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833:. Now he was intent on capturing a Royal Navy ship from its moorings, although it carried no cargo that could be sold for a handsome profit to his crew's benefit. The account of events just after dawn on 24 April that Jones published a few years later may not be greatly exaggerated: "I ran a great risk of being killed or thrown in the sea". The crew was reluctant, and the state of the wind and tide would have made it difficult to enter the harbour. But it soon appeared that they might not have to visit Carrickfergus after all, as
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regiments were hastily redeployed to coastal areas; seaports equipped themselves with artillery to defend themselves against further raids; and the gentry banded together in volunteer battalions as a last line of defence. Thenceforward, the press paid very close attention to every move John Paul Jones made; struggling to reconcile the malicious rumours of his murders and piracy with the evidence of his chivalrous and far from bloodthirsty behaviour on the
963:. The British were unable to reply immediately; when they did, they found they had a serious problem. With full charges of powder, the four-pounders were unstable, and tended to tip forward; in the case of the two pairs of guns at the rear of the ship, most subject to the rise and fall with the waves, this meant that they could skid almost anywhere as they were fired, presenting grave danger to the gun crews. In Navy records,
759:, and create havoc among the many vessels which traded between Great Britain and Ireland. John Paul Jones, on his first return to British waters as an enemy, had a more ambitious plan: to teach the British people that their government's policies in America, such as the burning of ports, could be turned back against them.
1100:
The news of the battle reached France much faster than Jones did, and the
Americans were welcomed as heroes. As for the British, they had learned their lesson well—the Royal Navy could not defend British shipping, nor British coasts, nor even its own fighting vessels against American raiders. Militia
1015:
was at a disadvantage. The ship's magazine lacked cartridge paper; and when the musketeers ran out of cartridges, they had to laboriously load their guns by pouring in the right amount of powder, then putting in the shot. Musket balls were passed round in the armourer's hat, and two powder horns were
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had been built as a merchant ship with defensive capability, and bought by the Royal Navy to help fill the gap left when many ships had to be sent to
America; even the 20 four-pound guns were not official Navy issue, but her armament as a merchant vessel. The hull was the wrong shape for rapid battle
891:
pilot he brought with him a copy of an express letter from
Whitehaven, explaining the full details of the mystery ship (Jones states in his official report that the news from Whitehaven had arrived the previous evening and was known to his morning captives). With the wind and tide more favourable in
824:
John Paul Jones's crew had been recruited by being offered the opportunity to "make their
Fortunes", a goal that could be achieved by privateering operations against British merchant ships. But more British merchant ships had been sunk on the mission than captured, to avoid diverting crew members to
864:
got under way about 8am, but with wind and tide against it, made little progress. After an hour or so a boat was therefore sent to get a closer look at the intruder. Jones opted to try a slight variant of the plan which had failed to capture the customs vessel a few days earlier; hiding most of the
1108:
John Paul Jones had gone from being an obscurity to international fame. The naval duel in the North
Channel was the unequivocally triumphant climax to his remarkable mission, which demonstrated that the world's most powerful nation was as vulnerable to attack as any other. The press reports of his
992:
gun deck were so unpredictable that the "powder monkeys"—the boys who brought charges of gunpowder up for the great guns, in fire-resistant boxes—eventually became reluctant to do their duty. Twice the ship's master had to go below to urge the acting gunner to be more efficient in supplying the
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to take charge and assess the damage; and the next three days were spent making repairs, while moving slowly north-westward between
Ireland and Scotland. A cargo brig which came too close was captured, and used as extra accommodations. Six Irish fisherman who had been captured on the first
803:. Unsuccessful, he returned to Whitehaven, and achieved another objective, landing a large party at the harbour on the night of 22–23 April, and setting fire to a merchant ship. This raid was followed within hours by another, at the Scottish seashore mansion of the Earl of Selkirk, near
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broadsides, and even the masts and yardarms were seriously damaged; in the light wind, the sloop was more or less immobilised, not even able to turn to aim a broadside. Unable to load fast enough, the small-arms fighters had retreated to cover, so only about a dozen people were left on
848:, taking on volunteers from the Carrickfergus area to boost the crew from 100 to about 160, many of them landsmen who were to be used only for close-quarters combat, although there was a shortage of ammunition. Absent from the ship's company at this crucial time were the gunner,
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had been built as a fighting ship, and modified by Jones for maximum efficiency: for example, although there were ports for 20 guns, he found it safest to install only 18 six-pound guns. That made for a total broadside weight of 54 pounds, slightly more than
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armament had been listed as only 16 guns, suggesting that the rearmost guns had been left aboard just for show. The ship's gunner may well have known of these problems, and perhaps the gunner's mate too, but neither was aboard the
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and surrender; after further consultation, he agreed. The colours had already been shot away, so Mr. Walsh had to shout and wave his hat instead. According to John Paul Jones's records, the duel lasted one hour and five minutes.
1470:
Bradford, James (Ed) "The Papers of John Paul Jones" microfilm edition, ProQuest (Chadwyck-Healey), 1986. This ten-microfilm set includes all known papers by or to Jones, including letters, reports, accounts, rosters, and ship
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powder, when opportunities for broadsides were missed. Another problem was that the "slow matches" which were used to fire the guns kept falling into their fire-safety tubs and going out. The four-pound guns could not penetrate
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crew and the big guns. This time it worked; the crew of the reconnaissance boat was captured, and this success raised the morale of the
Americans. One of the prisoners revealed the large number of volunteers who had gone aboard
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417:
226:
1494:
951:
The life of John Paul Jones – written from original letters and manuscripts in possession of his relatives, and from the collection prepared by John Henry
Sherburne – together with Chevalier Jones' (14777463374)
1086:, and money from Jones. On their return they reported the concern Jones was showing for Lieut. Dobbs, who remained gravely ill. Meanwhile, the Royal Navy had sent out some proper warships in pursuit. Despite
900:. Finally, about 6pm, the two enemies were within hailing distance. Jones had the American naval colours flying, and Lieut. Dobbs' formal inquiry as to the ship's identity was answered with absolute truth.
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moved sluggishly out across
Belfast Lough, a small boat came out to her, carrying another volunteer, Royal Navy Lieutenant William Dobbs, a local man who had just gotten married. According to
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crew were killed, including, just under an hour into the fight, Captain Burdon himself, struck in the head by a musket ball. With both the captain and lieutenant out of action, command of
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killed just one of Jones's crew, Lieutenant Samuel
Wallingford, by musket fire; another two—who were firing from positions in the mast tops—died as the by-product of a broadside. Five of
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212:
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lameness, they never caught a glimpse of the slowly escaping Americans. The only real trouble Jones had was with his Lieutenant, Thomas Simpson, who had command of the
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with America in February 1778, but stopped just short of declaring war on Britain. The risk of a French attack forced the Royal Navy to concentrate its forces in the
21:
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mission (back in France, he wrote kind and thoughtful letters to the Earl of Selkirk, and to the family of Lieut. Dobbs, who had died within a couple of days).
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preparations for his next mission created a climate of fear and uncertainty which helped turn his return visit in 1779 into his best-remembered achievement.
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The combatants were very close together, but never close enough for grappling, probably because Captain Jones knew of the extra men hidden below decks on
1004:
tried copying the technique the Americans had been using from the start: they aimed at the masts, sails and rigging, in order to slow the opponent down.
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shared between all the men on duty. With the other side much better organised, such inefficiency meant the difference between life and death.
1467:. This book contains the full log of the 1777–1778 voyage, the diary of surgeon Ezra Green, and many relevant letters by Jones and others.
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Carrickfergus expedition were allowed to take a boat and go home, taking with them three sick Irish sailors, a present of sails from
655:
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Don C. Seitz, "Paul Jones: His Exploits in English Seas During 1778 to 1780", Kessinger Publishing (2005–reprint of 1917 original)
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achieved without an overwhelming superiority of force. The action was one of a series of actions by Jones that brought the
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ports, even though France was officially neutral. Captain Day had even been accorded a gun salute by the French admiral at
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sailing the prizes to France. The crew blamed Jones for what appeared to be a tactical error that allowed a British
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anymore (the mate having been captured in the reconnaissance mission, and the gunner being ill at Portsmouth).
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The North Channel naval duel was in some respects a small-scale dress-rehearsal, in reverse, for Jones's 1779
83:
787:, on the night of 17–18 April, he harassed shipping in the North Channel; then on the night of 20–21 April
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moved slowly back out of the Lough into the North Channel, making sure never to get too far ahead of
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and the North Channel, it was possible for single ships or very small squadrons to get into the
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was by no means confined to American soil; naval operations, by both the Continental Navy and
1276:"Court martial re HMS Drake, 17 November 1779, from National Archives, Kew (ref. ADM 1/5314)"
1011:. As well as the great guns, both sides were firing small arms at each other, and here, too,
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had been making raids into British waters and capturing merchant ships, which they took into
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860:. The aging captain, George Burdon, was later reported to have been in poor health himself.
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8:
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Bradbury, David "Captain Jones's Irish Sea Cruize", Whitehaven UK, Past Presented, 2005,
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third broadside hit Lieut. Dobbs in the head, putting him out of action. Conditions on
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The approximate courses of the opponents up to the moment just before the first shots
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S.E. Morison, "John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography" London, Faber (1959) pp. 134–5
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in northern Ireland, with the intention of seizing a Royal Navy ship moored off
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pastpresented.info- accessed 27 Nov 2007, archived url accessed 9 December 2017
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William Day's report to Benjamin Franklin of his 1777 cruise in British waters
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Encouraged by such successes, and even more so by the American victory at the
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was preparing to leave port, which revived the Americans' flagging spirits.
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775:, Jones sailed from Brest on 10 April 1778, and headed for the coasts of the
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Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving the United States
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807:. Even as the news of those deeds was racing to alert Britain's defences,
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654:(Captain George Burdon) on the evening of 24 April 1778. Fought in the
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Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War involving Great Britain
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After a few more broadsides, further problems emerged. Shrapnel from
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40 pounds total. But those dozens of Irish volunteers meant that if
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waters, and also very nearly the only American naval victory in the
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main deck. A few minutes after the captain died, the two remaining
663:
1316:
Report from Jones to American Commissioners in France, 27 May 1778
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on deck went to the master and advised him that they should
1325:
Jewett Text Project (Coe College IA)- accessed 27 Nov 2007
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had been preparing for action since the previous visit by
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Wickes and Day had shown that, despite the narrowness of
1336:
National Archives, Kew, Admiralty ledger (ref. ADM 8/54)
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With a single small Continental Navy sloop of war, the
1236:, Jewett Text Project (Coe College IA), archived from
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turned sharply and fired a broadside at the following
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Even before the official entry of other nations, the
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and at one point on the voyage sailed out of sight.
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manoeuvres, and not designed to resist cannon fire.
1459:", Portsmouth NH, Portsmouth marine Society, 1994,
1455:Sawtelle, Joseph G. (Ed.) "John Paul Jones and the
1413:"British newspaper articles about Jones, 1779–80"
1041:sails and rigging had been reduced to tatters by
666:, it was the first American naval success within
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199:5 killed, 20 wounded, HMS Drake severely damaged
125:
1134:franklinpapers.org — Accessed 29 Nov 2007
16:Naval battle of the American Revolutionary War
1153:Recruiting flyer for the Ranger mission, 1777
748:(La Manche), leaving other areas vulnerable.
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1200:Extracts from the Journals of My Campaigns
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1370:pastpresented.info- accessed 18 Jan 2018
1354:pastpresented.info- accessed 28 Nov 2007
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186:(sloop of war), 20 guns (officially 16)
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811:was on the way back to Carrickfergus.
690:Looking out over Belfast Lough, where
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713:. In 1777, American captains such as
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1421:, pastpresented.info, archived from
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1155:seacoastnh.com- accessed 27 Nov 2007
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939:the Americans would be in trouble.
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1171:(see Sawtelle or Bradford sources)
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740:that autumn, France signed two
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436:European & Atlantic Waters
1:
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676:American War of Independence
61:American War of Independence
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955:The formalities completed,
694:prepared for battle, from
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1000:toughened hull anyway, so
703:American Revolutionary War
628:between the United States
1197:Jones, John Paul (1785),
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1229:Diary of surgeon aboard
1203:, americanrevolution.org
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622:North Channel naval duel
54:North Channel naval duel
820:Preparations for combat
176:(sloop of war), 18 guns
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238:Atlantic naval theatre
142:Commanders and leaders
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191:Casualties and losses
1382:Cumberland Chronicle
1366:Cumberland Chronicle
1350:Cumberland Chronicle
1183:Cumberland Chronicle
1130:21 July 2011 at the
1062:strike their colours
753:St. George's Channel
709:, ranged across the
696:Carrickfergus Castle
152:George Burdon
37:54.72417°N 5.45000°W
1425:on 11 February 2009
1321:9 June 2010 at the
1286:on 22 December 2008
1240:on 18 February 2007
678:to British waters.
196:3 killed, 5 wounded
33: /
1380:news items in the
1280:pastpresented.info
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738:Battle of Saratoga
719:Gustavus Conyngham
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644:) and the British
626:single-ship action
385:2nd Chesapeake Bay
42:54.72417; -5.45000
1490:Conflicts in 1778
1451:978-1-904367-22-2
1348:news item in the
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489:11 November 1779
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658:, separating
657:
656:North Channel
653:
652:
648:sloop of war
647:
643:
639:
638:
634:
631:
627:
623:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
584:16 March 1782
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
449:North Channel
447:
446:
443:
438:
431:
421:
416:
414:
409:
407:
402:
401:
398:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
375:Kedges Strait
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
340:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
322:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
289:North Channel
287:
285:
282:
280:
279:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
245:
240:
230:
225:
223:
218:
216:
211:
210:
207:
198:
195:
194:
189:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
167:
162:
159:
157:
151:
149:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:Great Britain
124:
122:
121:United States
111:
110:
105:
97:
94:
93:
89:
85:
84:North Channel
81:
78:
77:
74:24 April 1778
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
57:
52:
49:
46:
1456:
1427:, retrieved
1423:the original
1416:
1407:
1391:
1381:
1375:
1368:, 9 May 1778
1365:
1359:
1352:, 2 May 1778
1349:
1343:
1335:
1330:
1288:. Retrieved
1284:the original
1279:
1242:, retrieved
1238:the original
1232:
1228:
1205:, retrieved
1199:
1192:
1182:
1176:
1168:
1148:
1139:
1120:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1050:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1001:
994:
986:
979:
977:
972:
964:
960:
956:
954:
936:
932:
925:
920:
915:
910:
902:
897:
893:
885:
881:
879:
866:
861:
845:
841:
839:
834:
830:
823:
808:
800:
788:
777:Solway Firth
772:
770:
764:
750:
735:
700:
691:
650:
636:
633:sloop of war
621:
619:
604:Cape Spartel
454:17 June 1778
448:
338:
320:
294:Charles Town
288:
277:
256:Block Island
181:
171:
155:
107:Belligerents
59:Part of the
18:
1244:27 November
1207:27 November
1167:Log of the
723:William Day
569:Dogger Bank
564:Porto Praya
559:30 May 1781
314:Cape Breton
40: /
1479:Categories
1113:References
858:lieutenant
785:Cumberland
781:Whitehaven
707:privateers
682:Background
646:Royal Navy
589:3rd Ushant
579:2nd Ushant
554:1 May 1781
539:2nd Jersey
469:1st Jersey
459:1st Ushant
360:Hudson Bay
309:Cape Split
25:54°43′27″N
1069:Aftermath
909:HMS
854:boatswain
840:In fact,
757:Irish Sea
640:(Captain
599:Gibraltar
428:American
284:Frederica
180:HMS
170:USS
88:Irish Sea
28:5°27′00″W
1418:Ukonline
1319:Archived
1290:19 March
1233:, 1777–8
1128:Archived
791:entered
742:treaties
711:Atlantic
668:Atlantic
664:Scotland
327:Cape Ann
321:Trumbull
271:Yarmouth
266:Barbados
164:Strength
79:Location
1440:Sources
1429:8 March
911:Serapis
827:customs
767:mission
660:Ireland
574:Minorca
529:Bermuda
509:Madeira
350:Halifax
278:Hancock
156:†
1463:
1457:Ranger
1449:
1399:
1231:Ranger
1169:Ranger
1103:Ranger
1091:'s
1075:Ranger
1054:'s
1046:'s
1043:Ranger
1039:'s
1025:'s
998:'s
995:Ranger
990:'s
983:'s
980:Ranger
968:'s
957:Ranger
943:Battle
937:Ranger
929:'s
921:Ranger
905:battle
894:Ranger
889:'s
856:, and
846:Ranger
831:Ranger
809:Ranger
799:, HMS
789:Ranger
773:Ranger
765:Ranger
727:French
721:, and
637:Ranger
624:was a
549:Málaga
339:Savage
251:Nassau
172:Ranger
132:
118:
95:Result
1471:logs.
1095:Drake
1088:Drake
1084:Drake
1079:Drake
1051:Drake
1036:Drake
1029:Drake
1022:Drake
1018:Drake
1013:Drake
1009:Drake
1002:Drake
987:Drake
973:Drake
965:Drake
961:Drake
933:Drake
926:Drake
916:Drake
907:with
898:Drake
886:Drake
882:Drake
867:Drake
862:Drake
842:Drake
835:Drake
801:Drake
731:Brest
692:Drake
662:from
651:Drake
182:Drake
1461:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1431:2023
1397:ISBN
1292:2017
1246:2007
1209:2007
763:The
620:The
71:Date
1077:to
783:in
1481::
1415:,
1300:^
1278:.
1253:^
1216:^
1160:^
914:.
869:.
852:,
733:.
717:,
86:,
1294:.
432::
419:e
412:t
405:v
228:e
221:t
214:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.