195:
drastic shrinkage from the surface to about 200 m below. At the surface, the boundary that separates the westward and eastward flows from south of 20â°N to about 25â30â°N at 200 m. The "C-shape" in the western region of the
Subtropical Gyre, including the Subtropical Countercurrent, generally does not exist below 200 m. At about 1000â1500 m, the Subtropical Gyre is located entirely in the western region of the North Pacific near the Kuroshio Current and Kuroshio Extension. In the subtropical regions, flow is weak where influences from the Subtropical Gyre are minimal. Differences in steric heights over distances of 1000 km are on the order of 1 cm, rather than the differences of 10 cm within the area of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre.
221:
186:
Subpolar Gyre from the
Subtropical Gyre. In the central and eastern Pacific at roughly 32â°N is the Subtropical Frontal Zone. Sometimes referred to as the Subtropical Convergence Zone, this frontal zone serves as the boundary between the west flowing North Equatorial Current from the North Pacific Current. With increasing depth in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, it gets smaller in the western region near Japan and it also loses strength. The Subtropical Gyre does not exist below 1500 m below the surface with the exception of the Kuroshio Current and Extension regions.
213:
20:
670:
1694:
1705:
287:
same 2018 study found that, while microplastics dominate the area by count, 92% of the mass of the patch consists of larger objects which have not yet fragmented into microplastics. Some of the plastic in the patch is over 50 years old, and includes items (and fragments of items) such as "plastic lighters, toothbrushes, water bottles, pens, baby bottles, cell phones, plastic bags, and
181:
at roughly 20â25â°N, then finally the "C" wraps back towards the west forming the North
Equatorial Current just south of 20â°N. It is common for subtropical gyres to have this "C-shape" surface flow. The Subtropical Countercurrent is a shallow area of this "C"; at only about 250 dbar under the surface,
286:
project claimed that the patch covers 1.6 million square kilometres (620,000 square miles) consisting of 45,000â129,000 metric tons (50,000â142,000 short tons) of plastic as of 2018. Its goal is to remove half of the plastic pollution by 2027 using floating barriers anchored to the seabed. The
151:
is the narrow, strong westward boundary current of the subtropical circulation. This current influences the water column all the way to the bottom. The
Kuroshio current flows in a northerly direction, then eventually flows further from the westward boundary where it then takes an eastward direction
194:
The North
Pacific Subtropical Gyre diminishes spatially with increasing depth. Similar to all subtropical gyre systems, the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre shrinks towards its most energetic surface flows, in a northwestern direction between the Kuroshio Current and the Kuroshio Extension. This is
185:
Narrow east-west frontal zones that cross the
Pacific are less than 100 km wide. The Subarctic Frontal Zone or Subarctic Boundary, about 42â°N, is fixed in the North Pacific Current. The Subarctic Frontal Zone, slightly south of the maximum westerly wind speeds, separates the North Pacific
176:
In the western region of the North
Pacific, the surface of the Subtropical Gyre generally has a "C-shape". The Kuroshio current and Kuroshio Extension roughly from the outside of this "C-shape" where it then turns westwards into recirculation, where it then flows south parallel to the Kuroshio
156:
is located just north of the
Subtropical Gyre and flows in an easterly direction. Also, known as the West Wind Drift or the Subarctic Current, the North Pacific Current also includes the westward flow of the southern boundary of the North Pacific Subpolar Gyre. The
271:, or even by casual boaters or divers in the area. This is because the patch is a widely dispersed area consisting primarily of suspended "fingernail-sized or smaller"âoften microscopicâparticles in the upper
102:
in the North
Pacific and the fact that it is mostly blocked by land in the north, also help facilitate this circulation. As depth increases, these gyres in the North Pacific grow smaller and weaker, and the
293:
Research indicates that the patch is rapidly accumulating. The patch is believed to have increased "10-fold each decade" since 1945. The gyre contains approximately six pounds of plastic for every pound of
267:
Despite the common public perception of the patch existing as giant islands of floating garbage, its low density (4 particles per cubic metre (3.1/cu yd)) prevents detection by
716:
87:
1004:
780:
90:
make up the two major gyre systems in the mid-latitudes of the
Northern Pacific Ocean. This two-gyre circulation in the North Pacific is driven by the
981:
128:
this means its circulation is in a clockwise direction around its high pressure at the center. This circulation is also associated with equatorward
312:
98:. This is one of the best examples of all of Earth's oceans where these winds drive a two-gyre circulation. Physical characteristics like weak
687:
See the relevant sections below for specific references concerning the discovery and history of the patch. A general overview is provided in
609:
Lebreton, Laurent; Royer, Sarah-Jeanne; Peytavin, Axel; Strietman, Wouter Jan; Smeding-Zuurendonk, Ingeborg; Egger, Matthias (2022-09-01).
161:
borders the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre on the south and flows in a westerly direction. The westward flow within the elongated tropical
862:
Lebreton, L.; Slat, B.; Ferrari, F.; Sainte-Rose, B.; Aitken, J.; Marthouse, R.; Hajbane, S.; Cunsolo, S.; Schwarz, A. (22 March 2018).
708:
689:
Dautel, Susan L. (2007). "Transoceanic Trash: International and United States Strategies for the Great Pacific Garbage Patch".
1096:
1043:
55:, and comprising 20 million square kilometers. The gyre has a clockwise circular pattern and is formed by four prevailing
574:
Reid, J. L. (1997). "On the Total Geostrophic Circulation of the Pacific Ocean: Flow Patterns, Tracers, and Transports".
169:
comprises the eastern boundary of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre and flows south along the coast of California. Here
1016:
961:
747:
611:"Industrialised fishing nations largely contribute to floating plastic pollution in the North Pacific subtropical gyre"
456:
431:
136:. Ekman transport causes water to flow toward the center of the gyre, creating a sloped sea-surface, and initiating
1127:
1078:
141:
513:
488:
288:
764:
1527:
144:
applied Ekman transport while including pressure gradient forces to develop a theory for Sverdrup transport.
362:
Karl, David M. (1999). "A Sea of Change: Biogeochemical Variability in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre".
1667:
327:
299:
977:
23:
Significant ocean currents involved in the circulation of the North Pacific Subtropical and Subpolar gyres
1672:
1657:
1012:
937:
317:
229:
205:
80:
1662:
1456:
1360:
178:
807:
528:
Hasunuma, K.; Yoshida, K. (1978). "Splitting of the subtropical gyre in the western North Pacific".
137:
1679:
1506:
1491:
1486:
1400:
1390:
1329:
1319:
1299:
158:
99:
68:
1627:
1451:
1446:
1405:
1355:
1178:
152:
into the North Pacific. This eastward flowing current is then called the Kuroshio Extension. The
302:. This growing patch contributes to other environmental damage to marine ecosystems and species.
1734:
1729:
1466:
1370:
1365:
1350:
1324:
1314:
1289:
1239:
1163:
1069:
765:"The 'Great Pacific Garbage Patch' Is Ballooning, 87,000,000,000 Tons of Plastic and Counting"
1496:
1209:
220:
153:
60:
19:
342:
1294:
1244:
978:"Great Pacific garbage patch: Plastic turning vast area of ocean into ecological nightmare"
935:
Evans-Pughe, Christine (February 2017). "Can we engineer our way towards cleaner oceans?".
875:
820:
624:
583:
537:
500:
371:
674:
669:
8:
1571:
1566:
1168:
1120:
337:
257:
253:
249:
245:
125:
52:
879:
824:
805:
Frias, J.; Nash, Roisin (2019). "Microplastics: Finding a consensus on the definition".
673: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
628:
587:
541:
504:
375:
298:. A similar patch of floating plastic debris is found in the Atlantic Ocean, called the
1698:
1581:
1431:
1385:
1380:
917:
904:
863:
852:
653:
615:
610:
553:
395:
387:
212:
166:
104:
64:
595:
1561:
1471:
1304:
1279:
1234:
1229:
1173:
957:
909:
891:
844:
836:
772:
743:
658:
640:
557:
452:
427:
283:
268:
856:
832:
399:
1632:
1481:
1476:
1461:
1441:
1436:
1426:
1309:
1274:
1269:
1249:
1214:
1199:
921:
899:
883:
828:
648:
632:
591:
545:
508:
379:
322:
224:
The patch is created in the gyre of the North Pacific Subtropical Convergence Zone.
148:
129:
72:
1093:
1039:
1642:
1501:
1375:
1345:
1254:
1100:
422:
Talley, Lynne D.; Pickard, George L.; Emery, William J.; Swift, James H. (2011).
75:
to the west. It is the site of an unusually intense collection of human-created
1637:
1532:
1421:
1395:
1259:
1224:
1219:
1204:
1194:
1113:
887:
864:"Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic"
636:
1723:
1709:
1693:
1652:
1647:
1597:
1148:
1136:
895:
840:
776:
644:
332:
276:
241:
233:
173:
drives the eastern boundary current and an undercurrent that flows poleward.
133:
76:
56:
44:
36:
120:
Like all subtropical gyre systems, the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre is an
1607:
1511:
1284:
1105:
913:
848:
662:
272:
40:
383:
244:
particles, in the central North Pacific Ocean. It is located roughly from
107:
at the center of the Subtropical Gyre will migrate poleward and westward.
1264:
261:
121:
91:
709:"World's largest collection of ocean garbage is twice the size of Texas"
1546:
1140:
800:
798:
549:
391:
237:
95:
1704:
1602:
1073:
170:
795:
177:
Current. From here the "C-shape" then flows eastward comprising the
816:
602:
295:
260:. The collection of plastic and floating trash originates from the
165:
circulation is also included in the North Equatorial current. The
740:
Ecosystems and Human Health: Toxicology and Environmental Hazards
264:, including countries in Asia, North America, and South America.
232:(also Pacific trash vortex and North Pacific garbage patch) is a
162:
48:
1074:"Skeptoid #132: The Sargasso Sea and the Pacific Garbage Patch"
115:
945:
861:
731:
608:
489:"Fluctuations of the Dynamic Topography of the Pacific Ocean"
954:
Interactions of Land, Ocean and Humans: A Global Perspective
47:. It is the largest ecosystem on Earth, located between the
514:
10.1175/1520-0485(1975)005<0450:fotdti>2.0.co;2
474:
The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology
86:
The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre and the much smaller
421:
471:
446:
182:
circulation is a simpler closed, anticyclonic gyre.
424:Descriptive Physical Oceanography: An Introduction
216:Great Pacific garbage patch in August 2015 (model)
189:
472:Sverdrup, H. U.; Johnson; Fleming, R. H. (1942).
1721:
691:Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal
527:
313:Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
1121:
1135:
762:
116:Subtropical circulation in the North Pacific
934:
1128:
1114:
1005:"Huge Garbage Patch Found in Atlantic Too"
16:Major circulating system of ocean currents
903:
804:
652:
512:
476:. New York: Prentice-Hall. pp. M. W.
1040:"Plastic rubbish blights Atlantic Ocean"
742:(3rd ed.). CRC Press. p. 116.
219:
211:
110:
43:. This gyre covers most of the northern
18:
1068:
1722:
1002:
984:from the original on 12 September 2015
688:
1109:
951:
763:Albeck-Ripka, Livia (22 March 2018).
737:
719:from the original on 15 February 2020
486:
1037:
783:from the original on 11 January 2020
573:
569:
567:
417:
415:
413:
411:
409:
361:
1046:from the original on 27 August 2017
1038:Gill, Victoria (24 February 2010).
1003:Lovett, Richard A. (2 March 2010).
449:Introductory Dynamical Oceanography
13:
1062:
14:
1746:
1087:
564:
447:Pond, S.; Pickard, G. L. (1983).
406:
1703:
1692:
668:
493:Journal of Physical Oceanography
204:This section is an excerpt from
198:
35:(NPSG), located in the northern
1031:
996:
970:
928:
833:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.022
756:
701:
190:Circulation dependence on depth
956:. CRC Press. pp. 147â48.
681:
521:
480:
465:
440:
355:
33:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
1:
596:10.1016/s0079-6611(97)00012-8
348:
980:. Santa Barbara News-Press.
938:Engineering & Technology
328:North Atlantic garbage patch
300:North Atlantic garbage patch
7:
1013:National Geographic Society
318:Great Pacific garbage patch
306:
230:Great Pacific garbage patch
206:Great Pacific garbage patch
88:North Pacific Subpolar Gyre
81:Great Pacific Garbage Patch
39:, is one of the five major
10:
1751:
888:10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w
738:Philp, Richard B. (2013).
637:10.1038/s41598-022-16529-0
426:. London: Academic Press.
203:
179:Subtropical Countercurrent
1688:
1620:
1590:
1554:
1545:
1520:
1414:
1338:
1187:
1156:
1147:
808:Marine Pollution Bulletin
167:California Current System
1680:Thermohaline circulation
1009:National Geographic News
576:Progress in Oceanography
370:(3). Springer: 181â214.
159:North Equatorial Current
100:thermohaline circulation
69:North Equatorial Current
1628:Atmospheric circulation
1179:Transpolar Drift Stream
530:Journal of Oceanography
1699:Environment portal
1653:Marine garbage patches
1467:Indonesian Throughflow
1371:Indonesian Throughflow
225:
217:
71:to the south, and the
24:
1528:Antarctic Circumpolar
952:Maser, Chris (2014).
384:10.1007/s100219900068
223:
215:
154:North Pacific Current
124:; since it is in the
111:Physical oceanography
61:North Pacific Current
22:
1072:(16 December 2008).
1572:South Atlantic Gyre
1567:North Atlantic Gyre
880:2018NatSR...8.4666L
825:2019MarPB.138..145F
629:2022NatSR..1212666L
588:1997PrOce..39..263R
542:1978JOce...34..160H
505:1975JPO.....5..450W
376:1999Ecosy...2..181K
338:South Atlantic Gyre
126:Northern Hemisphere
1582:South Pacific Gyre
1577:North Pacific Gyre
1457:Equatorial Counter
1361:Equatorial Counter
1099:2022-01-20 at the
868:Scientific Reports
769:The New York Times
616:Scientific Reports
550:10.1007/bf02108654
487:Wyrki, K. (1975).
451:. Pergamon Press.
343:Andrés de Urdaneta
226:
218:
65:California Current
63:to the north, the
29:North Pacific Gyre
25:
1717:
1716:
1710:Oceans portal
1616:
1615:
1562:Indian Ocean Gyre
1541:
1540:
284:The Ocean Cleanup
282:Researchers from
269:satellite imagery
171:coastal upwelling
134:Ekman downwelling
67:to the east, the
1742:
1708:
1707:
1697:
1696:
1633:Boundary current
1552:
1551:
1507:South Equatorial
1492:North Korea Cold
1487:North Equatorial
1401:South Equatorial
1391:North Madagascar
1330:West Spitsbergen
1320:South Equatorial
1300:North Equatorial
1154:
1153:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1083:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1015:. Archived from
1000:
994:
993:
991:
989:
974:
968:
967:
949:
943:
942:
932:
926:
925:
907:
860:
802:
793:
792:
790:
788:
760:
754:
753:
735:
729:
728:
726:
724:
705:
699:
698:
685:
679:
672:
666:
656:
606:
600:
599:
571:
562:
561:
525:
519:
518:
516:
484:
478:
477:
469:
463:
462:
444:
438:
437:
419:
404:
403:
359:
323:Marine pollution
149:Kuroshio Current
138:geostrophic flow
73:Kuroshio Current
1750:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1702:
1691:
1684:
1643:Ekman transport
1612:
1586:
1537:
1516:
1452:East Korea Warm
1447:East Australian
1410:
1406:West Australian
1356:East Madagascar
1334:
1183:
1169:North Icelandic
1143:
1134:
1101:Wayback Machine
1090:
1065:
1063:Further reading
1060:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1019:on 5 March 2010
1001:
997:
987:
985:
976:
975:
971:
964:
950:
946:
933:
929:
803:
796:
786:
784:
761:
757:
750:
736:
732:
722:
720:
707:
706:
702:
686:
682:
607:
603:
572:
565:
526:
522:
485:
481:
470:
466:
459:
445:
441:
434:
420:
407:
360:
356:
351:
309:
304:
303:
209:
201:
192:
142:Harald Sverdrup
118:
113:
79:, known as the
17:
12:
11:
5:
1748:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1715:
1714:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1668:North Atlantic
1665:
1660:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1638:Coriolis force
1635:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1533:Tasman Outflow
1530:
1524:
1522:
1521:Southern Ocean
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1366:Indian Monsoon
1363:
1358:
1353:
1351:Agulhas Return
1348:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1325:West Greenland
1322:
1317:
1315:South Atlantic
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1290:North Atlantic
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1240:East Greenland
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1188:Atlantic Ocean
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1164:East Greenland
1160:
1158:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1137:Ocean currents
1133:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1094:Ocean currents
1089:
1088:External links
1086:
1085:
1084:
1070:Dunning, Brian
1064:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1030:
995:
969:
963:978-1482226393
962:
944:
927:
794:
755:
749:978-1466567214
748:
730:
700:
680:
601:
582:(4): 263â352.
563:
536:(4): 160â172.
520:
499:(3): 450â459.
479:
464:
458:978-0080287287
457:
439:
433:978-0750645522
432:
405:
353:
352:
350:
347:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
308:
305:
210:
202:
200:
197:
191:
188:
132:transport and
117:
114:
112:
109:
96:westerly winds
57:ocean currents
53:50° N latitude
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1747:
1736:
1735:Oceanic gyres
1733:
1731:
1730:Pacific Ocean
1728:
1727:
1725:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1695:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1673:South Pacific
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:Great Pacific
1656:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:Marine debris
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:Beaufort Gyre
1596:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1497:North Pacific
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:Pacific Ocean
1413:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:Baffin Island
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
983:
979:
973:
965:
959:
955:
948:
940:
939:
931:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:
801:
799:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
759:
751:
745:
741:
734:
718:
714:
710:
704:
696:
692:
684:
678:
676:
671:
664:
660:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:
612:
605:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
570:
568:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
524:
515:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
483:
475:
468:
460:
454:
450:
443:
435:
429:
425:
418:
416:
414:
412:
410:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
358:
354:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
333:Ocean current
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
301:
297:
292:
290:
285:
280:
278:
277:microplastics
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:marine debris
239:
235:
234:garbage patch
231:
222:
214:
207:
199:Garbage patch
196:
187:
183:
180:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
108:
106:
105:high pressure
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
82:
78:
77:marine debris
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:Pacific Ocean
42:
41:oceanic gyres
38:
37:Pacific Ocean
34:
30:
21:
1701:
1690:
1663:Indian Ocean
1608:Weddell Gyre
1576:
1512:Tasman Front
1339:Indian Ocean
1295:North Brazil
1245:East Iceland
1157:Arctic Ocean
1077:
1048:. Retrieved
1033:
1021:. Retrieved
1017:the original
1008:
998:
986:. Retrieved
972:
953:
947:
936:
930:
871:
867:
812:
806:
785:. Retrieved
768:
758:
739:
733:
721:. Retrieved
712:
703:
694:
690:
683:
667:
623:(1): 12666.
620:
614:
604:
579:
575:
533:
529:
523:
496:
492:
482:
473:
467:
448:
442:
423:
367:
363:
357:
281:
273:water column
266:
227:
193:
184:
175:
146:
119:
85:
32:
28:
26:
1591:Other gyres
1555:Major gyres
1265:Gulf Stream
874:(1): 4666.
819:: 145â147.
787:26 February
262:Pacific Rim
122:anticyclone
1724:Categories
1432:California
1386:Mozambique
1381:Madagascar
988:13 October
364:Ecosystems
349:References
1603:Ross Gyre
1472:Kamchatka
1305:Norwegian
1280:Lomonosov
1235:Caribbean
1230:Cape Horn
1174:Norwegian
896:2045-2322
841:0025-326X
777:0362-4331
713:USA Today
697:(1): 181.
675:CC BY 4.0
645:2045-2322
558:128611587
275:known as
31:(NPG) or
1482:Mindanao
1477:Kuroshio
1462:Humboldt
1442:Davidson
1437:Cromwell
1427:Aleutian
1310:Portugal
1275:Labrador
1270:Irminger
1250:Falkland
1215:Benguela
1200:Antilles
1149:Currents
1097:Archived
1079:Skeptoid
1050:16 March
1044:Archived
982:Archived
914:29568057
857:58550075
849:30660255
817:Elsevier
781:Archived
723:29 April
717:Archived
677:license.
663:36050351
400:46309501
307:See also
296:plankton
163:cyclonic
130:Sverdrup
1621:Related
1502:Oyashio
1376:Leeuwin
1346:Agulhas
1255:Florida
1042:. BBC.
1023:4 March
922:4093211
905:5864935
876:Bibcode
821:Bibcode
654:9436981
625:Bibcode
584:Bibcode
538:Bibcode
501:Bibcode
392:3658829
372:Bibcode
289:nurdles
49:equator
1422:Alaska
1396:Somali
1260:Guinea
1225:Canary
1220:Brazil
1205:Azores
1195:Angola
960:
920:
912:
902:
894:
855:
847:
839:
775:
746:
661:
651:
643:
556:
455:
430:
398:
390:
59:: the
1547:Gyres
1141:gyres
918:S2CID
853:S2CID
554:S2CID
396:S2CID
388:JSTOR
250:155°W
246:135°W
92:trade
1285:Loop
1139:and
1052:2010
1025:2010
990:2008
958:ISBN
910:PMID
892:ISSN
845:PMID
837:ISSN
789:2020
773:ISSN
744:ISBN
725:2018
659:PMID
641:ISSN
453:ISBN
428:ISBN
258:42°N
254:35°N
252:and
238:gyre
236:, a
228:The
147:The
94:and
51:and
27:The
900:PMC
884:doi
829:doi
813:138
649:PMC
633:doi
592:doi
546:doi
509:doi
380:doi
291:".
279:.
256:to
248:to
240:of
1726::
1076:.
1011:.
1007:.
916:.
908:.
898:.
890:.
882:.
870:.
866:.
851:.
843:.
835:.
827:.
815:.
811:.
797:^
779:.
771:.
767:.
715:.
711:.
693:.
657:.
647:.
639:.
631:.
621:12
619:.
613:.
590:.
580:39
578:.
566:^
552:.
544:.
534:34
532:.
507:.
495:.
491:.
408:^
394:.
386:.
378:.
366:.
140:.
83:.
1129:e
1122:t
1115:v
1082:.
1054:.
1027:.
992:.
966:.
941:.
924:.
886::
878::
872:8
859:.
831::
823::
791:.
752:.
727:.
695:3
665:.
635::
627::
598:.
594::
586::
560:.
548::
540::
517:.
511::
503::
497:5
461:.
436:.
402:.
382::
374::
368:2
208:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
