918:
4408:
618:
94:
1784:
217:
1052:
35:
491:
105:
1770:
191:
North
American states have, since the 19th century, developed increasingly deep connections with each other. Although some conflicts have occurred, the continent has enjoyed general peace and cooperation, as well as open commerce and trade, between its states. Modern developments include the opening
580:
societies had been engaged in agricultural production with ditch irrigation and a sedentary village life for at least two millennia before the
Spanish arrived in the 1540s. Upon the arrival of the Europeans in the "New World", native peoples found their culture changed drastically. As such, their
486:
and harvested plant foods. Many groups continued as big game hunters, but their hunting traditions became more varied, and meat procurement methods more sophisticated. The placement of artifacts and materials within an
Archaic burial site indicated social differentiation based upon status in some
457:
climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna. The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers; but now individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally, thus with the passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional
593:
According to the
Maddison Project at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, the population estimates of North America break down as follows. For the year 1500 AD, Angus Maddison estimates a population of 7.5 million for pre-Hispanic Mexico. He estimates that the population of what
160:
in the
Americas in large numbers and develop colonial ambitions for both North and South America. An influx of Europeans soon followed Columbus and overwhelmed native populations as North America became a staging ground for ongoing European rivalries. The continent was divided by three prominent
1561:
in the late 1980s, started implementing liberal economic strategies that were seen as a good move. However, Mexico experienced a strong economic recession in 1982 and the
Mexican peso suffered a devaluation. Presidential elections held in 1988 were forecast to be very competitive and they were.
750:
Colonization refers to large-scale population movements in which the migrants maintain strong links with their or their ancestors' former country, gaining significant advantages over other inhabitants of the territory by such links. When colonization takes place under the protection of clearly
940:
Rivalry between the
European powers created a series of wars on the North American landmass that would have great impact on the development of the colonies. Territory often changed hands multiple times. Peace was not achieved until French forces in North America were vanquished at the
678:
The Norse voyages did not become common knowledge in the Old World. Even the permanent settlement in
Greenland, which persisted until the early 1400s, received little attention and Europeans remained largely ignorant of the existence of the Americas until 1492. As part of a general
273:), ranges from 40,000 to around 16,500 years ago. This time range is a hot source of debate and promises to continue as such for years to come. The few agreements achieved to date are the origin from Central Asia, with widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the
1578:("the system crashed"), to refer to the incident. When the system was finally restored, the PRI candidate Carlos Salinas was declared the official winner. It was the first time since the Revolution that a non-PRI candidate was so close to winning the presidency.
949:, and France ceded most of her claims outside of the Caribbean. The end of the French presence in North America was a disaster for most Native nations in Eastern North America, who lost their major ally against the expanding Anglo-American settlements. During
1922:
Holen, Kathleen A.; Vescera, Lawrence; Rountrey, Adam N.; Cerutti, Richard A.; Beeton, Jared M.; Jefferson, George T.; Paces, James B.; Fullagar, Richard; Fisher, Daniel C. (April 2017). "A 130,000-year-old archaeological site in southern
California, USA".
1389:. The German defenders under General von Rundstedt destroyed the invaders. 907 Canadians were killed and almost 2,500 captured (many wounded). Lessons learned in this abortive raid were put to good use 2 years later in the successful Normandy invasion.
2239:
However, despite the lack of this conclusive and widespread evidence, there are suggestions of human occupation in the northern Yukon about 24,000 years ago, and hints of the presence of humans in the Old Crow Basin as far back as about 40,000 years
597:
In 2020, indigenous peoples numbered 34 million (25.7 million for Mexico, 6.7 million for the United States, and 1.6 million for Canada), approximately 7 percent of North
America's total population of 493.4 million.
2166:
Archaeological evidence, in fact, recognizes that people started to leave Beringia for the New World around 40,000 years ago, but rapid expansion into North America didn't occur until about 15,000 years ago, when the ice had literally
821:, and later California. The Spanish claimed all of North and South America (with the exception of Brazil), and no other European power challenged those claims by planting colonies until over a century after Spain's first settlements.
1191:
In both the United States and Canada, the second half of the 19th century witnessed massive inflows of immigration to settle the West. These lands were not uninhabited however: in the United States the government fought numerous
235:' migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, are subject to ongoing research and discussion. For years, the traditional theory has been that these early migrants moved into the
1425:
The early Cold War era saw the United States as the most powerful nation in a Western coalition of which Mexico and Canada were also a part. At home, the United States witnessed convulsive change especially in the area of
116:
encompasses the past developments of people populating the continent of North America. While it was commonly accepted that the continent first became inhabited by humans when individuals migrated across the
585:, and others changed quite quickly. The name and cultures that Europeans recorded for the natives were not necessarily the same as the ones they had used a few generations before, or the ones in use today.
1070:
to keep the Americans from pushing them out of the Great Lakes. Tecumseh's followers then went north into Canada, where they helped the British to block an American attempt to seize Canada during the
1570:
one of the most beloved Mexican presidents, created a successful campaign and was reported as the leader in several opinion polls. On July 6, 1988, the day of the elections, a system shutdown of the
2528:
176:
Conflict over resources in North America ensued in various wars between these powers, but the new European colonies gradually developed desires for independence. Revolutions, such as the
3653:
998:
The coming of the American Revolution had a great impact across the continent. Most importantly it directly led to the creation of the United States of America. However, the associated
482:
traditions. This type of regional adaptation became the norm, with reliance less on hunting and gathering among many cultures, with a more mixed economy of small game, fish, seasonally
1630:
The End of the Cold War and the beginning of the era of sustained economic expansion coincided during the 1990s. On January 1, 1994, Canada, Mexico, and the United States signed the
1728:
1585:
attempted to move the United States back towards a hard anti-communist line in foreign affairs, in what his supporters saw as an attempt to assert moral leadership (compared to the
1026:
1399:
The destruction of Europe wrought by the war vaulted all North American countries to more important roles in world affairs. The United States especially emerged as a "superpower".
1441:
Mexico experienced an era of huge economic growth after World War II, a heavy industrialization process and a growth of its middle class, a period known in Mexican history as the
289:
594:
became Canada was probably close to 250,000 and 2 million for what became the United States. Maddison's total for all of pre-contact North America, then, is 9.75 million.
3869:
3802:
1093:. Mexico faced constant political tensions between liberals and conservatives, as well as the rebellion of the English-speaking region of Texas, which declared itself the
1866:
1489:
as part of the global Cold War. This war would later prove to be highly divisive in American society, and American troops were withdrawn from Indochina in 1975 with the
921:
Non-Native American nations control over North America 1750–2008. In the interactive SVG version on a compatible browser, hover over the timeline to step through time.
1356:
1335:
From 1937 to 1949, this was a popular uprising against the anti-Catholic Mexican government of the time, set off specifically by the anti-clerical provisions of the
211:
4018:
4001:
3812:
755:. This often involves the settlers' entirely dispossessing earlier inhabitants, or instituting legal and other structures which systematically disadvantage them.
4529:
3937:
1396:
waters, in 1942. The incident happened in spite of Mexico's neutrality at that time. This led Mexico to declare war on the Axis nations and enter the conflict.
2698:
1029:, the first legal document where the separation of the New Spain with respect to Spain is proclaimed. Spain finally recognized Mexico's independence in 1821.
1042:
148:
that persisted until the early 1400s. They also explored the east coast of Canada, but their settlements there were much smaller and shorter-lived. With the
404:
4032:
1683:
1674:
in the three North American nations began, which eventually triggered a worldwide recession in the Fall of 2008 and did not recover until 2009. In 2009,
759:
1896:
953:
from 1763 to 1766, a confederation of Great Lakes-area tribes fought a somewhat successful campaign to defend their rights over their lands west of the
3434:
2173:
1287:
The United States stayed apart from the conflict until 1917, joining the Entente powers. The United States was then able to play a crucial role at the
1856:
1634:, creating the world's largest free trade area. Quebec held a referendum in 1995 for national sovereignty in which 51% voted no to 49% yes. In 2000,
3819:
2149:
3766:
2623:
1732:
1621:
471:
4103:
4070:
3996:
3942:
3658:
3371:
1256:
Canada immediately was at war in 1914. Canada bore the brunt of several major battles during the early stages of the war including the use of
3946:
3927:
3862:
3824:
3807:
3090:
1139:
and the resulting civil war rocked American society. It eventually led to the end of slavery in the United States, the destruction and later
2494:
3776:
1617:
1544:
1476:
1408:
1360:
1232:
1174:
1118:
1038:
4539:
4509:
4372:
3690:
3338:
3308:
3213:
1224:
527:
1851:
1151:
1697:, and in 2017, he was sworn in as president. Between January 2020 and May 2022, the three North American nations were impacted by the
1653:
in Afghanistan, which Canada also participated in. Meanwhile, Canada and Mexico both did not support the United States later moves to
3439:
1605:
1182:
1143:
of most of the South, and tremendous loss of life. From the conflict, the United States emerged as a powerful industrialized nation.
896:
239:
between eastern Siberia and present-day Alaska around 40,000–17,000 years ago, when sea levels were significantly lowered due to the
4217:
4199:
2693:
1720:
4534:
4008:
3685:
3333:
2123:
2222:
2026:
1377:
Once again Canada found itself at war before her neighbors, however even Canadian contributions were slight before the Japanese
2400:
1871:
1861:
1724:
745:
537:
As a result of the development of agriculture in the south, many important cultural advances were made there. For example, the
225:
121:
40,000 to 17,000 years ago, more recent discoveries may have pushed those estimates back at least another 90,000 years. People
17:
2189:
4449:
4027:
3412:
3263:
2721:
2601:
2542:
2504:
2470:
2372:
2009:
1846:
1146:
Partly as a response to the threat of American power, four of the Canadian colonies agreed to federate in 1867, creating the
892:
786:
731:
386:
374:
1150:
of Canada. The new nation was not fully sovereign, but enjoyed considerable independence from Britain. With the addition of
192:
of free trade agreements in 1994 and heightened emigration rates and drug trafficking concerns in Mexico and Latin America.
4514:
3313:
2210:
Canada's oldest known home is a cave in Yukon occupied not 12,000 years ago as at U.S. sites, but at least 20,000 years ago
1639:
1625:
1130:
779:
767:
763:
424:
334:
2460:
3601:
1631:
771:
630:
612:
282:
141:
4096:
4013:
3625:
3364:
1698:
1650:
775:
672:
378:
326:
1154:, Canada would expand to the Pacific by 1871 and establish a transcontinental railway, the Canadian Pacific, by 1885.
4604:
4292:
3978:
3958:
3829:
3445:
3153:
3083:
1574:
that the government was using to count the votes occurred, presumably by accident. The government simply stated that
1548:
1480:
1412:
78:
60:
4362:
3771:
3675:
3552:
3203:
262:, they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America. Evidence of the latter would since have been covered by a
1385:. On August 19, 1942, a force of some 6000, largely Canadian, infantry was landed near the French channel port of
937:
gave way to more metropolitan control. This ushered in a new era of more formalized colonialism in North America.
4464:
3786:
3726:
3665:
3648:
2381:
1802:
942:
711:
1604:
ran on a similar platform to Reagan, and also favored closer trade ties with the United States. This led to the
4382:
4227:
3963:
3904:
3218:
3113:
2567:"Paleoindian Settlement in Northeastern Arkansas Arkansas Archeology: Essays in Honor of Dan and Phyllis Morse"
1755:
1751:
917:
450:
45:
4504:
3303:
1678:
was inaugurated as the first African American to be President of the United States. On December 18, 2011, the
4454:
4089:
3988:
3357:
3268:
1900:
330:
2282:"A single and early migration for the peopling of the Americas supported by mitochondrial DNA sequence data"
2170:
4387:
4192:
3223:
3076:
1336:
1288:
735:
626:
382:
157:
1320:
The 1920s brought an age of great prosperity in the United States, and to a lesser degree Canada. But the
687:
proposed a voyage west from Europe to find a shorter route to Asia. He eventually received the backing of
4576:
3887:
3466:
2534:
2153:
1392:
Two Mexican tankers, transporting oil to the United States, were attacked and sunk by the Germans in the
1273:
993:
872:
278:
181:
98:
522:. Perhaps most importantly they domesticated one of the world's major staples, maize (corn). During the
395:
Before contact with Europeans, the indigenous peoples of North America were divided into many different
4559:
3914:
3857:
3636:
3583:
1826:
1705:
1329:
999:
958:
794:
408:
353:. 8,000–7,000 BCE (10,000–9,000 years ago) the climate stabilized, leading to a rise in population and
122:
758:
Initially, European activity consisted mostly of trade and exploration. Eventually Europeans began to
4519:
3968:
3323:
1558:
1321:
1257:
845:
633:. Several theoretical contacts have been proposed, but the earliest physical evidence comes from the
1723:, although Trump refused to concede the election, and on January 6, 2021, a group of his supporters
173:. The influence of colonization by these states on North American cultures is still apparent today.
4582:
4571:
4564:
4499:
4469:
4135:
4051:
3879:
3781:
3750:
3670:
3558:
3471:
3397:
3318:
1841:
1831:
1702:
1563:
1498:
1460:
1298:
Mexico was not part of the war as the country was embroiled in the Mexican Revolution at the time.
1205:
1098:
1046:
370:
201:
137:
in the south. These complex communities each developed their own unique cultures and ways of life.
52:
4524:
4185:
4126:
3973:
3736:
3328:
2433:
1797:
1747:
1280:. In neighboring Newfoundland, the new dominion suffered a devastating loss on July 1, 1916, the
1077:
US expansion was complicated by the division between "free" and "slave" states, which led to the
1018:
1003:
56:
1974:
4494:
4367:
4302:
4237:
4060:
3909:
3589:
3486:
3298:
3208:
3158:
3118:
2077:
Fladmark, K.R. (January 1979). "Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America".
1836:
1594:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1352:
1281:
1261:
1126:
1062:
From the time of independence of the United States, that country expanded rapidly to the west,
950:
908:
707:
692:
654:
581:
affiliation with political and cultural groups changed as well, several linguistic groups went
463:
221:
185:
166:
1022:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4277:
4141:
3922:
3427:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3138:
1521:
1420:
1247:
1106:
989:
954:
688:
668:
546:
523:
467:
432:
411:. Societies adapted their subsistence strategies to their homelands, and some societies were
306:
255:
240:
4459:
3273:
2768:
Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West.
1196:
against the native inhabitants. In Canada, relations were more peaceful, as a result of the
4474:
4397:
4342:
4312:
4232:
4165:
4065:
3721:
3716:
3680:
3607:
3476:
3278:
3193:
3168:
2908:
Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West.
2293:
1932:
1808:
1567:
1364:
1162:
1105:. As a result of conflict with Mexico, the United States made further territorial gains in
1102:
1056:
880:
801:
in the New World. The first successful Spanish settlement in continental North America was
797:, gaining control of present-day Mexico and Central America. This was the beginning of the
684:
428:
251:
153:
145:
188:
formed in 1867, marking the beginning of the modern political landscape of North America.
8:
4429:
4416:
4377:
4352:
4327:
4287:
4272:
4242:
3451:
3243:
3178:
3148:
3123:
1554:
1078:
981:
852:
825:
531:
358:
322:
274:
270:
177:
3055:
The Atlas of North American Exploration: From the Norse Voyages to the Race to the Pole.
2803:
A Perfect Babel of Confusion: Dutch Religion and English Culture in the Middle Colonies.
2789:
Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution.
2297:
1936:
1381:. The entry of the United States into the war helped to tip the balance in favor of the
4444:
4439:
4392:
4332:
4307:
4297:
4252:
4161:
4146:
3523:
3491:
3481:
3456:
3258:
3253:
3183:
3163:
2829:
Baum, Steven K., Neil J. Kressel, Florette Cohen-Abady, and Steven Leonard Jacobs, eds.
2655:
2642:
2618:
2102:
2094:
1435:
1228:
1178:
1140:
1136:
1122:
1090:
1063:
985:
806:
802:
719:
149:
93:
3704:
2025:
Fitzhugh, Drs. William; Goddard, Ives; Ousley, Steve; Owsley, Doug; Stanford, Dennis.
1013:
Meanwhile, Spain's hold on Mexico was weakening. Independence was declared in 1810 by
125:
throughout the continent and, over time, developed into diverse communities, from the
4347:
4337:
4317:
4262:
4257:
4247:
4150:
4121:
3407:
3198:
3188:
3133:
3128:
2929:
Empires, Nations, and Families: A New History of the North American West, 1800–1860.
2717:
2660:
2597:
2538:
2500:
2466:
2341:"Lapa vermelha IV Hominid 1: morphological affinities of the earliest known American"
2321:
2316:
2281:
2226:
2106:
2005:
1956:
1948:
1821:
1197:
1094:
1067:
904:
538:
507:
495:
459:
354:
302:
2880:
Humboldt's Mexico: In the Footsteps of the Illustrious German Scientific Traveller.
2408:
2357:
2340:
2030:
1074:. Following the war, British and Irish settlement in Canada increased dramatically.
333:. Indigenous peoples of the Americas have been linked to North Asian populations by
4434:
4322:
4267:
3892:
3595:
3529:
3513:
3248:
3173:
3062:
American Nations: A History of the Eleven Rival Regional Cultures of North America.
2650:
2632:
2386:
2352:
2311:
2301:
2197:
2086:
1940:
1664:
1524:. Eventually in 1982 at the end of his tenure, Canada received a new constitution.
1453:
1431:
1311:
1307:
1269:
1086:
680:
617:
577:
565:
arrived in Central America, but political dominance in the area had shifted to the
475:
439:
3897:
2957:
The Great Ages of Discovery: How Western Civilization Learned About a Wider World.
1589:) in the world community. Domestically, Reagan attempted to bring in a package of
1372:
1212:
844:
soon became the primary business on the continent and as a result transformed the
4357:
4282:
4155:
3731:
3619:
3577:
3547:
3496:
3143:
2838:
Fighting for America : The Struggle for Mastery in North America, 1519–1871.
2590:
2565:
Gillam, J. Christopher (1999). R.C. Mainfort and M.D. Jeter. Fayetteville (ed.).
2434:"Blame North America Megafauna Extinction on Climate Change, Not Human Ancestors"
2177:
1694:
1671:
1082:
860:
814:
715:
667:. The only Norse site outside of Greenland yet discovered in North America is at
420:
416:
412:
318:
1708:
hybrid variant, which claimed the lives of 1.3 million people by May 2022.
718:
made a series of voyages on behalf of the French crown in 1534 and explored the
3564:
2150:"First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover – Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News"
1775:
1739:
1601:
1502:
1449:
1427:
1393:
1253:
1097:
in 1836. In 1845 Texas joined the United States, which would later lead to the
1014:
1007:
1002:
was an important war that touched all corners of the region. The flight of the
969:
934:
798:
739:
582:
519:
479:
314:
263:
170:
162:
514:. The more southern cultural groups of North America were responsible for the
4598:
3613:
3402:
3380:
2901:
The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples.
2377:
2255:
1952:
1789:
1743:
1590:
1582:
868:
790:
695:, Queen and King of newly united Spain. In 1492 Columbus reached land in the
650:
562:
550:
515:
232:
205:
2845:
The Rediscovery of America: Native Peoples and the Unmaking of U.S. History.
2637:
2052:
1051:
506:
Agriculture was invented independently in two regions of North America: the
309:, are the primary evidence of early human activity in the Americas. Crafted
216:
3951:
3535:
3518:
3068:
2664:
2306:
1960:
1716:
1690:
1675:
1586:
1348:
1315:
1265:
926:
642:
566:
400:
342:
310:
292:
184:, created new, independent states that came to dominate North America. The
4177:
2619:"Initial formation of an indigenous crop complex in eastern North America"
2325:
3507:
3501:
3461:
3349:
1635:
1528:
1490:
1486:
1368:
1243:
1193:
1071:
946:
876:
833:
829:
542:
511:
423:, and many a mix of these. Native groups can also be classified by their
390:
338:
298:
244:
2646:
1944:
4081:
3932:
3422:
1510:
1494:
1201:
1186:
1158:
930:
900:
818:
703:
554:
118:
2530:
After the Ice Age : The Return of Life to Glaciated North America
2339:
Neves, W.A.; Powell, J.F.; Prous, A.; Ozolins, E.G.; Blum, M. (1999).
2098:
2029:. Smithsonian Institution Anthropology Outreach Office. Archived from
4421:
3569:
3417:
1712:
1514:
1325:
912:
841:
810:
646:
558:
518:
of many common crops now used around the world, such as tomatoes and
483:
247:
2775:
The Dominion of War: Empire and Liberty in North America, 1500–2000.
2566:
1161:
left the state weak, and open to foreign influence. This led to the
269:
Archaeologists contend that Paleo-Indian migration out of Beringia (
258:
ice sheets. Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using
63:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
4407:
4209:
3541:
2796:
Silver Mining and Society in Colonial Mexico: Zacatecas, 1546–1700.
2090:
1679:
1654:
1416:
1292:
1277:
1147:
1066:
in 1803. Between 1810 and 1811 a Native confederacy under Tecumseh
864:
634:
499:
443:
396:
346:
259:
236:
3048:
Continental Reckoning: The American West in the Age of Expansion.
2053:"The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health"
1531:, which eventually led to a revival in small-government politics.
1328:
ushered in a period of economic hardship in the United States and
1268:, despite the fact this was against the wishes of the majority of
1204:
broke out in 1870 and 1885 on the prairies. The British colony of
964:
Viceroyalty of New Spain (present-day Mexico) was the name of the
714:
of North America from Florida to presumably Newfoundland in 1524.
243:. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct
2111:
1027:
Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America
965:
856:
696:
664:
638:
573:
490:
1264:. Losses became grave, and the government eventually brought in
104:
1506:
1464:
1211:
In Mexico, the entire era was dominated by the dictatorship of
837:
288:
134:
130:
1715:
was elected 46th President of the United States, who defeated
972:
in Asia, North America and its peripheries from 1535 to 1821.
2124:"68 Responses to "Sea will rise 'to levels of last Ice Age'""
1540:
751:
colonial political structures, it may most handily be called
706:
explored the east coast of what would become Canada in 1497.
144:
in the 10th century AD. In 985, they founded a settlement on
126:
789:. They gained control of most of the largest islands in the
762:. The three principal colonial powers in North America were
438:
People with similar languages did not always share the same
281:, around 16,000–13,000 years before present. However, older
2894:
Champlain's Dream: The European Founding of North America.
2496:
The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas
1921:
1750:
seat share and reach a majority government. The results of
1693:
was elected 45th President of the United States, defeating
1657:
1646:
454:
403:
of a few families to large empires. They lived in numerous
140:
Records of European travel to North America begin with the
2943:
Mining North America: An Environmental History since 1522.
2936:
Early Rock Art of the American West: The Geometric Enigma.
1642:
candidate to win the Mexican presidency in over 70 years.
1520:
Canada during this era was dominated by the leadership of
1485:
During this time the United States became involved in the
2915:
Indigenous Continent: The Epic Contest of North America.
2887:
A Big History of North America, from Montezuma to Monroe.
2831:
Antisemitism in North America : New World, Old Hate.
1758:, with the Liberals forming another minority government.
1571:
1357:
Military history of the United States during World War II
350:
212:
Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
3020:
Conquest: Cortes, Montezuma, and the Fall of Old Mexico.
2761:
Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion.
2679:
Red, White and Black: The Peoples of Early North America
2128:
Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University
1899:. National Geographic Society. 1996–2008. Archived from
1651:
prompted the 20-year period of military intervention war
1112:
809:
in 1519, followed by many other settlements in colonial
3027:
Making North America: Trade, Security, and Integration.
2338:
2024:
3006:
American Civil Wars: A Continental History, 1850–1873.
2819:
Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1981.
2699:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
2225:. Vuntut National Park of Canada. 2008. Archived from
1897:"Atlas of the Human Journey – The Genographic Project"
1663:
From January 2007, drug war in Mexico evolved into an
2859:
First Across the Continent: Sir Alexander Mackenzie.
2798:
Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1971.
1017:, starting the Mexican War of Independence. In 1813,
1765:
629:
between North American people and the outside world
250:
along ice-free corridors that stretched between the
108:
Contemporary political/physical map of North America
97:
A composed satellite photograph of North America in
1081:in 1820. Likewise, Canada faced a division between
453:saw a changing environment featuring a warmer more
3013:American Colonies: The Settling of North America.
2782:Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial North America.
2589:
2492:
1456:introduced Cold War rivalries into Latin America.
266:of hundreds of meters following the last ice age.
3036:1951. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press, 2003.
2922:Ocean: A History of the Atlantic Before Columbus.
2882:Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2017,
2873:Here: A Biography of the New American Continent.
1689:In the 2016 United States presidential election,
1043:Canada under British Imperial control (1764–1867)
4596:
2716:( ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
2587:
933:from the fur-trading companies, and the English
851:The first permanent English settlements were at
3001:Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971.
2987:Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966.
2980:Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968.
2624:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2286:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2223:"Pleistocene Archaeology of the Old Crow Flats"
1682:was declared formally over once the troops had
1645:The optimism of the 1990s was shattered by the
957:, which had been "reserved" for them under the
561:. The Mayan culture was still present when the
2950:Water in North American Environmental History.
2938:Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2018.
2279:
1527:Both the United States and Canada experienced
1470:
671:, Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada. All of
195:
4193:
4097:
3365:
3084:
3053:Williams, Glyndwr and William H. Goetzmann.
2945:1st ed. University of California Press, 2017.
2889:Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2022.
2852:The Colonization of North America, 1492–1783.
2617:Smith, Bruce D.; Yarnell, Richard A. (2009).
2385:. University of Chicago. 1958. Archived from
879:, and this gave rise to the beginning of the
4530:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
3446:Constitution of the United States of America
3098:
3050:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2023.
3029:Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014.
2868:Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009.
2861:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997.
2840:Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.
2812:New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.
2810:The Spanish Borderlands Frontier, 1513–1821.
2616:
1649:attacks of 2001 on the United States, which
1361:United States home front during World War II
277:, or more specifically what is known as the
4207:
2826:Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998.
2784:New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
2373:"Method and Theory in American Archaeology"
1622:History of the United States (2008–present)
1225:Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years
774:, although eventually other powers such as
4200:
4186:
4104:
4090:
3379:
3372:
3358:
3091:
3077:
2959:Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2021.
2934:Malotki, Ekkehart, and Ellen Dissanayake.
2493:Stuart B. Schwartz, Frank Salomon (1999).
2332:
2018:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1852:History of the west coast of North America
1667:with each year more deadly than the last.
2654:
2636:
2356:
2315:
2305:
1999:
1733:presidential Electoral College vote count
1606:Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement
1064:acquiring the massive Louisiana territory
897:Former colonies and territories in Canada
782:also received holdings on the continent.
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
4111:
3043:New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994.
2864:Brescia, Michael M., and John C. Super.
2847:New Haven: Yale University Press, 2023.
2824:Asylum for Mankind': America, 1607–1800.
2805:New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
2694:The World Economy: Historical Statistics
2690:
2407:. Genebase Systems. 2008. Archived from
2393:
2365:
2076:
1867:History of the US States and Territories
1857:Histories of cities in the United States
1618:History of the United States (1991–2008)
1545:History of the United States (1980–1991)
1477:History of the United States (1964–1980)
1409:History of the United States (1945–1964)
1233:History of the United States (1918–1945)
1175:History of the United States (1865–1918)
1119:History of the United States (1849–1865)
1089:communities that led to the outbreak of
1050:
1039:History of the United States (1789–1849)
916:
725:
616:
489:
287:
285:exist, including migration from Europe.
215:
103:
92:
2964:Environmental Justice in North America.
2941:McNeill, J. R., and George Vrtis, eds.
2903:New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2001.
2714:Empire : a very short introduction
2405:Wendy Tymchuk – Senior Technical Editor
2250:
2248:
1884:
601:
588:
329:to Asian peoples, specifically eastern
14:
4597:
3041:The Spanish Frontier in North America.
2581:
2564:
2526:
2520:
2458:
2452:
785:Settlement by the Spanish started the
746:16th century in North American history
371:Pre-Columbian era § North America
4181:
4085:
3727:Organization of American States (OAS)
3353:
3072:
2596:. Short Hills NJ: Enslow Publishers.
2280:Bonatto, S.L.; Salzano, F.M. (1997).
1975:"North American Free Trade Agreement"
1847:History of the Southern United States
1430:. In Canada this was mirrored by the
1183:Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)
1113:Conflict, confederation, and invasion
1055:1844 Map of North America, after the
893:Colonial history of the United States
787:European colonization of the Americas
732:European colonization of the Americas
387:Native Americans in the United States
375:Timeline of North American prehistory
3440:American Declaration of Independence
2817:Russia in Pacific Waters, 1715–1825.
2773:Anderson, Fred, and Andrew Cayton.
2763:New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996.
2711:
2558:
2245:
2196:. Parks Canada. 2009. Archived from
2142:
1448:The Caribbean saw the beginnings of
1276:, riots broke out on the streets of
1168:
1131:Second French intervention in Mexico
871:respectively. Further to the south,
530:and bison-hunting were important to
364:
28:
3654:Countries and dependent territories
3057:Hoboken, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1992.
3022:New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994.
2896:New York: Simon and Schuster, 2008.
2770:New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997.
1632:North American Free Trade Agreement
613:Norse colonization of North America
572:In the Southwest of North America,
24:
2992:Seventeenth Century North America.
2752:
1979:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
1452:, while on the largest island the
855:(1607) (along with its satellite,
824:The first French settlements were
702:Almost 500 years after the Norse,
379:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
25:
4616:
2681:Los Angeles 2015. Chapter 1, p. 4
1725:stormed the United States Capitol
1611:
1301:
1218:
1157:In Mexico, conflicts such as the
4406:
4373:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3553:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
3214:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2999:Sixteenth Century North America.
2910:New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967.
2875:New York: Public Affairs, 2001.
2866:North America: An Introduction.
2401:"Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q"
1782:
1768:
1746:in 2021 to try and increase the
1626:History of Canada (1982–present)
1032:
875:became the main industry of the
653:is believed to have reached the
606:
458:generalization, for example the
33:
2739:
2730:
2705:
2684:
2671:
2610:
2486:
2426:
2358:10.1590/S1415-47571999000400001
2273:
2215:
2182:
1803:History of Western civilization
1581:In the United States president
1342:
943:Battle of the Plains of Abraham
886:
557:500 years before anyone in the
553:, and developed the concept of
409:geographic and biological zones
3008:New York: W. W. Norton, 2024.
2994:Berkeley: Turtle Island, 1980.
2588:Imbrie, J; K.P.Imbrie (1979).
2569:. University of Arkansas Press
2499:. Cambridge University Press.
2465:. Cambridge University Press.
2345:Genetics and Molecular Biology
2152:. May 10, 2017. Archived from
2116:
2112:https://theatredescascades.com
2070:
2045:
1993:
1967:
1915:
1289:Paris Peace Conference of 1919
1237:
1206:Newfoundland became a dominion
975:
451:Archaic period in the Americas
407:, which roughly correspond to
357:advances, resulting in a more
321:to classify cultural periods.
13:
1:
3015:New York: Viking Press, 2001.
2592:Ice Ages: Solving the Mystery
1877:
1549:History of Canada (1982–1992)
1481:History of Canada (1960–1981)
1467:and Hawaii became US states.
1413:History of Canada (1945–1960)
657:
3964:Philosophy (indigenous)
3339:United States Virgin Islands
2973:New York: D. Appleton, 1914.
2833:Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2016.
1815:
1670:Starting in early 2008, the
1534:
1337:Mexican Constitution of 1917
736:Exploration of North America
383:Indigenous peoples in Canada
114:Big history of North America
7:
3467:Mexican War of Independence
2924:London: Head of Zeus, 2024.
2917:New York: Liveright, 2022.
2535:University of Chicago Press
1862:History of cities in Mexico
1761:
1754:were mostly unchanged from
1471:Vietnam War and stagflation
1274:Conscription Crisis of 1917
994:Mexican War of Independence
675:were eventually abandoned.
621:Map of North America (1621)
196:Pre-Columbian North America
182:Mexican War of Independence
59:the claims made and adding
10:
4621:
3722:North American Union (NAU)
3584:Three Mile Island accident
3100:History of North America
2966:New York: Routledge, 2024.
2952:New York: Routledge, 2022.
2854:New York: Macmillan, 1920.
2462:Prehistory of the Americas
2412:(Verbal tutorial possible)
1827:History of Central America
1721:2020 presidential election
1615:
1597:to stimulate the economy.
1538:
1474:
1406:
1402:
1346:
1305:
1241:
1222:
1172:
1116:
1036:
1000:American Revolutionary War
979:
968:-ruled territories of the
959:Royal Proclamation of 1763
929:had taken over control of
890:
863:(1620), in what are today
795:conquered the Aztec empire
743:
729:
610:
368:
209:
199:
4548:
4515:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
4415:
4404:
4216:
4117:
4045:
3987:
3878:
3870:Universities and colleges
3853:
3846:
3795:
3762:
3758:
3749:
3712:
3703:
3644:
3635:
3388:
3314:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3232:
3106:
2892:Fischer, David Hackett.
2777:New York: Penguin, 2005.
2554:– via Google Books.
2516:– via Google Books.
2482:– via Google Books.
2459:Fiedel, Stuart J (1992).
2000:Burenhult, Göran (2000).
1559:Carlos Salinas de Gortari
1557:, in the early 1980s and
1322:Wall Street Crash of 1929
1010:as a separate community.
846:indigenous North American
158:Europeans began to arrive
4605:History of North America
4535:Turks and Caicos Islands
3398:Peopling of the Americas
3334:Turks and Caicos Islands
3032:Webb, Walter Prescott.
2691:Maddison, Angus (2003).
1842:History of the Caribbean
1832:History of Latin America
1738:Canadian Prime Minister
1665:actual military conflict
202:Peopling of the Americas
129:in the far north to the
3997:Countries by population
3959:Music (indigenous)
3737:Transatlantic relations
2985:The Early Spanish Main.
2808:Bannon, John Francis.
2638:10.1073/pnas.0901846106
2176:March 13, 2012, at the
1872:Local history in Canada
1798:History of the Americas
1006:led to the creation of
1004:United Empire Loyalists
663:, naming the discovery
442:, nor were they always
293:Folsom projectile point
99:orthographic projection
4450:British Virgin Islands
3487:Canadian Confederation
3264:British Virgin Islands
2906:Goetzmann, William H.
2885:Fernlund, Kevin Jon.
2822:Baseler, Marilyn C. '
2791:New York: Knopf, 1986.
2712:Howe, Stephen (2002).
2307:10.1073/pnas.94.5.1866
1837:History of New England
1595:trickle down economics
1379:attack on Pearl Harbor
1353:Canada in World War II
1282:First day on the Somme
1127:Canadian Confederation
1059:
922:
909:French and Indian Wars
832:(1608) in what is now
708:Giovanni da Verrazzano
655:Island of Newfoundland
649:in 985 CE. Erik's son
622:
503:
337:, the distribution of
295:
228:
222:early human migrations
186:Canadian Confederation
109:
101:
18:North American history
4363:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3477:California Gold Rush
3428:British North America
3413:European colonization
3204:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2931:New York: Ecco, 2012.
2745:Ward 1997, pp. 97–132
2736:Kane 1999, pp. 81–103
2527:Pielou, E.C. (1991).
1756:2019 federal election
1752:2021 federal election
1638:became the first non-
1522:Pierre Elliot Trudeau
1499:Vietnam People's Army
1443:"El Milagro Mexicano"
1434:and the emergence of
1421:Civil rights movement
1248:Canada in World War I
1135:The secession of the
1068:fought unsuccessfully
1054:
990:Industrial Revolution
955:Appalachian Mountains
925:By the year 1663 the
920:
760:establish settlements
744:Further information:
726:European colonization
620:
524:Plains Village period
493:
468:Poverty Point culture
369:Further information:
291:
241:Quaternary glaciation
219:
107:
96:
4112:History by continent
3717:American imperialism
3472:Mexican–American War
3064:Penguin Books, 2012.
2969:Russell, Israel C.
2850:Bolton, Herbert E.
2801:Balmer, Randall H.
2794:Bakewell, Peter J.
2766:Ambrose, Stephen E.
2260:Brad Shaw Foundation
2256:"Journey of mankind"
2194:Government of Canada
1809:Making North America
1576:"se cayĂł el sistema"
1509:on April 30 and the
1365:SS Potrero del Llano
1163:Second French Empire
1103:American imperialism
1099:Mexican–American War
1091:civil strife in 1837
1057:Mexican American War
1047:Mexican–American War
881:Atlantic slave trade
685:Christopher Columbus
645:founded a colony on
602:Arrival of Europeans
589:Population estimates
331:Siberian populations
327:indigenous Americans
283:alternative theories
279:late glacial maximum
237:Beringia land bridge
226:Out of Africa theory
156:(starting in 1492),
154:Christopher Columbus
4540:U.S. Virgin Islands
4383:Trinidad and Tobago
4228:Antigua and Barbuda
3452:American Revolution
3219:Trinidad and Tobago
3114:Antigua and Barbuda
3034:The Great Frontier.
2913:Hämäläinen, Pekka.
2878:Echenberg, Myron.
2871:DePalma, Anthony.
2701:. pp. 81, 114.
2298:1997PNAS...94.1866B
2229:on October 22, 2008
2156:on October 10, 2012
2057:Scientific American
2004:. Weltbild Verlag.
2002:Die ersten Menschen
1945:10.1038/nature22065
1937:2017Natur.544..479H
1729:unsuccessful effort
1564:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas
1555:Miguel de la Madrid
1553:Mexican presidents
1445:(Mexican miracle).
1109:and the Southwest.
1101:in 1846 that began
1079:Missouri Compromise
1023:Congress of Anáhuac
982:American Revolution
951:Pontiac's Rebellion
817:, Central America,
753:settler colonialism
532:Great Plains tribes
359:sedentary lifestyle
343:genetic composition
335:linguistic dialects
323:Scientific evidence
275:last glacial period
178:American Revolution
152:and the voyages of
4293:Dominican Republic
4014:indigenous peoples
3777:Telecommunications
3590:Iran–Contra affair
3524:Stock market crash
3492:Mexican Revolution
3457:Louisiana Purchase
3154:Dominican Republic
3025:Thompson, James.
2955:Pyne, Stephen J.
2948:Melosi, Martin V.
2787:Bailyn, Bernard.
2130:. January 26, 2009
2079:American Antiquity
2033:on January 5, 2009
1562:Leftist candidate
1463:US territories of
1436:Quebec nationalism
1229:Mexican Revolution
1179:Reconstruction era
1165:to invade Mexico.
1137:Confederate States
1123:American Civil War
1060:
1019:JosĂ© MarĂa Morelos
986:Haitian Revolution
923:
873:plantation slavery
720:St. Lawrence River
673:the Norse colonies
669:L'Anse aux Meadows
625:There was limited
623:
504:
313:tools are used by
296:
229:
150:Age of Exploration
142:Norse colonization
110:
102:
44:possibly contains
4592:
4591:
4175:
4174:
4079:
4078:
4041:
4040:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3745:
3744:
3699:
3698:
3626:COVID-19 pandemic
3408:Pre-Columbian era
3347:
3346:
3236:other territories
3039:Weber, David J.
2857:Bough, Barry M.
2843:Blackhawk, Ned.
2815:Barratt, Glynn.
2759:Aldrich, Robert.
2723:978-0-19-280223-1
2631:(16): 6561–6566.
2603:978-0-226-66811-6
2544:978-0-226-66812-3
2506:978-0-521-63075-7
2472:978-0-521-42544-5
2389:on June 28, 2012.
2200:on April 24, 2011
2011:978-3-8289-0741-6
1931:(7651): 479–483.
1822:American Old West
1699:COVID-19 pandemic
1608:in January 1989.
1497:on April 17, the
1272:. In the ensuing
1252:As a part of the
1198:Numbered Treaties
1169:Late 19th century
1095:Republic of Texas
905:Thirteen Colonies
683:, Italian sailor
539:Maya civilization
508:Eastern Woodlands
365:Pre-Columbian era
355:lithic technology
303:projectile points
231:The specifics of
161:European powers:
89:
88:
81:
46:original research
16:(Redirected from
4612:
4577:Hispanic America
4505:Saint Barthélemy
4465:Falkland Islands
4410:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4179:
4178:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4083:
4082:
4054:
3851:
3850:
3803:GDP (per capita)
3760:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3710:
3709:
3642:
3641:
3596:Chiapas conflict
3559:Civil Rights Act
3530:Great Depression
3514:Roaring Twenties
3374:
3367:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3304:Saint Barthélemy
3234:Dependencies and
3107:Sovereign states
3093:
3086:
3079:
3070:
3069:
3060:Woodard, Colin.
2962:Rosier, Paul C.
2836:Black, Jeremy.
2746:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2688:
2682:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2658:
2640:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2595:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2414:on June 22, 2010
2413:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2319:
2309:
2292:(5): 1866–1871.
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2186:
2180:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1893:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1459:In 1959 the non-
1454:Cuban Revolution
1432:Quiet Revolution
1312:Great Depression
1308:Roaring Twenties
1270:French Canadians
1152:British Columbia
935:charter colonies
681:Age of Discovery
662:
659:
578:Ancestral Pueblo
551:complex calendar
440:material culture
421:agriculturalists
413:hunter-gatherers
345:as reflected by
84:
77:
73:
70:
64:
61:inline citations
37:
36:
29:
21:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4560:Central America
4544:
4419:
4411:
4402:
4219:
4212:
4208:History of the
4206:
4176:
4171:
4113:
4110:
4080:
4075:
4057:
4050:
4037:
4033:Life expectancy
3983:
3874:
3834:
3791:
3741:
3732:Pan-Americanism
3695:
3631:
3620:Great Recession
3602:NAFTA agreement
3548:Mexican miracle
3497:Progressive Era
3384:
3378:
3348:
3343:
3237:
3235:
3228:
3102:
3097:
3067:
3046:West, Elliott.
3018:Thomas, Hugh.
3011:Taylor, Alan.
3004:Taylor, Alan.
2997:Sauer, Carl O.
2990:Sauer, Carl O.
2983:Sauer, Carl O.
2978:Northern Mists.
2976:Sauer, Carl O.
2920:Haywood, John.
2899:Flannery, Tim.
2780:Axtell, James.
2755:
2753:Further reading
2750:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2710:
2706:
2689:
2685:
2676:
2672:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2382:Philip Phillips
2371:
2370:
2366:
2337:
2333:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2232:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2203:
2201:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2178:Wayback Machine
2159:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2027:"Paleoamerican"
2023:
2019:
2012:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1981:. June 28, 2023
1973:
1972:
1968:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1885:
1880:
1818:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1731:to disrupt the
1695:Hillary Clinton
1672:Great Recession
1628:
1616:Main articles:
1614:
1568:Lázaro Cárdenas
1551:
1539:Main articles:
1537:
1517:on December 2.
1483:
1475:Main articles:
1473:
1423:
1407:Main articles:
1405:
1375:
1347:Main articles:
1345:
1318:
1306:Main articles:
1304:
1250:
1242:Main articles:
1240:
1235:
1223:Main articles:
1221:
1189:
1173:Main articles:
1171:
1133:
1117:Main articles:
1115:
1049:
1037:Main articles:
1035:
996:
980:Main articles:
978:
915:
891:Main articles:
889:
815:Spanish Florida
776:the Netherlands
748:
742:
730:Main articles:
728:
716:Jacques Cartier
660:
615:
609:
604:
591:
569:further north.
484:wild vegetables
425:language family
417:horticulturists
393:
367:
319:anthropologists
301:, particularly
260:primitive boats
214:
208:
200:Main articles:
198:
85:
74:
68:
65:
50:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4618:
4608:
4607:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4520:Sint Eustatius
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4455:Cayman Islands
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4413:
4412:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
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4375:
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4295:
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4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
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4255:
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4230:
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4222:
4214:
4213:
4205:
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4197:
4190:
4182:
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4159:
4153:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4086:
4077:
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4068:
4063:
4056:
4055:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4019:classification
4006:
4005:
4004:
3993:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
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3925:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
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3900:
3895:
3884:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3854:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3825:Internet users
3822:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3787:Transportation
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3666:Extreme points
3663:
3662:
3661:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3616:(2001–present)
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3565:Apollo program
3562:
3556:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383: articles
3377:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3324:Sint Eustatius
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3269:Cayman Islands
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3096:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3073:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2971:North America.
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2927:Hyde, Anne F.
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2722:
2704:
2683:
2677:Nash, Gary B.
2670:
2609:
2602:
2580:
2557:
2543:
2519:
2505:
2485:
2471:
2451:
2425:
2392:
2364:
2331:
2272:
2244:
2214:
2190:"Introduction"
2181:
2141:
2115:
2091:10.2307/279189
2069:
2044:
2017:
2010:
1992:
1966:
1914:
1903:on May 1, 2011
1882:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
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1834:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1779:
1776:History portal
1763:
1760:
1740:Justin Trudeau
1613:
1612:Recent history
1610:
1602:Brian Mulroney
1536:
1533:
1513:'s capture of
1493:'s capture of
1472:
1469:
1450:decolonization
1428:race relations
1404:
1401:
1394:Gulf of Mexico
1344:
1341:
1324:combined with
1303:
1302:Interwar years
1300:
1254:British Empire
1239:
1236:
1220:
1219:World Wars era
1217:
1202:two rebellions
1170:
1167:
1141:reconstruction
1114:
1111:
1034:
1031:
1015:Miguel Hidalgo
1008:English Canada
977:
974:
970:Spanish Empire
888:
885:
848:ways of life.
799:Spanish Empire
740:Spanish Empire
727:
724:
611:Main article:
608:
605:
603:
600:
590:
587:
543:writing system
366:
363:
349:data, such as
315:archaeologists
271:eastern Alaska
264:sea level rise
197:
194:
87:
86:
41:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4617:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4585:
4584:
4583:South America
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4572:Latin America
4570:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4554:North America
4551:
4550:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4470:French Guiana
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4409:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4388:United States
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
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4351:
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4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
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4309:
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4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
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4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4215:
4211:
4203:
4198:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4136:South America
4134:
4132:
4131:North America
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4107:
4102:
4100:
4095:
4093:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4009:Ethnic groups
4007:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
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3894:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3831:
3830:Minimum wages
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
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3748:
3738:
3735:
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3728:
3725:
3723:
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3718:
3715:
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3708:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3659:by population
3657:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3614:War on terror
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
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3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
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3463:
3460:
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3455:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:Turtle Island
3433:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3403:Paleo-Indians
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3381:North America
3375:
3370:
3368:
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3257:
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3224:United States
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2455:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2378:Gordon Willey
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2100:
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2080:
2073:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1873:
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1868:
1865:
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1796:
1795:
1791:
1790:Canada portal
1780:
1777:
1766:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1744:snap election
1741:
1736:
1734:
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1700:
1696:
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1637:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1591:privatization
1588:
1584:
1583:Ronald Reagan
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1546:
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1414:
1410:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1373:EscuadrĂłn 201
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1333:
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1327:
1323:
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1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1213:Porfirio DĂaz
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1142:
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1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:Expansion era
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
995:
991:
987:
983:
973:
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
938:
936:
932:
928:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:Massachusetts
866:
862:
859:in 1609) and
858:
854:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:Hernán Cortés
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
747:
741:
737:
733:
723:
721:
717:
713:
710:explored the
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
676:
674:
670:
666:
656:
652:
651:Leif Eriksson
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
619:
614:
607:Early contact
599:
595:
586:
584:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:huge pyramids
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:domestication
513:
509:
501:
497:
492:
488:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:Plains Arctic
469:
465:
461:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:culture areas
402:
399:, from small
398:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:lithic flaked
308:
304:
300:
294:
290:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:Paleo-Indians
227:
224:based on the
223:
218:
213:
207:
206:Paleo-Indians
203:
193:
189:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
106:
100:
95:
91:
83:
80:
72:
62:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
4581:
4553:
4552:
4525:Sint Maarten
4510:Saint Martin
4417:Dependencies
4130:
3989:Demographics
3952:Social media
3905:Architecture
3796:Countries by
3608:9/11 attacks
3536:World War II
3519:Cristero War
3389:
3329:Sint Maarten
3309:Saint Martin
3099:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2741:
2732:
2713:
2707:
2692:
2686:
2678:
2673:
2628:
2622:
2612:
2591:
2583:
2573:November 18,
2571:. Retrieved
2560:
2550:November 18,
2548:. Retrieved
2529:
2522:
2512:November 17,
2510:. Retrieved
2495:
2488:
2478:November 18,
2476:. Retrieved
2461:
2454:
2442:. Retrieved
2438:ScienceDaily
2437:
2428:
2418:November 21,
2416:. Retrieved
2409:the original
2404:
2395:
2387:the original
2376:
2367:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2265:November 17,
2263:. Retrieved
2259:
2238:
2231:. Retrieved
2227:the original
2217:
2209:
2202:. Retrieved
2198:the original
2193:
2184:
2165:
2160:November 18,
2158:. Retrieved
2154:the original
2144:
2134:November 17,
2132:. Retrieved
2127:
2118:
2085:(1): 55–69.
2082:
2078:
2072:
2062:November 17,
2060:. Retrieved
2056:
2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2031:the original
2020:
2001:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1978:
1969:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1901:the original
1807:
1737:
1717:Donald Trump
1710:
1691:Donald Trump
1688:
1676:Barack Obama
1669:
1662:
1644:
1629:
1599:
1587:Soviet Union
1580:
1575:
1552:
1526:
1519:
1484:
1458:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1424:
1398:
1391:
1376:
1349:World War II
1343:World War II
1334:
1319:
1316:Cristero War
1297:
1291:that shaped
1286:
1266:conscription
1251:
1210:
1190:
1156:
1145:
1134:
1076:
1061:
1012:
997:
963:
939:
927:French crown
924:
887:Colonial era
850:
823:
813:, including
784:
757:
752:
749:
701:
693:Ferdinand II
677:
643:Erik the Red
624:
596:
592:
571:
567:Aztec Empire
541:developed a
536:
505:
448:
437:
394:
297:
268:
230:
190:
175:
139:
113:
111:
90:
75:
66:
43:
26:
4495:Puerto Rico
4422:territories
4368:Saint Lucia
4303:El Salvador
4028:Immigration
3919:Mass media
3767:Agriculture
3544:(1947–1991)
3538:(1939–1945)
3510:(1918–1920)
3508:Spanish flu
3504:(1914–1918)
3502:World War I
3462:War of 1812
3299:Puerto Rico
3209:Saint Lucia
3159:El Salvador
2233:January 10,
2037:January 15,
1636:Vicente Fox
1529:stagflation
1491:Khmer Rouge
1487:Vietnam War
1369:Faja de Oro
1260:attacks at
1244:World War I
1238:World War I
1194:Indian Wars
1072:War of 1812
1025:signed the
976:Revolutions
947:Quebec City
877:West Indies
834:Nova Scotia
830:Quebec City
828:(1604) and
805:founded by
661: 1000
631:before 1492
528:agriculture
512:Mesoamerica
433:Uto-Aztecan
391:Mesoamerica
339:blood types
299:Stone tools
256:Cordilleran
245:Pleistocene
4490:Montserrat
4485:Martinique
4480:Guadeloupe
4278:Costa Rica
4142:Antarctica
3943:Newspapers
3933:Video game
3928:Television
3863:endangered
3813:per capita
3578:Oil crisis
3423:New France
3294:Montserrat
3289:Martinique
3284:Guadeloupe
3139:Costa Rica
2351:(4): 461.
2204:January 9,
1907:October 6,
1878:References
1684:pulled out
1572:IBM AS/400
1511:Pathet Lao
1495:Phnom Penh
1461:contiguous
1258:poison gas
1187:Porfiriato
1159:Reform War
1107:California
931:New France
901:New France
826:Port Royal
819:New Mexico
712:East Coast
704:John Cabot
689:Isabella I
429:Athapascan
252:Laurentide
210:See also:
119:Bering Sea
53:improve it
4565:Caribbean
4475:Greenland
4398:Venezuela
4343:Nicaragua
4313:Guatemala
4233:Argentina
4218:Sovereign
4166:Australia
3947:magazines
3915:Etiquette
3898:Sculpture
3858:Languages
3686:Mountains
3637:Geography
3570:Apollo 11
3482:Civil War
3418:New Spain
3279:Greenland
3194:Nicaragua
3169:Guatemala
2444:April 10,
2107:162243347
1953:1476-4687
1816:By region
1742:called a
1713:Joe Biden
1711:In 2020,
1600:Canada's
1566:, son of
1535:The 1980s
1515:Vientiane
1208:in 1907.
913:New Spain
853:Jamestown
842:Fur Trade
811:New Spain
791:Caribbean
647:Greenland
559:Old World
498:ruins of
460:Southwest
347:molecular
341:, and in
248:megafauna
146:Greenland
57:verifying
4599:Category
4430:Anguilla
4378:Suriname
4353:Paraguay
4328:Honduras
4288:Dominica
4273:Colombia
4243:Barbados
4210:Americas
4127:Americas
4061:Category
3969:Religion
3893:Painting
3705:Politics
3542:Cold War
3244:Anguilla
3179:Honduras
3149:Dominica
3124:Barbados
2665:19366669
2647:40482136
2174:Archived
1985:April 4,
1961:28447646
1762:See also
1748:Liberals
1680:Iraq War
1417:Cold War
1295:Europe.
1293:interwar
1278:Montreal
1148:Dominion
1021:and the
865:Virginia
861:Plymouth
803:Veracruz
549:, had a
545:, built
502:, Mexico
500:Palenque
487:groups.
397:polities
307:scrapers
180:and the
69:May 2019
4460:Curaçao
4445:Bonaire
4440:Bermuda
4393:Uruguay
4333:Jamaica
4308:Grenada
4298:Ecuador
4253:Bolivia
4238:Bahamas
4162:Oceania
4147:Eurasia
4052:Outline
4002:density
3979:Symbols
3910:Cuisine
3880:Culture
3847:Society
3782:Tourism
3751:Economy
3676:Islands
3671:Geology
3628:(2020–)
3598:(1990s)
3592:(1980s)
3532:(1930s)
3390:History
3274:Curaçao
3259:Bonaire
3254:Bermuda
3184:Jamaica
3164:Grenada
3119:Bahamas
2656:2666091
2326:9050871
2294:Bibcode
1933:Bibcode
1503:capture
1403:Postwar
1326:drought
1087:English
966:viceroy
857:Bermuda
768:England
697:Bahamas
665:Vinland
639:Vikings
627:contact
583:extinct
574:Hohokam
563:Spanish
419:, some
415:, some
220:Map of
163:England
123:settled
51:Please
4348:Panama
4338:Mexico
4318:Guyana
4263:Canada
4258:Brazil
4248:Belize
4220:states
4151:Europe
4122:Africa
4066:Portal
3974:Sports
3772:Energy
3691:Rivers
3649:Cities
3622:(2008)
3610:(2001)
3604:(1994)
3586:(1979)
3580:(1973)
3572:(1969)
3561:(1964)
3555:(1963)
3526:(1929)
3448:(1787)
3442:(1776)
3199:Panama
3189:Mexico
3134:Canada
3129:Belize
2720:
2663:
2653:
2645:
2600:
2541:
2503:
2469:
2440:. 2001
2324:
2314:
2171:page 2
2167:broken
2105:
2099:279189
2097:
2008:
1959:
1951:
1925:Nature
1727:in an
1655:invade
1624:, and
1547:, and
1507:Saigon
1465:Alaska
1419:, and
1387:Dieppe
1383:Allies
1371:, and
1330:Canada
1314:, and
1231:, and
1200:, but
1185:, and
1129:, and
1083:French
1045:, and
992:, and
911:, and
840:. The
838:Quebec
780:Sweden
772:France
770:, and
738:, and
520:squash
478:, and
476:Dalton
464:Arctic
444:allies
427:(e.g.
389:, and
325:links
169:, and
167:France
135:Aztecs
131:Mayans
4435:Aruba
4323:Haiti
4268:Chile
3938:Radio
3681:Lakes
3249:Aruba
3174:Haiti
2643:JSTOR
2317:20009
2103:S2CID
2095:JSTOR
1703:Delta
1541:1980s
1262:Ypres
764:Spain
635:Norse
496:Mayan
480:Plano
401:bands
171:Spain
127:Inuit
4500:Saba
4420:and
4358:Peru
4283:Cuba
4156:Asia
4071:Maps
3945:and
3923:Film
3319:Saba
3144:Cuba
2718:ISBN
2661:PMID
2598:ISBN
2575:2009
2552:2009
2539:ISBN
2514:2009
2501:ISBN
2480:2009
2467:ISBN
2446:2010
2420:2009
2380:and
2322:PMID
2267:2009
2240:ago.
2235:2010
2206:2010
2162:2009
2136:2009
2064:2009
2039:2009
2006:ISBN
1987:2024
1957:PMID
1949:ISSN
1909:2009
1706:cron
1701:and
1658:Iraq
1647:9/11
1593:and
1479:and
1246:and
1085:and
867:and
836:and
793:and
778:and
691:and
576:and
555:zero
510:and
494:The
455:arid
449:The
317:and
305:and
254:and
204:and
133:and
112:The
3888:Art
3820:HDI
3808:PPP
2651:PMC
2633:doi
2629:106
2353:doi
2312:PMC
2302:doi
2087:doi
1941:doi
1929:544
1719:in
1640:PRI
1505:of
1501:'s
945:at
637:or
435:).
431:or
351:DNA
55:by
4601::
2697:.
2659:.
2649:.
2641:.
2627:.
2621:.
2537:.
2533:.
2436:.
2403:.
2375:.
2349:22
2347:.
2343:.
2320:.
2310:.
2300:.
2290:94
2288:.
2284:.
2258:.
2247:^
2237:.
2208:.
2192:.
2164:.
2126:.
2101:.
2093:.
2083:44
2081:.
2055:.
1977:.
1955:.
1947:.
1939:.
1927:.
1886:^
1735:.
1686:.
1660:.
1620:,
1543:,
1438:.
1415:,
1411:,
1367:,
1363:,
1359:,
1355:,
1351:,
1339:.
1332:.
1310:,
1284:.
1227:,
1215:.
1181:,
1177:,
1125:,
1121:,
1041:,
988:,
984:,
961:.
907:,
903:,
899:,
895:,
883:.
766:,
734:,
722:.
699:.
658:c.
641:.
534:.
526:,
474:,
470:,
466:,
462:,
446:.
385:,
381:,
377:,
373:,
361:.
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4201:e
4194:t
4187:v
4168:)
4164:(
4158:)
4149:(
4138:)
4129:(
4105:e
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3373:e
3366:t
3359:v
3092:e
3085:t
3078:v
2726:.
2667:.
2635::
2606:.
2577:.
2448:.
2422:.
2361:.
2355::
2328:.
2304::
2296::
2269:.
2138:.
2109:.
2089::
2066:.
2041:.
2014:.
1989:.
1963:.
1943::
1935::
1911:.
82:)
76:(
71:)
67:(
49:.
20:)
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