6446:
6441:
136:
6469:
4293:
709:
113:
877:
of Rivera-Sylva and colleagues (2018), with clade names added by definition from Madzia et al. (2021). However, in 2023, Raven and colleagues proposed an alternate phylogeny for nodosaurids; instead of the traditional dichotomous split between nodosaurids and ankylosaurids, their analyses resulted in
740:, possessing small, leaf-shaped teeth. Unlike ankylosaurids, nodosaurids lacked mace-like tail clubs, instead having more flexible tail tips. Many nodosaurids had spikes projecting outward from their shoulders. One particularly well-preserved nodosaurid "mummy", the holotype of
882:
grade of these taxa comprising the monophyletic clades
Panoplosauridae, Polacanthidae and Struthiosauridae. These results are displayed in Topology B below. Corresponding clades are shown in matching colors for clarity, and ⊞ buttons can be clicked to expand nodes:
5083:
Soto-Acuña, Sergio; Vargas, Alexander O.; Kaluza, Jonatan; Leppe, Marcelo A.; Botelho, Joao F.; Palma-Liberona, José; Simon-Gutstein, Carolina; Fernández, Roy A.; Ortiz, Héctor; Milla, Verónica; Aravena, Bárbara (2021-12-01).
830:
was required as an internal specifier. In formally defining
Nodosauridae, Madzia and colleagues followed the previously established use for the clade, defining it as the largest clade including
4544:, and Weishampel, D. B. (2004). Chapter Seventeen: Ankylosauria. in The Dinosauria (2nd edition), Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P., and OsmĂłlska, H., editors. University of California Press.
3853:. The name has been significantly refined in content since Abel first used it to unite all quadrupedal, plate-armoured ornithischians, now including a significant number of taxa from the
746:, preserves a nearly complete set of armor in life position, as well as the keratin covering and mineralized remains of the underlying skin, which indicate reddish pigments in a
5338:
Arbour, V.M.; Zanno, L.E.; Gates, T. (2016). "Ankylosaurian dinosaur palaeoenvironmental associations were influenced by extirpation, sea-level fluctuation, and geodispersal".
4886:
Arbour, V.M.; Zanno, L.E.; Gates, T. (2016). "Ankylosaurian dinosaur palaeoenvironmental associations were influenced by extirpation, sea-level fluctuation, and geodispersal".
4393:
4281:
5147:
Riguetti, Facundo; Pereda-Suberbiola, Xabier; Ponce, Denis; Salgado, Leonardo; ApesteguĂa, Sebastián; Rozadilla, Sebastián; Arbour, Victoria (2022-12-31).
4921:
Riguetti, Facundo; Pereda-Suberbiola, Xabier; Ponce, Denis; Salgado, Leonardo; ApesteguĂa, Sebastián; Rozadilla, Sebastián; Arbour, Victoria (2022-12-31).
5030:"Latest Cretaceous Occurrence of Nodosaurid Ankylosaurs (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) in Western North America and the Gradual Extinction of the Dinosaurs"
3950:
by Madzia and colleagues for the group found in many previous analyses, both morphological and phylogenetic. Panoplosaurini includes not only the
6562:
5301:
Thompson, R.S.; Parish, J.C.; Maidment, S.C.R.; Barrett, P.M. (2012). "Phylogeny of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)".
4792:
Thompson, R.S.; Parish, J.C.; Maidment, S.C.R.; Barrett, P.M. (2012). "Phylogeny of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)".
3990:. However, in the study describing it, its authors only placed it as a nodosaurine outside Panoplosaurini. The approximately equivalent clade
6618:
725:
Nodosaurids, like their sister group the ankylosaurids, were heavily armored dinosaurs adorned with rows of bony armor nodules and spines (
4337:"An Exceptionally Preserved Three-Dimensional Armored Dinosaur Reveals Insights into Coloration and Cretaceous Predator-Prey Dynamics"
6549:
6608:
4973:"The most basal ankylosaurine dinosaur from the Albian–Cenomanian of China, with implications for the evolution of the tail club"
4240:
4253:
4226:
4091:
by Madzia and colleagues for the relatively stable group found in many previous analyses. Struthiosaurini includes not only the
6623:
5400:
5373:
4273:
6445:
4254:
4249:
4228:
4225:
729:), which were covered in keratin sheaths. Nodosaurids, like other ankylosaurians, were small- to large-sized, heavily built,
719:
4680:
4267:
4275:
4272:
4261:
4235:
4202:, were originally regarded as belonging to the Nodosauridae, but later analyses provided support for them belonging to the
4245:
5421:
4260:
4229:
615:
5149:"A new small-bodied ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of North Patagonia (RĂo Negro Province, Argentina)"
4923:"A new small-bodied ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of North Patagonia (RĂo Negro Province, Argentina)"
4258:
4241:
6613:
4563:
Rivera-Sylva, H.E.; Frey, E.; Stinnesbeck, W.; Carbot-Chanona, G.; Sanchez-Uribe, I.E.; Guzmán-Gutiérrez, J.R. (2018).
4276:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4259:
4256:
4428:
Kirkland, J. I.; Alcalá, L.; Loewen, M. A.; EspĂlez, E.; Mampel, L.; Wiersma, J. P. (2013). Butler, Richard J (ed.).
4274:
4230:
4159:
phylogenetic analysis of Rivera-Sylva and colleagues was used as the primary reference for
Struthiosaurini by Madzia
4264:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4238:
4050:
phylogenetic analysis of Rivera-Sylva and colleagues was used as the primary reference for
Panoplosaurini by Madzia
3909:
phylogenetic analysis of Rivera-Sylva and colleagues was used as the primary reference for
Panoplosaurini by Madzia
4266:
4257:
4838:
Arbour, V.M.; Currie, P.J. (2016). "Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs".
6462:
5241:"A new nodosaurid ankylosaur (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Cretaceous Menefee Formation of New Mexico"
4306:
4263:
4262:
4251:
4030:
to the exclusion of other ankylosaurs. As none of the clades were commonly used, or formally named following the
4681:"The phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the armoured dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)"
4268:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4220:
4222:
4219:
2897:
2873:
1570:
1546:
4224:
6440:
4278:
4269:
4265:
4242:
4239:
4234:
4335:
Brown, C.M.; Henderson, D.M.; Vinther, J.; Fletcher, I.; Sistiaga, A.; Herrera, J.; Summons, R.E. (2017).
4277:
4271:
684:
in what is now Asia, Europe, North
America, and possibly South America. While traditionally regarded as a
824:, Nodosauridae needed to be formally defined following certain parameters, including that the type genus
135:
4221:
5393:
2547:
714:
4723:"A new armored dinosaur with double cheek horns from the early Late Cretaceous of southeastern China"
4279:
4071:
3942:
2921:
1587:
838:
4223:
5491:
4491:
Burns, Michael E. (2008). "Taxonomic utility of ankylosaur (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) osteoderms:
4270:
5293:
Carpenter, K. (2001). "Phylogenetic analysis of the
Ankylosauria." In Carpenter, K., (ed.) 2001:
4434:
n. gen., n. sp. From the Lower
Cretaceous (Lower Albian) Escucha Formation of Northeastern Spain"
4565:"Paleodiversity of Late Cretaceous Ankylosauria from Mexico and their phylogenetic significance"
4139:
was previously used to include
European nodosaurids, but was never formally named following the
6580:
6527:
6489:
4625:
Madzia, D.; Arbour, V.M.; Boyd, C.A.; Farke, A.A.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Evans, D.C. (2021).
6575:
6567:
5518:
5386:
3215:
1791:
874:
763:
262:
6603:
6536:
6472:
5347:
5310:
5160:
5097:
5041:
4984:
4934:
4895:
4847:
4801:
4695:
4576:
4504:
4445:
4348:
4156:
4132:
4088:
4047:
4007:
3995:
3947:
3906:
3832:
3824:
3807:
3149:
1774:
538:
484:
394:
8:
5878:
5775:
4207:
4083:
4077:
3936:
3930:
3801:
832:
5351:
5314:
5164:
5101:
5045:
4988:
4938:
4899:
4851:
4805:
4766:
4699:
4580:
4541:
4508:
4449:
4352:
794:
5614:
5326:
5267:
5240:
5184:
5129:
5065:
5005:
4972:
4863:
4817:
4653:
4626:
4594:
4520:
4468:
4429:
4374:
4183:
Nodosaurids are known from diverse remains throughout Europe, Asia, and North
America.
3865:. Previous informal definitions of the group described the clade as all taxa closer to
3813:
603:
130:
6371:
5635:
5272:
5188:
5176:
5133:
5121:
5113:
5085:
5057:
5010:
4950:
4867:
4744:
4722:
4658:
4598:
4524:
4473:
4401:
4366:
3819:
2245:
2001:
5330:
4821:
5836:
5783:
5621:
5355:
5318:
5262:
5252:
5219:
5168:
5105:
5053:
5049:
5000:
4992:
4942:
4903:
4855:
4809:
4772:
4734:
4703:
4648:
4638:
4584:
4512:
4463:
4453:
4378:
4356:
4298:
4100:
3854:
2760:
759:
681:
359:
314:
5172:
4946:
4859:
4707:
6301:
6265:
6205:
6171:
6164:
6057:
5998:
5870:
5767:
5683:
5643:
5476:
5359:
5322:
4907:
4813:
4458:
4203:
4092:
3951:
3509:
3045:
2690:
2523:
2317:
2042:
1390:
1368:
1318:
1025:
1001:
866:
678:
467:
307:
300:
121:
32:
5148:
4922:
4516:
6364:
6350:
6336:
6244:
6217:
6113:
6094:
6009:
5955:
5820:
5790:
5760:
5723:
5699:
5224:
5203:
5109:
4996:
3646:
3492:
3339:
2401:
1978:
1946:
1643:
1268:
968:
862:
747:
693:
589:
567:
423:
321:
293:
244:
4589:
4564:
4361:
4336:
6597:
6512:
6327:
6237:
6230:
6182:
6126:
6073:
6039:
5940:
5886:
5861:
5843:
5746:
5692:
5665:
5657:
5180:
5117:
5061:
4954:
4748:
4405:
4192:
4127:
from the mid Cretaceous of North America. The approximately equivalent clade
4111:
4003:
3867:
3858:
3631:
3551:
3108:
3077:
2945:
2370:
2338:
2059:
1699:
1429:
1285:
1085:
1046:
858:
674:
560:
545:
512:
408:
379:
366:
279:
70:
28:
5297:. Indiana University Press, Bloomington & Indianapolis, 2001, pp. xv-526
5086:"Bizarre tail weaponry in a transitional ankylosaur from subantarctic Chile"
4394:"Heavily armoured dinosaur had ginger camouflage to deter predators – study"
6357:
6343:
6272:
6156:
6080:
6025:
5976:
5948:
5933:
5920:
5893:
5812:
5797:
5753:
5600:
5582:
5560:
5530:
5503:
5451:
5409:
5276:
5204:"A new look at the first dinosaur discovered in Antarctica: reappraisal of
5125:
5014:
4777:
4662:
4477:
4370:
4148:
4136:
4123:
4039:
3999:
3959:
3837:
3828:
3402:
3378:
3239:
3132:
2962:
2564:
2499:
2205:
2018:
1757:
1503:
1486:
1227:
1162:
1148:
951:
900:
879:
870:
789:
742:
697:
689:
685:
667:
575:
498:
437:
416:
401:
390:
343:
328:
286:
228:
196:
4147:
named Struthiosaurini instead, as the group of taxa fell within the clade
6521:
6392:
6309:
6258:
6198:
6149:
5991:
5969:
5901:
5850:
5650:
5628:
5460:
4562:
4198:
4038:
named Panoplosaurini instead, as the group of taxa fell within the clade
3986:
3881:
3843:
2799:
2475:
2418:
2222:
2076:
1723:
1342:
1102:
934:
780:
734:
452:
373:
212:
45:
4643:
4155:
suffix on both parent and child taxon could be confusing in future. The
4046:
suffix on both parent and child taxon could be confusing in future. The
6554:
6385:
6378:
6316:
6191:
6142:
6134:
6087:
6032:
6018:
5984:
5962:
5828:
5672:
5607:
5257:
5069:
5029:
4739:
4679:
Raven, T. J.; Barrett, P. M.; Joyce, C. B.; Maidment, S. C. R. (2023).
4117:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3849:
3582:
3468:
3419:
3256:
3191:
2673:
2293:
2269:
2110:
2093:
1675:
1529:
1244:
1203:
826:
768:
726:
582:
505:
491:
445:
430:
351:
90:
55:
6399:
6279:
6066:
6046:
5908:
5805:
5707:
5146:
4920:
4721:
Xing, Lida; Niu, Kecheng; Mallon, Jordan; Miyashita, Tetsuto (2023).
4140:
4105:
4031:
3980:
3902:
3862:
3599:
2849:
2816:
2730:
2451:
1740:
1446:
1186:
854:, the addition of another internal specifier was deemed unnecessary.
821:
813:, and considered the most primitive member of the Nodosauridae to be
730:
553:
519:
459:
336:
147:
95:
39:
6483:
4971:
Zheng, W.; Jin, X.; Azuma, Y.; Wang, Q.; Miyata, K.; Xu, X. (2018).
6506:
6406:
5442:
5433:
4187:
873:. Topology A below demonstrates these relationships, following the
737:
670:
180:
167:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
5202:
Soto Acuña, Sergio; Vargas, Alexander O.; Kaluza, Jonatan (2024).
861:(sometimes recovered outside of the Nodosauridae), as well as the
6294:
6286:
100:
75:
6541:
5427:
5378:
157:
4218:
6251:
5300:
4791:
4334:
798:
776:
4206:, a separate lineage of basal ankylosaurs restricted to the
6413:
5082:
4427:
4069:
Struthiosaurini is defined as the largest clade containing
797:, and Weishampel in 2004. Vickaryous et al. considered two
708:
4627:"The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs"
3928:
Panoplosaurini is defined as the largest clade containing
857:
Nodosauridae is traditionally composed of the basal clade
4678:
3897:, which was reflected in the specifiers chosen by Madzia
112:
3799:
Nodosaurinae is defined as the largest clade containing
3699:
3310:
3025:
2636:
2159:
1827:
1623:
1129:
3913:, in addition to the supplemental analyses of Thompson
5201:
4720:
3351:
3057:
2772:
2350:
1958:
1655:
1402:
1058:
4624:
4163:, in addition to the supplemental analyses of Arbour
4054:, in addition to the supplemental analyses of Arbour
4771:(in German). Berlin und Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter.
4288:
5027:
4833:
4831:
3827:by Madzia and colleagues, who utilized the name of
5340:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
4970:
4888:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3360:
3066:
2781:
2359:
1967:
1664:
1411:
1067:
6595:
5337:
4885:
4828:
4536:
4534:
5475:
5028:Carpenter, Kenneth; Breithaupt, Brent (1986).
889:Topology A: Rivera-Sylva et al. (2018) dataset
842:. As all phylogenies referenced included both
5394:
5238:
5232:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4531:
801:of nodosaurids to be of uncertain placement (
779:Nodosauridae was first informally defined by
4966:
4964:
4837:
4785:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4550:
5580:
4914:
4760:
4758:
4727:Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology
4674:
4672:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
5401:
5387:
4874:
4423:
4421:
111:
5266:
5256:
5223:
5004:
4961:
4776:
4738:
4652:
4642:
4605:
4588:
4547:
4467:
4457:
4360:
3917:(2012), Arbour and Currie (2016), Arbour
3901:when formalizing the clade following the
4755:
4669:
4319:
793:," a definition followed by Vickaryous,
707:
4418:
4214:Chronostratigraphy of nodosaurid genera
4190:ankylosaurs, including the Antarctican
4002:, but was not significantly used until
2194:Topology B: Raven et al. (2023) dataset
6596:
783:in 1998 as "all ankylosaurs closer to
6488:
6487:
5420:
5382:
4490:
4391:
5239:McDonald, A.T.; Wolfe, D.G. (2018).
4764:
4714:
4484:
700:grade leading to the ankylosaurids.
6619:Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh
5303:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
5153:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
4927:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
4840:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
4794:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
4688:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
766:in 1890, and anchored on the genus
16:Extinct family of armored dinosaurs
13:
5374:Alberta oilsands discovery of 2011
5287:
5034:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4497:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
850:within the same group relative to
14:
6635:
5367:
4430:"The Basal Nodosaurid Ankylosaur
4018:, which were considered to unite
820:Following the publication of the
753:
6468:
6467:
6444:
6439:
5408:
5208:(Ankylosauria: Parankylosauria)"
4291:
3879:, than to the early ankylosaurs
3835:, who created the term to unite
696:, some analyses recover it as a
134:
43:
5195:
5140:
5076:
5021:
4307:Timeline of ankylosaur research
4178:
4109:, the Late Cretaceous European
6609:Kimmeridgian first appearances
5054:10.1080/02724634.1986.10011619
4569:Swiss Journal of Palaeontology
4385:
3861:of Europe, North America, and
3823:, and was formally defined in
2126:Later-diverging ankylosaurids
703:
1:
6624:Prehistoric dinosaur families
5173:10.1080/14772019.2022.2137441
4947:10.1080/14772019.2022.2137441
4860:10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985
4708:10.1080/14772019.2023.2205433
4312:
2898:Struthiosaurus languedocensis
2874:Struthiosaurus transylvanicus
1571:Struthiosaurus transylvanicus
1547:Struthiosaurus languedocensis
5360:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.02.033
5323:10.1080/14772019.2011.569091
4908:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.02.033
4814:10.1080/14772019.2011.569091
4459:10.1371/journal.pone.0080405
4392:Davis, Nicola (2017-08-03).
762:Nodosauridae was erected by
7:
4517:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1102
4284:
4010:, alongside the new clades
10:
6640:
5225:10.12429/j.advps.2023.0036
5110:10.1038/s41586-021-04147-1
4997:10.1038/s41598-018-21924-7
4768:Die Stämme der Wirbeltiere
4495:Ford, 2000: a test case".
2548:Gastonia lorriemcwhinneyae
743:Borealopelta markmitchelli
715:Borealopelta markmitchelli
6614:Maastrichtian extinctions
6496:
6457:
6437:
6326:
6225:
6216:
6181:
6121:
6112:
6056:
6008:
5928:
5919:
5860:
5741:
5732:
5721:
5682:
5595:
5591:
5576:
5557:
5529:
5511:
5502:
5484:
5471:
5416:
5212:Advances in Polar Science
4765:Abel, O.L.F.A.L. (1919).
4590:10.1007/s13358-018-0153-1
4362:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.071
4072:Struthiosaurus austriacus
3943:Struthiosaurus austriacus
3644:
3629:
3622:
3596:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3548:
3541:
3506:
3489:
3482:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3416:
3399:
3392:
3375:
3368:
3346:
3253:
3236:
3229:
3212:
3205:
3188:
3181:
3146:
3129:
3122:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3074:
3052:
2959:
2942:
2935:
2922:Struthiosaurus austriacus
2918:
2911:
2894:
2887:
2870:
2863:
2846:
2839:
2813:
2796:
2789:
2767:
2753:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2687:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2561:
2544:
2537:
2520:
2513:
2496:
2489:
2472:
2465:
2448:
2441:
2415:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2367:
2345:
2331:
2314:
2307:
2290:
2283:
2266:
2259:
2243:
2236:
2219:
2212:
2124:
2107:
2090:
2073:
2056:
2039:
2032:
2015:
1999:
1992:
1975:
1953:
1788:
1771:
1754:
1737:
1720:
1713:
1696:
1689:
1672:
1650:
1588:Struthiosaurus austriacus
1584:
1567:
1560:
1543:
1526:
1500:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1443:
1426:
1419:
1397:
1383:
1363:
1356:
1339:
1332:
1315:
1308:
1282:
1265:
1258:
1241:
1224:
1217:
1200:
1183:
1176:
1159:
1152:
1099:
1082:
1075:
1053:
1039:
1022:
1015:
998:
991:
965:
948:
931:
924:
917:
907:
839:Ankylosaurus magniventris
609:
602:
275:
270:
131:Scientific classification
129:
119:
110:
23:
5206:Antarctopelta oliveroi
4778:10.5962/bhl.title.2114
4493:Glyptodontopelta mimus
4151:, and having the same
4042:, and having the same
722:
6576:Paleobiology Database
5295:The Armored Dinosaurs
4432:Europelta carbonensis
3216:Edmontonia rugosidens
1792:Edmontonia rugosidens
875:phylogenetic analyses
764:Othniel Charles Marsh
711:
3808:Hylaeosaurus armatus
3150:Edmontonia longiceps
1775:Edmontonia longiceps
720:Royal Tyrrell Museum
5352:2016PPP...449..289A
5315:2012JSPal..10..301T
5165:2022JSPal..2037441R
5102:2021Natur.600..259S
5046:1986JVPal...6..251C
4989:2018NatSR...8.3711Z
4939:2022JSPal..2037441R
4900:2016PPP...449..289A
4852:2016JSPal..14..385A
4806:2012JSPal..10..301T
4700:2023JSPal..2105433R
4644:10.7717/peerj.12362
4581:2018SwJP..137...83R
4540:Vickaryous, M. K.,
4509:2008JVPal..28.1102B
4450:2013PLoSO...880405K
4353:2017CBio...27E2514B
4208:Southern Hemisphere
4087:, and was named in
4084:Panoplosaurus mirus
4078:Nodosaurus textilis
4006:reused the name in
3969:, but also the mid
3946:, and was named in
3937:Nodosaurus textilis
3931:Panoplosaurus mirus
3802:Nodosaurus textilis
2195:
890:
833:Nodosaurus textilis
5258:10.7717/peerj.5435
4977:Scientific Reports
4740:10.18435/vamp29396
4171:(2017), and Zheng
4062:(2017), and Zheng
3921:(2016), and Brown
3814:Mymoorapelta maysi
2193:
888:
723:
718:on display at the
6591:
6590:
6490:Taxon identifiers
6481:
6480:
6453:
6452:
6435:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6372:Nodocephalosaurus
6108:
6107:
6104:
6103:
5717:
5716:
5636:Serendipaceratops
5572:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5096:(7888): 259–263.
4347:(16): 2514–2521.
3820:Polacanthus foxii
3794:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3780:
3779:
3771:
3770:
3762:
3761:
3753:
3752:
3744:
3743:
3735:
3734:
3726:
3725:
3717:
3716:
3709:
3708:
3693:
3692:
3684:
3683:
3675:
3674:
3666:
3665:
3657:
3656:
3611:
3610:
3530:
3529:
3521:
3520:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3430:
3328:
3327:
3320:
3319:
3304:
3303:
3295:
3294:
3286:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3268:
3267:
3170:
3169:
3161:
3160:
3035:
3034:
3019:
3018:
3010:
3009:
3001:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2983:
2982:
2974:
2973:
2828:
2827:
2742:
2741:
2702:
2701:
2646:
2645:
2630:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2430:
2429:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2168:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2134:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1836:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1633:
1632:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1515:
1514:
1458:
1457:
1297:
1296:
1139:
1138:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1113:
980:
979:
661:
660:
612:Acanthopholididae
541:
487:
397:
266:
6631:
6584:
6583:
6571:
6570:
6558:
6557:
6545:
6544:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6517:
6516:
6515:
6485:
6484:
6471:
6470:
6448:
6443:
6223:
6222:
6119:
6118:
5926:
5925:
5837:Propanoplosaurus
5784:Glyptodontopelta
5739:
5738:
5730:
5729:
5622:Priodontognathus
5593:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5578:
5577:
5509:
5508:
5482:
5481:
5473:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5418:
5417:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5380:
5379:
5363:
5334:
5281:
5280:
5270:
5260:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5008:
4968:
4959:
4958:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4883:
4872:
4871:
4835:
4826:
4825:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4762:
4753:
4752:
4742:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4685:
4676:
4667:
4666:
4656:
4646:
4622:
4603:
4602:
4592:
4560:
4545:
4538:
4529:
4528:
4503:(4): 1102–1109.
4488:
4482:
4481:
4471:
4461:
4425:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4364:
4332:
4301:
4299:Dinosaurs portal
4296:
4295:
4294:
4196:and Argentinian
4129:Struthiosaurinae
4101:Early Cretaceous
3855:Early Cretaceous
3703:
3625:
3624:
3575:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3544:
3543:
3485:
3484:
3461:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3395:
3394:
3371:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3314:
3232:
3231:
3208:
3207:
3184:
3183:
3125:
3124:
3101:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3070:
3069:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3029:
2938:
2937:
2914:
2913:
2890:
2889:
2866:
2865:
2842:
2841:
2792:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2762:Struthiosauridae
2756:
2755:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2666:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2640:
2540:
2539:
2516:
2515:
2492:
2491:
2468:
2467:
2444:
2443:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2363:
2362:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2333:
2310:
2309:
2286:
2285:
2262:
2261:
2239:
2238:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2163:
2035:
2034:
1995:
1994:
1971:
1970:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1831:
1716:
1715:
1692:
1691:
1668:
1667:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1627:
1563:
1562:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1372:
1359:
1358:
1335:
1334:
1311:
1310:
1261:
1260:
1220:
1219:
1179:
1178:
1155:
1154:
1133:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1041:
1018:
1017:
994:
993:
927:
926:
920:
919:
910:
909:
903:
896:
895:
891:
887:
795:Teresa Maryańska
712:The holotype of
655:
651:Struthiosauridae
648:
641:
634:
626:
619:
532:
478:
389:
360:Propanoplosaurus
315:Glyptodontopelta
261:
256:
243:
227:
211:
195:
139:
138:
115:
105:
42:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
6639:
6638:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6579:
6574:
6566:
6561:
6553:
6548:
6540:
6535:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6492:
6482:
6477:
6449:
6419:
6322:
6302:Tianzhenosaurus
6266:Minotaurasaurus
6212:
6206:Zhongyuansaurus
6177:
6172:Zhejiangosaurus
6165:Liaoningosaurus
6100:
6058:Struthiosaurini
6052:
6004:
5999:Tatankacephalus
5915:
5871:Gargoyleosaurus
5856:
5768:Gargoyleosaurus
5726:
5713:
5684:Parankylosauria
5678:
5644:Sinankylosaurus
5585:
5564:
5545:
5525:
5498:
5492:Avemetatarsalia
5477:Avemetatarsalia
5467:
5423:
5422:
5412:
5407:
5370:
5290:
5288:Further reading
5285:
5284:
5237:
5233:
5200:
5196:
5145:
5141:
5081:
5077:
5026:
5022:
4969:
4962:
4919:
4915:
4884:
4875:
4836:
4829:
4790:
4786:
4763:
4756:
4719:
4715:
4683:
4677:
4670:
4623:
4606:
4561:
4548:
4539:
4532:
4489:
4485:
4426:
4419:
4410:
4408:
4390:
4386:
4341:Current Biology
4333:
4320:
4315:
4297:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4282:
4280:
4216:
4204:Parankylosauria
4181:
4099:, but also the
4093:Late Cretaceous
3992:Panoplosaurinae
3952:Late Cretaceous
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3781:
3772:
3763:
3754:
3745:
3736:
3727:
3718:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3685:
3676:
3667:
3658:
3612:
3531:
3522:
3510:Zhejiangosaurus
3441:
3432:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3344:
3340:
3329:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3296:
3287:
3278:
3269:
3171:
3162:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3050:
3047:Panoplosauridae
3046:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3011:
3002:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2829:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2765:
2761:
2743:
2703:
2691:Tatankacephalus
2642:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2622:
2613:
2604:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2524:Gastonia burgei
2431:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2343:
2339:
2318:Gargoyleosaurus
2210:
2206:
2187:
2178:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2043:Liaoningosaurus
1964:
1963:
1962:
1951:
1947:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1648:
1644:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1516:
1459:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1395:
1392:Struthiosaurini
1391:
1369:Aguja Formation
1366:
1319:Tatankacephalus
1298:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1115:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1051:
1047:
1026:Gargoyleosaurus
981:
905:
901:
867:Struthiosaurini
756:
706:
679:Late Cretaceous
673:known from the
666:is a family of
656:
653:
649:
646:
644:Panoplosauridae
642:
639:
637:Palaeoscincidae
635:
632:
627:
624:
622:Acanthopholidae
620:
614:
531:
528:Struthiosaurini
477:
468:Tatankacephalus
308:Gargoyleosaurus
260:
254:
241:
225:
209:
193:
133:
122:Gargoyleosaurus
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
37:
36:
33:Late Cretaceous
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6637:
6627:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6572:
6559:
6546:
6533:
6518:
6502:
6500:
6494:
6493:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6465:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6410:
6403:
6396:
6389:
6382:
6375:
6368:
6365:Euoplocephalus
6361:
6354:
6351:Anodontosaurus
6347:
6340:
6337:Akainacephalus
6332:
6330:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6313:
6306:
6298:
6291:
6283:
6276:
6269:
6262:
6255:
6248:
6245:Crichtonsaurus
6241:
6234:
6226:
6220:
6218:Ankylosaurinae
6214:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6202:
6195:
6187:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6168:
6161:
6153:
6146:
6139:
6131:
6122:
6116:
6114:Ankylosauridae
6110:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6095:Struthiosaurus
6091:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6062:
6060:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6029:
6022:
6014:
6012:
6010:Panoplosaurini
6006:
6005:
6003:
6002:
5995:
5988:
5981:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5956:Niobrarasaurus
5952:
5945:
5937:
5929:
5923:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5905:
5898:
5890:
5883:
5875:
5866:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5825:
5821:Polacanthoides
5817:
5809:
5802:
5794:
5791:Horshamosaurus
5787:
5780:
5772:
5764:
5761:Dongyangopelta
5757:
5750:
5742:
5736:
5727:
5724:Euankylosauria
5722:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5704:
5700:Kunbarrasaurus
5696:
5688:
5686:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5669:
5662:
5654:
5647:
5640:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5596:
5586:
5581:
5574:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5535:
5533:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5512:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5485:
5479:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5463:
5454:
5445:
5436:
5430:
5414:
5413:
5406:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5369:
5368:External links
5366:
5365:
5364:
5335:
5309:(2): 301–312.
5298:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5231:
5194:
5159:(1): 2137441.
5139:
5075:
5040:(3): 251–257.
5020:
4960:
4933:(1): 2137441.
4913:
4873:
4846:(5): 385–444.
4827:
4800:(2): 301–312.
4784:
4754:
4713:
4694:(1). 2205433.
4668:
4604:
4546:
4530:
4483:
4444:(12): e80405.
4417:
4384:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4286:
4283:
4217:
4212:
4180:
4177:
4167:(2016), Brown
4097:Struthiosaurus
4058:(2016), Brown
3792:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3647:Ankylosaurinae
3643:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3493:Dongyangopelta
3488:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3464:
3459:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3374:
3369:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3341:Ankylosauridae
3338:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3128:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2402:Niobrarasaurus
2397:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2204:
2199:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1979:Kunbarrasaurus
1974:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1948:Ankylosauridae
1945:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1645:Panoplosaurini
1642:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:Niobrarasaurus
1264:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
997:
992:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
978:
977:
974:
973:
969:Dongyangopelta
964:
961:
960:
957:
956:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
930:
925:
923:
918:
916:
908:
906:
899:
894:
886:
885:
863:Panoplosaurini
807:Struthiosaurus
803:incertae sedis
755:
754:Classification
752:
748:countershading
705:
702:
694:Ankylosauridae
659:
658:
630:Hylaeosauridae
607:
606:
600:
599:
598:
597:
596:
595:
594:
593:
590:Struthiosaurus
586:
579:
572:
568:Niobrarasaurus
564:
557:
550:
525:
524:
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
474:Panoplosaurini
471:
464:
456:
449:
442:
434:
427:
424:Niobrarasaurus
420:
413:
405:
383:
377:
370:
363:
356:
348:
340:
333:
325:
322:Horshamosaurus
318:
311:
304:
297:
294:Dongyangopelta
290:
283:
273:
272:
268:
267:
252:
248:
247:
245:Euankylosauria
239:
232:
231:
223:
216:
215:
207:
200:
199:
191:
184:
183:
178:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
127:
126:
125:skeleton cast
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6636:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6582:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6538:
6534:
6529:
6523:
6519:
6514:
6508:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6486:
6474:
6466:
6464:
6460:
6459:
6456:
6447:
6442:
6416:
6415:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6374:
6373:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6362:
6360:
6359:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6328:Ankylosaurini
6325:
6319:
6318:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6238:Crichtonpelta
6235:
6233:
6232:
6231:Bissektipelta
6228:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6215:
6208:
6207:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6183:Shamosaurinae
6180:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6127:Ahshislepelta
6124:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6111:
6097:
6096:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6074:Hungarosaurus
6071:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6040:Panoplosaurus
6037:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5941:Ahshislepelta
5938:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5930:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5918:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5887:Hoplitosaurus
5884:
5881:
5880:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5862:Polacanthinae
5859:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5844:Rhadinosaurus
5841:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5747:Acanthopholis
5744:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5720:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5693:Antarctopelta
5690:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5666:Tianchisaurus
5663:
5660:
5659:
5658:Stegosaurides
5655:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5594:
5590:
5587:
5584:
5579:
5575:
5563:
5562:
5556:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5404:
5399:
5397:
5392:
5390:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5299:
5296:
5292:
5291:
5278:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5226:
5221:
5218:(1): 78–107.
5217:
5213:
5209:
5207:
5198:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5143:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5079:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5024:
5016:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4967:
4965:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4917:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4834:
4832:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4788:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4761:
4759:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4717:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4673:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4543:
4542:Maryanska, T.
4537:
4535:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4433:
4424:
4422:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4318:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4289:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4194:
4193:Antarctopelta
4189:
4184:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4113:
4112:Hungarosaurus
4108:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4020:Panoplosaurus
4017:
4016:Edmontoniidae
4013:
4012:Edmontoniinae
4009:
4005:
4004:Robert Bakker
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3984:, as well as
3983:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3955:Panoplosaurus
3953:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3873:Panoplosaurus
3870:
3869:
3868:Panoplosaurus
3864:
3860:
3859:Maastrichtian
3856:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3785:
3784:
3776:
3775:
3767:
3766:
3758:
3757:
3749:
3748:
3740:
3739:
3731:
3730:
3722:
3721:
3713:
3712:
3698:
3689:
3688:
3680:
3679:
3671:
3670:
3662:
3661:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3632:Shamosaurinae
3627:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3577:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3552:Ahshislepelta
3546:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3526:
3525:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3463:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3436:
3435:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3397:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3324:
3323:
3309:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3290:
3282:
3281:
3273:
3272:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3234:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3186:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3166:
3165:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3109:Panoplosaurus
3103:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3078:Tianchisaurus
3072:
3071:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3024:
3015:
3014:
3006:
3005:
2997:
2996:
2988:
2987:
2979:
2978:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2946:Hungarosaurus
2940:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2844:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2590:
2589:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2371:Hoplitosaurus
2365:
2364:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2340:Polacanthidae
2336:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2060:Crichtonpelta
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1700:Panoplosaurus
1694:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:Hungarosaurus
1424:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1286:Ahshislepelta
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:Hoplitosaurus
1080:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1048:Polacanthinae
1044:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
996:
995:
989:
988:
985:
984:
976:
975:
972:
971:
970:
963:
962:
959:
958:
955:
954:
953:
946:
945:
942:
941:
938:
937:
936:
929:
928:
922:
921:
915:
912:
911:
904:
898:
897:
893:
892:
884:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:Polacanthinae
855:
853:
849:
845:
844:Panoplosaurus
841:
840:
835:
834:
829:
828:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:
786:
785:Panoplosaurus
782:
778:
773:
771:
770:
765:
761:
751:
749:
745:
744:
739:
736:
732:
728:
721:
717:
716:
710:
701:
699:
695:
691:
688:clade as the
687:
683:
680:
676:
675:Late Jurassic
672:
669:
668:ankylosaurian
665:
657:
652:
645:
638:
631:
623:
617:
613:
608:
605:
601:
592:
591:
587:
585:
584:
580:
578:
577:
573:
570:
569:
565:
563:
562:
561:Hungarosaurus
558:
556:
555:
551:
548:
547:
546:Ahshislepelta
543:
542:
540:
536:
529:
526:
522:
521:
517:
515:
514:
513:Panoplosaurus
510:
508:
507:
503:
501:
500:
496:
494:
493:
489:
488:
486:
482:
475:
472:
470:
469:
465:
462:
461:
457:
455:
454:
450:
448:
447:
443:
440:
439:
435:
433:
432:
428:
426:
425:
421:
419:
418:
414:
411:
410:
409:Ahshislepelta
406:
404:
403:
399:
398:
396:
392:
387:
384:
381:
380:Polacanthinae
378:
376:
375:
371:
369:
368:
367:Rhadinosaurus
364:
362:
361:
357:
354:
353:
349:
346:
345:
341:
339:
338:
334:
331:
330:
326:
324:
323:
319:
317:
316:
312:
310:
309:
305:
303:
302:
298:
296:
295:
291:
289:
288:
284:
282:
281:
280:Acanthopholis
277:
276:
274:
269:
264:
259:
253:
250:
249:
246:
240:
237:
234:
233:
230:
224:
221:
218:
217:
214:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
34:
30:
29:Late Jurassic
22:
19:
6528:Nodosauridae
6498:Nodosauridae
6497:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6377:
6370:
6363:
6358:Dyoplosaurus
6356:
6349:
6344:Ankylosaurus
6342:
6335:
6315:
6308:
6300:
6293:
6285:
6278:
6273:Pinacosaurus
6271:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6229:
6204:
6197:
6190:
6170:
6163:
6157:Hylaeosaurus
6155:
6148:
6141:
6133:
6125:
6093:
6086:
6081:Pawpawsaurus
6079:
6072:
6065:
6045:
6038:
6031:
6026:Denversaurus
6024:
6017:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5977:Peloroplites
5975:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5949:Borealopelta
5947:
5939:
5934:Acantholipan
5932:
5921:Nodosaurinae
5907:
5900:
5894:Peloroplites
5892:
5885:
5877:
5869:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5827:
5819:
5813:Mymoorapelta
5811:
5804:
5798:Hylaeosaurus
5796:
5789:
5782:
5774:
5766:
5759:
5754:Anoplosaurus
5752:
5745:
5734:Nodosauridae
5733:
5706:
5698:
5691:
5671:
5664:
5656:
5649:
5642:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5601:Cryptosaurus
5599:
5583:Ankylosauria
5561:Ankylosauria
5559:
5531:Ankylosauria
5519:Ornithischia
5504:Ornithischia
5456:
5452:Ornithischia
5447:
5438:
5410:Ankylosauria
5343:
5339:
5306:
5302:
5294:
5248:
5244:
5234:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5197:
5156:
5152:
5142:
5093:
5089:
5078:
5037:
5033:
5023:
4980:
4976:
4930:
4926:
4916:
4891:
4887:
4843:
4839:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4767:
4730:
4726:
4716:
4691:
4687:
4634:
4630:
4575:(1): 83–93.
4572:
4568:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4409:. Retrieved
4398:The Guardian
4397:
4387:
4344:
4340:
4213:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4179:Biogeography
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4152:
4149:Nodosaurinae
4144:
4143:, so Madzia
4137:Franz Nopcsa
4128:
4124:Pawpawsaurus
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4096:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4043:
4040:Nodosaurinae
4035:
4027:
4024:Denversaurus
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4000:Franz Nopcsa
3991:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3964:
3960:Denversaurus
3958:
3954:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3898:
3894:
3891:Mymoorapelta
3890:
3887:Hylaeosaurus
3886:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3848:
3842:
3838:Ankylosaurus
3836:
3829:Othenio Abel
3818:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3645:
3630:
3598:
3597:
3581:
3580:
3550:
3549:
3508:
3507:
3491:
3490:
3467:
3466:
3418:
3417:
3403:Mymoorapelta
3401:
3400:
3379:Borealopelta
3377:
3376:
3255:
3254:
3240:Anoplosaurus
3238:
3237:
3214:
3213:
3190:
3189:
3148:
3147:
3133:Denversaurus
3131:
3130:
3107:
3106:
3076:
3075:
2963:Pawpawsaurus
2961:
2960:
2944:
2943:
2920:
2919:
2896:
2895:
2872:
2871:
2848:
2847:
2815:
2814:
2798:
2797:
2729:
2728:
2689:
2688:
2672:
2671:
2565:Peloroplites
2563:
2562:
2546:
2545:
2522:
2521:
2500:Hylaeosaurus
2498:
2497:
2474:
2473:
2450:
2449:
2417:
2416:
2400:
2399:
2369:
2368:
2316:
2315:
2292:
2291:
2268:
2267:
2244:
2221:
2220:
2207:Ankylosauria
2125:
2109:
2108:
2092:
2091:
2075:
2074:
2058:
2057:
2041:
2040:
2019:Hylaeosaurus
2017:
2016:
2000:
1977:
1976:
1790:
1789:
1773:
1772:
1758:Denversaurus
1756:
1755:
1739:
1738:
1722:
1721:
1698:
1697:
1674:
1673:
1586:
1585:
1569:
1568:
1545:
1544:
1528:
1527:
1504:Borealopelta
1502:
1501:
1487:Pawpawsaurus
1485:
1484:
1445:
1444:
1428:
1427:
1364:
1341:
1340:
1317:
1316:
1284:
1283:
1267:
1266:
1243:
1242:
1228:Acantholipan
1226:
1225:
1202:
1201:
1185:
1184:
1163:Peloroplites
1161:
1160:
1149:Nodosaurinae
1101:
1100:
1084:
1083:
1024:
1023:
1000:
999:
967:
966:
952:Mymoorapelta
950:
949:
933:
932:
914:Nodosauridae
913:
902:Ankylosauria
880:paraphyletic
871:Nodosaurinae
856:
852:Ankylosaurus
851:
847:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
790:Ankylosaurus
788:
784:
774:
767:
757:
741:
724:
713:
698:paraphyletic
690:sister taxon
686:monophyletic
664:Nodosauridae
663:
662:
650:
647:Nopcsa, 1929
643:
640:Nopcsa, 1918
636:
633:Nopcsa, 1902
629:
625:Nopcsa, 1917
621:
611:
610:
588:
581:
576:Pawpawsaurus
574:
566:
559:
552:
544:
534:
527:
518:
511:
504:
499:Denversaurus
497:
490:
480:
473:
466:
458:
451:
444:
438:Peloroplites
436:
429:
422:
417:Borealopelta
415:
407:
402:Acantholipan
400:
386:Nodosaurinae
385:
372:
365:
358:
350:
344:Mymoorapelta
342:
335:
329:Hylaeosaurus
327:
320:
313:
306:
299:
292:
287:Anoplosaurus
285:
278:
258:Nodosauridae
257:
235:
229:Ankylosauria
219:
203:
197:Ornithischia
187:
174:
120:
38:155–66
18:
6604:Nodosaurids
6522:Wikispecies
6393:Scolosaurus
6310:Tsagantegia
6259:Jinyunpelta
6199:Shamosaurus
6150:Chuanqilong
5992:Silvisaurus
5970:Patagopelta
5902:Polacanthus
5851:Sauroplites
5651:Spicomellus
5629:Sarcolestes
5461:Thyreophora
5346:: 289–299.
5251:: 6:e5435.
4983:(1): 3711.
4894:: 289–299.
4199:Patagopelta
4131:, named in
3994:, named in
3987:Patagopelta
3895:Polacanthus
3882:Sarcolestes
3844:Hierosaurus
2800:Silvisaurus
2476:Patagopelta
2419:Polacanthus
2223:Sarcolestes
2077:Chuanqilong
1724:Patagopelta
1343:Silvisaurus
1103:Polacanthus
935:Sauroplites
869:within the
781:Paul Sereno
735:herbivorous
731:quadrupedal
704:Description
453:Silvisaurus
374:Sauroplites
213:Thyreophora
24:Nodosaurids
6598:Categories
6461:See also:
6386:Platypelta
6379:Oohkotokia
6317:Zaraapelta
6192:Gobisaurus
6143:Cedarpelta
6135:Aletopelta
6088:Stegopelta
6033:Edmontonia
6019:Animantarx
5985:Sauropelta
5963:Nodosaurus
5829:Priconodon
5673:Vectipelta
5608:Dracopelta
5540:see below↓
5443:Dinosauria
4637:: e12362.
4411:2017-12-01
4313:References
4118:Stegopelta
4075:, but not
4028:Edmontonia
3975:Animantarx
3971:Cretaceous
3966:Edmontonia
3934:, but not
3877:Nodosaurus
3850:Stegopelta
3583:Aletopelta
3469:Vectipelta
3420:Stegopelta
3257:Dracopelta
3192:Nodosaurus
2674:Sauropelta
2294:Cedarpelta
2270:Animantarx
2111:Aletopelta
2094:Cedarpelta
1676:Animantarx
1530:Stegopelta
1245:Nodosaurus
1204:Sauropelta
848:Nodosaurus
827:Nodosaurus
815:Cedarpelta
811:Animantarx
769:Nodosaurus
727:osteoderms
654:Kuhn, 1966
583:Stegopelta
506:Edmontonia
492:Animantarx
446:Sauropelta
431:Nodosaurus
352:Priconodon
271:Subgroups
181:Dinosauria
6400:Talarurus
6280:Saichania
6067:Europelta
6047:Texasetes
5909:Taohelong
5806:Invictarx
5708:Stegouros
5426:Kingdom:
5189:254212751
5181:1477-2019
5134:244799975
5118:1476-4687
5062:0272-4634
4955:1477-2019
4868:214625754
4749:2292-1389
4599:134924657
4525:140672072
4406:0261-3077
4188:Gondwanan
4141:PhyloCode
4106:Europelta
4103:European
4095:European
4034:, Madzia
4032:PhyloCode
3981:Texasetes
3903:PhyloCode
3863:Argentina
3600:Talarurus
2850:Europelta
2817:Taohelong
2731:Invictarx
2452:Texasetes
2248:juvenile
2004:juvenile
1741:Texasetes
1447:Europelta
1371:specimen)
1187:Taohelong
822:PhyloCode
750:pattern.
738:dinosaurs
671:dinosaurs
554:Europelta
520:Texasetes
460:Taohelong
337:Invictarx
154:Kingdom:
148:Eukaryota
6507:Wikidata
6473:Category
6463:Timeline
6407:Ziapelta
5879:Gastonia
5776:Gastonia
5434:Chordata
5432:Phylum:
5428:Animalia
5331:86002282
5277:30155354
5126:34853468
5015:29487376
4822:86002282
4663:34966571
4478:24312471
4438:PLOS ONE
4371:28781051
4285:See also
4175:(2018).
4066:(2018).
3925:(2017).
3857:through
3805:but not
1365:CPC 273
1002:Gastonia
836:but not
787:than to
604:Synonyms
301:Gastonia
251:Family:
168:Chordata
164:Phylum:
158:Animalia
144:Domain:
6555:3238875
6542:3014675
6513:Q134193
6295:Tarchia
6287:Shanxia
5348:Bibcode
5311:Bibcode
5268:6110256
5161:Bibcode
5098:Bibcode
5070:4523098
5042:Bibcode
5006:5829254
4985:Bibcode
4935:Bibcode
4896:Bibcode
4848:Bibcode
4802:Bibcode
4696:Bibcode
4654:8667728
4577:Bibcode
4505:Bibcode
4469:3847141
4446:Bibcode
4379:5182644
4349:Bibcode
3905:. The
3702:⊟
3354:⊞
3313:⊟
3060:⊞
3028:⊟
2775:⊞
2639:⊟
2353:⊞
2246:Paw Paw
2162:⊟
2002:Paw Paw
1961:⊞
1830:⊟
1658:⊞
1626:⊟
1405:⊞
1132:⊟
1061:⊞
692:to the
682:periods
677:to the
533:Madzia
479:Madzia
6568:117084
5329:
5275:
5265:
5187:
5179:
5132:
5124:
5116:
5090:Nature
5068:
5060:
5013:
5003:
4953:
4866:
4820:
4747:
4661:
4651:
4597:
4523:
4476:
4466:
4404:
4377:
4369:
4173:et al.
4169:et al.
4165:et al.
4161:et al.
4145:et al.
4115:, and
4064:et al.
4060:et al.
4056:et al.
4052:et al.
4036:et al.
3923:et al.
3919:et al.
3915:et al.
3911:et al.
3899:et al.
799:genera
760:family
618:, 1902
616:Nopcsa
535:et al.
481:et al.
265:, 1890
6581:38817
6563:IRMNG
6252:Datai
5615:Minmi
5457:Clade
5448:Clade
5439:Clade
5327:S2CID
5245:PeerJ
5185:S2CID
5130:S2CID
5066:JSTOR
4864:S2CID
4818:S2CID
4684:(PDF)
4631:PeerJ
4595:S2CID
4521:S2CID
4375:S2CID
4186:Some
4153:-inae
4044:-inae
3871:, or
3817:, or
777:clade
263:Marsh
236:Clade
220:Clade
204:Clade
188:Clade
175:Clade
6550:GBIF
6414:Zuul
5517:see
5490:see
5273:PMID
5177:ISSN
5122:PMID
5114:ISSN
5058:ISSN
5011:PMID
4951:ISSN
4745:ISSN
4659:PMID
4474:PMID
4402:ISSN
4367:PMID
4157:2018
4133:1923
4121:and
4089:2021
4048:2018
4026:and
4014:and
4008:1988
3996:1929
3978:and
3963:and
3948:2021
3907:2018
3875:and
3847:and
3833:1919
3825:2021
865:and
846:and
809:and
775:The
758:The
539:2021
485:2021
395:1919
391:Abel
46:Preęž’
6537:EoL
5356:doi
5344:449
5319:doi
5263:PMC
5253:doi
5220:doi
5169:doi
5106:doi
5094:600
5050:doi
5001:PMC
4993:doi
4943:doi
4904:doi
4892:449
4856:doi
4810:doi
4773:doi
4735:doi
4704:doi
4649:PMC
4639:doi
4585:doi
4573:137
4513:doi
4464:PMC
4454:doi
4357:doi
4135:by
4081:or
3998:by
3940:or
3893:or
3831:in
805:):
6600::
6578::
6565::
6552::
6539::
6524::
6509::
5459::
5450::
5441::
5354:.
5342:.
5325:.
5317:.
5307:10
5305:.
5271:.
5261:.
5247:.
5243:.
5216:35
5214:.
5210:.
5183:.
5175:.
5167:.
5157:20
5155:.
5151:.
5128:.
5120:.
5112:.
5104:.
5092:.
5088:.
5064:.
5056:.
5048:.
5036:.
5032:.
5009:.
4999:.
4991:.
4979:.
4975:.
4963:^
4949:.
4941:.
4931:20
4929:.
4925:.
4902:.
4890:.
4876:^
4862:.
4854:.
4844:14
4842:.
4830:^
4816:.
4808:.
4798:10
4796:.
4757:^
4743:.
4733:.
4731:11
4729:.
4725:.
4702:.
4692:21
4690:.
4686:.
4671:^
4657:.
4647:.
4633:.
4629:.
4607:^
4593:.
4583:.
4571:.
4567:.
4549:^
4533:^
4519:.
4511:.
4501:28
4499:.
4472:.
4462:.
4452:.
4440:.
4436:.
4420:^
4400:.
4396:.
4373:.
4365:.
4355:.
4345:27
4343:.
4339:.
4321:^
4210:.
4022:,
3957:,
3889:,
3885:,
3841:,
3811:,
878:a
817:.
772:.
733:,
537:,
530:?
483:,
476:?
393:,
388:?
238::
222::
206::
190::
177::
96:Pg
40:Ma
35:,
6305:?
6290:?
6209:?
6160:?
6138:?
6130:?
5980:?
5944:?
5912:?
5897:?
5882:?
5874:?
5832:?
5824:?
5816:?
5801:?
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5639:?
5402:e
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5388:v
5362:.
5358::
5350::
5333:.
5321::
5313::
5279:.
5255::
5249:6
5228:.
5222::
5191:.
5171::
5163::
5136:.
5108::
5100::
5072:.
5052::
5044::
5038:6
5017:.
4995::
4987::
4981:8
4957:.
4945::
4937::
4910:.
4906::
4898::
4870:.
4858::
4850::
4824:.
4812::
4804::
4781:.
4775::
4751:.
4737::
4710:.
4706::
4698::
4665:.
4641::
4635:9
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4587::
4579::
4527:.
4515::
4507::
4480:.
4456::
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4414:.
4381:.
4359::
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355:?
347:?
332:?
255:â€
242:â€
226:â€
210:â€
194:â€
101:N
91:K
86:J
81:T
76:P
71:C
66:D
61:S
56:O
51:ęž’
31:–
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