673:
603:... on matters affecting the Nipmuc Tribe', as well as calling for the creation of a state 'Commission on Indian Affairs.' The all-Indian Commission was established; it conferred state support for education, health care, cultural continuity, and protection of remaining lands for the descendants of the Wampanoag, Nipmuc and Massachusett tribes. The state also calls for the examination of all human remains discovered in the course of construction and other projects, requiring notification of the Commission, who after the investigation by the State Archaeologist (in part in an effort to determine age of remains, decide the appropriate course of action.
769:
1290:, and only one speaker could be found in 1798. A cultural practice that survived was peddling handcrafted, square-edged splint baskets and medicines. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, after investigating the condition of the Native Americans, decided to grant citizenship to the Native Americans with the passage of the Massachusetts Enfranchisement Act of 1869, which ultimately led to the sale of any of the remaining lands. Hassanamessit was divided up among a few families. In 1897, the last of the Dudley lands were sold, and five of the families were placed in a tenement house on Lake Street in
469:
815:. There they instructed the Native Americans in European farming methods, culture, and language, administered by Indian preachers and councilors who were often descended from the elite native families. The Native Americans melded indigenous and European culture, but were mistrusted by both the colonists and their non-converted brethren. The colonists and later state governments gradually sold off the plantations. By the end of the 19th century, only the Cisco homestead in Grafton was still owned by direct descendants of Nipmuc landholders.
632:
75:
99:
87:
1286:
Americans were and to justify the colonial expansion. Native
Americans continued to exist but fewer and fewer were able to live on the dwindling reserve lands and most left to seek employment as domestics or servants in White households, out to sea as whalers or seafarers, or into the growing cities where they became labourers or barbers. Growing acculturation, intermarriage, and dwindling populations led to the extinction of the Natick Dialect of the
392:
659:
finding was made by the BIA in favor of the Nipmuc Nation of Sutton, Massachusetts, which had most of its membership in
Massachusetts, while a negative preliminary finding was issued for the Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck Band of Dudley, Massachusetts, which had its membership about evenly split between Massachusetts and Connecticut. In 2004, the BIA notified the Nipmuc Nation that they had been rejected for federal recognition.
1468:
1091:
1294:. "The rest scattered, moving with other Nipmuc families living in Woodstock, Worcester, Providence, and Hassanamisco. Worcester developed strong Indian enclaves in mainly African-American neighborhoods. Nipmuc activities became centered on the Hassanamisco Reservation. Events such as the Annual Clambake and elections on the 4th of July were times for Nipmucs to gather and discuss tribal business."
725:, the colonists attributed the decimation of the Native Americans to God's providence in clearing the new lands for settlement, but they were accustomed to interpreting their lives in such religious terms. At the time of contact, the Nipmuc were a fairly large grouping, subject to more powerful neighbors who provided protection, especially against the
1185:, and in 1797, Chaubunagungamaug Reserve was reduced to 26 of their 200 acres. The switch to the cattle industry also disrupted the native economy, as the colonists' cattle ate the unfenced lands of the Nipmuc and the courts did not always side with the Native Americans, but the Native Americans rapidly adopted the husbandry of
214:, to which the Native Americans had no immunity, and tribes in New England suffered high mortality rates to these infectious diseases. After the colonists encroached on their land, negotiated fraudulent land sales and introduced legislation designed to encourage further European settlement, many Nipmuc joined
1180:
returned in 1702, 1721, 1730, 1752, 1764, 1776, and 1792. Land sales continued unabated, much of it used to pay for legal fees, personal expenses, and improvements to the reserve lands. By 1727, Hassanamisset was reduced to 500 acres from the original 7,500 acres with that land incorporated into the
1142:
in Boston Harbor over the winter where a great many perished from starvation and exposure to the elements. Although many of the Native
Americans fled to join the uprising, other Native Americans joined the colonists. The Praying Indians were particularly at risk, as the war made all Native Americans
658:
On July 20, 1984, the BIA received the petition letter from the 'Nipmuc Tribal
Council Federal Recognition Committee', co-signed by Zara Cisco Brough and her successor, Walter A. Vickers, of the Hassanamisco, and Edwin 'Wise Owl' W. Morse, Sr. of the Chaubunagungamaug. In January 2001, a preliminary
1364:
that was submitted in 1861. Each report was more informative and thorough than the previous one. The Nipmuc require having an ancestor listed on these reports and the disbursement lists of funds from Nipmuc land sales. The lists did not count all Native
Americans, as many Native Americans may have
606:
The
Commonwealth of Massachusetts also cited the continuity of the Nipmuc(k) with the historic tribe and commended tribal efforts to preserve their culture and traditions. The state also symbolically repealed the General Court Act of 1675 that banned Native Americans from the City of Boston during
1285:
The Native
Americans were reduced to wards of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and were represented by state-appointed non-Native guardians. Rapid acculturation and intermarriage led many to believe the Nipmuc had simply just vanished, due to a combination of romantic notions of who the Native
1189:
since the changes in economy and loss of remaining pristine lands reduced ability to hunt and fish. Since the Native
Americans had few assets besides land, much of the land was sold to pay for medical, legal and personal expenses, increasing the number of landless Native Americans. With smaller
1597:
purchased the property and kept it off the market until 2004, after sufficient funding was procured to permanently protect the property. The property also has ecological significance as it is adjacent to 187 acres of
Grafton owned land as well as 63 acres owned by the Grafton Land Trust. These
1351:
Joint
Committee on Claims called for a report on the condition of several tribes that received aid from the Commonwealth. Three reports were listed: The 1848 'Denney Report' presented to the Senate the same year; the 1849 'Briggs Report', written by Commissioners F. W. Bird,
1538:
clothing was often worn as potent statements of Indian identity and to prove their continued residence in the area and because much of the original culture had been lost. Other Nipmuc individuals appeared at town pageants and fairs, including the 1938 appearance at the
1155:
and Bloody Brook, all in Massachusetts, and the tribe prepared thoroughly for conflict by forming alliances, and the group even had "an experienced gunsmith, a lame man, who kept their weapons in good working order." The siege of Lancaster also lead to the capture of
487:
tribes. The situation was fluid since these Native groups were decentralized, and individuals unhappy with their chiefs freely joined other groups. In addition, shifting alliances were made based on kinship, military, and tributary relationships with other tribes.
1194:, the remaining reserve lands were overseen by colony- and later state-appointed guardians that were to act on the Native Americans' behalf. However, the Hassanamisco guardian Stephen Maynard, appointed in 1776, embezzled the funds and was never prosecuted.
1502:, acculturation, and the destruction of economic and community support from enfranchisement in the region, certain Indian families were able to maintain a distinct Indian identity and cultural identity. The turn of the century also saw active cultural and
2046:
Comments of the state of connecticut and the northeastern connecticut council of governments on the proposed findings on the petitions for tribal acknowledgement of the nipmuc nation and the webster/dudley band of the chaubunagungamaug nipmuck
1679:
Martin, A. M. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. (2004). Final determination against federal acknowledgment of the Nipmuc Nation (fr25jn04-110). Retrieved from Federal Register Online via GPO Access website:
1322:
of some were seen to delegitimize their Indian identity. By the 19th century, only a handful of pure-blood Native Americans remained, and Native Americans vanish from state and federal census records but are listed as 'Black',
756:' that increased their need to acquire more land. Since the colonists had conflicting colonial and royal grants, the settlers depended on having Indian names on land deeds to mark legitimacy. This process had serious flaws, as
1118:. The Nipmuc were also informed that any unimproved lands were fair game for incorporation into the growing colony. These draconian measures and the increasing amount of land lost to the settlers led many Nipmuc to join the
2034:
Executive Office of Housing and Economic Development, Commission on Indian Affairs. (n.d.). Tuition waiver guidelines. Retrieved from Commonwealth of Massachusetts website: www.mass.gov/hed/docs/dhcd/ia/tuitionwaiver.doc.
2461:
Artman, C. J. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. (2007). In re federal acknowledgment of Webster/Dudley band of Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuc Indians (IBIA 04-154-A). Retrieved from BIA Press website:
1239:
The upheaval of the Indian Wars and growing mistrust of the Native Americans by the colonists lead to a steady trickle, and sometimes whole villages, that fled to increasingly mixed-tribe bands either northward to the
245:, he converted numerous Native Americans to Christianity and published a Bible translated in Massachusett and a Massachusett grammar. Backed by the colonial government, he established several "Indian plantations" or
1160:, who was placed in captivity until ransomed for £20 and would later write a memoir of her captivity. The Native Americans lost the war, and survivors were hunted down, murdered, sold into slavery in the
1202:
New England rapidly became swept up in a series of wars between the French and British and their respective Indian allies. Many of the Native Americans of New England who had left the region joined the
718:
also afflicted the Native Americans throughout the period. In 2010 researchers developed a new hypothesis on epidemics between 1616 and 1619 as being from leptospirosis complicated by Weil syndrome.
1436:
Bakeman, Beaumont, Belden, Cady, Corbin, Daley, Dorus, Esau, Fiske, Freeman, Henry, Hull, Humphrey, Jaha, Kyle, Nichols, Oliver, Pegan, Robinson, Shelley, Sprague, White, Willard and Williard.
619:
in Boston Harbor where many graves were desecrated by its construction, and annually hold a remembrance service for members of the tribe lost over the winter during their internment during
1331:' or 'miscellaneous' depending on their appearance.In 1902 it was reported that the Last of John Eliot Praying Indians was living in Massachusetts a Mrs Patience Fidelia Clifton age70 of
788:
The royal charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony of 1629 called for the conversion of Native Americans to Christianity. The colonists did not begin this work in earnest until after the
1306:), and Native Americans began in early colonial times. Africans and Native Americans shared a complementary gender imbalance as slave-traders imported few female enslaved Africans into
460:
language. The language is undergoing revival within the communities. There are several second-language speakers. Ohketeau is one local organization working on language revitalization.
30:
2218:
Mandell, D. R. (2010). King philip's war: Colonial expansion, native resistance, and the end of indian sovereignty. (pp. 60-75). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkinds University Press.
1577:, believed to contain the remains of the praying village were under agreement for development for more than 100 homes. This property has significant cultural importance to the
2526:
1318:
were accepted into the tribe as Native Americans, due to the matrilineal focus of Nipmuc culture, but to the eyes of their sceptical White neighbours, the increasingly Black
2452:
Harkin, M. E. (2004). Reassessing revitalization movements: Perspectives from North America and the pacific islands. (p. 265-267). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
1272:, although not all the Native Americans dispersed. Those Nipmuc that fled eventually assimilated into either the predominant host tribe or the conglomerate that developed.
1207:, who were allied to the French; however, local Native Americans were often conscripted as guides or scouts for the colonists. Wars occupied much of the century, including
1449:
Some of the tribes' ancestors were recorded as 'colored' including individuals of the Brown, Cisco, Freeman, Gigger, Hemenway, Hull, Humphrey, Walker and Willard families.
1310:
and many of Indian men died in war or joined the whaling industry. Many Native American women married African men. Intermarriage with whites was uncommon, due to colonial
1558:
was also achieved by the end of the same decade, re-establishing the Nipmuc people's relationship with the state and providing limited social services. The Nipmuc sought
1506:
research by James L. Cisco and his daughter Sara Cisco Sullivan from the Grafton homestead, and worked closely with the remnants of other closely related tribes, such as
2269:
Massachusetts Historical Society (1823). Collections of the Massachusetts historical society. Chronological Table, X(II), 218. New York, NY: Johnson Reprint Corporation.
1176:
and were able to maintain a certain amount of autonomy using the remaining lands to farm or sell timber. The population of the tribe was reduced as several outbreaks of
1890:
2541:
1693:
The Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs. (2004). Martin issues final determination to decline federal acknowledgment of the nipmuc nation. Retrieved from website:
1143:
suspect, but the Praying towns were also attacked by the 'wild' Native Americans that joined Metacomet's struggle. The Nipmuc were major participants in the siege of
2101:
Nipmuc Nation. (1994). Remembering deer island: A cause worth of nipmuc support. Nipmucspohke, I(2), 2-3. Retrieved from nipmucspohke.homestead.com/Vol.I_Is.2.pdf
1546:
By the 1970s, the Nipmuc had made many strides. Many local members of the tribe were called upon to help with the development of the Native American exhibit at
2443:
Mandell, D. R. (2011). Tribe, race, history: Native Americans in Southern New England, 1780–1880. (pp. 227–30). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
2278:
Mandell, D. R. (2011). Tribe, race, history: Native americans in southern new england, 1780–1880. (pp. 20-21). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
611:. The tribe also works closely with the state to undergo various archaeological excavations and preservation campaigns. The tribe, in conjunction with the
1332:
495:
dissolved some tribal divisions, as members of different tribes settled together. Four groups that are associated with the Nipmuc peoples survive today.
1570:
split the tribe in the mid-1990s. Divisions were caused by the frustrations with the slow pace of recognition as well as disagreements about gambling.
1861:
2674:
753:
2575:
2554:
2679:
1598:
properties will provide numerous recreational benefits to the public as well as play a role in protecting the water quality of local watersheds.
176:
2669:
2649:
2423:
Minardi, M(2010). Making slavery history, abolitionism and the politics of memory in massachusetts. New York, NY: Oxford Univ Pr US. pp 60-63.
2464:
1555:
1697:
1562:
in the 1980s. Tension between the Nipmuc Nation, which included the Hassanamisco and many descendants of the Chaubunagungamaug, based in
1419:
Belden, Bowman, Daly, Freeman, Hall, Humphrey, Jaha, Kile (Kyle), Newton, Nichols, Pichens (Pegan), Robins, Shelby, Sprague and Willard.
206:. The first recorded contact with Europeans was in 1630, when John Acquittamaug (Nipmuc) took maize to sell to the starving colonists of
698:
in 1620. These early seafarers introduced several infectious diseases to which the Native Americans had no prior exposure, resulting in
2495:
1499:
2542:
http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/ictarchives/2001/10/08/nipmucs-regroup-locals-applaud-as-mccaleb-denies-recognition-86803
1641:
800:
1777:
1365:
been well-integrated into other racial communities and due to the constant movement of Native Americans from place to place.
652:
612:
203:
479:(1612–1687), Superintendent to the Native Americans and assistant of Eliot, was careful to distinguish the Nipmuc (proper),
1740:
2659:
1455:
Some individuals were recorded as 'mixed' including individuals in the Bakeman, Belden, Brown, Kyle and Hector families.
1526:
firmly taking root in the 1920s with Indian gatherings such as the Algonquin Indian Council of New England that met in
1479:
1315:
2206:
1946:
439:
1110:
passed numerous legislation against Indian culture and religion. New laws were passed to limit the influence of the
421:
2624:
2432:
539:. The tribe's reservation spans 3.2 acres and this parcel has never been out of the hands of the Nipmuc People. {}
514:. The tribe's reservation spans 2.5 acres in Thompson, CT, where its office is located, and across the border in
457:
1442:
Arnold, Brown, Cisco, Gigger, Hazard, Hector, Hemenway, Howard, Johnson, Murdock, Stebbins, Walker and Wheeler.
417:
2664:
226:
in Boston Harbor and died of disease and malnutrition, while others were executed or sold into slavery in the
2654:
1651:
1114:, or 'shamans', and restricted the ability of non-converted Native Americans to enter colonial towns on the
811:. In addition, colonial authorities supported settlement of the Native Americans on 'Indian plantations' or
180:
2050:
2044:
Blumenthal, R. Connecticut Department of Justice, Office of the Attorney General, Indian Affairs. (2002).
1559:
1139:
648:
616:
599:
issued Executive Order #126 in 1976, which proclaimed that 'State agencies shall deal directly with ...
309:
223:
2410:
Mandell, D. R. 'The Saga of Sarah Muckamugg: Indian and African Intermarriage in Colonial New England.'
2355:
Mandell, D. R. "The Saga of Sarah Muckamugg: indian and African Intermarriage in Colonial New England."
2164:
Nipmuc placenames of new england. (1995). . (Nipmuc Indian Association of Connecticut ), Retrieved from
672:
1228:
1191:
968:
960:
Okommakamesitt, Agoganquameset, Ockoocangansett, Ogkoonhquonkames, Ognonikongquamesit, or Okkomkonimset
250:
1594:
1582:
1540:
1148:
1095:
1000:
677:
768:
2595:
2471:
1618:
1527:
1144:
1107:
922:
870:
525:
402:
358:. Colonists and the Native Americans themselves used this term extensively after the growth of the
39:
1071:
1051:
883:'Place of departure,' 'place of marvelling,' 'island of rushes,' or 'island where reeds grow.'(?)
796:
773:
683:
413:
406:
234:
222:, in 1675, though they were unable to defeat the colonists. Many of the Nipmuc were interned on
1694:
1656:
1574:
1567:
1547:
1336:
1291:
1182:
1152:
1035:
851:
831:
536:
507:
2536:
Adams, J. (2001, October 08). Nipmucs regroup, locals applaud as McCaleb denies recognition.
2395:
2062:
1563:
1487:
1287:
1224:
1208:
1055:
1019:
984:
945:
906:
886:
835:
777:
554:
515:
511:
238:
121:
2165:
1494:
with many Native Americans in feathered headdresses paying respects to Uncas, Sachem of the
706:
killed many of the Native Americans from 1617–1619, 1633, 1648 to 1649, and 1666. Similarly
2328:
King philip's war, colonial expansion, native resistance, and the end of indian sovereignty
2152:
1614:
1602:
1507:
1348:
1220:
1127:
1099:
620:
608:
219:
2178:
Indians of the Nipmuck Country in Southern New England 1630-1750, an historical geography.
1963:
Indians of the Nipmuck Country in Southern New England 1630–1750, An Historical Geography.
1917:
Indians of the Nipmuck Country in Southern New England 1630-1750, an Historical Geography.
694:. The first permanent settlements in the region did not begin until after the settling of
468:
249:, where Native Americans were coerced to settle and be instructed in European customs and
8:
1800:
1646:
1581:
because it contains the meetinghouse and the center of the old praying village. However,
1578:
1519:
1212:
691:
600:
367:
261:
151:
760:
deeded off many lands to the colonists to curry favor, many of which were not even his.
187:. Their historic territory Nippenet, meaning 'the freshwater pond place', is in central
1825:
1472:
1311:
1261:
1257:
557:
do not retain any of their original lands. The Natick are primarily descended from the
35:
2289:
Dispossession by Degrees: Indian Land and Identity in Natick, Massachusetts, 1650-1790
2137:
818:
Following is a list of Indian Plantations (Praying towns) associated with the Nipmuc:
2489:
2190:
1830:
1801:"New Hypothesis for Cause of Epidemic among Native Americans, New England, 1616–1619"
1736:
1361:
1115:
644:
828:'The boundary fishing place,' 'fishing place at the boundary,' or 'at the boundary.'
1820:
1812:
1357:
1353:
1032:'Mats for covering a lodge,' 'place of white stones,' or 'mats to cover the house.'
280:, 'people of the freshwater pond', due to their inland location. This derives from
257:
113:
1681:
1027:
Wabaquasset, Wabaquassit, Wabaquassuck, Wabasquassuck, Wabquisset or Wahbuquoshish
903:'Where the road lies,' 'where we gather,' 'near the path,' or 'place of meekness.'
2684:
2619:
2302:
Behind the frontier: Native Americans in eighteenth-century eastern massachusetts
2232:
1730:
1701:
1483:
1216:
1157:
722:
695:
596:
561:
in addition to having Nipmuc ancestry. They qualify for state services as Nipmuc.
631:
2359:. ed. Martha Elizabeth Hodes. (pp. 72-83). New York: New York University Press.
1495:
159:
2394:
Holley, C. T. (2001). "Nipmuc History." Nipmuc Nation Website. Retrieved from
2382:
1995:
1452:
Some individuals of the Gigger family are labelled as 'miscellaneous Indians.'
981:'At the turning place,' 'bends,' 'bare mountain place, or 'treeless mountain.'
647:, landowner of Hassanamessit, submitted a letter of intention to petition for
2643:
1590:
1586:
1551:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1173:
1135:
812:
792:
proved their military superiority, and they gained official backing in 1644.
744:, and the Native Americans rapidly began to trade their foodstuffs, furs and
740:
The colonists initially depended on the Native Americans for survival in the
730:
636:
492:
476:
453:
359:
273:
246:
188:
184:
117:
74:
68:
1834:
1816:
1503:
1491:
1190:
numbers and landholdings, Indian autonomy was worn away by the time of the
1008:
952:
781:
558:
202:
The Nipmuc had contact with traders and fishermen from Europe prior to the
196:
138:
98:
92:
1543:
bicentennial fair of many ancestors of today's Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck.
53:
Contemporary people claiming Nipmuc descent: 354 Chaubunagungamaug, (2002)
1891:"Final Determination Against Federal Acknowledgment of the Nipmuc Nation"
1661:
1628:
1624:
1458:
Some individuals of the Hall, Hector and Hemenway families have no label.
1307:
1269:
1161:
1131:
859:
808:
757:
687:
576:
242:
227:
192:
86:
80:
2414:. ed. Martha Elizabeth Hodes. New York, NY: New York Univ Pr. pp. 72-83.
2125:
Behind the Frontier: Indians in Eighteenth-Century Eastern Massachusetts
1785:. Deparament of Linguistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
1716:
320:, 'people of the freshwater fishing place,' and also appears spelled as
2629:
2344:
After King Philip's war, presence and persistence in Indian New England
2315:
After king philip's war, presence and persistence in indian new england
2258:
After King Philip's War, presence and persistence in indian new england
2051:
http://www.ct.gov/ag/lib/ag/press_releases/2002/indian/nipmuc_brief.pdf
1522:. Together, various tribal members began sharing cultural memory, with
1319:
789:
480:
2189:
Book of the General Lavves and Libertyes. Indians, §9 Retrieved from
1265:
1241:
1134:
from 1675 to 1676. The Native Americans that had already settled the
1123:
1119:
1078:
929:
741:
707:
699:
215:
29:
2614:
2521:
Green, R. (28, September 28). Finding dims nipmuc casino prospects.
391:
2151:
Shannon, T. J. (2005). Puritan conversion attempts. Retrieved from
1177:
895:
867:'Place of great trees,' 'granted place,' or 'place that is a gift.'
804:
703:
506:
Descendants of the Praying town of Chaunbunagungamaug, now part of
484:
211:
155:
2092:
Massachusetts Session Laws. 181st General Court, 2005, Chapter 25.
1631:(before 1640 — ca. 1686), Nipmuc peace office and spiritual leader
862:, Makunkokoag, Magunkahquog, Magunkook, Maggukaquog or Mawonkkomuk
2634:
1328:
1324:
1253:
1245:
1204:
1111:
749:
734:
715:
371:
272:
The tribe is first mentioned in a 1631 letter by Deputy Governor
134:
1715:
Sultzman, L. (2008, October 29). Nipmuc history. Retrieved from
1467:
848:'Place where there is gravel,' or 'at a place of small stones.'
2609:
2229:
The Indians of the Nipmuck Country in Southern New England, ...
1617:, historian, museum director, and Sonksq (female chief) of the
1531:
1515:
1249:
1227:(1754–1760). Many Native Americans also died in service of the
1043:
Wacuntuc, Wacantuck, Wacumtaug, Wacumtung, Waentg, or Wayunkeke
748:
for the copper kettles, arms and metal tools of the colonists.
745:
726:
711:
615:
were against the construction of the sewage treatment plant on
207:
2600:
2412:
Sex, love, race: crossing boundaries in north american history
2357:
Sex, love, race: crossing boundaries in north american history
2083:
Massachusetts General Laws, pt. I, Title II, Chapter 7, § 38A.
2074:
Massachusetts General Laws, pt. I, Title II, Chapter 6A, § 8A.
2020:
1471:
Kristen Wyman, member of the Natick Nipmuc Indian Council, an
1090:
1011:, Quanatusset, Quantiske, Quantisset, or Quatiske, Quattissick
535:
Descendants of the Praying town of Hassanamessit, now part of
362:. The French referred to most New England Native Americans as
2433:
Genealogy of the Descendents of John Eliot p.301 pdf page 329
2381:
Prindle, T. (1994). "Nipmuc Splint Basketry." Retrieved from
1764:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
1732:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
1186:
2372:. (p. 20). Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society.
1695:
http://www.doi.gov/archive/news/04_News_Releases/nipmuc.html
976:
Packachoag, Packachoog, Packachaug, Pakachog, or Packachooge
843:
Hassanamesit, Hassannamessit, Hassanameset, or Hassanemasset
824:, Chabanakongkomuk, Chaubunakongkomun, or Chaubunakongamaug
799:, who had learned the Massachusett from tribe interpreters,
579:. The Nipmuc of Connecticut are not recognized by the state.
1981:(Vol. III, p. 74). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
803:
and a grammar of the language. It was well understood from
575:
Descendants of various Nipmuc who survived or relocated to
2604:
2596:
Commonwealth of Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs
2396:
http://nipmucnation.homestead.com/files/nipmuc_history.txt
1425:
Arnold, Cisco, Gimba (Gimby), Heeter (Hector) and Walker.
635:
Congressman John Olver meets with a representative of the
623:
and protest against the destruction of Indian gravesites.
2291:. (pp. 6, 45). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2166:
http://www.nativetech.org/Nipmuc/placenames/mainmass.html
2127:, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1996, p. 151
1851:(Vol. I, p. 59). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1264:, the latter of which eventually migrated as far west as
2510:
Native america: A state-by-state historical encyclopedia
2153:
http://public.gettysburg.edu/~tshannon/hist106web/Indian
1943:
In Search of New England's Native Past: Selected Essays.
2245:
Colonial Women: 23 Europeans Who Helped Build a Nation.
1360:; and the 1859 'Earle Report', written by Commissioner
878:
Manchaug, Manchauge, Mauchage, Mauchaug, or Mônuhchogok
752:
settlers arrived in large numbers from 1620–1640, the '
366:, meaning 'Wolf '. But Nipmuc refugees who had fled to
16:
Indigenous people in Massachusetts and adjoining states
2330:. (pp. 136-138). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ Pr.
2304:. (p. 151). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
2203:
King philip's war: Civil war in new england, 1675-1676
1601:
In July 2013, the Hassanamisco band selected a chief,
2147:
2145:
2136:
Charter of Massachusetts Bay (1629). Retrieved from
2555:"Hassanamesitt Woods Protection Moves Forward (MA)"
2138:
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/mass03.asp
2114:. (pp. 255-256). New York, NY: Infobase Publishing.
1941:Day, G. M., Foster, M. K., & Cowan, W. (1998).
1585:, the town of Grafton, the Grafton Land Trust, the
686:sailors, fishermen, and adventurers began visiting
472:
General location of the Nipmuc(k) and other tribes.
2406:
2404:
2191:https://archive.org/details/coloniallawsofma00mass
2180:Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. pp. 41, 90-120.
1973:
1971:
1849:History of Windham County, Connecticut: 1600-1760.
1566:, and the rest of the Chaubunagungamaug, based in
676:American Indian baskets at the Danforth Museum in
2158:
2142:
2030:
2028:
1932:. (Vol. II). Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Pub. p. 74.
2641:
2346:. (pp. 40-45). Dartmouth, NH: Dartmouth College.
1735:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 442.
1711:
1709:
1605:to succeed Walter Vickers upon his resignation.
1126:in his war against colonial expansion, known as
2401:
1968:
1794:
1792:
1682:http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2004/04-14394.htm
1573:Land, 190 acres, in the Hassanamessit Woods in
1554:built in the heart of former Nipmuc territory.
177:Indigenous people of the Northeastern Woodlands
2233:https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0786450118
2025:
1957:
1955:
1766:(p. 442). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
626:
237:arrived in Boston in 1631. After learning the
1979:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico.
1930:Handbook of American Indians, North of Mexico
1919:Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. pp. 7 - 8.
1706:
1482:culture and history changed as antiquarians,
1965:Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. pp. 8–10.
1789:
965:'Plowed field place' or 'at the plantation.'
702:with mortality rates as high as 90 percent.
218:'s war against colonial expansion, known as
2383:http://www.nativetech.org/weave/nipmucbask/
2317:. (p. 7). Dartmouth, NH: Dartmouth College.
2260:. (p. 2). Dartmouth, NH: Dartmouth College.
1952:
1868:. National Conference of State Legislatures
1356:and Cyrus Weekes and presented to Governor
1339:formerly Indian community of Hassanamesitt
1268:. This further dwindled Indian presence in
1058:sold by Nipmuck as "Squnshepauk" Plantation
997:'Red pond,' 'bloody pond' or 'pond before.'
780:, site of the first Praying Plantation, or
420:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1798:
1722:
1462:
795:Although many answered the call, the Rev.
210:. The colonists carried diseases, such as
28:
1824:
1775:
1302:Intermarriage between Whites, Blacks (or
1172:The Nipmuc regrouped around their former
499:Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck, Dudley Indians
440:Learn how and when to remove this message
378:, meaning the 'beaver tail-hill people'.
241:, which was widely understood throughout
2615:Nipmuc Indian Association of Connecticut
2605:Chaubunagungamaug Nipmuck Indian Council
2512:. (p. 543). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio.
1989:
1987:
1885:
1883:
1862:"State-Recognized Tribes: Massachusetts"
1728:
1608:
1534:such as those at Hassanamessit in 1924.
1466:
1089:
919:'The place between' or 'between waters.'
767:
671:
630:
467:
2675:Native American tribes in Massachusetts
1799:Marr, John S.; Cathey, John T. (2010).
1642:Native American tribes in Massachusetts
662:
639:during its bid for federal recognition.
553:The descendants of the Praying town of
264:while the federal government does not.
2680:Native American tribes in Rhode Island
2642:
2620:Nipmucspohke, Nipmuc Nation Newsletter
2494:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2368:Goddard, I. & Bragdon, K. (1998).
2670:Native American tribes in Connecticut
2570:
2568:
2338:
2336:
2112:Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence
1993:
1984:
1897:. Indian Affairs Bureau. 25 June 2004
1880:
1717:http://www.dickshovel.com/nipmuc.html
1256:at increasingly mixed settlements of
1248:who were under the protection of the
763:
613:National Congress of American Indians
2247:Jefferson, NC: McFarland Publishers.
1085:
1016:'Long brook' or 'little long river.'
590:
418:adding citations to reliable sources
385:
62:Regions with significant populations
1866:Federal and State Recognized Tribes
1498:. Despite nearly four centuries of
510:, on lands returned by the town of
463:
13:
2565:
2333:
1490:as well as the 1907 appearance of
546:Natick Massachusett, Natick Nipmuc
14:
2696:
2650:African–Native American relations
2589:
2207:University of Massachusetts Press
1977:Hodge, F. W. (1910). "Nipmuc" in
1947:University of Massachusetts Press
1779:A Grammar of the Nipmuck Language
1776:Gustafson, Holly Suzanne (2000).
1769:
1510:and the Fielding families of the
1275:
2065:Dukakis 65th Governorship, 1976.
1297:
390:
97:
85:
73:
2547:
2530:
2515:
2502:
2455:
2446:
2437:
2426:
2417:
2388:
2375:
2370:Native writings in Massachusett
2362:
2349:
2320:
2307:
2294:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2250:
2237:
2221:
2212:
2195:
2183:
2170:
2130:
2117:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2056:
2038:
2014:
1935:
1922:
1909:
1518:, and William L. Wilcox of the
1372:Massachusetts 'Indian Censuses'
1280:
1167:
667:
585:
458:Southern New England Algonquian
55:526 Hassanamisco Nipmuc (2004).
2205:. (pp. 101-105). Amherst, MA:
1994:Bixby, Lyn (20 January 2001).
1854:
1841:
1756:
1687:
1673:
284:and includes variants such as
1:
1667:
1652:Chaubunagungamaug Reservation
1234:
1164:or forced to leave the area.
737:tribes that raided the area.
452:The Nipmuc most likely spoke
1805:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1514:, Atwood L. Williams of the
721:As shown by the writings of
204:colonization of the Americas
179:, who historically spoke an
7:
2342:Calloway, C. G. C. (1997).
2313:Calloway, C. G. C. (1997).
2256:Calloway, C. G. C. (1997).
2063:Mass. Executive Order #126.
2021:https://www.nipmucband.org/
1635:
1342:
627:Federal recognition efforts
381:
256:The state of Massachusetts
181:Eastern Algonquian language
57:Possible total 1,400 (2008)
10:
2701:
2660:Eastern Algonquian peoples
2610:Hassanamisco Indian Museum
2155:Converts/the_puritans3.htm
1996:"Victory for Indian Group"
1094:Depiction of the siege of
992:Quabaug, Quaboag, Squaboag
969:Marlborough, Massachusetts
374:referred to themselves as
312:recorded the tribe as the
2580:The Trust for Public Land
2559:The Trust for Public Land
1595:The Trust for Public Land
1583:The Trust for Public Land
1541:Sturbridge, Massachusetts
1096:Brookfield, Massachusetts
1001:Brookfield, Massachusetts
678:Framingham, Massachusetts
251:converted to Christianity
150:
145:
132:
127:
112:
107:
66:
61:
52:
47:
27:
2508:Murphree, D. S. (2012).
1729:Pritzker, Barry (2000).
1619:Hassanamisco Nipmuc Band
1528:Providence, Rhode Island
1486:, institutions like the
1478:Local attitudes towards
1252:or westward to join the
1108:Massachusetts Bay Colony
923:Littleton, Massachusetts
871:Hopkinton, Massachusetts
801:compiled an Indian Bible
526:Hassanamisco Nipmuc Band
40:Worcester, Massachusetts
2287:O'Brien, J. M. (1997).
2243:Waldrup, C. C. (1999).
2176:Connole, D. A. (2007).
2002:. Hartford, Connecticut
1961:Connole, D. A. (2007).
1915:Connole, D. A. (2007).
1762:Pritzker, B. M. (2000)
1463:20th and 21st centuries
1316:children of such unions
1197:
1072:Sterling, Massachusetts
1052:Uxbridge, Massachusetts
595:Massachusetts Governor
267:
133:Traditionally Animism (
2635:Nipmuc Language - Home
1847:Larnad, E. D. (1874).
1817:10.3201/eid1602.090276
1657:Lake Chaubunagungamaug
1568:Webster, Massachusetts
1548:Old Sturbridge Village
1475:
1337:Grafton, Massachusetts
1292:Webster, Massachusetts
1183:Grafton, Massachusetts
1103:
1048:'A bend in the river.'
1036:Woodstock, Connecticut
852:Grafton, Massachusetts
832:Webster, Massachusetts
785:
680:
640:
537:Grafton, Massachusetts
473:
370:and settled among the
368:French Colonial Canada
38:, a Nipmuc woman from
2576:"Hassanamesitt Woods"
2201:Drake, J. D. (1999).
1928:Hodge, R. W. (2006).
1621:from 2013 to present.
1609:Notable Nipmuc people
1564:Sutton, Massachusetts
1470:
1288:Massachusett language
1225:French and Indian War
1130:, which would ravage
1093:
1068:'Surface of the sea.'
1056:Mendon, Massachusetts
1020:Thompson, Connecticut
985:Auburn, Massachusetts
946:Natick, Massachusetts
907:Thompson, Connecticut
887:Sutton, Massachusetts
834:(on lands ceded from
771:
675:
634:
555:Natick, Massachusetts
516:Thompson, Connecticut
512:Dudley, Massachusetts
491:The formation of the
471:
316:, which derives from
239:Massachusett language
233:Christian missionary
208:Boston, Massachusetts
146:Related ethnic groups
2655:Algonquian ethnonyms
2326:Mandell, D. (2011).
2110:Kohn, G. C. (2010).
1615:Cheryll Toney Holley
1603:Cheryll Toney Holley
1508:Gladys Tantaquidgeon
1413:1849, Briggs Report
1398:1848, Denney Report
1349:Massachusetts Senate
1223:(1744–1748) and the
1077:Also settled by the
1063:Washacum or Washakim
951:Also settled by the
928:Also settled by the
663:Colonial-era history
414:improve this section
354:, as well as modern
191:and nearby parts of
2227:Dennis A. Connole,
1647:Hassanamisco Nipmuc
1579:Hassanamisco Nipmuc
1560:federal recognition
1430:1861, Earle Report
1314:laws in place. The
784:, in Massachusetts.
692:early modern period
649:federal recognition
643:On April 22, 1980,
601:Hassanamisco Nipmuc
262:Hassanamisco Nipmuc
24:
1700:2012-09-21 at the
1476:
1473:unrecognized tribe
1312:anti-miscegenation
1209:King William's War
1104:
786:
764:Indian plantations
681:
641:
568:Connecticut Nipmuc
474:
116:, likely formerly
36:Hepsibeth Hemenway
22:
2665:King Philip's War
2540:. Retrieved from
2525:. Retrieved from
2049:. Retrieved from
1589:and the state of
1556:State recognition
1550:, a 19th-century
1492:Buffalo Bill Cody
1446:
1445:
1362:John Milton Earle
1229:Revolutionary War
1221:King George's War
1192:Revolutionary War
1138:were interned on
1128:King Philip's War
1100:King Philip's War
1086:King Philip's War
942:'Place of hills.'
822:Chaubunagungamaug
645:Zara Cisco Brough
621:King Philip's War
609:King Philip's War
591:State recognition
528:, Grafton Indians
450:
449:
442:
220:King Philip's War
165:
164:
91:), and northwest
2692:
2584:
2583:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2551:
2545:
2534:
2528:
2523:Hartford Courant
2519:
2513:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2470:. Archived from
2469:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2415:
2408:
2399:
2392:
2386:
2379:
2373:
2366:
2360:
2353:
2347:
2340:
2331:
2324:
2318:
2311:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2254:
2248:
2241:
2235:
2231:(2003), pg. 178
2225:
2219:
2216:
2210:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2149:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2121:
2115:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2000:Hartford Courant
1991:
1982:
1975:
1966:
1959:
1950:
1939:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1895:Federal Register
1887:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1858:
1852:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1773:
1767:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1742:978-0-1951-38771
1726:
1720:
1713:
1704:
1691:
1685:
1677:
1627:, also known as
1392:Grafton Surnames
1368:
1367:
1358:George N. Briggs
1354:Whiting Griswold
1213:Queen Anne's War
464:Tribal divisions
445:
438:
434:
431:
425:
394:
386:
102:
101:
90:
89:
78:
77:
48:Total population
32:
25:
21:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2640:
2639:
2630:Project Mishoon
2592:
2587:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2535:
2531:
2520:
2516:
2507:
2503:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2465:"Archived copy"
2463:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2409:
2402:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2376:
2367:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2341:
2334:
2325:
2321:
2312:
2308:
2300:Mandell, D. R.
2299:
2295:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2238:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2123:Mandell, D. R.
2122:
2118:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1992:
1985:
1976:
1969:
1960:
1953:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1842:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1707:
1702:Wayback Machine
1692:
1688:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1638:
1611:
1484:anthropologists
1480:Native American
1465:
1387:Grafton Indians
1382:Dudley Surnames
1345:
1300:
1283:
1278:
1237:
1211:, (1689–1699),
1200:
1170:
1158:Mary Rowlandson
1088:
766:
754:Great Migration
723:Increase Mather
696:Plymouth Colony
670:
665:
653:Native American
629:
597:Michael Dukakis
593:
588:
483:, Quaboag, and
466:
446:
435:
429:
426:
411:
395:
384:
270:
183:, probably the
160:Niantic peoples
96:
84:
72:
56:
54:
43:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2698:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2625:Nipmuc History
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2590:External links
2588:
2586:
2585:
2564:
2546:
2538:Indian Country
2529:
2514:
2501:
2454:
2445:
2436:
2425:
2416:
2400:
2387:
2374:
2361:
2348:
2332:
2319:
2306:
2293:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2249:
2236:
2220:
2211:
2194:
2182:
2169:
2157:
2141:
2129:
2116:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2055:
2037:
2024:
2013:
1983:
1967:
1951:
1934:
1921:
1908:
1879:
1853:
1840:
1811:(2): 281–286.
1788:
1768:
1755:
1741:
1721:
1705:
1686:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1610:
1607:
1530:and dances or
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1377:Dudley Indians
1374:
1344:
1341:
1333:Brigham's Hill
1299:
1296:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1276:Modern history
1274:
1236:
1233:
1199:
1196:
1169:
1166:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1005:
1004:
998:
989:
988:
982:
973:
972:
966:
957:
956:
949:
943:
934:
933:
926:
920:
911:
910:
904:
891:
890:
884:
875:
874:
868:
856:
855:
849:
840:
839:
829:
765:
762:
669:
666:
664:
661:
628:
625:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
582:
581:
580:
570:
569:
565:
564:
563:
562:
548:
547:
543:
542:
541:
540:
530:
529:
522:
521:
520:
519:
501:
500:
465:
462:
448:
447:
398:
396:
389:
383:
380:
376:ȣmiskanȣakȣiak
310:Roger Williams
269:
266:
175:people are an
163:
162:
148:
147:
143:
142:
130:
129:
125:
124:
110:
109:
105:
104:
64:
63:
59:
58:
50:
49:
45:
44:
33:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2697:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2518:
2511:
2505:
2497:
2491:
2477:on 2014-06-09
2473:
2466:
2458:
2449:
2440:
2434:
2429:
2420:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2397:
2391:
2384:
2378:
2371:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2323:
2316:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2290:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2215:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2139:
2133:
2126:
2120:
2113:
2107:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2022:
2017:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1945:Amherst, MA:
1944:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1850:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1765:
1759:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1672:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1630:
1626:
1625:Wullumahchein
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1591:Massachusetts
1588:
1587:Nipmuc Nation
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:living museum
1549:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1536:Plains Indian
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:pan-Indianism
1521:
1517:
1513:
1512:Mohegan Tribe
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1347:In 1848, the
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:Intermarriage
1295:
1293:
1289:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:(1722–1724),
1218:
1215:(1704–1713),
1214:
1210:
1206:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1174:Praying towns
1165:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1136:Praying towns
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1054:. originally
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1002:
999:
996:
995:
994:
993:
986:
983:
980:
979:
978:
977:
970:
967:
964:
963:
962:
961:
954:
950:
947:
944:
941:
940:
939:
938:
931:
927:
924:
921:
918:
917:
916:
915:
908:
905:
902:
901:
900:
899:
897:
888:
885:
882:
881:
880:
879:
872:
869:
866:
865:
864:
863:
861:
853:
850:
847:
846:
845:
844:
837:
833:
830:
827:
826:
825:
823:
819:
816:
814:
813:Praying towns
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
791:
783:
779:
775:
770:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
679:
674:
660:
656:
654:
650:
646:
638:
637:Nipmuc Nation
633:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
604:
602:
598:
578:
574:
573:
572:
571:
567:
566:
560:
556:
552:
551:
550:
549:
545:
544:
538:
534:
533:
532:
531:
527:
524:
523:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:
503:
502:
498:
497:
496:
494:
493:praying towns
489:
486:
482:
478:
477:Daniel Gookin
470:
461:
459:
455:
444:
441:
433:
423:
419:
415:
409:
408:
404:
399:This section
397:
393:
388:
387:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:praying towns
357:
353:
350:
346:
342:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:Thomas Dudley
265:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
247:praying towns
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
189:Massachusetts
186:
185:Loup language
182:
178:
174:
170:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
140:
136:
131:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
100:
94:
88:
82:
79:), northeast
76:
70:
69:Massachusetts
65:
60:
51:
46:
41:
37:
31:
26:
2579:
2558:
2549:
2537:
2532:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2504:
2479:. Retrieved
2472:the original
2457:
2448:
2439:
2428:
2419:
2411:
2390:
2377:
2369:
2364:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2327:
2322:
2314:
2309:
2301:
2296:
2288:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2257:
2252:
2244:
2239:
2228:
2223:
2214:
2202:
2197:
2185:
2177:
2172:
2160:
2132:
2124:
2119:
2111:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2058:
2045:
2040:
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
1999:
1978:
1962:
1942:
1937:
1929:
1924:
1916:
1911:
1901:16 September
1899:. Retrieved
1894:
1872:16 September
1870:. Retrieved
1865:
1856:
1848:
1843:
1808:
1804:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1758:
1748:16 September
1746:. Retrieved
1731:
1724:
1689:
1675:
1600:
1593:intervened.
1572:
1545:
1520:Narragansett
1504:genealogical
1500:assimilation
1477:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1346:
1303:
1301:
1284:
1281:19th century
1238:
1217:Dummer's War
1201:
1171:
1168:18th century
1105:
1062:
1061:
1042:
1041:
1026:
1025:
1009:Quinnetusset
1007:
1006:
991:
990:
975:
974:
959:
958:
953:Massachusett
936:
935:
913:
912:
893:
892:
877:
876:
858:
857:
842:
841:
821:
820:
817:
794:
787:
782:Praying town
772:Monument to
739:
720:
682:
668:17th century
657:
642:
605:
594:
586:Legal status
559:Massachusett
490:
475:
451:
436:
427:
412:Please help
400:
375:
363:
355:
351:
348:
344:
340:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
271:
255:
232:
201:
197:Rhode Island
172:
168:
166:
152:Narragansett
139:Christianity
122:Massachusett
93:Rhode Island
34:Portrait of
19:Ethnic group
1662:Tantiusques
1629:Black James
1308:New England
1270:New England
1262:Stockbridge
1258:Schagticoke
1162:West Indies
1140:Deer Island
1132:New England
898:, Mayanexit
860:Magunkaquog
809:Connecticut
758:John Wompas
690:during the
688:New England
617:Deer Island
577:Connecticut
308:. In 1637,
243:New England
228:West Indies
224:Deer Island
193:Connecticut
81:Connecticut
2644:Categories
2481:2014-01-22
2006:6 November
1668:References
1488:Boy Scouts
1320:phenotypes
1235:Emigration
1149:Brookfield
797:John Eliot
790:Pequot War
774:John Eliot
481:Wabquasset
430:April 2023
258:recognizes
235:John Eliot
158:, Eastern
1266:Wisconsin
1242:Pennacook
1145:Lancaster
1124:Metacomet
1120:Wampanoag
1079:Pennacook
930:Pennacook
894:Manexit,
776:in South
742:New World
708:influenza
700:epidemics
401:does not
356:Nipmuc(k)
330:Nippimook
216:Metacomet
108:Languages
2490:cite web
1949:, p. 181
1835:20113559
1698:Archived
1636:See also
1343:Censuses
1304:Chikitis
1181:town of
1178:smallpox
896:Maanexit
805:Cape Ann
704:Smallpox
684:European
485:Nashaway
382:Language
349:Nepmock,
341:Neepemut
338:Nipmoog,
322:Neetmock
318:Nipamaug
314:Neepmuck
286:Neipnett
282:Nippenet
212:smallpox
156:Shawomet
128:Religion
67:Central
2047:indians
1826:2957993
1575:Grafton
1532:powwows
1496:Mohegan
1329:colored
1325:mulatto
1254:Mahican
1246:Abenaki
1205:Abenaki
1153:Sudbury
1116:Sabbath
1112:powwows
1098:during
914:Nashoba
750:Puritan
735:Abenaki
716:measles
655:tribe.
508:Webster
422:removed
407:sources
372:Abenaki
352:Neepmuk
334:Nipmaug
326:Notmook
306:Nipneet
298:Nibenet
290:Neepnet
276:as the
173:Nipmuck
114:English
2685:Nipmuc
1833:
1823:
1739:
1516:Pequot
1250:French
1122:chief
937:Natick
836:Dudley
778:Natick
746:wampum
731:Mohawk
727:Pequot
714:, and
712:typhus
454:Loup A
345:Nepmet
302:Nopnat
294:Nepmet
278:Nipnet
169:Nipmuc
135:Manito
118:Nipmuc
42:, 1830
23:Nipmuc
2475:(PDF)
2468:(PDF)
1783:(PDF)
1187:swine
651:as a
2496:link
2008:2021
1903:2021
1874:2021
1831:PMID
1750:2021
1737:ISBN
1327:', '
1244:and
1198:Wars
1106:The
733:and
456:, a
405:any
403:cite
364:Loup
304:and
268:Name
260:the
195:and
167:The
120:and
1821:PMC
1813:doi
1439:66
1433:77
1422:26
1416:46
1401:51
1260:or
807:to
416:by
171:or
137:),
2646::
2578:.
2567:^
2557:.
2492:}}
2488:{{
2403:^
2335:^
2144:^
2053:.
2027:^
1998:.
1986:^
1970:^
1954:^
1893:.
1882:^
1864:.
1829:.
1819:.
1809:16
1807:.
1803:.
1791:^
1708:^
1406:2
1335:,
1231:.
1151:,
1147:,
838:).
729:,
710:,
347:,
343:,
336:,
332:,
328:,
324:,
300:,
296:,
292:,
288:,
253:.
230:.
199:.
154:,
2582:.
2561:.
2544:.
2498:)
2484:.
2398:.
2385:.
2209:.
2010:.
1905:.
1876:.
1837:.
1815::
1752:.
1719:.
1684:.
1323:'
1102:.
1081:.
1074:.
1038:.
1022:.
1003:.
987:.
971:.
955:.
948:.
932:.
925:.
909:.
889:.
873:.
854:.
518:.
443:)
437:(
432:)
428:(
424:.
410:.
141:.
103:)
95:(
83:(
71:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
