282:, where the governor was based. Each residency, in turn, was divided into several provinces managed by a district officer. Over time, the number of residencies increased to five: Tawau Residency (also known as East Coast Residency), Sandakan Residency, West Coast Residency, Kudat Residency, and Interior Residency. The provinces were initially named after the members of the board: Alcock, Cunlife, Dewhurst, Keppel, Dent, Martin, Elphinstone, Myburgh and Mayne. The senior residents occupied Sandakan and West Coast, while the other three residents with the second class residencies occupied Interior, East Coast and Kudat. The residents of Sandakan and West Coast were members of the Legislative Council, the
367:
266:
2501:
113:
350:, in 1888, issued several proclamations that largely secured foreigners' access to land. A board of directors in London determined the tasks of the company over the governors. Locally, directors over-ruled the governor's instructions. The company established a state power, issued laws (proclamations), recruited Sikh policemen from northern India. Courts were set up to enforce the laws. Furthering the economic exploitation of the area was the construction of a railway line (North Borneo Railway) from Jesselton to Weston and
2364:
1715:
405:. In settling the border disputes, the company negotiated with the Dutch from the 1880s onwards to define the boundary between the area granted by the Sultan of Sulu and the area claimed by the Dutch on the basis of the treaty with the Sultan of Bulungan. On 20 January 1891, they agreed on a line along 4°10' north latitude – which corresponded to a central division of the island of
244:. The agreement with the British government included a £860,000 immediate cash settlement that allowed the company to settle outstanding financial claims. The government's offer to repay all other claims by paying 2.2 million pounds had already been rejected by the company. For the negotiation of further financial compensation, the British government appointed
1043:
382:, he managed to bring territories to the company that were not included in the original leases. These include Pengalat (1883), the Klias Peninsula (1884), Mantanani (1885), Padas (1889) and the area of Sipitang, Bongawan to Tuaran (1889). From 1889, the island of Labuan was also part of the company's administrative territory.
1047:
545:
in which purported heirs of the last Sultan of Sulu filed an arbitration case against the
Malaysian government for what they claimed was illegal exploitation of the resources of North Borneo. The claimants maintained that the 1878 agreement had only leased the land in North Borneo to the North Borneo
289:
The election of Cowie to the board of directors in 1894 marked the beginning of a major change in the style of administration: Before, North Borneo was governed by the company, and the governors were fully empowered and fully responsible. But since Cowie took over, he mostly ran things from London.
167:
Following the successful concessions, Overbeck and the Dent brothers became the rulers of an area in northern Borneo. Overbeck withdrew in 1879 after failing to attract German interest, leaving Alfred Dent to manage the territory. Dent then planned to register a company to represent the
British but
304:
Municipal administration was governed by the
Village Ordinance of 1891. This ordinance fundamentally changed the status of the chiefs, the traditional indigenous tribal leaders. Following its implementation, the company only accepted those chiefs who had appointed them as community leaders. Other
248:
as an independent arbitrator. In March 1949, Uthwatt announced the result of his investigations: £1,400,000 should be awarded to the company as compensation; any claims related to war damage would not be included. The news triggered disappointment among shareholders. Overnight, the value of the
333:
Due to the experience of the decline of the
British East India Company, a passage was written to protect the rights of the residents. The company was legally responsible for protecting the customs and rights of its residents, but in practice it had to pay dividends, which often limited those
401:. The north of the Dutch area which overlapped with an area that was claimed by the Sultanate of Sulu for themselves. A conflict with the British was therefore inevitable when in 1878 the Sultan of Sulu placed the southern boundary of his land for cession to Overbeck on the
321:
Economic development through the exploitation of natural resources of the area. The company was authorised to use the area for agriculture, to settle it, to promote immigration, to mine and to cut wood. An employee of the company and later plantation owner in North Borneo,
305:
chieftains, who had played an important role for generations, were either shut down or branded as criminals or troublemakers. Disrespect for these traditional leaders contributed to the spirit of local resistance led by tribal group such as Mat Salleh and
231:
North Borneo was negatively affected by World War II and by the end of the war it was foreseeable that the company would be unable to finance reconstruction. The company therefore waived the further use of their charter and gave North Borneo to the
297:, the administration was ordered to strictly supervise expenditure. Several governors reduced the number of district officers by eliminating the posts in Ranau, Pensiangan, Tenom, Sipitang, Penampang, Tuaran, Langkon, Lamag, Beluran and Semporna.
301:, who become the governor in 1934, completed the process by merging the Tawau Residency with the Sandakan Residency on the one hand and the Interior Residency with the West Coast on the other hand. He also removed the District Officer in Papar.
277:
With the founding of the company, the administrative divisions of North Borneo introduced by
Overbeck were maintained by the establishment of the West Coast Residency and the East Coast Residency. The seat of the two residents was in
397:, who assured the Dutch control of the area. At the instigation of the Dutch, the Sultan married his son with the daughter of the Sultan of Tarakan in 1867, whereby the Dutch sphere of influence reached the region around
290:
Instead of the development of North Borneo, the satisfaction of the shareholders was in the foreground. Alfred Dent, who fiercely opposed Cowie's costly and money-wasting ideas, resigned and withdrew from the company.
1273:"Chartered Company of North Borneo. Proposals that Cyril Radcliffe should be appointed Arbitrator in connection with transfer of company to H.M. Government Proposal that Lord Uthwatt be appointed Arbitrator"
532:
The 1878 agreement signed between Gustav
Overbeck, Alfred Dent and Edward Dent as representatives of the North Borneo Chartered Company with the Sultan of Sulu remains the basis of several international
168:
since a considerable delay seemed likely, he decided to found a provisional company first. In 1881, the
British North Borneo Provisional Association Limited was founded with registered capital of
2082:
2134:
1125:
608:
The final contractual stipulation of this border was not confirmed until 1912 by the Joint
Boundary Commission and was parried on 17 February 1913 by Dutch and British negotiators.
29:
358:
was published to disseminate the decisions of the Court of
Directors, both within the administrative units of North Borneo, and the company's shareholders and investors.
1917:
553:
The claimants filed an arbitration appeal in Spain, demanding
Malaysia pay $ 32 billion for exploitation of resources of Sabah. In February 2022, Spanish arbitrator Dr
1156:
1095:
2303:
2157:
1291:
2474:
164:, a Scottish adventurer and friend of Sultan Jamal-ul Azam of Sulu, the Sultan signed a concession treaty on 22 January 1878 and received 5,000 Spanish dollars.
2891:
2936:
236:. The company officially dissolved on 26 June 1946 with the signing of an agreement. From 15 July 1946 until the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963,
1661:
1852:
393:, there were no noteworthy activities by the Dutch on the east coast of northern Borneo. This changed in 1846 when the Dutch signed a contract with the
2931:
2401:
1502:
1459:
472:
223:
trade of local crops, as well as establishment of plantations. The company also faced some resistance to its economic modernisations and tax policies.
1245:
2926:
1847:
2087:
1719:
2911:
2487:
1199:
2652:
1767:
1441:
The Territorial Dispute Between Indonesia and Malaysia Over Pulau Sipadan and Pulau Ligitan in the Celebes Sea: A Study in International Law
1134:
2921:
1822:
1591:
1300:
207:
became one of the company's earlies priorities, along with expanding trade; instituting a government, courts, and penal system; building
2916:
1817:
1146:
2452:
1489:
1740:
1378:
Osman, Sabihah (1989). "The Role of Governor D. J. Jardine in Improving the Welfare of the Indigenous People of Sabah, 1934-37".
2500:
1361:
Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth: "The Empire of the Bretaignes," 1175-1688
346:. However, the land laws issued by him in no way respected the traditional land rights of the inhabitants. The second governor,
2394:
1281:
1256:
191:
The provisional company was dissolved and the following year, a chartered company was established with its first settlement on
2104:
2435:
1650:
1628:
1580:
1552:
1533:
1448:
1368:
2457:
2184:
1807:
1734:
1604:
1209:
744:
546:
Chartered Company. On the contrary, Malaysia maintains that the region surrendered its rights when it agreed to join the
2482:
557:
awarded an almost $ 15 billion settlement in favor of the claimants, which Malaysia challenged at various legal forums.
2738:
2430:
2330:
1380:
1179:
72:
in 1888 but the company remained involved with the territory until 1946, when administration was fully assumed by the
2387:
2006:
1760:
2901:
2709:
2588:
2440:
2247:
1393:
2855:
2716:
1995:
1669:
245:
2529:
1460:"Contesting Colonial Discourse: Rewriting Murut History of Resistance in British North Borneo from 1881 to 1915"
1431:
1069:
2610:
1468:
2615:
2242:
2099:
2094:
1802:
1513:
1477:
1189:
2896:
2827:
2761:
2642:
2583:
2367:
1922:
1792:
1753:
1260:
354:, the promotion of trade and the establishment of plantations. Effective from 1 March 1883, the periodical
237:
73:
2179:
2064:
1837:
1730:
355:
2748:
2657:
2308:
2285:
2270:
2214:
2049:
1988:
1872:
1699:
1389:
1330:
1235:
366:
199:
and was never re-established. Due to such resistance, establishing law and order as well as recruiting
188:. The charter contract for a company with two million pounds of capital was sealed on 1 November 1881.
185:
1503:"The Legend by Sue Harris: A Critique of the Rundum Rebellion and a Counter Argument of the Rebellion"
1425:
2906:
2325:
2320:
2237:
2162:
2059:
2026:
2021:
2011:
1897:
1473:
541:. One of the most prominent such cases to garner international attention in recent times remains the
2721:
2630:
2625:
2467:
2348:
2204:
2174:
2044:
1937:
1877:
1210:
Encyclopædia of the laws of England with forms and precedents by the most eminent legal authorities
1207:
Renton, Alexander Wood; Robertson, Maxwell Anderson; Pollock, Frederick; Bowstead, William (1908).
571:
492:
432:
The head of the company was the chairman of the board of directors, since 1910 officially named as
390:
347:
181:
161:
754:
2753:
2704:
2556:
1862:
1857:
351:
233:
177:
1608:
2807:
2781:
2743:
2620:
2578:
2571:
2315:
2275:
2265:
2189:
1338:(2). Cambridge University Press for The North American Conference on British Studies: 102–126.
1304:
141:
80:
20:
1272:
2886:
2280:
2169:
1902:
1665:
1325:
394:
375:
339:
298:
156:. However, since it turned out that the Sultan of Brunei had already ceded some areas to the
416:– a controversial border area of the province of Clark was relinquished to the neighbouring
265:
2677:
2549:
2001:
1932:
1927:
1599:
534:
509:
283:
208:
196:
8:
2819:
2799:
2605:
2410:
2209:
2194:
2016:
1912:
1887:
1827:
566:
84:
1493:
2840:
2835:
2731:
2726:
2667:
2598:
2593:
2462:
2119:
1907:
1832:
1409:
1347:
1314:
580:
542:
417:
145:
125:
121:
2524:
2144:
1942:
1776:
1646:
1624:
1576:
1548:
1529:
1444:
1364:
462:
173:
112:
53:
1096:"Malaysia files application to annul final award over claims by Sulu sultan's heirs"
2812:
2637:
2561:
2519:
2509:
2219:
2124:
1962:
1957:
1842:
1401:
1339:
2114:
2109:
2445:
1947:
1882:
1797:
1726:
1638:
1219:
1174:
389:
had already installed a trading post in Borneo shortly after the founding of the
374:
A major contribution to the consolidation of the administrative area was made by
153:
2697:
2682:
2199:
2129:
1967:
1952:
1867:
1812:
1784:
1694:
1573:
Federal-state Relations in Sabah, Malaysia: The Berjaya Administration, 1976–85
1231:"British North Borneo - An Account of its History, Resources and Native Tribes"
576:
554:
482:
406:
169:
157:
69:
1405:
1230:
195:. The settlement however was burnt down during a raid by a local leader named
2880:
2692:
2566:
2414:
2149:
2054:
657:
519:
294:
140:
and Edward Dent, together met with the rulers of northern Borneo to obtain a
2791:
2539:
2379:
1621:
Property and Politics in Sabah, Malaysia: Native Struggles Over Land Rights
684:
402:
379:
241:
65:
57:
1221:
Asiatic Pilot: The coasts of Sumatra and the adjacent straits and islands
645:
452:
386:
323:
204:
192:
149:
137:
96:
16:
British company which administered the colony of North Borneo (1881–1946)
1413:
1070:"Report: M'sia ordered to pay almost RM63b to Sulu sultan's descendants"
2771:
2647:
1224:. Hydrographic office under the authority of the secretary of the navy.
1175:"British Borneo: sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North Borneo"
674:
672:
421:
1745:
1692:
1351:
1044:"Heirs to the Sultanate of Sulu v. Malaysia, Final Award, 28 Feb 2022"
633:
212:
148:, accompanied the negotiations. On 29 December 1877, they met Sultan
56:
formed on 1 November 1881 to administer and exploit the resources of
1140:
on 4 November 2017 – via Attorney General's Chambers of Sabah.
669:
2074:
1343:
547:
327:
279:
270:
250:
129:
1328:(May 1965). "The Chartering of the British North Borneo Company".
1217:
1024:
663:
2544:
2295:
2036:
1286:
1194:
1151:
1000:
961:
841:
789:
787:
621:
343:
306:
760:
2687:
2340:
2257:
1979:
1714:
1359:
Madden, A. F.; Fieldhouse, David Kenneth; Darwin, John (1985).
220:
152:
of Brunei. The Sultan agreed to make the concession for 15,000
133:
1206:
829:
784:
772:
651:
2847:
2229:
1397:
1163:
853:
690:
538:
413:
398:
254:
216:
92:
61:
28:
1727:
Documents and clippings about North Borneo Chartered Company
1739:
The papers of the British North Borneo Company are held by
200:
160:, further negotiations were needed. With the assistance of
1543:
Ledesma, Charles de; Lewis, Mark; Savage, Pauline (2003).
865:
599:
The original position was initially Magistrates-in-charge.
1592:"Woolley and the Codification of Native Customs in Sabah"
1510:
Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore
978:
976:
901:
877:
819:
817:
804:
802:
537:
over the status of, and right to, the Malaysia state of
500:
Presidents of the British North Borneo Chartered Company
79:
The company also temporarily administered the island of
1643:
The White Rajah: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946
1420:
1147:"British North Borneo Company (Charter) – Observations"
1012:
639:
172:
300,000. The directors were Dent himself together with
128:, along with the heads of a British trading company in
1659:
1358:
1030:
913:
696:
678:
443:
Chairman of the British North Borneo Chartered Company
1270:
1253:
Memorandum by the Secretary of State for the Colonies
1243:
973:
949:
889:
847:
814:
799:
627:
1561:
1123:
967:
766:
720:
708:
1239:. Constable & Company Ltd, London. p. 157.
1127:
Charter granted to the British North Borneo Company
120:The company was founded along similar lines as the
1564:Datu Paduka Mat Salleh – Hero of Sabah (1894–1900)
1542:
1316:A History Of Modern Sabah (North Borneo 1881–1963)
1313:
1279:
1187:
1144:
1006:
988:
835:
793:
778:
937:
925:
732:
2878:
420:and in exchange for “certain coal fields at the
1693:British North Borneo Chartered Company (1878).
1492:. The International Steam Pages. Archived from
1133:. British North Borneo Treaties. Archived from
1298:
871:
317:The company had two responsibilities, namely:
2892:North Borneo Chartered Company administrators
2653:Sabah State Water Department corruption probe
2395:
1761:
91:, which means "I persevere and I achieve" in
2937:1946 disestablishments in the British Empire
2409:
1823:Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands
1183:. Singapore, Govt. print. dept. p. 190.
412:On 5 January 1905, the company territory of
1512:. Universiti Sains Malaysia. Archived from
1218:United States. Hydrographic Office (1917).
2402:
2388:
1768:
1754:
1311:
907:
883:
859:
2932:1881 establishments in the British Empire
2616:Cross border attacks from the Philippines
1818:Company of Merchant Adventurers of London
1618:
1500:
1487:
1457:
1324:
982:
955:
823:
808:
326:, openly named the purpose of "producing
95:. Its founder and its first chairman was
2927:1946 disestablishments in British Malaya
1637:
1575:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
1172:
1018:
750:
702:
365:
356:North Borneo Herald and Official Gazette
342:, devoted himself to the elimination of
264:
111:
27:
2180:Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp
1775:
1523:
1246:"Policy in Regard to Malaya and Borneo"
919:
714:
664:United States. Hydrographic Office 1917
527:
269:The company administration building in
2879:
1695:"British North Borneo company charter"
1228:
1164:Great Britain. Foreign Office (1888).
895:
726:
602:
2912:British companies established in 1881
2383:
1749:
1589:
1438:
1377:
1294:from the original on 4 November 2017.
1202:from the original on 4 November 2017.
1159:from the original on 4 November 2017.
994:
943:
931:
427:
219:; and encouraging the harvesting and
83:in 1890 before it became part of the
64:in Malaysia). The territory became a
2185:Imperial Privileged Oriental Company
1605:New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies
1392:on behalf of Department of History,
679:Madden, Fieldhouse & Darwin 1985
338:The first governor of North Borneo,
2922:1881 establishments in North Borneo
2488:2021 federal constitution amendment
2475:2019 federal constitution amendment
1570:
738:
13:
2739:1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis
2483:2020 Malaysia coronavirus pandemic
2331:Royal Greenland Trading Department
1686:
1623:. University of Washington Press.
1490:"The North Borneo Railway Project"
1381:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
1282:"British Firms, Borneo (Taxation)"
1180:University of California Libraries
691:Great Britain. Foreign Office 1888
144:for their colonial interests. The
124:. German businessman and diplomat
116:Board of directors of the company.
14:
2948:
2762:2020 Sarawak coronavirus pandemic
2007:Company of One Hundred Associates
1708:
1476:. pp. 81–103. Archived from
260:
2917:Companies disestablished in 1946
2710:Anti-cession movement of Sarawak
2499:
2458:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
2363:
2362:
2248:Royal Company of the Philippines
1996:Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique
1713:
1467:Faculty of Development Science,
1421:Encyclopædia Britannica (1992).
1394:National University of Singapore
1166:British and Foreign State Papers
1007:Ledesma, Lewis & Savage 2003
2717:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
2658:2020 Sabah coronavirus pandemic
2589:Self-government of North Borneo
2453:British Military Administration
1703:. [S.l. : s.n. p. 32.
1660:Lawas District Council (2017).
1426:The New Encyclopædia Britannica
1301:"Award For Br. North Borneo Co"
1287:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1195:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1152:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1088:
1062:
1036:
593:
516:3 February 1926 – 15 July 1946
2787:North Borneo Chartered Company
2535:North Borneo Chartered Company
2431:Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)
2135:Pernambuco and Paraíba Company
2105:Grão Pará and Maranhão Company
1720:North Borneo Chartered Company
1645:. Cambridge University Press.
1545:Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei
1469:Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
1363:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1271:The National Archives (1946).
1244:The National Archives (1945).
226:
38:North Borneo Chartered Company
32:Motto and logo of the company.
1:
2243:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
2095:Cacheu and Cape Verde Company
1803:British American Land Company
1562:Sabah State Archives (2007).
1526:Imperialism in Southeast Asia
1501:Fernandez, Callistus (2001).
1458:Fernandez, Callistus (1999).
1320:. University of Malaya Press.
1124:British North Borneo (1881).
1116:
370:Area acquired by the company.
107:
2869:Covers the three territories
2828:Crown Colony of North Borneo
2643:1991 Sabah political arrests
2584:Crown Colony of North Borneo
2441:Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)
1793:African Company of Merchants
1619:Doolittle, Amity A. (2011).
1590:Danny, Wong Tze-Ken (2009).
1432:Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.
1236:Cornell University Libraries
1046:. 2 May 2022. Archived from
640:Encyclopædia Britannica 1992
615:
361:
46:British North Borneo Company
7:
2045:Brandenburg African Company
1838:Eastern Archipelago Company
1808:British East Africa Company
1731:20th Century Press Archives
1280:Hansard Parliament (1947).
1259:. p. 2. Archived from
1188:Hansard Parliament (1892).
1145:Hansard Parliament (1882).
1031:Lawas District Council 2017
560:
378:. In negotiations with the
10:
2953:
2749:1997 Sarawak HFMD outbreak
2722:Self-government of Sarawak
2286:Swedish West India Company
2271:Swedish East India Company
2215:Compagnie van De Moucheron
1968:Virginia Company of London
1873:London and Bristol Company
1700:Cornell University Library
1524:Tarling, Nicholas (2003).
1390:Cambridge University Press
1331:Journal of British Studies
1312:Tregonning, K. G. (1965).
848:The National Archives 1946
628:The National Archives 1945
249:company share fell from 17
102:
18:
2867:
2770:
2666:
2508:
2497:
2491:(passed) ★ second tabling
2478:(on hold) ★ first tabling
2421:
2357:
2339:
2326:Danish West India Company
2321:Danish East India Company
2294:
2256:
2238:Barcelona Trading Company
2228:
2143:
2073:
2035:
1978:
1918:Royal West Indian Company
1898:Providence Island Company
1878:Massachusetts Bay Company
1783:
1474:Universiti Sains Malaysia
1439:Trost, R. Haller (1995).
1430:. Vol. 10. Chicago:
1406:10.1017/S0022463400018099
1168:. H.M. Stationery Office.
968:Sabah State Archives 2007
767:British North Borneo 1881
498:
489:1909 – 14 September 1910
441:
2631:2013 Lahad Datu standoff
2626:2000 Sipadan kidnappings
2468:Proclamation of Malaysia
2349:Russian-American Company
2205:Dutch West India Company
2175:Dutch East India Company
1938:South Australian Company
1741:SOAS Special Collections
1666:Sarawak State Government
1664:(in Malay and English).
1275:. The National Archives.
586:
572:Governor of North Borneo
391:Dutch East India Company
348:Charles Vandeleur Creagh
312:
203:policemen from northern
87:. The company motto was
19:Not to be confused with
2902:History of North Borneo
2754:Sarawak rabies outbreak
2705:Crown Colony of Sarawak
1989:Compagnie de l'Occident
1566:. Sabah State Archives.
1488:Dickinson, Rob (2000).
1299:Sunday Tribune (1949).
1173:Treacher, W. H (1891).
836:Hansard Parliament 1947
794:Hansard Parliament 1892
779:Hansard Parliament 1882
473:Richard Biddulph Martin
234:British Colonial Office
178:Richard Biddulph Martin
2808:Battle of North Borneo
2782:Crown Colony of Labuan
2744:1987 Ming Court Affair
2621:1985 Lahad Datu ambush
2579:Battle of North Borneo
2572:Sandakan Death Marches
2316:Danish Asiatic Company
2304:Danish African Company
2276:Swedish Levant Company
2266:Swedish Africa Company
2190:New Netherland Company
2158:Australische Compagnie
1305:National Library Board
1213:. Sweet & Maxwell.
371:
274:
117:
33:
21:Borneo Company Limited
2281:Swedish South Company
2170:Brabantsche Compagnie
1903:Royal African Company
1722:at Wikimedia Commons
1257:The National Archives
1229:Rutter, Owen (1922).
376:William Hood Treacher
369:
340:William Hood Treacher
299:Douglas James Jardine
268:
115:
44:), also known as the
31:
2678:Sultanate of Sarawak
2065:West African Company
2002:Company of Habitants
1933:Somers Isles Company
1928:Sierra Leone Company
1923:South Africa Company
1893:North Borneo Company
1863:Hudson's Bay Company
1600:University of Malaya
1571:Lim, Regina (2008).
548:Malaysian federation
528:International Impact
510:Joseph West Ridgeway
284:legislative assembly
2897:Chartered companies
2820:Colony of Singapore
2800:Straits Settlements
2606:Keningau Oath Stone
2436:Japanese occupation
2210:Compagnie van Verre
2195:Noordsche Compagnie
2050:East Africa Company
2017:Mississippi Company
1913:Royal Niger Company
1888:New Zealand Company
1828:Company of Scotland
1777:Chartered companies
1614:on 4 November 2017.
1483:on 4 November 2017.
1266:on 4 November 2017.
872:Sunday Tribune 1949
862:, pp. 222–223.
567:Chartered companies
493:William Clark Cowie
162:William Clark Cowie
85:Straits Settlements
2841:20-point agreement
2836:Cobbold Commission
2732:18-point agreement
2727:Cobbold Commission
2599:20-point agreement
2594:Cobbold Commission
2463:Malaysia Agreement
2120:Mozambique Company
2100:East India Company
2060:New Guinea Company
2027:West India Company
2012:East India Company
1908:Royal British Bank
1833:East India Company
1672:on 7 November 2017
1326:Galbraith, John S.
652:Renton et al. 1908
581:Proprietary colony
543:Malaysia-Sulu Case
428:List of presidents
395:Sultan of Bulungan
372:
275:
186:William Henry Read
146:Governor of Labuan
126:Baron von Overbeck
122:East India Company
118:
34:
2874:
2873:
2856:Federal territory
2525:Sultanate of Sulu
2377:
2376:
2110:Company of Guinea
1943:South Sea Company
1853:Greenland Company
1718:Media related to
1652:978-0-521-12899-5
1630:978-0-295-80116-2
1582:978-981-230-812-2
1554:978-1-84353-094-7
1535:978-1-134-57082-9
1496:on 28 March 2013.
1450:978-1-897643-20-4
1370:978-0-313-23897-0
525:
524:
463:Rutherford Alcock
174:Rutherford Alcock
54:chartered company
52:), was a British
2944:
2907:History of Sabah
2860:
2852:
2832:
2824:
2813:Battle of Labuan
2804:
2796:
2758:
2638:1986 Sabah riots
2611:Double Six Crash
2562:Jesselton revolt
2520:Brunei Civil War
2503:
2492:
2479:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2366:
2365:
2312:
2220:Veerse Compagnie
2166:
2125:Zambezia Company
2091:
1963:Plymouth Company
1958:Virginia Company
1843:Eastland Company
1770:
1763:
1756:
1747:
1746:
1717:
1704:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1668:. Archived from
1656:
1639:Runciman, Steven
1634:
1615:
1613:
1607:. Archived from
1596:
1586:
1567:
1558:
1547:. Rough Guides.
1539:
1520:
1518:
1507:
1497:
1484:
1482:
1464:
1454:
1435:
1417:
1374:
1355:
1321:
1319:
1308:
1295:
1276:
1267:
1265:
1250:
1240:
1225:
1214:
1203:
1184:
1169:
1160:
1141:
1139:
1132:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
812:
806:
797:
791:
782:
776:
770:
764:
758:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
700:
694:
688:
682:
676:
667:
661:
655:
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
609:
606:
600:
597:
439:
438:
286:of the company.
2952:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2830:
2822:
2802:
2794:
2773:
2766:
2756:
2669:
2662:
2557:Madrid Protocol
2530:Austrian colony
2511:
2504:
2495:
2490:
2477:
2446:Borneo campaign
2423:
2417:
2408:
2378:
2373:
2353:
2335:
2306:
2290:
2252:
2224:
2160:
2148:
2139:
2085:
2069:
2031:
2022:Senegal Company
1974:
1948:Spanish Company
1883:Muscovy Company
1798:Barbary Company
1779:
1774:
1711:
1689:
1687:Further reading
1684:
1675:
1673:
1653:
1631:
1611:
1594:
1583:
1555:
1536:
1519:on 2 June 2016.
1516:
1505:
1480:
1462:
1451:
1371:
1263:
1248:
1137:
1130:
1119:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1021:, pp. 197.
1017:
1013:
1009:, pp. 723.
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
981:
974:
966:
962:
954:
950:
942:
938:
930:
926:
922:, pp. 214.
918:
914:
908:Tregonning 1965
906:
902:
898:, pp. 157.
894:
890:
884:Tregonning 1965
882:
878:
870:
866:
860:Tregonning 1965
858:
854:
846:
842:
834:
830:
822:
815:
807:
800:
792:
785:
777:
773:
765:
761:
753:, pp. 101–
749:
745:
737:
733:
729:, pp. 119.
725:
721:
713:
709:
705:, pp. 165.
701:
697:
693:, pp. 238.
689:
685:
681:, pp. 555.
677:
670:
662:
658:
650:
646:
642:, pp. 278.
638:
634:
626:
622:
618:
613:
612:
607:
603:
598:
594:
589:
563:
530:
430:
364:
315:
307:Ontoros Antanum
263:
229:
154:Spanish dollars
110:
105:
89:Pergo et Perago
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2950:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2757:(2017–present)
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2698:Syarif Masahor
2695:
2690:
2683:Raj of Sarawak
2680:
2674:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2485:
2480:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2407:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2300:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2200:Ostend Company
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2154:
2152:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2130:Niassa Company
2127:
2122:
2117:
2115:House of India
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1955:
1953:Venice Company
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1868:Levant Company
1865:
1860:
1858:Guinea Company
1855:
1850:
1848:French Company
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1813:Canada Company
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1710:
1709:External links
1707:
1706:
1705:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1657:
1651:
1635:
1629:
1616:
1587:
1581:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1540:
1534:
1521:
1498:
1485:
1455:
1449:
1436:
1418:
1375:
1369:
1356:
1344:10.1086/385502
1322:
1309:
1296:
1277:
1268:
1241:
1226:
1215:
1204:
1190:"North Borneo"
1185:
1170:
1161:
1142:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1087:
1076:. 1 March 2022
1061:
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
987:
983:Doolittle 2011
972:
960:
956:Fernandez 2001
948:
936:
924:
912:
910:, pp. 53.
900:
888:
886:, pp. 51.
876:
864:
852:
840:
828:
824:Fernandez 1999
813:
809:Dickinson 2000
798:
783:
771:
759:
743:
741:, pp. 17.
731:
719:
717:, pp. 63.
707:
695:
683:
668:
656:
644:
632:
619:
617:
614:
611:
610:
601:
591:
590:
588:
585:
584:
583:
577:Charter colony
574:
569:
562:
559:
555:Gonzalo Stampa
529:
526:
523:
522:
517:
513:
512:
507:
503:
502:
496:
495:
490:
486:
485:
483:Charles Jessel
480:
476:
475:
470:
466:
465:
460:
456:
455:
450:
446:
445:
429:
426:
363:
360:
336:
335:
331:
314:
311:
262:
261:Administration
259:
228:
225:
209:a railway line
158:Sultan of Sulu
109:
106:
104:
101:
70:British Empire
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2949:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2866:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2693:Liu Shan Bang
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2567:Sandakan camp
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2502:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2420:
2416:
2415:East Malaysia
2412:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2370:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2150:Low Countries
2146:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2055:Emden Company
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1528:. Routledge.
1527:
1522:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1050:on 2 May 2022
1049:
1045:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1019:Runciman 2011
1015:
1008:
1003:
997:, pp. 6.
996:
991:
984:
979:
977:
970:, pp. 5.
969:
964:
957:
952:
945:
940:
933:
928:
921:
916:
909:
904:
897:
892:
885:
880:
873:
868:
861:
856:
849:
844:
837:
832:
825:
820:
818:
810:
805:
803:
795:
790:
788:
780:
775:
768:
763:
756:
752:
751:Treacher 1891
747:
740:
735:
728:
723:
716:
711:
704:
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193:Gaya Island
150:Abdul Momin
138:Alfred Dent
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2881:Categories
2772:History of
2668:History of
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2550:Mat Salleh
2510:History of
2075:Portuguese
1676:5 November
1117:References
1074:Yahoo News
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561:See also
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2424:history
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