with local rulers and, secondly, to make bi-lateral treaties with other European powers. By one series of agreements made between 1890 and 1910,
2163:, Colonial Secretary from 1954 to 1959, to support Federation and to agree that the pace of African advancement would be gradual. This remained the view of the British cabinet under
2134:
white liberals. Kaunda and the Zambia African National Congress planned to boycott these elections, regarding the 1959 franchise as racially biased. However, before the elections a
1131:
As a result, a settlement was achieved by which Northern Rhodesia remained a protectorate but came under the British government, with its administrative machinery taken over by the
1049:
2953:
S Katzenellenbogen, (1974). Zambia and Rhodesia: Prisoners of the Past: A Note on the History of Railway Politics in Central Africa, African Affairs, Vol. 73, No. 290, pp. 63β4.
1773:
was gradually introduced to different areas of Northern Rhodesia between 1901 and 1913. Its introduction generally caused little unrest, but in 1909β10 the Gwembe branch of the
1201:
in then Northern Rhodesia, Burnham saw many similarities to copper deposits he had worked in the United States, and he encountered natives wearing copper bracelets. Later, the
1963:, the European population of Northern Rhodesia was tiny, about 3,000 compared with ten times as many in Southern Rhodesia, but it increased rapidly after the discovery of the
1433:
were parties before courts, Native law and customs were applied, except if they were "repugnant to natural justice or morality", or inconsistent with any other law in force.
6607:
1547:
1272:. In 1927, Beatty sold a one-third interest in Roan Antelope to the American Metal Company (AMC), whose interests were in refining and selling metals, and in 1928 he formed
3485:
H. I Wetherell, (1979) Settler Expansionism in Central Africa: The Imperial Response of 1931 and Subsequent Implications, African Affairs, Vol. 78, No. 311, pp. 214β6, 225.
1236:
ores occurred near the surface. In Northern Rhodesia, the surface ores were of poorer quality, and copper was only worked intermittently at Bwana Mkubwa until in 1924 rich
7413:
6954:
1603:
1474:
without permission. There was also provision for a Native Court of Appeal, but if not established, appeal was to the Provincial Commissioner and thence to the High Court.
1291:, which gained an interest in the Bwana Mkubwa company in 1924 and acquired a one-third interest in Mufulira in 1928. Also in 1928, Anglo American acquired control of the
1256:
copper mine, which had opened in 1901 on the site of ancient mineral workings at the southern end of the Copperbelt, and Beatty was responsible for the development of the
1023:
a year, but in 1920 the rate of hut tax was sharply increased, and often doubled, to provide more workers for the Southern Rhodesian mines, particularly the coal mines of
5553:
2068:
2071:, who had an aristocratic Barotse background, became its first president. In the late 1940s several local trade unions representing African miners merged to form the
2971:
P Slinn, (1971). Commercial Concessions and Politics during the Colonial Period: The Role of the British South Africa Company in Northern Rhodesia 1890β1964, p. 369.
1649:
896:
883:. It declared that Barotseland was within the British sphere of influence, and fixed the boundary between the British South Africa Company administered territory of
891:
although its boundary with Angola was not marked-out on the ground until later. The northern border of the British territory in North-Eastern Rhodesia and the
868:, and a second series covering a disputed part of North-Eastern Rhodesia was negotiated by Joseph Thomson and Alfred Sharpe with local chiefs in 1890 and 1891.
6487:
3958:
2944:
J Lunn, (1992). The Political Economy of Primary Railway Construction in the Rhodesias, 1890β1911, The Journal of African History, Vol. 33, No. 2 pp. 239, 244.
2469:
7438:
2926:
L H Gann, (1958). The Birth of a Plural Society: The Development of Northern Rhodesia under the British South Africa Company, 1894β1914, pp. 67, 74β5, 106β7.
1587:
976:
to look for minerals and ways to improve river navigation in the region, and it was during this trek that Burnham discovered major copper deposits along the
1901:
However they did have a guaranteed market, and in 1943 the Ministry of Supply paid half of the cost of an expansion programme planned for the Nchanga mine.
4412:
7443:
7418:
7355:
3064:
A D Roberts. (1982). Notes towards a Financial History of Copper Mining in Northern Rhodesia, Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol.16, No. 2, p. 348.
1980:, but the Southern Rhodesian Labour Party who blocked it, because the British government objected to Southern Rhodesian policies of job reservation and
7433:
3367:
1249:
1244:
Large-scale mining on the Northern Rhodesian Copperbelt started after 1924 and was mainly financed from the United States of America and South Africa.
6600:
5126:
1019:
wage labour. Its introduction generally caused little unrest, and any protests were quickly suppressed. Before 1920, it was commonly charged at five
2072:
1920:
as a party favouring amalgamation earlier in the year. All five candidates of the party were elected. This development was spotted in London where
1756:
5720:
Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the
1987:
Shortly after the Copperbelt strike of 1935 there was an election to the legislative council, in which all candidates supported investigating the
76:
7448:
7117:
3468:
B Raftopoulos and A S Mlambo, editors (2009) Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008, African Books Collective, p. 86.
1884:, Northern Rhodesian military units participated on the side of the United Kingdom. Specifically, Northern Rhodesian forces were involved in the
3692:
B Raftopoulos and A S Mlambo, editors (2009) Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008, African Books Collective, p. 92.
3143:
2047:
2962:
S Katzenellenbogen, (1974). Zambia and Rhodesia: Prisoners of the Past: A Note on the History of Railway Politics in Central Africa, pp. 65β6.
5285:
2160:
2105:, the denial of certain jobs or services to Africans and low pay and poor conditions for African workers. Kaunda was prominent in organising
2761:
Government of Northern Rhodesia (Zambia), (1964). White Paper on British South Africa Company's claims to Mineral Royalties, pp. 1135, 1138.
1119:
that the land in Southern Rhodesia belonged to the British Crown not the BSAC, opinion among settlers in Southern Rhodesia turned to favour
6680:
6593:
5713:
5696:
5574:
1346:
When Northern Rhodesia became a Protectorate under the British Empire on 1 April 1924, a Legislative Council was established on which the
1303:
At first, very little British capital was invested in the Copperbelt. However, in 1929 it seemed possible that a fourth source of copper,
5801:
5165:
7369:
3909:
3024:
Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history : a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2 Transatlantic relations series
723:
from local chiefs under questionable treaties. After making a vast fortune in mining in South Africa, it was his ambition to extend the
4855:
4849:
3951:
3600:
A Okoth, (2006). A History of Africa: African Nationalism and the de-colonisation process, , Volume 2 East African Publishers, p. 101.
3321:
H. I Wetherell, (1979) Settler Expansionism in Central Africa: The Imperial Response of 1931 and Subsequent Implications, pp. 218, 225.
1156:
1001:
7428:
4911:
1905:
3512:
H. I Wetherell, (1979) Settler Expansionism in Central Africa: The Imperial Response of 1931 and Subsequent Implications, pp. 215β6.
3494:
H. I Wetherell, (1979) Settler Expansionism in Central Africa: The Imperial Response of 1931 and Subsequent Implications, pp. 216β7.
2009:
1786:
which had been introduced in 1927 and required Africans to have permits to live and work on the Copperbelt. It provoked an all-out
731:
if possible, although this was far beyond the resources of any commercial company to achieve. Rhodes' main focus was south of the
62:
6984:
6650:
3565:
H. I Wetherell, (1979) Settler Expansionism in Central Africa: The Imperial Response of 1931 and Subsequent Implications, p. 223.
1739:
1125:
1116:
3073:
S Cunningham, (1981). The Copper Industry in Zambia: Foreign Mining Companies in a Developing Country, Praeger, pp. 61, 68, 118.
2642:
774:. The charter of BSAC contained only vague limits on the northern extent of the company's sphere of activities, and Rhodes sent
7423:
4759:
2475:
2042:
2004:, who had been the Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia since 1933, the British government agreed in 1937 to set up one, as the
813:
797:
people of Barotseland sought European protection because of internal unrest and the threat of Ndebele raids. With the help of
6532:
5120:
3944:
3839:
3820:
3801:
3735:
3605:
3588:
3544:
3473:
3031:
2030:
2001:
2496:
as Northern Rhodesia, and left in the closing ceremony as Zambia on 24 October, the day independence was formally declared.
1177:
The most important factor in the colony's economy was copper. Ancient surface copper workings were known at Kansanshi (near
836:
was also interested in Katanga and Rhodes suffered one of his few setbacks when, in April 1891, a Belgian expedition led by
7034:
6994:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6922:
6902:
6787:
6670:
5458:
5068:
4294:
3211:
G. D. Clough, (1924). The Constitutional Changes in Northern Rhodesia and Matters Incidental to the Transition, pp. 279β80.
2051:
1949:
1939:
1885:
802:
651:
539:
516:
417:
160:
3539:
M Chanock, (1977). Unconsummated union: Britain, Rhodesia and South Africa, 1900β45, Manchester University Press, p. 229.
3300:
B. Malinowski, (1929). Report of the Commission on Closer Union of the Dependencies in Eastern and Central Africa, p. 317.
1395:
An Order-in-Council coming into effect on 31 December 1953 provided for a new Legislative Council to consist of a Speaker
1212:
BSAC claimed to own mineral rights over the whole of Northern Rhodesia under concessions granted between 1890 and 1910 by
879:
fixed the boundary between the territories administered by the British South Africa Company in North-Eastern Rhodesia and
6700:
6655:
6041:
5398:
4180:
4065:
3574:
B Raftopoulos and A S Mlambo, editors (2009) Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008, pp. 87β8.
2488:
Northern Rhodesia is the only country to have changed its name and flag between the opening and closing ceremonies of an
2149:
1913:
1774:
1057:
892:
771:
328:
7252:
6802:
6792:
5116:
3118:
G. D. Clough, (1924). The Constitutional Changes in Northern Rhodesia and Matters Incidental to the Transition, p. 279.
2726:
2183:
2144:
1696:
948:
865:
620:
3330:
B Raftopoulos and A S Mlambo, editors (2009) Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008, p. 87.
7340:
7269:
6964:
5278:
4471:
3718:
3636:
82:
3109:
S Cunningham, (1981). The Copper Industry in Zambia: Foreign Mining Companies in a Developing Country, pp. 57β8, 81.
7350:
7237:
7222:
6660:
5151:
5138:
3444:
Report of the Commission Appointed to Inquire into the Disturbances in the Copperbelt, Northern Rhodesia, July 1940
2122:
1708:
1679:
1027:. At this time the Company considered the principal economic benefit of Northern Rhodesia to be as a reservoir for
789:
as a suitable area for British South Africa Company operations and as a gateway to the copper deposits of Katanga.
2782:
Teresa Pinto Coelho, (2006). Lord Salisbury's 1890 Ultimatum to Portugal and Anglo-Portuguese Relations, pp. 6β7.
1097:
5794:
5367:
5098:
3936:
2568:
Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia Order in Council, 1899, S.E.O. 1901 No. 567 (as amended, S.R.O. Rev. 1904, V.)
2012:. Its terms if reference were to consider a possible closer association between the two Rhodesias and Nyasaland.
1917:
1375:
911:
and British territory was fixed by a treaty in 1894, although there were some minor adjustments up to the 1930s.
806:
3849:
Rotberg, R. I. (1965). "The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873β1964".
3046:
S Cunningham, (1981). The Copper Industry in Zambia: Foreign Mining Companies in a Developing Country, pp. 57β8.
30:
This article is about the British protectorate in modern-day Zambia. For the British protectorate in modern-day
6969:
6645:
6367:
6061:
5661:
5189:
4803:
4697:
4514:
4198:
3091:
S Cunningham, (1981). The Copper Industry in Zambia: Foreign Mining Companies in a Developing Country, pp. 53β5
220:
35:
17:
3730:
P Murray, (2005). British Documents on the End of Empire: Central Africa, Part I, Volume 9, pp.lxxiv-v, lxxx.
1085:
reached Bulawayo in 1897; this was extended to cross the Victoria Falls in 1902. The next section was through
6834:
6829:
6809:
6757:
6690:
6382:
5879:
5471:
5235:
4986:
4427:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
4324:
4256:
3864:
1347:
286:
3364:
7264:
6877:
6622:
6507:
5964:
5271:
4721:
4645:
4621:
4615:
3972:
2625:
1202:
988:
844:
personnel entering his territory, which they did in force in 1892. This treaty produced the anomaly of the
702:
628:
7232:
6974:
6932:
6824:
6762:
6640:
5688:
5354:
4204:
3100:
A D Roberts. (1982). Notes towards a Financial History of Copper Mining in Northern Rhodesia, pp. 349β50.
1579:
3082:
A D Roberts. (1982). Notes towards a Financial History of Copper Mining in Northern Rhodesia, pp. 348β9.
1280:
mine into partial production in 1930, although it only became fully operational in 1933, because of the
7408:
7212:
7194:
7107:
7102:
6797:
6747:
6685:
6665:
6342:
5787:
5426:
5203:
5177:
5074:
4843:
2064:
1288:
833:
821:
7247:
7242:
7074:
6927:
6882:
6859:
6849:
6277:
5717:; Ascension Island (1922β) and Tristan da Cunha (1938β) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
5360:
5316:
5038:
4749:
4424:
4394:
4152:
2996:
2852:
2735:
2093:
The Northern Rhodesian African National Congress had been a rather small, largely urban, party under
1567:
1392:, and the introduction of two members nominated on the advice of the African Representative Council.
1273:
1257:
1194:
973:
778:
68:
7274:
6979:
6917:
6912:
6814:
6635:
5541:
5249:
5196:
5104:
5062:
5026:
4980:
4595:
4244:
4186:
2159:, a Northern Rhodesian settler who was the Federal Prime Minister from November 1956 had convinced
1944:
1787:
1752:
1558:
1413:
1360:
1082:
983:
900:
498:
463:
394:
7292:
7137:
7132:
7127:
6989:
6897:
6892:
6854:
6477:
5758:
5590:
5465:
5433:
5414:
5080:
5032:
4974:
4683:
4627:
4003:
3198:
1988:
1972:
1719:
1712:
1661:
1504:
1428:
Before the end of BSAC administration, Northern Rhodesian law was in conformity with the laws of
1020:
616:
305:
200:
2783:
1858:
by European miners at two Copperbelt mines, who demanded increased basic pay, a war bonus and a
1221:, to prevent them falling under US control. However, its main concern was to receive royalties.
7312:
7122:
7004:
6777:
6767:
5994:
5229:
5210:
5086:
5050:
4822:
4810:
4709:
4589:
4577:
4465:
4420:
4408:
4039:
3583:
E Windrich, (1975). The Rhodesian Problem: A Documentary Record 1923β1973, Routledge pp. 22β5.
2445:
1120:
952:
884:
624:
1854:
A second round of labour hostilities broke out in March 1940. This was prompted by successful
7345:
7189:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7112:
7069:
7054:
6419:
6377:
6372:
6287:
6150:
5969:
5889:
5884:
5768:
5374:
4529:
4306:
4288:
4097:
4028:
3430:
Report of an Inquiry into the Causes of a Disturbance at Nkana on the 4th and 5 November 1937
1855:
1265:
1206:
880:
3929:
3556:
M Chanock, (1977). Unconsummated union: Britain, Rhodesia and South Africa, 1900β45, p. 230.
3281:
3261:
3221:
7039:
6073:
5679:
5497:
5410:
5344:
5322:
5223:
5183:
5092:
5056:
4994:
4919:
4607:
4342:
4336:
4330:
3898:
3241:
2597:
2493:
2005:
1889:
5894:
2468:
The British government issued postage stamps for Northern Rhodesia from 1925 to 1963. See
798:
8:
7179:
7064:
7059:
6585:
6492:
6472:
6337:
6009:
5917:
5158:
4961:
4868:
4816:
4703:
4691:
4671:
4659:
4571:
4362:
4274:
2168:
2026:
1848:
1380:
1325:
1193:
and exploration in 1895 by the British South Africa Company's celebrated American scout,
1190:
1144:
1086:
1005:
752:
715:
capitalist and empire-builder who was a guiding figure in British expansion north of the
171:
3903:
1759:
or the Watchtower movement and others rejected European missionary control and promoted
719:
into south-central Africa. Rhodes pushed British influence into the region by obtaining
7009:
6907:
6844:
6711:
6552:
6457:
6066:
6014:
5404:
5386:
5326:
5217:
4943:
4905:
4881:
4862:
4753:
4300:
4226:
4192:
4091:
4071:
3997:
3286:
3266:
3246:
3226:
3137:
2135:
2102:
2094:
1981:
1897:
1619:
857:
728:
3746:
P Murray, (2005). British Documents on the End of Empire: Central Africa, pp.lxxxi-iv.
2037:, without any Africans present. It was left to his successor in post in 1950 to 1951,
1164:
numbering 4,000 people only, as none of the African population had the right to vote.
7259:
7217:
7044:
6752:
6482:
6462:
6414:
6235:
6225:
6202:
5947:
5942:
5932:
5927:
5764:
5350:
4968:
4933:
4665:
4553:
4501:
4495:
4479:
4318:
4312:
4232:
4162:
3879:
3871:
3835:
3816:
3797:
3731:
3714:
3632:
3601:
3584:
3540:
3469:
3027:
3004:
1921:
1803:
1704:
1429:
1388:
by the Governor. 1948 saw the replacement of the Governor by a Speaker, who also sat
1329:
956:
899:
in 1890, which also fixed the very short boundary between North-Western Rhodesia and
888:
832:
which would grant the concession and create a British protectorate over his kingdom.
740:
674:
662:
643:
632:
101:
96:
7322:
7049:
6999:
6574:
6562:
6547:
6527:
6512:
6387:
6051:
6029:
5721:
5654:
5646:
5638:
5566:
5477:
5445:
5332:
5132:
5044:
4829:
4355:
4348:
4250:
4135:
4080:
2450:
2164:
1997:
1881:
1281:
1229:
908:
841:
825:
817:
785:
to make treaties with chiefs in the area west of Nyasaland. Rhodes also considered
187:
141:
3966:
2182:
until a pre-independence election on 1964 where, with a much wider franchise, the
2097:, but Nkumbula used opposition to Federation to increase its membership. In 1951,
1925:
its revenues to the Government, and to transfer all its remaining rights in 1986.
1790:
which lasted from 22 May to 25 May in three of the four mines in the area, namely
7227:
7159:
7029:
7014:
6839:
6772:
6569:
6362:
6297:
6282:
6247:
6217:
6113:
5830:
5674:
5451:
5380:
5171:
5110:
4949:
4633:
4535:
4238:
3631:
A C Ross, (2009). Colonialism to Cabinet Crisis, African Books Collective, p.62.
3371:
2730:
2000:, but following pressure from Europeans in both the Rhodesias, particularly from
1237:
1136:
1132:
1075:
1044:
1043:
became the basis of the administration of Southern and Northern Rhodesia, unlike
943:
915:
837:
763:
608:
372:
6467:
7302:
7092:
7024:
6557:
6392:
6307:
6302:
6292:
6207:
6180:
6098:
6046:
6019:
6004:
5979:
5922:
5899:
5835:
5822:
5559:
5547:
5392:
5008:
4937:
4926:
4715:
4677:
4583:
4547:
4541:
4507:
4045:
3968:
2118:
2098:
2087:
2076:
1992:
1977:
1893:
1269:
1245:
1161:
1028:
1009:
963:
767:
724:
720:
712:
639:
627:. It was initially administered, as were the two earlier protectorates, by the
347:
196:
192:
2029:
of the Labour Party, was reluctant to discuss any plans for amalgamation with
7402:
7384:
7371:
7307:
6357:
6123:
6118:
6108:
6080:
5984:
5600:
5420:
4601:
4485:
2513:
2489:
2454:
1953 stamps of Northern Rhodesia marking the birth centennial of Cecil Rhodes
2038:
1868:
1815:
1799:
1760:
1691:
1304:
1264:
in 1926. Copper was becoming much more valuable as more of it was needed for
1225:
1218:
919:
845:
782:
716:
204:
5810:
2724:
NRZAM website: Alfred Sharpe's Travels in the Northern Province and Katanga.
2723:
2152:
peoples, but the United National Independence Party was dominant elsewhere.
1441:
Below the High Court were Magistrates' Courts which fell into four classes:
6782:
6517:
6332:
6170:
6090:
6024:
5999:
5937:
5630:
5338:
4899:
4893:
4874:
4639:
4374:
4281:
4220:
4214:
3671:
A Roberts, (1976).A History of Zambia, Africana Publishing Company, p. 220.
3615:
3613:
2613:
2578:
2556:
2174:
2156:
2034:
1909:
1253:
1233:
1182:
1140:
922:, and that between North-Western Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia became the
708:
694:
604:
275:
154:
3883:
3385:
3008:
1205:
built towns along the river and a railway to transport the copper through
959:
for South Africa had the power to approve or reject all BSAC legislation.
6724:
6502:
6447:
6409:
6404:
6397:
6352:
6347:
6324:
6195:
6165:
6160:
5909:
5869:
5864:
5747:
5243:
5144:
4955:
4559:
4459:
4174:
4168:
3503:
C Leys and C Pratt, (1960) A New Deal in Central Africa, Praeger, pp.4β5.
3365:
http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/small/cab-24-160-CP-201.pdf
3195:
Race and Politics:Partnership in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
2935:
J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 87, 90β2.
2638:
1960:
1859:
1687:
1198:
977:
935:
794:
786:
748:
317:
251:
3641:
3610:
2983:
Guide to the Historical Manuscripts in the National Archives of Rhodesia
2533:
Although a protectorate, its official name was simply Northern Rhodesia.
7297:
6452:
6426:
6262:
6252:
6242:
6190:
6175:
6140:
6056:
5874:
5842:
5020:
5001:
4744:
4523:
4142:
4059:
1964:
1471:
1102:
1040:
31:
3813:
Crown and Charter: The Early Years of the British South Africa Company
1324:
Despite the economic crash, large firms were still able to maintain a
980:. In 1911 the BSAC merged the two territories as 'Northern Rhodesia'.
6522:
6442:
6312:
5989:
5974:
5952:
5666:
4519:
4268:
4052:
2806:
J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 86β7.
2681:
1783:
1715:
939:
759:
665:" referred to a region generally comprising the areas that are today
647:
263:
5779:
3653:
3450:
6719:
6675:
6630:
6267:
6257:
6128:
5852:
5594:
5509:
4788:
4740:
4489:
4416:
4402:
4398:
4368:
4156:
2908:
2113:, but in 1955 both he and Nkumbula were imprisoned for two months.
1836:
1828:
1820:
1807:
1791:
1764:
1277:
1261:
1213:
1186:
1139:
was appointed as Governor and Northern Rhodesia became an official
876:
861:
790:
775:
736:
670:
380:
239:
3530:
C Leys and C Pratt, (1960) A New Deal in Central Africa, pp. 9β10.
2875:
Gann, L.H. (1960). "History of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 1889β1953".
1228:
border, which it did in 1909. By that time, mining had started in
770:
to this area, where he proclaimed a protectorate, later named the
690:
7317:
7019:
6887:
6819:
6145:
6103:
6034:
5847:
5503:
4836:
4796:
4389:
4146:
4105:
3917:
3363:
Memorandum by the Colonial Secretary on Rhodesia, 19 April 1923.
3003:. Doubleday, Page & company. pp. 2, Chapters 3 & 4.
2106:
1864:
1770:
1178:
1071:
1015:
923:
904:
744:
732:
3875:
3870:. New York; Washington, D.C.: Frederick A. Praeger, Publishers.
3055:
R W Steel, (1957) The Copperbelt of Northern Rhodesia, pp. 83β4.
2589:
2587:
2086:, had been given a scholarship to study in London, where he met
1217:
African and British companies which financed the development of
7184:
7154:
6959:
6729:
6537:
6497:
6272:
6155:
5857:
5814:
5513:
4888:
4653:
4431:
4033:
3902:
3749:
3695:
3674:
3150:
2864:. Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. pp. 177β180.
2857:
2833:
2657:
2110:
1840:
1823:
was the first, in 1938, and by the end of 1940 they existed in
1819:
urban areas and eventually these were introduced to the towns.
1308:
1252:'s Selection Trust already had an interest in the fairly small
1148:
1024:
968:
872:
666:
655:
612:
592:
563:
176:
3521:
C Leys and C Pratt, (1960) A New Deal in Central Africa, p. 9.
3409:
1675:
1412:
Africans (the nationality requirement had been varied so that
809:, although its boundary with Angola was not fixed until 1905.
7097:
6542:
6185:
5014:
4736:
4208:
3832:
Rhodes and Rhodesia: The White Conquest of Zimbabwe 1884β1902
2888:
2886:
2784:
http://www.mod-langs.ox.ac.uk/files/windsor/6_pintocoelho.pdf
2584:
2083:
1844:
1832:
1824:
1795:
1296:
1292:
1090:
829:
3397:
2764:
2705:
2669:
7149:
7142:
6135:
5957:
4565:
3923:
3333:
3162:
2788:
2194:
1477:
1456:
Courts of Cadets attached to the Provincial Administration.
758:
British missionaries had already established themselves in
6615:
3761:
2883:
2050:
result in Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia joined the
1718:, has attempted to water-down in 1927 when setting up the
1300:
Antelope and Nkana started commercial production in 1931.
856:
The two stages in acquiring territory in Africa after the
1991:
of Northern and Southern Rhodesia. After a conference at
152:
Territory of the British South Africa Company (1911β1924)
3794:
African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia
3345:
3303:
2855:(1899). "Northern Rhodesia". In Wills, Walter H. (ed.).
2821:
2809:
2693:
2859:
Bulawayo Up-to-date; Being a General Sketch of Rhodesia
1928:
816:
to large sections of the Congo basin, which formed the
812:
In 1889, although Britain recognised the rights of the
6488:
List of countries where Arabic is an official language
3926:, photographs and information from the 1950s and 1960s
3174:
2470:
Postage stamps and postal history of Northern Rhodesia
1520:
864:
granted concessions covering a poorly defined area of
5619:
4752:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the
3713:
R Blake, (1977). A History of Rhodesia, Knopf P.331.
2896:
2128:
1287:
South African interest in the Copperbelt was led the
934:
The area of what became Northern Rhodesia, including
638:
Although under the BSAC charter it had features of a
2877:
Handbook to the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
2503:
1806:
to Nkana to suppress it. When, on 29 May, police in
1115:
few nominated members. Following a judgement by the
7414:
Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa
6686:
Saint Helena, Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha
3913:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). pp. 1004β1008.
3863:
2879:. Federal Information Department. pp. 62, 74.
1811:introduced calmly, they would have been accepted.
1031:which could be called upon for Southern Rhodesia.
3779:A Roberts, (1976).A History of Zambia, pp. 221β3.
1379:The Legislative Assembly with Colonial Secretary
661:The geographical, as opposed to political, term "
27:1911β1964 British protectorate in Southern Africa
7400:
3857:(3). Cambridge (Mass): Harvard University Press.
2980:
2868:
1933:
824:, it did not accept its effective occupation of
875:on 11 June 1891 between the United Kingdom and
680:
3851:Journal of the International African Institute
2608:
2606:
2577:North-Eastern Rhodesia Order in Council 1900 (
1971:In 1927, the British government appointed the
1746:
1307:, might fall under US control: as an American
871:The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891 signed in
6601:
5795:
5279:
3952:
3559:
2073:Northern Rhodesian African Mineworkers' Union
1896:. Later in the war, the British government's
1802:. British South Africa Police were sent from
1755:such as the Ethiopian Church in Barotseland,
685:
418:Federated with S. Rhodesia and Nyasaland
157:of the United Kingdom (1924β1953, 1963β1964)
7439:1964 disestablishments in the British Empire
6681:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
5714:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
5697:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
5575:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
3829:
2839:
1703:In June 1930, the Colonial Secretary of the
673:. From 1964, it only referred to the former
3897:
2856:
2845:
2603:
2551:
2549:
2057:
1143:of the United Kingdom, with its capital in
7444:English-speaking countries and territories
7419:States and territories established in 1924
6608:
6594:
5802:
5788:
5286:
5272:
3959:
3945:
3142:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3130:The Northern Rhodesian Legislative Council
2974:
1763:doctrines that the authorities considered
947:administered as two separate territories,
743:, he limited his involvement north of the
140:
7434:1924 establishments in the British Empire
3810:
3015:
2827:
2770:
2711:
2699:
2687:
2675:
2663:
2612:Northern Rhodesia Order in Council 1924 (
2555:Northern Rhodesia Order in Council 1911 (
2015:
1916:who had been elected in 1938, set up the
454:751,925 km (290,320 sq mi)
4758:Legitimacy of territorial establishment
3791:
3280:
3260:
3240:
3220:
3121:
2989:
2815:
2794:
2757:
2755:
2546:
2449:
1943:
1674:
1478:Chief Justices of North-Eastern Rhodesia
1402:
1374:
1189:, all on what later became known as the
982:
689:
7065:Rhode-island and Providence Plantations
3861:
3848:
3767:
3755:
3701:
3680:
3659:
3647:
3619:
3456:
3427:
3415:
3403:
3391:
3351:
3339:
3309:
3180:
3168:
3156:
3127:
2995:
2914:
2902:
2851:
1740:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
1670:
1126:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
1109:
1064:
762:, and in 1890 the British government's
14:
7449:Zambia and the Commonwealth of Nations
7401:
6616:Chief justices of British dependencies
5743:Historical flags of the British Empire
5727:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985
2717:
2616:/324), S.R.O. & S.I. Rev VIII, 154
2200:
2197:
1690:, these officers deprived traditional
1336:
1172:
929:
814:International Association of the Congo
6589:
6533:Portuguese-speaking African countries
5809:
5783:
5618:
5530:
5267:
4776:
4448:
4123:
4016:
3940:
3421:
3192:
3186:
3021:
2752:
2082:Harry Nkumbula, a schoolteacher from
1533:
1490:
747:to encouraging and financing British
707:The name "Rhodesia" was derived from
6788:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
3436:
2874:
2479:Northern Rhodesia Olympic Team badge
2052:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
1950:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
1940:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
1929:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
1436:
1319:
851:
803:Paris Evangelical Missionary Society
652:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
161:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
5554:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands
4397:. British Cameroons is now part of
3394:, pp. 56β60, 124β126, 136β139.
2739:. Vol III, No.3 (1957) pp. 210β219.
2639:"Merriam-Webster online dictionary"
1875:
1521:Chief Justices of Northern Rhodesia
1058:British Central Africa Protectorate
1034:
893:British Central Africa Protectorate
772:British Central Africa Protectorate
24:
6699:
4413:unilaterally declared independence
4108:1708β1757, 1763β1782 and 1798β1802
3931:A Brief Guide to Northern Rhodesia
3815:. University of California Press.
2645:from the original on 21 April 2009
2631:
2474:
2184:United National Independence Party
2145:United National Independence Party
2129:End of Federation and independence
1847:in the centre of the country, and
1167:
997:High Commissioner for South Africa
949:Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia
866:Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia
621:Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia
25:
7460:
5620:Antarctica and the South Atlantic
5599:Occupied by Argentina during the
5531:
4777:
3901:; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911).
3891:
3650:, pp. 239, 249β251, 262β263.
3622:, pp. 226, 229β234, 269β270.
3290:. 25 December 1951. p. 6707.
3270:. 23 November 1951. p. 6120.
2981:Baxter, T.W.; E.E. Burke (1970).
2463:
619:the two earlier protectorates of
611:, now the independent country of
7429:1964 disestablishments in Africa
5763:
5754:
5753:
5166:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2506:
2483:
2123:Zambia African National Congress
1914:Rhodesian Railway Workers' Union
1729:
1464:
572:
554:
509:
491:
106:
75:
61:
6995:Saint Kitts, Nevis and Anguilla
3920:, Northern Rhodesians worldwide
3785:
3773:
3740:
3724:
3707:
3686:
3665:
3625:
3594:
3577:
3568:
3550:
3533:
3524:
3515:
3506:
3497:
3488:
3479:
3462:
3376:
3357:
3324:
3315:
3294:
3274:
3254:
3250:. 5 February 1946. p. 818.
3234:
3214:
3205:
3112:
3103:
3094:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3058:
3049:
3040:
2965:
2956:
2947:
2938:
2929:
2920:
2800:
2776:
2742:
2600:, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 753
2190:
1918:Northern Rhodesian Labour Party
1050:High Court of Northern Rhodesia
942:to the east and to Katanga and
822:King Leopold II of the Belgians
807:Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891
739:into the territory that became
6646:British Indian Ocean Territory
6368:Guinean Forests of West Africa
5662:Australian Antarctic Territory
4518:since 1965 (before as part of
4515:British Indian Ocean Territory
4401:, while Tanganyika is part of
4032:since 1960 (before as part of
2619:
2571:
2562:
2527:
2204:
2196:
840:obtained Msiri's agreement to
36:Gambia Colony and Protectorate
13:
1:
7424:1911 establishments in Africa
6383:Guinean forest-savanna mosaic
5880:Cameroonian Highlands forests
3662:, pp. 278, 285, 289β291.
3459:, pp. 169, 171β173, 176.
3446:. Lusaka: Government Printer.
3432:. Lusaka: Government Printer.
3230:. 7 March 1941. p. 1364.
2594:Commonwealth and Colonial Law
2540:
2054:when it was created in 1953.
1934:Early attempts at association
1348:Governor of Northern Rhodesia
1098:Union Minière du Haut Katanga
751:to bring it into the British
6508:Middle East and North Africa
5965:East African montane forests
3973:British Overseas Territories
3924:Northern Rhodesia and Zambia
2917:, pp. 40β41, 45, 75β76.
2690:, pp. 211β215, 217β219.
2626:Zambia Independence Act 1964
2310:
2125:, with Kaunda as president.
1984:being applied in the north.
1753:independent African churches
1453:Courts of District Officers.
1355:members" who held no posts.
1203:British South Africa Company
989:British South Africa Company
918:between Lake Malawi and the
703:British South Africa Company
681:British South Africa Company
629:British South Africa Company
406:β’ British protectorate
7:
6641:British Antarctic Territory
5689:British Antarctic Territory
5399:Western Pacific Territories
5293:
3866:A History of Central Africa
3862:Tindall, P. E. N. (1968) .
2499:
1747:Opposition to minority rule
1580:Chief Justice of Tanganyika
1548:Cyril Gerard Brooke Francis
1505:Sir Leicester Paul Beaufort
1370:
1147:. The capital was moved to
907:. The boundary between the
820:under the personal rule of
615:. It was formed in 1911 by
10:
7465:
5427:Gilbert and Ellice Islands
4844:British Arctic Territories
4124:
4017:
3026:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1157.
3022:Juang, Richard M. (2008).
3001:Scouting on Two Continents
2997:Burnham, Frederick Russell
2853:Burnham, Frederick Russell
2492:. The country entered the
2458:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2065:Northern Rhodesia Congress
1937:
1604:(Edward) Peter Stubbs Bell
1341:
1289:Anglo American Corporation
700:
686:Establishment of BSAC rule
29:
7331:
7283:
7203:
7180:Palestine and Transjordan
7083:
6868:
6738:
6710:
6697:
6621:
6435:
6323:
6278:Indian Ocean coastal belt
6216:
6089:
5908:
5821:
5738:
5707:
5667:Commonwealth of Australia
5625:
5614:
5585:
5537:
5526:
5492:
5299:
5263:
5069:Newfoundland and Labrador
4783:
4772:
4750:League of Nations mandate
4731:
4455:
4444:
4425:Lancaster House Agreement
4395:League of Nations mandate
4384:
4130:
4119:
4023:
4012:
3979:
3830:Keppel-Jones, A. (1983).
3811:Galbraith, J. S. (1974).
3132:. London. pp. 23β24.
2736:Northern Rhodesia Journal
2069:Godwin Mbikusita Lewanika
1568:Herbert Charles Fahie Cox
1530:
1527:
1487:
1484:
1414:British Protected Persons
1361:British Protected Persons
1274:Rhodesian Selection Trust
1195:Frederick Russell Burnham
974:Frederick Russell Burnham
895:was agreed as part of an
588:
470:
458:
448:
443:
439:
429:
414:
404:
391:
387:
367:
357:
353:
341:
337:
327:
323:
311:
301:β’ 1911β1921 (first)
299:
295:
285:
281:
269:
257:
245:
233:
229:
219:
211:
183:
167:
148:
139:
91:
57:
52:
45:
6691:Turks and Caicos Islands
5197:Turks and Caicos Islands
4504:(protectorate) 1907β1949
4449:
4076:(integrated into the UK)
3834:. McGill-Queen's Press.
3758:, pp. 311β312, 315.
3704:, pp. 301, 307β310.
3683:, pp. 297, 299β301.
3159:, pp. 109β110, 199.
2520:
2058:Opposition to Federation
1559:Chief Justice of Bermuda
901:German South-West Africa
503:Company rule in Rhodesia
464:Southern Rhodesian pound
313:β’ 1959β1964 (last)
6478:Guineo-Congolian region
5480:1919β1942 and 1945β1968
5305:18th and 19th centuries
5121:Queen Charlotte Islands
5081:North-Western Territory
5053:1665β1674 and 1702β1776
4656:1781β1784 and 1795β1819
4321:1923β1965 and 1979β1980
4004:Commonwealth of Nations
3910:Encyclopædia Britannica
3418:, pp. 51, 165β166.
3370:22 October 2013 at the
3199:Oxford University Press
2729:30 October 2020 at the
2666:, pp. 87, 202β203.
1973:Hilton Young Commission
1720:Hilton Young Commission
1662:Chief Justice of Zambia
1650:Diarmaid William Conroy
897:Anglo-German Convention
306:Lawrence Aubrey Wallace
7113:Federated Malay States
7005:West Indies Federation
6704:
5230:West Indies Federation
4419:) and continued as an
4002:Current member of the
3428:Jenkins, E.E. (1937).
3193:Clegg, Edward (1960).
3128:Davison, J.W. (1948).
2480:
2455:
2016:Federation implemented
1952:
1682:
1423:
1384:
1121:responsible government
991:
953:North-Eastern Rhodesia
885:North-Western Rhodesia
727:north, all the way to
698:
625:North-Eastern Rhodesia
6703:
6420:West Sudanian savanna
6378:Lower Guinean forests
6373:Upper Guinean forests
6288:Cape Floristic Region
6151:Cataracts of the Nile
5970:Eastern Arc Mountains
5890:Congolian rainforests
5885:East Sudanian savanna
5152:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4423:state until the 1979
4029:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
3899:Hillier, Alfred Peter
3792:Brownlie, I. (1979).
3406:, pp. 45, 75β76.
2478:
2453:
2008:, whose chairman was
1947:
1886:East African Campaign
1856:wildcat strike action
1678:
1630:acting Chief Justice
1403:1959 Order-in-Council
1378:
1266:electrical components
1070:extending across the
986:
887:(now in Zambia), and
881:Portuguese Mozambique
693:
184:Common languages
7205:Former (Australasia)
6985:Prince Edward Island
6623:Overseas territories
6074:Zanzibar Archipelago
6042:Indian Ocean islands
5680:Realm of New Zealand
5678:(transferred to the
5665:(transferred to the
5498:Realm of New Zealand
5099:Prince Edward Island
4977:1671β1816, 1833β1960
3918:The Great North Road
3342:, pp. 199, 207.
3171:, pp. 206, 208.
2598:Kenneth Roberts-Wray
2494:1964 Summer Olympics
2006:Bledisloe Commission
1890:Battle of Madagascar
1671:Governing the people
1635:Sir George Paterson
1110:The end of BSAC rule
1065:Railway developments
431:β’ Independence
7381: /
7108:Straits Settlements
6938:Trinidad and Tobago
6493:Mediterranean Basin
6473:Greater Middle East
6010:Ethiopian Highlands
5918:African Great Lakes
5711:Since 2009 part of
5603:of AprilβJune 1982.
5190:Trinidad and Tobago
4804:Antigua and Barbuda
4704:Straits Settlements
3770:, pp. 315β316.
3201:. pp. 269β270.
2842:, pp. 133β136.
2840:Keppel-Jones (1983)
2797:, pp. 706β713.
2773:, pp. 222β223.
2714:, pp. 103β104.
2678:, pp. 101β103.
2446:Whitaker's Almanack
2169:Monckton Commission
2048:positive referendum
2027:Arthur Creech Jones
1906:an election in 1941
1839:on the Copperbelt,
1588:Arthur Werner Lewey
1383:(far right) in 1949
1381:Arthur Creech Jones
1337:Legislative Council
1173:Mining developments
1006:Legislative council
938:and land as far as
930:BSAC administration
753:sphere of influence
362:Legislative Council
6908:Demerara-Essequibo
6845:British Somaliland
6712:Crown Dependencies
6705:
6553:Sub-Saharan Africa
6458:Commonwealth realm
6067:Northern Highlands
6015:Dahlak Archipelago
4863:Cape Breton Island
4754:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
4596:Unfederated States
4411:Southern Rhodesia
3998:Commonwealth realm
3796:. Hurst & Co.
3287:The London Gazette
3267:The London Gazette
3247:The London Gazette
3227:The London Gazette
2481:
2472:for more details.
2456:
2136:State of emergency
2095:Mbikusita Lewanika
1959:At the end of the
1953:
1912:, a leader in the
1898:Ministry of Supply
1814:One effect of the
1683:
1620:John Bowes Griffin
1385:
992:
858:Congress of Berlin
699:
102:God Save the Queen
7409:Northern Rhodesia
7364:
7363:
7260:Swan River Colony
7253:Western Australia
7218:Central Australia
7035:Massachusetts-Bay
6870:Former (Americas)
6803:Southern Rhodesia
6793:Northern Rhodesia
6753:British Cameroons
6583:
6582:
6483:Islands of Africa
6463:Equatorial Africa
6415:Inner Niger Delta
6203:Tibesti Mountains
6062:Central Highlands
5948:Virunga Mountains
5943:Rift Valley lakes
5933:Great Rift Valley
5928:East African Rift
5895:OuaddaΓ― highlands
5777:
5776:
5734:
5733:
5610:
5609:
5542:Providence Island
5522:
5521:
5487:
5486:
5355:Western Australia
5323:Van Diemen's Land
5259:
5258:
5236:Associated States
4934:Columbia District
4768:
4767:
4622:Manila and Cavite
4440:
4439:
4319:Southern Rhodesia
4313:South-West Africa
4263:Northern Rhodesia
4175:Cape of Good Hope
4115:
4114:
3992:Current territory
3841:978-0-7735-6103-8
3822:978-0-520-02693-3
3803:978-0-903983-87-7
3736:978-0-11-290586-8
3606:978-9966-25-358-3
3589:978-0-7100-8080-6
3545:978-0-7190-0634-0
3474:978-1-77922-083-7
3354:, pp. 37β38.
3312:, pp. 47β50.
3033:978-1-85109-441-7
2442:
2441:
1804:Southern Rhodesia
1788:Copperbelt strike
1668:
1667:
1518:
1517:
1437:Subsidiary Courts
1430:England and Wales
1330:Rhodesia Railways
1320:Economic recovery
1157:Executive Council
1002:Executive Council
957:High Commissioner
889:Portuguese Angola
852:Fixing boundaries
799:François Coillard
741:Southern Rhodesia
709:Cecil John Rhodes
675:Southern Rhodesia
644:Southern Rhodesia
633:chartered company
601:Northern Rhodesia
598:
597:
584:
583:
580:
579:
532:
531:
271:β’ 1952β1964
259:β’ 1936β1952
235:β’ 1911β1936
132:
97:God Save the King
47:Northern Rhodesia
16:(Redirected from
7456:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7391:
7386:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7377:
7374:
7333:Former (Oceania)
7323:Northern Ireland
7270:Papua New Guinea
7000:Windward Islands
6965:British Columbia
6898:British Honduras
6661:Falkland Islands
6610:
6603:
6596:
6587:
6586:
6575:Zambezian region
6563:Sudanian savanna
6548:Southeast Africa
6528:Northeast Africa
6513:Miombo woodlands
6388:Guinea Highlands
6052:Lamu Archipelago
6030:Gulf of Tadjoura
5804:
5797:
5790:
5781:
5780:
5767:
5757:
5756:
5722:Antarctic Treaty
5683:
5670:
5655:Falkland Islands
5647:Tristan da Cunha
5639:Ascension Island
5616:
5615:
5567:Falkland Islands
5528:
5527:
5496:Now part of the
5368:Pitcairn Islands
5333:Auckland Islands
5302:
5301:
5288:
5281:
5274:
5265:
5264:
5250:Windward Islands
5204:Vancouver Island
4981:MassachusettsBay
4850:British Columbia
4774:
4773:
4590:Federated States
4446:
4445:
4356:Tristan da Cunha
4325:Southern Nigeria
4257:Northern Nigeria
4136:Ascension Island
4121:
4120:
4077:
4014:
4013:
3988:Former territory
3985:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3914:
3906:
3904:"Rhodesia"
3887:
3869:
3858:
3845:
3826:
3807:
3780:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3738:
3728:
3722:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3608:
3598:
3592:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3548:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3477:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2881:
2880:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2828:Galbraith (1974)
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2771:Galbraith (1974)
2768:
2762:
2759:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2721:
2715:
2712:Galbraith (1974)
2709:
2703:
2700:Galbraith (1974)
2697:
2691:
2688:Galbraith (1974)
2685:
2679:
2676:Galbraith (1974)
2673:
2667:
2664:Galbraith (1974)
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2610:
2601:
2591:
2582:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2560:
2553:
2534:
2531:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2195:
2165:Harold Macmillan
2161:Alan Lennox-Boyd
2103:the "colour bar"
2043:Oliver Lyttelton
1998:Royal Commission
1882:Second World War
1876:Second World War
1525:
1524:
1482:
1481:
1282:Great Depression
1250:Sir Edmund Davis
1035:Law and security
987:The arms of the
909:Congo Free State
842:Congo Free State
818:Congo Free State
576:
575:
558:
557:
550:
536:
535:
527:
513:
512:
495:
494:
488:
487:
472:
471:
466:
383:
159:Division of the
144:
134:
133:
79:
65:
43:
42:
21:
7464:
7463:
7459:
7458:
7457:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7399:
7398:
7389:
7387:
7383:
7380:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7360:
7356:Western Pacific
7351:Solomon Islands
7327:
7285:Former (Europe)
7279:
7238:South Australia
7228:North Australia
7223:New South Wales
7199:
7160:Muscat and Oman
7079:
6923:Leeward Islands
6864:
6840:Southern Africa
6773:Griqualand West
6740:Former (Africa)
6734:
6706:
6695:
6617:
6614:
6584:
6579:
6570:Tropical Africa
6431:
6319:
6298:Kalahari Desert
6283:Albany thickets
6248:Succulent Karoo
6212:
6114:Atlas Mountains
6085:
5904:
5817:
5808:
5778:
5773:
5730:
5703:
5677:
5675:Ross Dependency
5664:
5621:
5606:
5581:
5533:
5518:
5488:
5483:
5439:
5434:Solomon Islands
5381:North Australia
5361:South Australia
5317:New South Wales
5295:
5292:
5255:
4975:Leeward Islands
4779:
4764:
4727:
4634:Muscat and Oman
4451:
4436:
4380:
4126:
4111:
4075:
4019:
4008:
3983:
3975:
3965:
3894:
3842:
3823:
3804:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3729:
3725:
3712:
3708:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3646:
3642:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3611:
3599:
3595:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3467:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3426:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3372:Wayback Machine
3362:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3279:
3275:
3259:
3255:
3239:
3235:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3191:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3135:
3134:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3020:
3016:
2994:
2990:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2884:
2873:
2869:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2818:, p. 1306.
2816:Brownlie (1979)
2814:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2795:Brownlie (1979)
2793:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2731:Wayback Machine
2722:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2611:
2604:
2592:
2585:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2486:
2466:
2461:
2193:
2131:
2060:
2039:James Griffiths
2031:Godfrey Huggins
2018:
2002:Godfrey Huggins
1961:First World War
1942:
1936:
1931:
1878:
1749:
1732:
1673:
1614:Died in office
1523:
1480:
1467:
1439:
1426:
1405:
1373:
1344:
1339:
1322:
1238:copper sulphide
1175:
1170:
1168:Colonial period
1137:Herbert Stanley
1133:Colonial Office
1112:
1076:Lake Tanganyika
1067:
1045:Roman Dutch law
1037:
944:Lake Tanganyika
932:
926:River in 1898.
916:drainage divide
854:
838:Paul Le Marinel
834:King Leopold II
764:Colonial Office
705:
688:
683:
609:Southern Africa
573:
567:
555:
548:
546:
544:
543:
525:
523:
521:
520:
510:
502:
492:
462:
451:
435:24 October 1964
432:
424:
423:
420:
407:
397:
373:Interwar period
371:
344:
314:
302:
272:
260:
248:
236:
191:
175:
158:
153:
135:
107:
100:
87:
86:
85:
80:
72:
71:
66:
48:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7462:
7452:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7362:
7361:
7359:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7337:
7335:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7303:Ionian Islands
7300:
7295:
7289:
7287:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7256:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7209:
7207:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7089:
7087:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7077:
7072:
7070:South-Carolina
7067:
7062:
7057:
7055:North-Carolina
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6951:
6950:
6945:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6893:British Guiana
6890:
6885:
6880:
6874:
6872:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6744:
6742:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6716:
6714:
6708:
6707:
6698:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6656:Cayman Islands
6653:
6651:Virgin Islands
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6627:
6625:
6619:
6618:
6613:
6612:
6605:
6598:
6590:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6558:Sudan (region)
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6439:
6437:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6393:Gulf of Guinea
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6329:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6308:Cape Peninsula
6305:
6303:Okavango Delta
6300:
6295:
6293:Skeleton Coast
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6222:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6208:Western Sahara
6205:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6181:Nuba Mountains
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6101:
6099:Eastern Desert
6095:
6093:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6054:
6049:
6047:Comoro Islands
6039:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6020:Hanish Islands
6017:
6012:
6007:
6005:Danakil Desert
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5980:Horn of Africa
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5923:Albertine Rift
5914:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5900:Ennedi Plateau
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5836:Gulf of Guinea
5827:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5807:
5806:
5799:
5792:
5784:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5761:
5751:
5745:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5718:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5693:
5685:
5672:
5659:
5651:
5643:
5635:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5597:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5571:
5563:
5557:
5551:
5548:Willoughbyland
5545:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5506:
5500:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5449:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5390:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5364:
5358:
5348:
5342:
5336:
5330:
5320:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5290:
5283:
5276:
5268:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5227:
5221:
5215:
5211:Virgin Islands
5207:
5201:
5193:
5187:
5181:
5178:South Carolina
5175:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5114:
5108:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5078:
5075:North Carolina
5072:
5066:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5009:Mosquito Coast
5006:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4978:
4972:
4965:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4941:
4938:Oregon Country
4931:
4927:Cayman Islands
4923:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4885:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4847:
4841:
4833:
4826:
4820:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4756:
4747:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4719:
4716:Trucial States
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4675:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4463:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4428:
4409:Self-governing
4406:
4392:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4278:
4272:
4266:
4260:
4254:
4248:
4242:
4236:
4230:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4181:Central Africa
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4150:
4140:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4095:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4069:
4066:Ionian Islands
4063:
4057:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3989:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3969:British Empire
3964:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3893:
3892:External links
3890:
3889:
3888:
3859:
3846:
3840:
3827:
3821:
3808:
3802:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3772:
3768:Rotberg (1965)
3760:
3756:Rotberg (1965)
3748:
3739:
3723:
3706:
3702:Rotberg (1965)
3694:
3685:
3681:Rotberg (1965)
3673:
3664:
3660:Rotberg (1965)
3652:
3648:Rotberg (1965)
3640:
3624:
3620:Rotberg (1965)
3609:
3593:
3576:
3567:
3558:
3549:
3532:
3523:
3514:
3505:
3496:
3487:
3478:
3461:
3457:Rotberg (1965)
3449:
3435:
3420:
3416:Rotberg (1965)
3408:
3404:Rotberg (1965)
3396:
3392:Rotberg (1965)
3384:
3375:
3356:
3352:Rotberg (1965)
3344:
3340:Rotberg (1965)
3332:
3323:
3314:
3310:Rotberg (1965)
3302:
3293:
3273:
3253:
3233:
3213:
3204:
3185:
3183:, p. 234.
3181:Rotberg (1965)
3173:
3169:Rotberg (1965)
3161:
3157:Rotberg (1965)
3149:
3120:
3111:
3102:
3093:
3084:
3075:
3066:
3057:
3048:
3039:
3032:
3014:
2988:
2973:
2964:
2955:
2946:
2937:
2928:
2919:
2915:Rotberg (1965)
2907:
2903:Rotberg (1965)
2895:
2882:
2867:
2844:
2832:
2830:, p. 223.
2820:
2808:
2799:
2787:
2775:
2763:
2751:
2741:
2716:
2704:
2702:, p. 222.
2692:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2630:
2618:
2602:
2583:
2570:
2561:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2501:
2498:
2485:
2482:
2465:
2464:Postage stamps
2462:
2460:
2457:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2130:
2127:
2119:decolonisation
2099:Kenneth Kaunda
2088:Hastings Banda
2077:Harry Nkumbula
2059:
2056:
2017:
2014:
2010:Lord Bledisloe
1993:Victoria Falls
1978:Victoria Falls
1938:Main article:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1877:
1874:
1748:
1745:
1731:
1728:
1709:Lord Passfield
1680:Lord Passfield
1672:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1479:
1476:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1435:
1425:
1422:
1404:
1401:
1372:
1369:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1321:
1318:
1270:motor industry
1246:Chester Beatty
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1111:
1108:
1103:Elizabethville
1066:
1063:
1036:
1033:
1029:migrant labour
964:Harry Johnston
931:
928:
853:
850:
793:, king of the
779:Joseph Thomson
768:Harry Johnston
725:British Empire
721:mineral rights
701:Main article:
687:
684:
682:
679:
640:charter colony
603:was a British
596:
595:
590:
586:
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
570:
560:
559:
552:
533:
530:
529:
514:
506:
505:
496:
484:
483:
478:
468:
467:
460:
456:
455:
452:
449:
446:
445:
441:
440:
437:
436:
433:
430:
427:
426:
421:
415:
412:
411:
408:
405:
402:
401:
398:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
369:
368:Historical era
365:
364:
359:
355:
354:
351:
350:
348:Kenneth Kaunda
345:
342:
339:
338:
335:
334:
331:
329:Prime Minister
325:
324:
321:
320:
315:
312:
309:
308:
303:
300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
289:
283:
282:
279:
278:
273:
270:
267:
266:
261:
258:
255:
254:
249:
246:
243:
242:
237:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:
223:
217:
216:
213:
209:
208:
185:
181:
180:
169:
165:
164:
150:
146:
145:
137:
136:
105:
89:
88:
81:
74:
73:
67:
60:
59:
58:
55:
54:
50:
49:
46:
26:
18:North Rhodesia
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7461:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7404:
7397:
7394:
7385:14.5Β°S 27.5Β°E
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7334:
7330:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7308:Isle of Wight
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7206:
7202:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7170:Malayan Union
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7085:Former (Asia)
7082:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7040:New Hampshire
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6970:New Brunswick
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6871:
6867:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6737:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6702:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6620:
6611:
6606:
6604:
6599:
6597:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6436:Macro-regions
6434:
6428:
6425:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6403:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6363:Guinea region
6361:
6359:
6358:Cape Mesurado
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6326:
6322:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6215:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6134:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6124:Gibraltar Arc
6122:
6120:
6119:Barbary Coast
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6109:Ancient Libya
6107:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6082:
6081:Swahili coast
6079:
6075:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5985:Afar Triangle
5983:
5982:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5911:
5907:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5831:Guinea region
5829:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5805:
5800:
5798:
5793:
5791:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5760:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5726:
5723:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5617:
5613:
5602:
5601:Falklands War
5598:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5577:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5532:South America
5529:
5525:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5421:Union Islands
5419:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5289:
5284:
5282:
5277:
5275:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5133:Rupert's Land
5131:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5093:Paulet affair
5091:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5039:New Hampshire
5037:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5027:New Brunswick
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4778:North America
4775:
4771:
4761:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4698:South Vietnam
4696:
4693:
4690:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4447:
4443:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4122:
4118:
4107:
4104:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3962:
3957:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3867:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3776:
3769:
3764:
3757:
3752:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3720:
3719:0-394-48068-6
3716:
3710:
3703:
3698:
3689:
3682:
3677:
3668:
3661:
3656:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3637:99908-87-75-6
3634:
3628:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3553:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3527:
3518:
3509:
3500:
3491:
3482:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3458:
3453:
3445:
3439:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3412:
3405:
3400:
3393:
3388:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3360:
3353:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3327:
3318:
3311:
3306:
3297:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3177:
3170:
3165:
3158:
3153:
3145:
3139:
3131:
3124:
3115:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3079:
3070:
3061:
3052:
3043:
3035:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2985:. p. 67.
2984:
2977:
2968:
2959:
2950:
2941:
2932:
2923:
2916:
2911:
2905:, p. 26.
2904:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2878:
2871:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2841:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2817:
2812:
2803:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2758:
2756:
2745:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2713:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2677:
2672:
2665:
2660:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2627:
2622:
2615:
2614:SR&O 1924
2609:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2580:
2579:SR&O 1900
2574:
2565:
2558:
2557:SR&O 1911
2552:
2550:
2545:
2530:
2526:
2515:
2514:Zambia portal
2504:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:Olympic Games
2484:1964 Olympics
2477:
2473:
2471:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2150:plateau Tonga
2146:
2140:
2137:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1870:
1869:Roan Antelope
1866:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1800:Roan Antelope
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1761:Millennialism
1758:
1754:
1744:
1741:
1738:In 1918, the
1736:
1730:Land policies
1727:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1526:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1483:
1475:
1473:
1465:Native Courts
1462:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1431:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1377:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1305:Nchanga Mines
1301:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:Roan Antelope
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:, where rich
1231:
1227:
1226:Belgian Congo
1222:
1220:
1219:Nchanga Mines
1215:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1117:Privy Council
1107:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
990:
985:
981:
979:
975:
970:
965:
960:
958:
954:
950:
945:
941:
937:
927:
925:
921:
920:Luangwa River
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
849:
847:
846:Congo Pedicle
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
783:Alfred Sharpe
780:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
717:Limpopo River
714:
710:
704:
696:
692:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
646:and possibly
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
594:
591:
589:Today part of
587:
571:
569:
566:
562:
561:
553:
551:
545:Federation of
542:
538:
537:
534:
528:
522:Federation of
519:
515:
508:
507:
504:
501:
497:
490:
489:
486:
485:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
447:
442:
438:
434:
428:
422:
419:
413:
409:
403:
399:
396:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
363:
360:
356:
352:
349:
346:
340:
336:
332:
330:
326:
322:
319:
316:
310:
307:
304:
298:
294:
290:
288:
284:
280:
277:
274:
268:
265:
262:
256:
253:
250:
244:
241:
238:
232:
228:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:widely spoken
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
186:
182:
178:
173:
170:
166:
162:
156:
151:
147:
143:
138:
103:
98:
94:
90:
84:
78:
70:
64:
56:
51:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7366:
7341:Cook Islands
7332:
7284:
7204:
7175:North Borneo
7084:
7060:Pennsylvania
6955:Newfoundland
6869:
6835:South Africa
6830:Sierra Leone
6783:Lagos Colony
6739:
6518:Mittelafrika
6468:Françafrique
6333:Pepper Coast
6230:
6171:Middle Egypt
6025:Gulf of Aden
6000:Danakil Alps
5938:Gregory Rift
5712:
5695:
5687:
5653:
5645:
5637:
5631:Saint Helena
5629:
5573:
5565:
5415:Cook Islands
5366:
5339:New Hebrides
5308:20th century
5224:West Florida
5209:
5195:
5127:Rhode Island
5105:Pennsylvania
5063:Newfoundland
5000:
4925:
4875:East Florida
4846:16th c.β1880
4835:
4787:
4684:Crown Colony
4672:Pulo Condore
4646:Crown Colony
4640:North Borneo
4513:
4472:Protectorate
4421:unrecognised
4415:in 1965 (as
4354:
4307:South Africa
4295:Sierra Leone
4282:Saint Helena
4280:
4275:Orange River
4262:
4153:Bechuanaland
4134:
4092:Protectorate
4051:
4027:
3991:
3971:and Current
3930:
3908:
3865:
3854:
3850:
3831:
3812:
3793:
3786:Bibliography
3775:
3763:
3751:
3742:
3726:
3709:
3697:
3688:
3676:
3667:
3655:
3643:
3627:
3596:
3579:
3570:
3561:
3552:
3535:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3499:
3490:
3481:
3464:
3452:
3443:
3438:
3429:
3423:
3411:
3399:
3387:
3378:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3326:
3317:
3305:
3296:
3285:
3276:
3265:
3256:
3245:
3236:
3225:
3216:
3207:
3194:
3188:
3176:
3164:
3152:
3129:
3123:
3114:
3105:
3096:
3087:
3078:
3069:
3060:
3051:
3042:
3023:
3017:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2976:
2967:
2958:
2949:
2940:
2931:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2876:
2870:
2858:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2744:
2733:
2719:
2707:
2695:
2683:
2671:
2659:
2647:. Retrieved
2633:
2621:
2593:
2573:
2564:
2529:
2487:
2467:
2443:
2191:Demographics
2180:
2175:Iain Macleod
2173:
2157:Roy Welensky
2154:
2141:
2132:
2115:
2092:
2081:
2061:
2035:Roy Welensky
2023:
2019:
1989:amalgamation
1986:
1970:
1958:
1954:
1922:Labour Party
1910:Roy Welensky
1903:
1879:
1853:
1813:
1780:
1775:Tonga people
1769:
1750:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1713:Conservative
1707:Government,
1702:
1684:
1664:, 1964β1965
1542:Left office
1539:Took office
1499:Left office
1496:Took office
1468:
1459:
1440:
1427:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1365:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1323:
1314:
1302:
1286:
1254:Bwana Mkubwa
1243:
1234:copper oxide
1223:
1211:
1183:Bwana Mkubwa
1176:
1153:
1141:Protectorate
1130:
1113:
1095:
1081:A line from
1080:
1068:
1054:
1038:
1014:
993:
961:
933:
913:
870:
855:
811:
757:
706:
695:Cecil Rhodes
660:
637:
617:amalgamating
605:protectorate
600:
599:
564:
547:Rhodesia and
540:
524:Rhodesia and
517:
499:
481:Succeeded by
480:
475:
450:β’ Total
410:1 April 1924
395:Company rule
376:
343:β’ 1964
276:Elizabeth II
247:β’ 1936
215:Protectorate
174:(until 1935)
155:Protectorate
92:
83:Coat of arms
40:
7390:-14.5; 27.5
7388: /
7265:New Zealand
7010:Connecticut
6975:Nova-Scotia
6933:St. Vincent
6758:Cape Colony
6725:Isle of Man
6503:Middle East
6448:Afromontane
6410:Niger Delta
6405:Niger Basin
6398:Dahomey Gap
6353:Cape Palmas
6348:Ivory Coast
6343:Slave Coast
6196:Upper Egypt
6166:Lower Nubia
6161:Lower Egypt
6136:Nile Valley
5870:Congo Basin
5865:Pool Malebo
5748:Anglosphere
5466:New Zealand
5375:New Zealand
5244:West Jersey
5159:Saint Lucia
5145:Saint Kitts
5139:Saint Croix
5119:1763β1791*
5087:Nova Scotia
5033:New England
4989:, 1691β1776
4956:East Jersey
4944:Connecticut
4823:Bay Islands
4710:Transjordan
4628:Mesopotamia
4466:Afghanistan
4460:Aden Colony
4245:Niger Coast
4211:) 1874β1957
4187:East Africa
4169:Cape Colony
4159:) 1884β1966
4149:) 1868β1966
3282:"No. 39417"
3262:"No. 39391"
3242:"No. 37457"
3222:"No. 35097"
2201:Population
1982:segregation
1948:Map of the
1880:During the
1860:closed shop
1849:Livingstone
1845:Broken Hill
1697:Lord Lugard
1688:Barotseland
1660:afterwards
1578:afterwards
1557:afterwards
1199:Kafue River
1145:Livingstone
1091:Broken Hill
1087:Livingstone
978:Kafue River
936:Barotseland
787:Barotseland
749:expeditions
697:(1853β1902)
476:Preceded by
358:Legislature
318:Evelyn Hone
252:Edward VIII
179:(from 1935)
172:Livingstone
163:(1953β1963)
104:(1952β1964)
99:(1911β1952)
7403:Categories
7298:Heligoland
7233:Queensland
7045:New-Jersey
6850:Tanganyika
6825:Seychelles
6768:Gold Coast
6671:Montserrat
6453:Arab world
6427:Yorubaland
6338:Gold Coast
6263:Maputaland
6253:Nama Karoo
6243:Thembuland
6191:The Sudans
6176:Nile Delta
6141:Nile Delta
6057:Madagascar
5875:Chad Basin
5843:Cape Lopez
5700:since 1908
5692:since 1908
5658:since 1833
5650:since 1816
5642:since 1815
5634:since 1658
5591:department
5578:since 1908
5570:since 1833
5371:since 1838
5351:Swan River
5345:Queensland
5232:1958β1962
5214:since 1666
5200:since 1799
5051:New Jersey
5021:New Albion
5005:since 1632
5002:Montserrat
4983:1629β1691
4930:since 1670
4852:1858β1866
4840:since 1619
4792:since 1650
4745:Bangladesh
4680:1841β1946
4642:1882β1963
4608:Federation
4586:1819β1826
4524:Seychelles
4468:1839β1842
4359:since 1816
4343:Tanganyika
4301:Somaliland
4289:Seychelles
4285:since 1658
4205:Gold Coast
4199:The Gambia
4143:Basutoland
4139:since 1815
4081:Free State
4074:1542β1800
4060:Heligoland
4056:since 1713
3197:. Oxford:
2649:25 October
2541:References
1965:Copperbelt
1904:There was
1528:Incumbent
1485:Incumbent
1472:witchcraft
1397:ex officio
1390:ex officio
1352:ex officio
1207:Mozambique
1191:Copperbelt
1041:common law
962:At first,
776:emissaries
631:(BSAC), a
212:Government
190:(official)
32:The Gambia
7213:Australia
7195:Singapore
7118:Hong Kong
6798:Nyasaland
6748:Mauritius
6666:Gibraltar
6523:Negroland
6443:Aethiopia
6313:False Bay
5990:Al-Habash
5975:Serengeti
5953:Kavirondo
5684:1841β1947
5671:1841β1933
5562:1831β1966
5556:1670β1688
5550:1651β1667
5544:1631β1641
5474:1914β1962
5468:1907β1947
5461:1901β1942
5459:Australia
5454:1900β1974
5448:1900β1970
5436:1893β1978
5429:1892β1979
5423:1889β1948
5417:1888β1901
5411:Rarotonga
5407:1884β1902
5401:1877β1976
5395:1874β1970
5389:1851β1901
5383:1846β1847
5377:1841β1907
5363:1836β1901
5357:1829β1901
5347:1824β1901
5341:1824β1980
5335:1807β1863
5329:1803β1901
5319:1788β1901
5252:1833β1960
5246:1674β1702
5238:1967β1983
5226:1763β1783
5220:1607β1776
5206:1849β1866
5192:1889β1962
5186:1862β1863
5180:1712β1776
5174:1635β1644
5168:1627β1979
5161:1605β1979
5154:1882β1983
5147:1623β1983
5141:1625β1650
5135:1670β1870
5129:1636β1776
5123:1853β1863
5113:1620β1691
5107:1681β1776
5101:1763β1873
5089:1713β1867
5083:1859β1870
5077:1712β1776
5071:1583β1907
5065:1907β1949
5059:1664β1776
5047:1637β1662
5045:New Haven
5041:1680β1776
5035:1686β1689
5029:1784β1867
5017:1628β1983
5011:1655β1860
4997:1632β1776
4971:1655β1962
4964:1733β1776
4958:1674β1702
4952:1701β1776
4946:1636β1776
4940:1818β1846
4922:1663β1712
4914:1867β1931
4908:1841β1867
4902:1791β1841
4896:1791β1841
4884:1762β1974
4877:1763β1783
4871:1763β1978
4865:1754β1820
4856:1866β1871
4832:1871β1981
4825:1643β1860
4819:1624β1966
4813:1670β1973
4806:1860β1981
4799:1632β1860
4724:1898β1930
4718:1892β1971
4712:1921β1946
4706:1826β1946
4700:1945β1946
4694:1946β1963
4692:Singapore
4686:1946β1963
4674:1702β1705
4668:1786β1946
4662:1923β1948
4660:Palestine
4648:1946β1963
4636:1891β1971
4630:1920β1932
4624:1762β1764
4618:1796β1965
4610:1948β1957
4604:1946β1948
4598:1885β1946
4592:1895β1946
4580:1848β1946
4574:1918β1961
4568:1811β1816
4562:1858β1947
4556:1841β1997
4554:Hong Kong
4550:1878β1960
4544:1795β1948
4538:1888β1984
4532:1824β1948
4520:Mauritius
4510:1874β1963
4498:1757β1947
4492:1812β1824
4482:1685β1824
4480:Bencoolen
4474:1879β1919
4462:1839β1967
4377:1887β1897
4371:1890β1963
4365:1890β1962
4351:1900β1910
4349:Transvaal
4345:1922β1961
4339:1899β1956
4333:1893β1968
4331:Swaziland
4327:1900β1914
4315:1915β1931
4309:1910β1931
4303:1884β1960
4297:1792β1961
4291:1903β1976
4277:1900β1910
4271:1891β1964
4269:Nyasaland
4265:1924β1964
4259:1900β1914
4253:1914β1960
4247:1884β1900
4241:1856β1910
4235:1810β1968
4233:Mauritius
4229:1807β1808
4223:1862β1906
4217:1920β1963
4201:1816β1965
4195:1882β1922
4189:1895β1920
4183:1891β1907
4177:1806β1910
4171:1795β1803
4165:1919β1961
4163:Cameroons
4100:1813β1964
4094:1800β1813
4083:1921β1931
4068:1809β1864
4062:1807β1890
4053:Gibraltar
4048:1878β1960
4042:1794β1796
3996:*Current
3138:cite book
2429:3,460,000
2412:2,430,000
2395:2,340,000
2378:2,110,000
2361:2,040,000
2344:1,700,577
2333:1,634,980
2322:1,631,146
2300:1,366,641
2289:1,366,425
2278:1,371,213
2267:1,382,705
2256:1,372,235
2245:1,140,642
2234:1,000,000
2209:Europeans
1784:Pass laws
1765:seditious
1751:Firstly,
1716:Leo Amery
1359:who were
1151:in 1935.
1096:In 1906,
1083:Kimberley
1021:shillings
940:Nyasaland
760:Nyasaland
648:Nyasaland
549:Nyasaland
526:Nyasaland
425:1953β1963
264:George VI
53:1911β1964
7248:Victoria
7243:Tasmania
7075:Virginia
7050:New-York
7030:Maryland
7015:Delaware
6948:Trinidad
6928:St Lucia
6903:Dominica
6883:Barbados
6860:Zanzibar
6720:Guernsey
6676:Pitcairn
6631:Anguilla
6268:Highveld
6258:Bushveld
6226:Rhodesia
6129:Ifriqiya
5995:Barbaria
5853:Igboland
5759:Category
5595:Colombia
5510:Kiribati
5387:Victoria
5327:Tasmania
5218:Virginia
5184:Stickeen
5172:Saybrook
5111:Plymouth
5057:New York
4995:Maryland
4987:Province
4950:Delaware
4920:Carolina
4912:Dominion
4906:Province
4869:Dominica
4817:Barbados
4789:Anguilla
4760:disputed
4741:Pakistan
4616:Maldives
4490:Billiton
4417:Rhodesia
4403:Tanzania
4399:Cameroon
4375:Zululand
4369:Zanzibar
4157:Botswana
3876:68-19541
3368:Archived
2999:(1926).
2727:Archived
2643:Archived
2500:See also
2444:Source:
2215:Asiatic
2212:Coloured
2107:boycotts
1837:Chingola
1829:Luanshya
1821:Mufulira
1808:Luanshya
1792:Mufulira
1757:Kitawala
1371:Post-war
1295:mine at
1278:Mufulira
1268:and the
1262:Luanshya
1260:mine at
1214:Lewanika
1187:Luanshya
1162:minority
1039:British
1010:minority
877:Portugal
862:Lewanika
791:Lewanika
737:settlers
671:Zimbabwe
663:Rhodesia
459:Currency
381:Cold War
287:Governor
240:George V
7376:27Β°30β²E
7373:14Β°30β²S
7318:Minorca
7190:Sarawak
7025:Georgia
7020:Florida
6980:Ontario
6918:Jamaica
6913:Grenada
6888:Berbice
6878:Bahamas
6820:Senegal
6815:Nigeria
6636:Bermuda
6146:Bashmur
6104:Maghreb
6035:Red Sea
5848:Mayombe
5823:Central
5811:Regions
5750:culture
5504:Vanuatu
5294:Oceania
4969:Jamaica
4962:Georgia
4882:Grenada
4837:Bermuda
4811:Bahamas
4797:Antigua
4678:Sarawak
4390:Namibia
4251:Nigeria
4227:Madeira
4147:Lesotho
4106:Minorca
4072:Ireland
4040:Corsica
3967:Former
2893:279β80.
2749:Durban.
2628:(c. 65)
2459:Culture
2336:21,919
2325:21,371
2314:18,745
2303:15,188
2292:10,000
2281:11,278
2270:10,553
2259:13,846
2223:826,000
2206:Natives
2111:sit-ins
1892:and in
1865:Nchanga
1771:Hut tax
1561:, 1941
1531:Tenure
1488:Tenure
1342:Pre-war
1248:'s and
1230:Katanga
1179:Solwezi
1072:Zambezi
1016:Hut tax
924:Zambezi
905:Namibia
826:Katanga
801:of the
745:Zambezi
733:Zambezi
713:British
416:β’
393:β’
221:Monarch
188:English
168:Capital
93:Anthem:
7293:Cyprus
7185:Penang
7165:Malaya
7155:Labuan
7138:Madras
7133:Bombay
7128:Bengal
7103:Ceylon
6990:Quebec
6960:Canada
6943:Tobago
6855:Uganda
6763:Gambia
6730:Jersey
6538:Sahara
6498:MENASA
6273:Fynbos
6156:Darfur
5858:Mbaise
5815:Africa
5769:Portal
5589:Now a
5560:Guiana
5514:Tuvalu
5117:Quebec
4889:Canada
4830:Belize
4722:Weihai
4666:Penang
4654:Padang
4584:Malaya
4578:Labuan
4572:Kuwait
4548:Cyprus
4542:Ceylon
4536:Brunei
4508:Borneo
4502:Bhutan
4496:Bengal
4432:Zambia
4363:Uganda
4125:Africa
4098:Colony
4088:Malta
4046:Cyprus
4034:Cyprus
4018:Europe
3984:Legend
3884:441027
3882:
3874:
3838:
3819:
3800:
3734:
3717:
3635:
3604:
3587:
3543:
3472:
3030:
3009:407686
3007:
2861:
2438:8,900
2432:74,000
2421:7,900
2415:75,000
2404:8,000
2398:76,000
2387:5,400
2381:64,800
2370:4,600
2364:60,000
2353:2,529
2347:37,221
2248:4,624
2237:3,750
2226:1,497
1888:, the
1872:1943.
1841:Lusaka
1816:strike
1705:Labour
1692:chiefs
1534:Notes
1491:Notes
1326:profit
1309:cartel
1149:Lusaka
1025:Wankie
1004:nor a
969:troops
903:, now
873:Lisbon
711:, the
667:Zambia
656:Zambia
613:Zambia
593:Zambia
568:Zambia
377:·
375:
333:
291:
225:
197:Nyanja
177:Lusaka
149:Status
95:
34:, see
7313:Malta
7275:Tonga
7123:India
7098:Burma
6810:Natal
6778:Kenya
6543:Sahel
6236:South
6231:North
6218:South
6186:Nubia
6091:North
5512:and *
5478:Nauru
5472:Samoa
5446:Tonga
5405:Papua
5015:Nevis
4900:Upper
4894:Lower
4737:India
4602:Union
4560:India
4530:Burma
4486:Banka
4337:Sudan
4239:Natal
4221:Lagos
4215:Kenya
4209:Ghana
4193:Egypt
2559:/438)
2521:Notes
2435:2,300
2418:1,900
2401:2,000
2384:1,550
2367:1,400
2350:1,092
2084:Kitwe
1894:Burma
1833:Ndola
1825:Kitwe
1796:Nkana
1657:1964
1654:1961
1641:1961
1638:1957
1627:1957
1624:1957
1611:1957
1608:1955
1595:1955
1592:1951
1575:1951
1572:1945
1554:1941
1512:1911
1509:1901
1450:Β£100.
1446:rent.
1297:Kitwe
1293:Nkana
830:Msiri
766:sent
729:Cairo
565:1964:
541:1953:
518:1963:
500:1924:
379:
201:Tonga
193:Bemba
7346:Fiji
7150:Iraq
7143:Sind
7093:Aden
6325:West
5958:Zanj
5910:East
5508:Now
5502:Now
5452:Niue
5393:Fiji
5095:1843
5023:1579
4743:and
4735:Now
4566:Java
4522:and
4488:and
4450:Asia
4430:Now
4388:Now
3880:OCLC
3872:LCCN
3836:ISBN
3817:ISBN
3798:ISBN
3732:ISBN
3715:ISBN
3633:ISBN
3602:ISBN
3585:ISBN
3541:ISBN
3470:ISBN
3144:link
3028:ISBN
3005:OCLC
2734:The
2651:2005
2581:/89)
2426:1963
2409:1961
2392:1960
2375:1956
2358:1954
2341:1951
2330:1946
2319:1945
2308:1943
2297:1940
2286:1935
2275:1933
2264:1932
2253:1931
2242:1925
2231:1923
2220:1911
2198:Year
2155:Sir
2109:and
2067:and
1867:and
1843:and
1835:and
1798:and
1648:Sir
1602:Sir
1586:Sir
1566:Sir
1350:sat
1185:and
951:and
795:Lozi
781:and
669:and
623:and
444:Area
400:1911
205:Lozi
203:and
69:Flag
5813:of
5593:of
2596:by
1424:Law
1181:),
1089:to
1074:to
607:in
7405::
4739:,
3907:.
3878:.
3853:.
3612:^
3284:.
3264:.
3244:.
3224:.
3140:}}
3136:{{
2885:^
2754:^
2641:.
2605:^
2586:^
2548:^
2079:.
1908:;
1831:,
1827:,
1794:,
1284:.
1209:.
1052:.
848:.
755:.
677:.
658:.
199:,
195:,
6609:e
6602:t
6595:v
5803:e
5796:t
5789:v
5724:.
5682:)
5669:)
5464:*
5457:*
5432:*
5413:/
5353:/
5325:/
5287:e
5280:t
5273:v
5164:*
5157:*
5150:*
4967:*
4936:/
4887:*
4880:*
4828:*
4809:*
4802:*
4795:*
4526:)
4405:.
4207:(
4155:(
4145:(
4036:)
3960:e
3953:t
3946:v
3886:.
3855:2
3844:.
3825:.
3806:.
3721:.
3591:.
3547:.
3476:.
3146:)
3036:.
3011:.
2653:.
2311:β
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)
.svg)
.svg)