148:
221:
instance, "tave" can be read easily due to the number of its friendly words such as cave, pave, and wave. Also, when written down, a pseudoword does not include strings of characters that are not permissible in the spelling of the target language. "Vonk" is a pseudoword in
English, while "dfhnxd" is not. The latter is an example of a nonword. Nonwords are contrasted with pseudowords in that they are not pronounceable and by that their spelling could not be the spelling of a real word.
299:, a phenomenon where non-words that are similar orthographically to real words give rise to more confusion, or "hits and false alarms," than other real words which are also similar in orthography. The reasoning behind this is focused on semantic meaning. Semantics help us more quickly differentiate between words that look similar, leading to the conclusion that the pseudoword effect is caused by a familiarity-based process.
319:. Those with reading disabilities have a more difficult time pronouncing pseudowords. Because pseudowords are made using common syllables, it might be obvious that trouble in pronouncing them would be connected to trouble pronouncing real words. From these findings, nonsense word fluency is now considered to be a basic early literacy indicator.
329:
There is evidence that suggests that higher scores on these tests, such as the Word-Pseudoword
Reading Competence Test are highly correlated with other more general standardized tests, such as the Test for School Achievement and its subtests. Pseudoword pronunciation and spelling are associated with
306:
has been associated with difficulties in processing pseudowords. In aphasia studies, they are often used to measure syllable frequency by having patients attempt to pronounce them. Also, patients with left hemisphere damage (LHD) tend to have significantly greater difficulty writing pseudowords than
387:
in his experiments on the learning of lists. His intention was that they would form a standard stimulus so that experiments would be reproducible. However, with increasing use it became apparent that different nonsense syllables were learned at very different rates, even when they had the same
220:
restrictions of a language. That is, it does not include sounds or series of sounds that do not exist in that language: it is easily pronounceable for speakers of the language. When reading pseudowords, some cite the need to reflect on the real words that are "friendly" and "unfriendly". For
409:", reflecting their three-letter structure. Obviously many other structures are possible, and can be described on the same principles, e.g. VC, VCV, CVCV. But the CVC trigrams have been studied most intensively; for example, Glaze determined association values for 2019 of them.
396:
Nonsense syllables can vary in structure. The most used are the so-called CVC syllables, composed of a consonant, a vowel, and a consonant. These have the advantage that nearly all are pronounceable, that is, they fit the phonotactics of any language that uses
392:
to describe these differences, which turned out to be reliable between people and situations. Since Glaze's time, experiments using nonsense syllables typically control association value in order to reduce variability in results between stimuli.
326:, shows high scores in pseudoword pronunciation being correlated with high scores in the reading of authentic words. Due to these findings, often pseudowords are used to train early readers to strengthen their morphological knowledge.
420:
but also in many other forms of vocal music. Although such usages do not invoke the technical issues about structure and associability that are of concern in psychology, the essential meaning of the term is the same.
232:
and combines them. Both methods evaluate certain criteria to compare the pseudoword to another real word. The more that a given pseudoword matches a word in terms of criteria, the stronger the word is.
654:
Ozubko, J. D.; Joordens, S. (2011). "The similarities (and familiarities) of pseudowords and extremely high-frequency words: Examining a familiarity-based explanation of the pseudoword effect".
816:
Souza, Cintia Alves de; Escare, Andrezza
Gonzalez; Lemos, Stela Maris Aguiar (2019). "Reading competence of words and pseudowords, school performance and listening skills in primary schools".
307:
those with right hemisphere damage. This specific deficit is known as the lexicality effect. It occurs in the presence of perisylvian, rather than extrasylvian, damage in the left hemisphere.
276:
would be applied by children to novel words. They revealed that even at a very young age, children have already internalized many of the complex features of their language.
177:
224:
Pseudowords are created in one of two ways. The first method involves changing at least one letter in a word. The second method uses various
871:
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17:
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Welge-Lüßen, Antje; Hauser, R.; Erdmann, J.; Schwob, Ch.; Probst, R. (2008). "Sprachaudiometrie mit
Logatomen*".
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Good, R. H.; Kaminski, R. A. (2002). "Dynamic indicators of basic early literacy skills: Nonsense word fluency".
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315:
In testing the ability of beginner readers, pseudowords are used due to their characteristics as pronounceable
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413:
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Pseudowords are also often used in studies involving aphasia and other cognitive deficits. Particularly
673:
Laganaro, M. (2008). "Is there syllable frequency effect in aphasia or in apraxia of speech or both?".
264:, were presented to children. The experimenter would then prompt the children to create a plural for
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872:"Reaching over the gap: A review of efforts to link human and automatic speech recognition research"
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131:
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77:, but there will often be an underlying deterministic source, as is the case for examples like
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general reading comprehension and, more importantly, general, education-based achievement.
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is a short pseudoword or just a syllable which is used in acoustic experiments to examine
8:
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Like other pseudowords, logatomes obey all the phonotactic rules of a specific language.
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which has no meaning of its own. Examples of
English logatomes are the nonsense words
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260:, which could have been a perfectly acceptable word in English but is not due to an
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is a unit of speech or text that appears to be an actual word in a certain
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690:"Acquired dysgraphia in adults following right or left-hemisphere stroke"
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42:, or even more narrowly a nonsense word, composed of a combination of
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Glaze, J. A. (1928). The association value of non-sense syllables.
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119:
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Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
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35:
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Henry, M. L.; Beeson, P. M.; Stark, A. J.; Rapcsak, S. Z. (2007).
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Experiments involving pseudonyms have led to the discovery of the
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51:
43:
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Rodrigues, J. C.; da
Fontoura, D. R.; de Salles, J. F. (2014).
553:. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media, B.V. p. 95.
442:
377:
225:
127:
108:
834:
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Stanovich, K. E. (2000). "Progress in understanding reading".
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is a short pseudoword consisting most of the time of just one
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38:, while in fact it has no meaning. It is a specific type of
739:"The role of left perisylvian cortical regions in spelling"
112:
99:
58:
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Pedagogical
Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology, 35
324:
Dynamic
Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS)
216:, a pseudoword is defined specifically as respecting the
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superficial structure. Glaze introduced the concept of
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The term nonsense syllable is widely used to describe
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experiments. They are also used in experiments in the
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Trezek, Beverly J.; Paul, Peter V.; Wang, Ye (2009).
73:
can be the result of (the interpretation of) a truly
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Institute for the Development of Educational Fluency
526:
Reading and Deafness: Theory, Research, and Practice
574:Keuleers, Emmanuel; Brysbaert, Marc (August 2010).
501:
Early Reading Assessment: A Practitioner's Handbook
633:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 120.
528:. New York: Delmar Cengage Learning. p. 212.
310:
272:. The experiments were designed to see if English
118:A string of nonsensical words may be described as
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169:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
917:. New York: Dover. (Originally published 1885.)
372:as a way to examine speech recognition. and in
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503:. New York: The Guilford Press. p. 138.
46:which nevertheless conform to the language's
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576:"Wuggy: A multilingual pseudoword generator"
383:Nonsense syllables were first introduced by
376:, especially the psychology of learning and
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322:A standardized test for beginning readers,
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200:Learn how and when to remove this message
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65:in a certain language or absent in any
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236:Pseudowords are also sometimes called
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405:. They are often described as "CVC
364:Logatomes are used in particular in
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549:Joshi, R. M.; Leong, C. K. (2013).
24:
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818:Audiology - Communication Research
414:non-lexical vocables used in music
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25:
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706:10.1590/S1980-57642014DN83000007
248:was one such pseudoword used by
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694:Dementia & Neuropsychologia
311:Pseudowords and reading ability
900:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-D1D3-6
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268:, which was almost invariably
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256:1958 experiments. Words like
244:experiments. This is because
107:published due to a mistake),
54:: utterable but meaningless.
891:10.1016/j.specom.2007.01.009
629:Slabakova, Roumyana (2016).
50:rules. It is thus a kind of
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755:10.1016/j.bandl.2006.06.011
631:Second Language Acquisition
424:
10:
1001:
580:Behavior Research Methods
499:Rathvon, Natalie (2004).
913:Ebbinghaus, H. (1964).
155:This section includes a
980:Experimental psychology
870:Scharenborg, O (2007).
374:experimental psychology
184:more precise citations.
975:Psychology of learning
965:Psychology experiments
837:Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie
401:, such as English and
370:psychology of learning
849:10.1055/s-2007-997389
970:Cognitive psychology
879:Speech Communication
677:. 1191–1200: 22(11).
592:10.3758/BRM.42.3.627
455:Language acquisition
475:Speaking in tongues
743:Brain and Language
416:, most notably in
385:Hermann Ebbinghaus
334:Nonsense syllables
291:Linguistic studies
285:speech recognition
250:Jean Berko Gleason
240:in the context of
157:list of references
89:(both coined in a
390:association value
344:nonsense syllable
297:pseudoword effect
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18:Nonsense syllable
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950:Linguistics
675:Aphasiology
460:Lorem ipsum
218:phonotactic
214:linguistics
182:introducing
80:jabberwocky
67:text corpus
48:phonotactic
985:Lexicology
944:Categories
933:, 255-269.
510:1572309849
486:References
190:April 2013
124:Word salad
105:ghost word
71:dictionary
61:lacking a
40:nonce word
32:pseudoword
955:Phonology
600:1554-351X
465:Neologism
317:non-words
238:wug words
132:coherence
128:syntactic
120:gibberish
788:Guilford
773:16890279
724:29213909
662:: 37(1).
608:20805584
425:See also
407:trigrams
366:acoustic
348:syllable
340:logatome
281:logatome
254:wug test
230:trigrams
44:phonemes
36:language
857:9172631
764:2362101
715:5619400
616:3671463
480:Terirem
431:Covfefe
252:in her
226:bigrams
212:Within
178:improve
109:ciphers
86:galumph
63:meaning
52:vocable
915:Memory
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443:Gostak
403:German
378:memory
111:, and
875:(PDF)
612:S2CID
356:bluck
352:snarp
163:, or
113:typos
59:words
57:Such
853:PMID
769:PMID
720:PMID
635:ISBN
604:PMID
596:ISSN
555:ISBN
530:ISBN
505:ISBN
270:wugs
228:and
100:dord
83:and
895:hdl
887:doi
845:doi
759:PMC
751:doi
747:100
710:PMC
702:doi
660:123
588:doi
354:or
342:or
266:wug
258:wug
246:wug
103:(a
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93:by
69:or
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