961:). Descriptive names are problematic, once that, if a taxon is split, it is not obvious which new group takes the existing name. Meanwhile, with typified names, the existing name is taken by the new group that still bears the type of this name. However, typified names present special problems for microorganisms.
677:, would provide a unified context for them, referring to them when necessary. Changes in the existing codes are slowly being made in the proposed directions. However, participants of the last serious discussion of the draft BioCode concluded that it would probably not be implemented in their lifetimes.
691:
Many authors encountered problems in using the
Linnean system in phylogenetic classification. In fact, early proponents of rank-based nomenclature, such as Alphonse de Candolle and the authors of the 1886 version of the American Ornithologists' Union code of nomenclature already envisioned that in
710:. This new approach requires using phylogenetic definitions that refer to "specifiers", analogous to "type" under rank-based nomenclature. Such definitions delimit taxa under a given phylogeny, and this kind of nomenclature does not require use of absolute ranks. The
1831:
1512:
Greuter, W.; Garrity, G.; Hawksworth, D. L.; Jahn, R.; Kirk, P. M.; Knapp, S.; McNeill, J.; Michel, E.; Patterson, D. J.; Pyle, R.; Tindall, B. J. (2011). "Draft BioCode (2011): Principles and rules regulating the naming of organisms".
2028:
Turland, N. J.; Wiersema, J. H.; Barry, F. R.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D. L.; Herendeen, P. S.; Knapp, S.; Kusber, W. H.; Li, D.-Z.; Marhold, K.; May, T. W.; McNeill, J.; Monro, A. M.; Prado, J.; Price, M. J.; Smith, G. F. (2018).
2006:
McNeill, J.; Barrie, F. R.; Buck, W. R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D. L.; Herendeen, P. S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W. F.; Smith, G. F.; Wiersema, J. H.; Turland, N. J. (2012).
1048:
36:
are the various rulebooks that govern the naming of living organisms. Standardizing the scientific names of biological organisms allows researchers to discuss findings (including the discovery of new species).
193:
With all naturalists worldwide adopting binominal nomenclature, there arose several schools of thought about the details. It became ever more apparent that a detailed body of rules was necessary to govern
1132:
1826:
Dubois, A. (2006). Proposed Rules for the incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked zoological taxa in the
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 2. The proposed Rules and their rationale.
918:
does not regulate names of taxa lower than subspecies or higher than superfamily. There are many attempts to introduce some order on the nomenclature of these taxa, including the
293:
629:
are used. The bacteriological code prefers living type cultures, but allows other kinds. There has been ongoing debate regarding which kind of type is more useful in a case like
215:
1032:
1795:
Elbrächter, M. et al. Establishing an Agenda for
Calcareous Dinoflagellates Research (Thoracosphaeraceae, Dinophyceae) including a nomenclatural synopsis of generic names.
2010:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011
51:, and other taxa of higher ranks, it may not be noticeable that there is more than one code, but beyond this basic level these are rather different in the way they work.
1044:
395:
started anew, making a clean sweep in 1980 (Skerman et al., "Approved Lists of
Bacterial Names"), although maintaining the original authors and dates of publication.
198:. From the mid-19th century onwards, there were several initiatives to arrive at worldwide-accepted sets of rules. Presently nomenclature codes govern the naming of:
2032:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017
362:
The starting point, that is the time from which these codes are in effect (usually retroactively), varies from group to group, and sometimes from rank to rank. In
309:
1880:"New concepts and methods for phylogenetic taxonomy and nomenclature in zoology, exemplified by a new ranked cladonomy of recent amphibians (Lissamphibia)"
662:
with an harmonization of them. The originally planned implementation date for the BioCode draft was
January 1, 2000, but agreement to replace the existing
325:
1144:
1639:
265:
185:
was a welcome simplification because as our knowledge of biodiversity expanded, so did the length of the names, many of which had become unwieldy.
651:
181:) containing many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus. The introduction of two-part names (binominal nomenclature) for species by
715:
336:
1005:
915:
245:
225:
1931:
Kluge, N. J. (1999). "A system of alternative nomenclatures of supra-species taxa. Linnaean and post-Linnaean principles of systematics".
1784:
1171:
647:
933:
is applied primarily to the ranks of superfamily and below. There are some rules for names above the rank of superfamily, but the
20:
1197:
2040:
2018:
1614:
1215:
1079:
1037:
2078:
40:
As the study of biology became increasingly specialized, specific codes were adopted for different types of organism.
605:
uses "valid" in "valid publication of a name" (=the act of publishing a formal name), with "establishing a name" as the
2092:
2056:
2114:
1232:
385:
1736:"The ambiregnal protists and the codes of nomenclature: A brief review of the problem and of proposed solutions"
489:
1140:
1000:
1670:
1090:
995:
601:
These codes differ in terminology, and there is a long-term project to "harmonize" this. For instance, the
2109:
43:
To an end-user who only deals with names of species, with some awareness that species are assignable to
946:
544:
410:
1304:
1859:
Dubois, Alain (2015). "The
Duplostensional Nomenclatural System for higher zoological nomenclature".
1800:
1045:"Article 5. Principle of Binominal Nomenclature | International Code of Zoological Nomenclature"
938:
703:
1847:
1337:
758:. The resulting double language throughout protist classification schemes resulted in confusion.
1689:"The PhyloCode : The logical outcome of millennia of evolution of biological nomenclature?"
1498:
1010:
975:
923:
118:
2070:
1918:
Klüge, N. J. (2010). Circumscriptional names of higher taxa in
Hexapoda. Bionomina, 1, 15-55,
1480:
980:
970:
934:
892:
707:
563:
521:
134:– distinguishes the species within the genus. For example, modern humans belong to the genus
60:
1407:. Fourth Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, UK. 306 pp.,
1167:
344:
2008:
8:
2084:
1541:
1078:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFInternational_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature1999 (
1036:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFInternational_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature1999 (
872:
1422:"A proposal for further integration of the cyanobacteria under the Bacteriological Code"
1716:
1662:
1640:"Phylogeny as a Central Principle in Taxonomy: Phylogenetic Definitions of Taxon Names"
1620:
1606:
1360:
1252:
888:
838:
66:
2119:
2036:
2014:
1997:
1980:
1901:
1720:
1708:
1624:
1610:
1596:
1443:
1211:
990:
852:
376:
320:
165:
148:
1133:"What's in a name? A history of taxonomy: Linnaeus and the birth of modern taxonomy"
85:, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a
1992:
1891:
1747:
1700:
1654:
1602:
1553:
1522:
1433:
1352:
1316:
1283:
1244:
1203:
1070:
1028:
826:
802:
718:, a monograph that includes a list of the first names established under that code.
493:
195:
48:
1583:
1571:
1481:"Chapter 2. The BioCode: Integrated biological Nomenclature for the 21st Century?"
864:
626:
1919:
81:
of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use
1461:
1408:
942:
930:
774:
762:
568:
170:
24:
1485:
Proceedings of a Mini-Symposium on
Biological Nomenclature in the 21st Century
1288:
1271:
2103:
1905:
1712:
950:
903:
899:
630:
457:
424:
402:
371:
182:
160:
82:
2030:
1896:
1879:
1199:
The Advent of PhyloCode: The Continuing Evolution of Biological Nomenclature
654:
International Committee on Bionomenclature (ICB) presented the long debated
2062:
1447:
1321:
1128:
822:
810:
798:
613:
uses "valid" in "valid name" (="correct name"), with "correct name" as the
533:
517:
503:
442:
406:
392:
142:
1752:
1438:
1421:
1207:
1878:
Dubois, Alain; Ohler, Annemarie; Pyron, R. Alexander (26 February 2021).
985:
814:
806:
794:
786:
778:
766:
478:
434:
692:
the future, rank-based nomenclature would have to be abandoned. Another
1666:
1557:
1526:
1364:
1256:
880:
860:
856:
848:
844:
830:
818:
790:
782:
507:
1704:
750:, and names for these have been published under either or both of the
1779:
Adl, S. M. et al. Diversity, Nomenclature, and Taxonomy of Protists.
919:
698:
686:
438:
284:
256:
1735:
1688:
1658:
1356:
1305:"The designation of official names for higher taxa of invertebrates"
1248:
1403:
ICZN - International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999).
770:
743:
735:
586:
581:
There are also differences in the way codes work. For example, the
367:
304:
1979:
Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Lara, Enrique; Mitchell, Edward A. D. (2012).
1086:
1074:
1426:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
884:
868:
727:
381:
288:
260:
78:
294:
Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes Described from Sequence Data
1087:"Glossary | International Code of Zoological Nomenclature"
949:. In some circumstances, a taxon has two possible names (e.g.,
876:
834:
559:
540:
363:
338:
The International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature
240:
216:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
206:
2013:. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG.
747:
739:
472:
453:
420:
332:
210:
202:
159:
introduction of this system of naming species is credited to
123:
44:
1511:
126:
to which the species belongs, whereas the second part – the
2035:. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books.
617:
equivalent. Harmonization is making very limited progress.
136:
1631:
1582:
Werner Greuter (2011) BioCode 2011. Explanatory prologue.
1598:
in Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria
1270:
Skerman, V. B. D.; McGowan, V.; Sneath, P. H. A. (1980).
1033:
Chapter 2, Article 5. Principle of Binominal Nomenclature
1842:
Frost, D. R. et al. (2006). The Amphibian Tree of Life.
1071:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999
1029:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999
310:
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
113:
a typographic error, meaning "two-name naming system".
109:, "binomi'N'al" with an "N" before the "al", which is
1022:
941:
is optional. These names may be either automatically
673:
was proposed that, instead of replacing the existing
2081:
with Standing in Nomenclature (1997), by J.P. Euzéby
1269:
326:
International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature
25:
International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature
1981:"Time to regulate microbial eukaryote nomenclature"
1501:. International Committee on Bionomenclature (ICB).
188:
101:; more informally it is also historically called a
1844:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
1637:
646:A more radical approach was made in 1997 when the
625:There are differences in respect of what kinds of
1570:DL Hawksworth (2011) BioCode 2011. Introduction.
266:International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes
2101:
1877:
1064:
922:, the Duplostensional Nomenclatural System, and
855:" organisms claimed by both protozoologists and
1584:http://www.bionomenclature.net/biocode2011.html
1572:http://www.bionomenclature.net/biocode2011.html
1075:Glossary – "binomen", "nomenclature, binominal"
585:(the code for algae, fungi and plants) forbids
445:), suprageneric names: 4 August 1789 (Jussieu,
89:(which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a
16:Rulebooks of taxonomic nomenclature, in biology
1638:de Queiroz, K.; Gauthier, J. (December 1990).
526:Monographie und Iconographie der Oedogoniaceen
275:International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
1576:
1564:
1405:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
714:took effect in 2020, with the publication of
246:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
235:International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature
352:
226:International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
488:Nostocaceae heterocysteae: 1 January 1886 (
1539:
702:, which now regulates names defined under
370:, the starting point is often 1 May 1753 (
152:is likely the most widely known binomial.
1996:
1985:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1895:
1751:
1437:
1320:
1287:
105:. In the ICZN, the system is also called
1871:
1302:
1230:
1191:
1189:
464:(treated as animals), and see below for
73:("two-term naming system"), also called
54:
1809:
1807:
1733:
1478:
1237:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
1113:Busby, Arthur III; et al. (1997).
543:excepted) and fungi: 31 December 1820 (
21:International Code of Area Nomenclature
2102:
1858:
1686:
1588:
1542:"Introducing the Draft BioCode (2011)"
1195:
721:
498:Révision des Nostocacées hétérocystées
481:homocysteae: 1 January 1892 (Gomont, "
423:(except Sphagnaceae): 1 January 1801 (
163:, effectively beginning with his work
1930:
1335:
1233:"A history of botanical nomenclature"
1186:
1112:
696:that was developed since 1998 is the
409:, suprageneric names: 4 August 1789 (
291:described from sequence data –
140:and within this genus to the species
1804:
1594:
1419:
1413:
1174:from the original on 17 October 2016
1121:
1093:from the original on 6 February 2023
879:claimed by both protozoologists and
1852:
1740:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
1601:(1 ed.). Wiley. p. 1-12.
1272:"Approved lists of bacterial names"
909:
658:, proposed to replace all existing
223:), which in July 2011 replaced the
13:
1607:10.1002/9781118960608.bm00004.pub2
1165:
1051:from the original on 29 March 2023
734:, have been considered to be both
384:, it is 1 January 1758 (Linnaeus,
14:
2131:
2050:
1479:McNeill, John (4 November 1996).
1127:
898:Other problematic groups are the
593:, (the animal code) allows them.
357:
116:The first part of the name – the
1998:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01962.x
1338:"Later starting points in algae"
1196:Laurin, Michel (3 August 2023).
937:does not apply to them, and the
189:Codification of Scientific Names
179:Illustrated exposition of plants
2059:at the Smithsonian Ocean Portal
1972:
1956:
1943:
1924:
1912:
1836:
1820:
1789:
1773:
1760:
1727:
1687:Laurin, Michel (23 July 2023).
1680:
1533:
1505:
1491:
1472:
1454:
1397:
1384:
1371:
1329:
169:in 1753. But as early as 1622,
77:, is a formal system of naming
1296:
1263:
1224:
1159:
1141:Natural History Museum, London
1106:
1001:List of taxa named by anagrams
924:circumscriptional nomenclature
636:
596:
273:), which in 2008 replaced the
1:
1016:
996:Glossary of scientific naming
2027:
2005:
1963:
1950:
1767:
1391:
1378:
1170:. Kyoto University Library.
1115:A Guide to Rocks and Fossils
680:
483:Monographie des Oscillariées
7:
964:
706:instead of the traditional
576:
10:
2136:
1540:Hawksworth, D. L. (2011).
1499:"The Draft BioCode (2011)"
684:
641:
58:
18:
2079:List of Prokaryotic names
2075:: the "green book" (1999)
1978:
1814:
1289:10.1099/00207713-30-1-225
939:principle of typification
704:phylogenetic nomenclature
353:Differences between codes
1799:57, p. 1289–1303, 2008,
1303:Chitwood, B. G. (1958).
1168:"Pinax theatri botanici"
620:
2115:Biological nomenclature
1897:10.11646/megataxa.5.1.1
1734:Corliss, J. O. (1995).
1276:Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol
1006:Zoological nomenclature
761:Groups claimed by both
555:Exceptions in zoology:
173:introduced in his book
83:Latin grammatical forms
2067:: Shenzhen Code (2018)
1322:10.5962/bhl.part.19410
1231:Nicolson, Dan (1991).
1011:Tree of life (biology)
976:Botanical nomenclature
398:Exceptions in botany:
391:). On the other hand,
175:Pinax theatri botanici
107:binominal nomenclature
1753:10.5962/bhl.part.6717
1595:Oren, Aharon (2019).
1439:10.1099/ijs.0.03008-0
1420:Oren, Aharon (2004).
1336:Silva, P. C. (1958).
1208:10.1201/9781003092827
981:Chemical nomenclature
971:Binomial nomenclature
935:principle of priority
708:Linnaean nomenclature
71:binomial nomenclature
61:Binomial Nomenclature
55:Binomial Nomenclature
34:codes of nomenclature
1933:Entomological Review
1783:, p. 684-689, 2007,
1676:on 13 November 2017.
1432:(Pt. 5): 1895–1902.
873:labyrinthulomycetess
460:are governed by the
345:virus classification
2089:introduction (2011)
1964:Turland et al. 2018
1951:McNeill et al. 2012
1830:, 28 (1): 165‒258,
1768:McNeill et al. 2012
1392:Turland at al. 2018
1379:Turland et al. 2018
1309:Bull. Zool. Nomencl
839:chlorarachniophytes
732:ambiregnal protists
730:, sometimes called
722:Ambiregnal protists
669:In 2011, a revised
506:: 1 January 1848 (
75:binary nomenclature
2110:Nomenclature codes
1781:Systematic Biology
1647:Systematic Zoology
1558:10.1002/tax.601018
1527:10.1002/tax.601019
1147:on 18 October 2014
520:: 1 January 1900 (
512:British Desmidieae
321:Plant associations
233:) and the earlier
30:Nomenclature codes
2057:Biocode in Action
2042:978-3-946583-16-5
2020:978-3-87429-425-6
1705:10.1111/zsc.12625
1693:Zoologica Scripta
1616:978-1-118-96060-8
1217:978-1-003-09282-7
1166:Bauhin, Gaspard.
991:Gene nomenclature
957:; Hibberd, 1976,
947:descriptive names
851:forms and other "
827:choanoflagellates
813:), some monadoid
803:silicoflagellates
666:was not reached.
549:Flora der Vorwelt
377:Species plantarum
305:Cultivated plants
166:Species Plantarum
149:Tyrannosaurus rex
122:– identifies the
2127:
2046:
2024:
2002:
2000:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1856:
1850:
1840:
1834:
1824:
1818:
1815:Lahr et al. 2012
1811:
1802:
1793:
1787:
1777:
1771:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1669:. Archived from
1644:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1537:
1531:
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1488:
1476:
1470:
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1458:
1452:
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1441:
1417:
1411:
1401:
1395:
1394:, Article F.1.1)
1388:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1342:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
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1222:
1221:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1143:. Archived from
1125:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1083:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1041:
1026:
959:nom. typificatum
910:Unregulated taxa
865:plasmodiophorids
609:equivalent. The
447:Genera plantarum
429:Species muscorum
415:Genera plantarum
196:scientific names
132:specific epithet
2135:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2100:
2099:
2053:
2043:
2021:
1975:
1970:
1961:
1957:
1948:
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1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1876:
1872:
1857:
1853:
1841:
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1825:
1821:
1812:
1805:
1794:
1790:
1778:
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1761:
1732:
1728:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1659:10.2307/2992353
1642:
1636:
1632:
1617:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1569:
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1538:
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1510:
1506:
1497:
1496:
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1477:
1473:
1460:
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1455:
1418:
1414:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1372:
1357:10.2307/1216399
1340:
1334:
1330:
1301:
1297:
1268:
1264:
1249:10.2307/2399589
1229:
1225:
1218:
1194:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1126:
1122:
1111:
1107:
1096:
1094:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1054:
1052:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1019:
967:
953:Pascher, 1914,
916:zoological code
912:
902:(ICNP/ICN) and
775:dinoflagellates
763:protozoologists
724:
689:
683:
644:
639:
623:
599:
579:
387:Systema Naturae
360:
355:
191:
99:scientific name
95:binominal name,
63:
57:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2082:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2051:External links
2049:
2048:
2047:
2041:
2025:
2019:
2003:
1991:(3): 469–476.
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1955:
1942:
1923:
1911:
1870:
1851:
1835:
1819:
1803:
1788:
1772:
1770:, Preamble: 8)
1759:
1726:
1699:(6): 543–555.
1679:
1653:(4): 307–322.
1630:
1615:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1552:(1): 199–200.
1532:
1504:
1490:
1471:
1453:
1412:
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1383:
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1351:(7): 181–184.
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358:Starting point
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2016:
2012:
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2004:
1999:
1994:
1990:
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1982:
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1966:, Article 16)
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1953:, Article 16)
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1939:(2): 133–147.
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1202:. CRC Press.
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955:nom. descrip.
952:
951:Chrysophyceae
948:
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936:
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927:
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921:
917:
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904:Microsporidia
901:
900:Cyanobacteria
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828:
824:
823:prasinophytes
820:
816:
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811:proteromonads
808:
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631:cyanobacteria
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518:Oedogoniaceae
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451:
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403:Spermatophyta
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161:Carl Linnaeus
158:
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88:
87:binomial name
84:
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68:
62:
52:
50:
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41:
38:
35:
31:
26:
22:
2093:
2085:
2071:
2063:
2031:
2009:
1988:
1984:
1973:Bibliography
1958:
1945:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1914:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1846:297: 1–291,
1843:
1838:
1827:
1822:
1796:
1791:
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1729:
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1671:the original
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1279:
1275:
1265:
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1240:
1236:
1226:
1198:
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1161:
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1145:the original
1136:
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1114:
1108:
1095:. Retrieved
1066:
1053:. Retrieved
1024:
958:
954:
928:
913:
906:(ICZN/ICN).
897:
843:
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807:xanthophytes
795:chrysophytes
787:glaucophytes
779:cryptomonads
767:phycologists
760:
755:
751:
731:
725:
711:
697:
693:
690:
674:
670:
668:
663:
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655:
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624:
614:
610:
606:
602:
600:
590:
589:, while the
582:
580:
567:
554:
548:
534:
525:
511:
504:Desmidiaceae
497:
482:
465:
461:
446:
443:Anthocerotae
428:
414:
407:Pteridophyta
397:
393:bacteriology
386:
375:
361:
342:
337:
324:
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308:
298:
292:
278:
274:
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264:
250:
244:
234:
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224:
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141:
135:
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127:
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117:
115:
106:
102:
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39:
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28:
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1282:: 225–420.
986:Common name
889:blastoclads
881:mycologists
861:mycetozoans
857:mycologists
853:fungus-like
845:Slime molds
831:bicosoecids
815:green algae
791:heterokonts
783:haptophytes
637:Other codes
597:Terminology
479:Nostocaceae
441:(including
435:Sphagnaceae
2104:Categories
1828:Zoosystema
1017:References
891:, and the
849:plasmodial
177:(English,
103:Latin name
19:See also:
2094:PhyloCode
1906:2703-3090
1861:Dumerilia
1746:: 11–17.
1721:260224728
1713:0300-3256
1625:240836383
1137:NHM.ac.uk
920:PhyloCode
893:gut fungi
771:euglenids
716:Phylonyms
699:PhyloCode
687:PhyloCode
681:PhyloCode
587:tautonyms
545:Sternberg
539:, algae (
439:Hepaticae
343:see also
341:(ICVCN);
2120:Virology
1884:Megataxa
1867:: 1–108.
1448:15388760
1172:Archived
1097:29 March
1091:Archived
1055:29 March
1049:Archived
965:See also
885:chytrids
883:include
869:acrasids
859:include
769:include
754:and the
744:protozoa
736:protozoa
728:protists
577:Workings
562:: 1757 (
494:Flahault
372:Linnaeus
368:mycology
335:–
323:–
307:–
285:Bacteria
263:–
257:Bacteria
243:–
213:–
183:Linnaeus
67:taxonomy
49:families
2086:BioCode
1667:2992353
1468:. 1997.
1464:BioCode
1462:"Draft
1365:1216399
1257:2399589
1178:19 June
1151:17 June
835:ebriids
805:, some
793:(e.g.,
789:, many
671:BioCode
642:BioCode
560:Spiders
541:diatoms
411:Jussieu
382:zoology
333:Viruses
328:(ICPN).
299:SeqCode
289:Archaea
261:Archaea
241:Animals
91:binomen
79:species
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466:fossil
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364:botany
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1797:Taxon
1717:S2CID
1674:(PDF)
1663:JSTOR
1643:(PDF)
1621:S2CID
1546:Taxon
1515:Taxon
1361:JSTOR
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1253:JSTOR
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748:fungi
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740:algae
726:Some
675:Codes
664:Codes
660:Codes
627:types
621:Types
508:Ralfs
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315:ICNCP
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