Nike Hercules - Knowledge

1148: 868: 1237:(ECM) on the target aircraft, which is needed to measure the time-of-flight. The TRR system combatted this by allowing switching between two very different set of frequencies. This signal would be very difficult to jam because the jammer would have to broadcast across a wide set of frequencies in order to ensure they were returning on the frequency the receiver had actually selected. Meanwhile, the TTR can continue offering location information, and in the case that is also jammed (difficult but possible), was upgraded to offer a home-on-jam mode that used the ECM system's own broadcasts as a location source. Skilled operators could also try to track the target in a manual tracking mode. 1569: 1608: 1529: 1596: 809: 1183:), but this was difficult to make out due to the presence of the four large delta wings running almost the entire length of the fuselage. Each wing ended with a control flap which was separated from the wing by a short distance, leaving a gap. The back of the controls were even with the extreme rear of the missile. Smaller deltas in front of the main wings, and blended into them, provided roll control with very small flaps mounted to pivot along a line roughly 45 degrees from the line of the fuselage. These smaller wings also housed the antennae of the transponder. 1584: 1620: 1509: 1171: 1632: 1204: 1029: 1483: 1545: 1353: 1100:(2 ATAF) sites essentially became fixed sites and were no longer considered capable of a mobile role. During the last years of their deployment in Europe, the issue at hand was more about maintaining security of the nuclear capable missiles, rather than mobility. The DoD invested considerably in upgrading the security of the storage areas of the launcher sections, ultimately installing significant towers that were capable of watching over all three sections within the "exclusion area". 1084:, Bravo Battery in Key Largo, Charlie Battery in Carol City and Delta Battery, located on Krome Avenue on the outskirts of Miami – started in June 1979 and was completed by early autumn of that year. The buildings that once housed Delta Battery became the original structures used for the Krome Avenue Detention Facility, a federal facility used primarily to hold illegal aliens awaiting immigration hearings. In Anchorage, Alaska, Site Point (A Battery) was converted into a ski chalet for 1444: 1557: 1212: 912: 1037: 989: 559: 42: 1431: 1057: 1366: 1496: 1457: 1392: 1337: 1379: 1311:

firing circuit, known as a squib test, stray voltage caused a short circuit in a faulty cable that was lying in a puddle and allowed the missile's booster to ignite with the launcher still in a horizontal position. The Nike missile left the launcher and smashed through a fence and down into a beach area skipping the warhead out across the water "like a stone." The exhaust blast killed two Army technicians and injured one.

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Nevada Test Site was fully booked with the existing Project AMMO testing series. Part of the rush was due to the newly evolving understanding of the effects of nuclear weapons on radar systems, which led to serious concerns about various weapon's systems ability to operate after nearby nuclear explosions. Testing of the W-7 was put into AMMO, while the SNODGRASS series was moved to an Army-Air Force test at

1088:. Site Summit (B Battery) still sits above Eagle River, its IFC buildings and clamshell towers easily visible when driving towards Anchorage. Site Bay (C Battery), across Cook Inlet from the others, has been mostly demolished, with only burned out shells of the batteries remaining, as well as a few storage bunkers. The large airstrip remains, and is often used by locals for flight instruction and practice. 435:. Nike tracked both the target and the missile using separate radars, compared the locations in a computer, and sent commands to the missile to fly to a point in the sky to intercept the target. To increase range, the missile was normally boosted above the target into the thinner air and then descended on it in a gliding dive. Nike was initially deployed at military bases starting in 1953, especially 683:, which the Air Force stated should be their mission. Wilson attempted to address the inter-service rivalries by enforcing a strict limit on the range of Army systems. In his 26 November 1956 memorandum, he limited the Army to weapons with 200-mile (320 km) range, and those involved in ground-to-air defense to only 100 miles (160 km). This forced the Army to turn its Jupiter 570:, igniting on contact. Due to the nature of these fuels, extreme caution had to be used whenever the missiles were moved or unloaded for maintenance. This was carried out in a protected area behind a large berm, in order to protect the rest of the site from an accidental explosion during fueling. This complexity added enormously to the cost and time required to maintain the missiles. 1277:. During an alert, the site would go on "blue alert", at which time the LA crew would arm and erect the missiles and then retreat to safety. As the missiles were brought to readiness, a light board in the LA control van lit up with a series of amber lights for each launcher area, and green lights for each missile. On the IFC the status of the selected missile was given. 876:

the new seeker could be retrofitted at any time. The original Ajax detection radar retroactively became known as LOPAR, and remained in use as the main target selection radar in the missile control van. HIPAR would detect targets separately and "hand off" to the LOPAR and TTR so those systems could remain largely unchanged and able to launch either Hercules or Ajax.

652:. BOMARC proved extremely expensive, difficult to maintain in operational readiness, had questionable performance, and was displaying a continued inability to reach operational status. Instead of de-emphasizing BOMARC in favor of Hercules, inter-service rivalry became rampant, and the Air Force began a policy of denigrating Hercules and the Army using 1285:

was a 5-second allowance for the missile to launch, if it failed to do so it was marked "rejected" and another missile selected. A new missile could be launched about 11 seconds after detonation or rejecting the previous missile. Based on the 'time to fly' of the missile this limited overall battery rates to about one launch every couple of minutes.

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modernized to the maximum extent within the limits of current technology and economics of improvement as compared to investment in a new system ...". Three key elements were identified; the need to attack formations without nuclear warheads, operations against low-altitude targets, and better traffic-handling capabilities to handle larger raids.

1111:, the Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Norway, Greece and Turkey continued to use the Hercules for high-altitude air defense until the late 1980s. With the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, the units were deactivated in 1988. The last Hercules missile was launched in the Sardinian range of Capo San Lorenzo in Italy on November 24, 2006. 963:. Of these threats, Redstone was considered just within the Hercules's capabilities, able to defend against such a target over a relatively limited range. Increasing performance against these longer-range "theatre" weapons would require more extensive upgrades that would have pushed the time-frame out to the range when FABMDS was expected. 1261:. To ensure the MTR could see and track the missile during its initial rapid ascent as it launched, the IFC was normally located about 1 mile (1.6 km) from the "Launching Area" (LA). In the case of Hercules, all of the radars were typically mounted on (concrete) elevated platforms to improve their line-of-sight. 515:, like those currently under development by all of the nuclear-armed forces for just this reason. A larger Nike with greatly improved range would not only help address this sort of attack, but also allow a single base to defend a much larger area, lowering the overall costs of deploying a widespread defensive system. 603:

rails. The Army eventually decided not to proceed with any Ajax modifications as Hercules would be arriving shortly anyway. Similar experiments for Hercules boosters led to the XM-61 single-chamber booster, but when the XM-42 cluster proved to be even less expensive than expected, this effort was also dropped.

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Interceptions with the Hercules system would typically start with targets being detected and identified on the HIPAR system, if this was in use. Otherwise the LOPAR was used. In order to simplify the upgrades at Ajax sites, HIPAR did not replace the earlier ACQ radar from Ajax, which was retained and

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Hercules could carry either a nuclear warhead or a conventional high-explosive warhead (T-45 fragmentation type). Initially the nuclear-armed version carried the W-7 Mod 2E nuclear warhead, with yields of 2.5 or 28 kt. Beginning in FY 1961 the older warheads were replaced by W-31 Mod 0 warheads, with

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I drone. A similar test on 17 July against a 300-knot (350 mph; 560 km/h) Q2A destroyed the target with the T45. A dual-launch followed on 24 July, with the first round destroying its target with the T45, and the second with the instrument package flying one second behind. A similar test on

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casing that was destroyed by small explosives, but this proved overweight and did not boost the Ajax to the required speed. Redstone Arsenal then presented the T48E3 which was somewhat larger and longer to reach reasonable performance, but only at the cost of having to modify all of the Ajax launcher

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When the battery was given orders to attack a target, the alert status lamp changed from blue to red. When the TTR and MTR radars were locked, the computer had a firing solution and the missile reported active, the LA lamp changed from amber to green, indicating the ability to fire. At this time the

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Each Nike battery consisted of two or three areas; IFC, LA and general. The LA consisted to a maximum of four launching sections, each section consisted of an underground storage area, an elevator to move missiles to and from the surface launchers, and four aboveground firing locations. One of these

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The changes were designed to be upgradable without major changes to the deployed system – the TTR/MTR could be replaced at any time, the HIPAR used its own displays and therefore required no changes in the missile launch equipment, the TRR was slaved to the TTR and simply updated range readings, and

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Plans had been made to test the Hercules's W-7 warhead in a live-fire exercise in 1959 as part of "Operation SNODGRASS". However, as rumours of a ban on atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons spread, SNODGRASS became a crash project to be completed before 1 September 1958 at any available site – the

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in which various Air Force officials complained that the Hercules was ineffective. Chicago was slated to shortly begin receiving its Hercules upgrades. Similar articles began appearing in papers around the country, invariably just before that city was to begin receiving their missiles. This prompted

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Throughout the early Nike evolution, the then-new Air Force had been encouraged by the deployment of the missile systems. They saw this as an extension of the Army's existing "point defence" role, and as a valuable backup to their own manned interceptors. There were concerns about the possibility of

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June or July 1959, an incident occurred concerning a Hercules anti-aircraft missile on Okinawa which according to some witnesses, was complete with a nuclear warhead, and was accidentally fired from the Nike site 8 battery at Naha Air Base. While the missile was undergoing continuity testing of the

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Efforts to mount the HIPAR on the same platform between March and December 1962 were not nearly as successful, and on 18 December 1962 the concept was abandoned in favor of an "airmobile" solution using conventional M52 trucks and modified trailers. The resulting system used six semi-trailers: four

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Even as the Nike was undergoing testing, planners grew concerned about the missile's ability to attack formations of aircraft. Given the low resolution of the tracking radars available at the time, a formation of aircraft would appear on the radars as a single larger return. Launched against such a

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started exploring anti-aircraft missiles, examining a variety of concepts. They split development between the Army Air Force or the Ordnance Department based on whether or not the design "depend for sustenance primarily on the lift of aerodynamic forces" or "primary on the momentum of the missile".

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Hercules also offered the ability to attack pre-located ground targets, after feeding in the coordinates in an operation that took about five minutes. For these missions the computer used the MTR to guide the missile to a point above the target, then commanded it to dive vertically while measuring

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The entire sequence of events from decision to launch to actual launch normally took about 36 seconds. This included about 30 seconds to develop a track for a target; 4 seconds for computer to develop a firing solution, and 2 seconds between the initial fire order command and missile launch. There

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Information from the MTR and TTR continued to be fed to the computer for updating the intercept point based on any actual changes in either the missile or the target location, speed or direction. The guidance commands were sent to the missile by modulating the MTR transmit signal. When the missile

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The booster was formed from four of the earlier Ajax M5E1 boosters held together in a frame. Each of these was a steel tube, and held together in this fashion they presented a considerable range safety issue when they fell back to the ground after launch. The boosters were equipped with four large

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The Nike Hercules was a command-guided, long-range, high-altitude anti-aircraft missile. It was normally deployed in fixed bases with a central radar and control site (Integrated Fire Control area or IFC) separated from the launcher area (LA). Hercules batteries in the US were generally placed in

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The first deployment of the EFS/ATBM HIPAR was carried out between February and 20 April 1963, but during this time the Army decided not to deploy these systems in the United States. Further deployments to allied units and US units in Alaska were carried out between November 1963 and the summer of

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Deployment of the INH upgrade kits began on 10 June 1961 at the BA-30 site in the Washington–Baltimore defense area, and continued into September 1967. HIPAR was a large system and generally deployed under a dome on top of a concrete platform that raised it above any local obstructions. To provide

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The addition of the TRR solved a problem with early pulse radar units. It is relatively easy to jam a conventional radar by sending out additional pulses of radio signal on the same frequency. Unless the transmitter has encoded some additional form of information in the signal, the receiver cannot

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Soviet development of ICBMs and the de-emphasis of their bomber force decreased the value of the Hercules system. Beginning around 1965, the number of Nike batteries was reduced. Thule's air defense was reduced during 1965, and SAC air base defense during 1966, reducing the number of batteries to

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The first EFS sets arrived at White Sands late in 1962 and started testing in April 1963. In testing the system was successful against all manner of short-range rockets and missiles, and successfully tracked the Redstone on 23 September and 5 October 1963, but failed to achieve a "kill" in either

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displays for short- and long-range work, and the data link to the missile van was upgraded. Additionally the radar was given the "Electronic Frequency Selection" (EFS) system which allowed operators to quickly switch between a selection of operating frequencies at about 20 microseconds, while the

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Even before deployment of Hercules began, studies on improvements to the system had been identified. A 23 October 1954 report stated that "Concurrent with the prosecution of the NIKE I and NIKE B programs, studies and research and development must be conducted to insure that the NIKE equipment is

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Nuclear-armed Nike Hercules missiles were deployed in the United States, Greece, Italy, Korea and Turkey, and with Belgian, Dutch, and U.S. forces in West Germany. Conventionally armed Nike Hercules missiles also served in the United States, Spain, Germany, Denmark, Japan, Norway, and Taiwan. The

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The AMMO shot took place on 1 July 1958, successfully intercepting a simulated 650-knot (750 mph; 1,200 km/h) target flying at an altitude of 100,000 feet (30,000 m) and a slant range of 79 miles (69 nmi; 127 km). The first SNODGRASS round was launched on 14 July with its

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At the same time, there were increasing concerns that higher speed aircraft would be able to launch their warheads at the extreme range of the Nike bases. This was a common complaint by the Air Force, who noted that bombers had the ability to attack from as much as 50 miles (80 km) while the

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As Hercules had evolved from the fixed-base Ajax system, early deployments offered no mobility. However, both Ajax and Hercules systems in Europe had to be able to move as US forces shifted. This led to the use of semi-trailer systems for the fire control systems, which could be easily moved and

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These changes were presented on 24 August 1956, and accepted by both CONARC and ARADCOM. The active seeker system was later dropped to lower costs. Engineering was complete in 1958 and entered low-rate production in May 1959. The first HIPAR was tested at White Sands between 14 April 1960 and 13

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to the target, which is the same for both the original and jammer pulses. However, it makes the determination of range difficult or impossible. The TRR solves this problem by providing a separate ranging system on another frequency. By making the signal wide-frequency, the jammer has to likewise

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Hercules was designed from the start to operate from Ajax bases. However, as it protected a much greater area, not as many sites were needed to provide coverage of potential targets. Early deployments starting in 1958 were on new sites, but Ajax units started converting as well. Conversions were

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by 1 January 1960. In January, only four missiles were operational at Suffolk, and during House appropriation hearings that month, the DoD proved rather subdued when Congress attacked the design, especially in light of several failed tests of the BOMARC B missile. In February, Air Force Chief of

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New to the Hercules system was the Target Ranging Radar, or TRR. It is relatively easy to jam range information on monopulse radars like the TTR by sending out false return signals. The radar can continue to locate the target in elevation or azimuth because all of the signals come from the same

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Hercules remained a major front-line weapon in Europe into the 1980s. Over the years, the vacuum-tube guidance system, as well as the complex fire control systems' radars, suffered from diminishing manufacturing source (DMS) issues. In part because of less parts supportability, Western European

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The IFC contained the search and tracking radars and control center (operators, computer, etc.), and various related offices and communications centres for general operations. To operate the Nike Hercules system on the IFC the crew consisted of about nine operators under command of the Battery

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The new design ultimately provided effective ranges on the order of 75 miles (65 nmi; 121 km) and altitudes ranging from 20,000 to 100,000 feet (6,100 to 30,500 m). Minimum range had a ground radius of approximately 10,000 yards (30,000 ft; 9,100 m) and an altitude of

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at this point, grew to become a much larger design. This, in turn, required a much larger booster to loft it, but this was solved by strapping together four of the existing Nike boosters to form a cluster known as the XM-42, with the only modification to the original M5 engine design being the

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When mounted on its booster pack, the Hercules missile was 41 feet 6 inches (12.65 m) long with a wingspan of 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) (one side only). The upper stage alone was 24 feet 11 inches (7.59 m) long. The fuselage had a bullet-like shape

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announced both systems would be purchased. Both forces, and their congressional supporters, realized that splitting the budget would mean neither force would be funded to the level required to fulfill the defence mission. In 1959 both the House and Senate debated the systems, with the Senate

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Approximately 25,000 Nike Hercules were manufactured. Three versions were produced, MIM-14A, B and C. The differences between these versions are not known. There are slight differences in dimensions as reported in different sources, it is not known if this is due to different versions.

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Improving performance against such targets would require either much higher resolution radars or much larger warheads. Of the two, the warhead seemed like the simplest problem to address. Like almost any thorny military problem of the 1950s, the solution was the application of

401:, only marginally effective against existing generations of propeller-driven aircraft, would not be effective at all against the emerging jet-powered designs. Like the Germans and British before them, they concluded the only successful defence would be to use guided weapons. 675:

that "one hard solid fact remerges above them all: no matter what the Nike is or isn't, it's the only land-based operational anti-aircraft missile that the U.S. has." By the time early Hercules deployments were starting in 1958, BOMARC was still nowhere near operational.

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re-positioned as required. LOPAR was relatively small, and the TTR/MTR were always trailer based, so these systems were also fairly mobile. The problem was the missile launcher itself, and especially the large HIPAR radar, which presented a formidable mobility problem.

507:) that wouldn't fit in the existing fuselage. In spite of the greatly increased explosive power, the WX-7 was only slightly heavier than the WX-9, about 950 lb (430 kg) for common XW-7 versions, as opposed to 850 lb (390 kg) for the XW-9. 375:

in the 1980s. Patriot's much higher accuracy allowed it to dispense with the nuclear warhead, and Hercules was the last US SAM to use this option. The last Hercules missiles were deactivated in Europe in 1988, without ever being fired in a military conflict.

1249:(later digital) continually computed a suitable intercept point in the sky and an expected 'time to fly' of the missile based on information from the TTR and basic performance information about the missile. This information was displayed on plotting boards. 460:

formation, the Nike would fly towards the center of the composite return. Given the Nike warhead's relatively small lethal radius, if the missile flew into the middle of the formation and exploded, it would be highly unlikely to destroy any of the aircraft.

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broadcast across a similar bandwidth, limiting the energy in any one frequency and allowing the operator to tune the receiver to find an unjammed band. Combining range from the TRR and direction from the TTR provided complete information on the target.

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with tests of both the conventional T45 and nuclear W-7 warheads. A variety of problems, including one found in the W-7 warhead, caused delays in the testing programs, so a single launch of the T45-equipped Hercules was also added to the AMMO project.

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in the missile. A short period after launch the actual location, i.e. azimuth, elevation and range of the missile were displayed on the plotting boards. The firing or launch command was given manually by the Battery Control Officer based on orders or

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This did not do much to stop the squabbling, nor did it solve the problems that led to the issues in the first place – the fight over Hercules and BOMARC and related anti-missile developments. Nor did it stop the fighting in the press. Army Colonel

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operational. It was later revealed that only one of the 60 missiles at the site was actually functional at that time. Engineers continued work on getting a second missile operational at McGuire, but the Air Force went ahead with plans to open the

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locations was directly above the elevator, the others were reached by manually pushing the missiles off the elevator to the launcher along rails. The LA also had a control van to control and monitor the LA activities and maintenance facilities.

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Solid fuel rockets can remain stored for years and are generally very difficult to ignite without an extended period of applied flame. This means they can be manhandled safely and maintained with the rocket motor installed. However, the lower

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IFC radars. Left: acquisition radar (LOPAR), three spherical antennae: tracking radars. Just behind the right two tracking radars the two vans for housing computer and tracking equipment and the operating consoles for the operators (crew of

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recommending cutting funding for Hercules and the House stating the opposite. The House eventually came to support the Defense Secretary's position as stated in the Master Air Defense Plan, retaining Hercules while reducing BOMARC and SAGE.

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system. The LOPAR provided rough range, azimuth and limited altitude or elevation information to the operators of the Target Tracking Radar (TTR), who would manually slew the TTR onto the target. Once locked-on, tracking was automatic.

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The primary change to create the resulting "Improved EFS/ATBM Hercules" was a modified version of the HIPAR. The antenna was modified to give it the ability to see higher angles, while the Battery Control Console was upgraded with dual

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Hercules was officially referred to as "transportable", but moving a battery was a significant operation and required considerable construction at the firing sites. Over its lifetime, significant effort was put into the development of

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design is considerably more efficient and uses much less nuclear fuel to reach any given explosive power. Bell proposed a much more modified design known as "Nike Hercules" with an enlarged upper fuselage able to carry the

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also being developed as an artillery round. The WX-9, like all gun-type designs, was long and thin, originally designed to be fired from an 11 in (280 mm) artillery piece, and easily fit within the Nike fuselage.

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stages that provided three times the range of the Ajax. Deployment began in 1958, initially at new bases, but it eventually took over many Ajax bases as well. At its peak, it was deployed at over 130 bases in the US alone.

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The IFC area of an Improved Nike Hercules site mounts its five radars on platforms for a better view. From left to right are the TTR and TRR, HIPAR (large white dome) LOPAR (small dark rectangle in center foreground) and

637:(ADC) to the point where it was no longer a serious concern. Nevertheless, when the Army first released information about Ajax to the press in 1953, the Air Force quickly responded by leaking information about BOMARC to 935:

program. FABMDS would have performance against any credible "theatre" ranged missile or rocket system, as well as offer anti-aircraft capabilities, the ability to attack four targets at once, and be relatively mobile.

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any changes in trajectory as it fell. The missile would eventually pass out of line-of-sight with the MTR, so final arming information was provided during the dive, and the warhead was triggered by a barometric fuse.

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test due to unrelated problems. A test against the much higher performance Pershing was carried out on 16 October 1963, and while the HIPAR was able to detect the missile, the tracking system was unable to track it.

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April 1961, starting with two Ajax launches that passed 14 yards and 18 yards from the drone targets, and a further 17 Hercules launches that were generally successful. Among the various test targets were a Mach 3

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largely complete by 1960, leaving only a few Ajax sites in use. The last active Nike Ajax batteries were relieved of their mission in December 1961, followed by the last Army National Guard unit in May 1964.

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to petition the Secretary of Defense to order the Air Force to stop the well organized campaign against Hercules. The Army then began its own series of press releases under what they called "Project Truth".

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Soon after design work started, the Army requested that the existing liquid fuel engine be replaced with a solid fuel design, for a variety of reasons. Primary among these was that the Ajax fuels were

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In early 1956, Bell began studies of the Improved Nike Hercules (INH) concept by considering the predicted threat for the 1960-65 period. This was aircraft with speeds up to Mach 3, a wide range of

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Things changed dramatically with the development of Hercules. By the early 1950s, the Air Force was still struggling with their own long-range weapon systems, originally started in the 1940s in the

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drones flying in formation, the first missile destroyed the lead aircraft while the second passed within lethal range of a second. Testing was unexpectedly cancelled before the W-7 could be fired.

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Any single battery could only launch a single missile at a time, due to the limited number of radars, computers and operators. Four Nike batteries were normally organized into a single battalion.

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Control Officer (BCO). The crew on the LA, also under command of the BCO, was responsible for preparing and erecting the missile. On both the IFC and the LA maintenance people were available.

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Although Hercules had demonstrated its ability to successfully engage short-range missiles, the capability was not considered very important. During development the Air Force continued its

888:. Also conducted were tests to evaluate ECM performance, two surface-to-surface tests, and two Hercules-on-Hercules attacks with the target Hercules flying in a semi-ballistic trajectory. 518:

As the larger Hercules would be easier to adapt to a longer-range form, the Army selected it as the winning design. Bell began working on the new design in concert with the Nike partners,

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bomber airfields, and general deployment then followed at US cities, important industrial sites, and then overseas bases. Similar systems quickly emerged from other nations, including the

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now known as LOPAR. HIPAR used its own displays and operators, and forwarded targeting information to the LOPAR operators who would then pick up those same targets on their own display.

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demonstrated a prototype on 11 February 1964. The AN/MPQ-43 Mobile HIPAR was made part of Hercules Standard A in August 1966 and began operational deployment in Europe on 12 April 1967.

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when that branch was formed in 1947. In 1946, the USAAF also started two early research projects into anti-missile systems in Project Thumper (MX-795) and Project Wizard (MX-794).

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of December 5, 1998, the missile inadvertently launched from a Nike missile site near the summit of Mount Bongnaesan where it exploded above some reclaimed land off Songdo (now

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design. Hercules would prove to be the last operational missile from Bell's Nike team; Zeus was never deployed, and Hercules's replacements were developed by different teams.

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of these engines, combined with the requirement for longer range, demanded a much larger fuselage to store the required fuel. Hercules, still known officially as

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concept, leaving only short-range weapons as an issue Hercules might need to address. To address this whole range of issues, Bell proposed a series of changes:

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This image shows the evolution of the Hercules and its associated launch systems as it replaced Ajax. Note the growth of the fuselage as it moved to solid fuel.

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studies for dedicated anti-missile systems. By 1959, Plato was still very much a paper project when news of large deployments of short-range missiles in the

2503: 2487: 2319: 2293: 2267: 1012:. This system was successfully tested at White Sands on 1 October 1961. In spite of this success, the GOER-based Hercules would not be used operationally. 5114: 4499: 4467: 610:. On 15 November 1956, the new missile was officially renamed as the Nike Hercules, as part of DA Circular 700-22, while the Nike I becoming Nike Ajax. 931:

became a clear threat. Plato was cancelled in February 1959, replaced in the short term by further upgrades to Hercules, and in the longer term by the

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The remains of former Nike site D-57/58 in Newport, Michigan. At the time this picture was taken in 1996, the site was a hazardous waste cleanup site.

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The battery crew was housed on-site, either at the IFC, or sometimes, together with administrative offices and general services on a separate area.

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TTR and TRR operator console. The TTR was operated by three operators (range, elevation and azimuth). The TRR was operated by the track supervisor.

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article of 1954, Ajax did not have an IFF system. It is not clear if this was added later, and if so, if it was part of the HIPAR or LOPAR setups.

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Meanwhile, the Air Force scrambled to bring BOMARC to operational status, and on 1 September 1959 declared the 46th Air Defense Squadron at

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It did, however, allow development of Hercules to continue, and the system was soon preparing to deploy. In 1958 an article appeared in the

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Prior to launch, the Missile Tracking Radar (MTR) locked on to the transponder in the selected missile. Like the Ajax, the Hercules used a

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shocked everyone when he requested that BOMARC deployments be reduced to eight US and two Canadian sites, essentially killing the program.

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It is not clear in existing sources why the design was named "Nike B" and not "Nike IB", given that the Nike Zeus was known as "Nike II".

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the same range of view, the tracking radars were also often placed on concrete platforms of their own, although these were much smaller.

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target information and the intercept point were displayed on the plotting boards and the BCO selected the right time to manually fire.

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entitled "Air Force Calls Army Nike Unfit To Guard Nation". This was answered most forcibly not by the Army, but the Defense Secretary

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nuclear 2 kt (M-97) or 20 kt (M-22) or T-45 HE warhead weighing 1,106 pounds (502 kg) and containing 600 pounds (270 kg) of

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112. Budgetary cuts reduced that number to 87 in 1968, and 82 in 1969. Nike Hercules was included in SALT I discussions as an ABM.

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Battery Control Officer operating position with the acquisition radar operator on the left and the computer operator on the right

371:

Hercules remained the US's primary heavy SAM until it began to be replaced by the higher performance and considerably more mobile

4487: 645: 421: 5104: 3082: 1324: 867: 2814: 2736: 5043: 5013: 4797: 3848: 1970: 328:, but could also be fitted with a conventional warhead for export use. Its warhead also allowed it to be used in a secondary 3027: 1187:

swept-wing fins at the extreme rear, behind the rocket exhaust, using a diamond cross-section suitable for supersonic lift.

1131:

older Ajax bases, using their underground storage and maintenance buildings. 145 missile batteries were deployed during the

750:

In the aftermath of the Hercules/BOMARC debates, retired Army Brigadier General Thomas R. Phillips wrote an article for the

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determine which pulse it sent out and which is from the jammer. Note that this has no effect on the determination of the

638: 2919: 2767: 2063: 1914: 1789: 1000:

Starting in April 1960, considerable effort was put into a fully mobile "Cross-Country Hercules" launcher based on the

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won the Ordnance contract for a short-range line-of-sight weapon under Project Nike, while a team of players led by

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the addition of the wide-frequency Ku-band Target Ranging Radar (TRR) to provide ranging in a heavy ECM environment

629:

Air Force fighters being attacked by Army missiles, but the two forces improved co-ordination between the Army's

848:

the addition of the long-range L-band "High Power Acquisition Radar" (HIPAR) to detect small, high-speed targets

5003: 3645: 3266: 3251: 1663: 1544: 1233:

location, but the receiver cannot easily determine which pulse was sent by the radar and which was sent by the

1191:

yields of 2 kt (Y1) or 30 kt (Y2). The last versions carried the W31 Mod 2 warhead, with yields of 2 or 20 kt.

547: 511:

Nike was only comfortable launching at about 25 miles (40 km). This could be increased even further using

5073: 4725: 4710: 491: 17: 778:

warhead replaced by an instrument package and launched against a 350-knot (400 mph; 650 km/h) Q2A

468:. In May 1952, Bell was asked to explore such an adaptation to the Nike. They returned two design concepts. 431:

In 1953, Project Nike delivered the world's first operational anti-aircraft missile system, known simply as

5066: 4993: 4988: 4807: 4674: 3007: 1225: 739: 448: 4472: 2649: 2589: 1041: 2855: 1984: 4983: 4767: 4447: 4212: 4207: 4086: 3075: 590:

for the Ajax. Ajax's boosters were housed in steel tubes that fell near the base, presenting a serious

329: 2609: 1103:

The U.S. Army continued to use Hercules as a front-line air defense weapon in Europe until 1983, when

871:

The antennae of the LOPAR radar component (originally, the Ajax detection radar) and IFF interrogator.

4634: 4549: 4482: 4312: 4076: 3841: 3259: 3032: 2705: 1863: 1234: 1045: 826: 349: 5023: 4958: 1081: 854:

the addition of an active seeker on the missile to improve performance against low-altitude targets

523: 83: 3055:

Holm Hinrichs Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections

4462: 2628: 1556: 1077: 968: 752: 653: 595: 483: 340: 409:

That is, whether the missile operated more like an aircraft (Air Force) or a rocket (Ordnance).

332:

role, and the system also demonstrated its ability to hit other short-range missiles in flight.

4277: 2823: 734: 535: 361: 310: 55: 3054: 2896: 2456: 2130: 542:. This used much less fissile material and was thus considerably less expensive. Developed by 5109: 4832: 4624: 4197: 4101: 3068: 2884: 808: 692: 436: 3048: 2114: 5028: 4978: 4886: 4396: 3834: 3240: 3114: 2860: 1989: 1687: 1274: 1180: 1016:

to carry HIPAR electronic gear, one to carry the antenna, and one to carry the generators.

770: 666: 480: 179: 8: 4534: 4374: 4297: 3092: 2200: 1319: 1314: 1258: 822: 634: 543: 496: 274: 171: 1327:), showering residential areas with debris, destroying parked cars and breaking windows. 4609: 4559: 4416: 4384: 4091: 3949: 3801: 3282: 2248: 784: 512: 2678:"Nike History, Eyewitness accounts of Timothy Ryan, Carl Durling, and Charles Rudicil" 1203: 1170: 5038: 5018: 4669: 4614: 4569: 4539: 4337: 4327: 4162: 3907: 3856: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3599: 3016: 2933: 2925: 2915: 2905: 2865: 2827: 2781: 2773: 2763: 2370:(Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1972), p. 153. 2148: 2140: 2077: 2069: 2059: 1994: 1928: 1920: 1910: 1900: 1842: 1795: 1785: 992:

Considerable work on a mobile launcher was carried out using a modified GOER vehicle.

944: 940: 712: 695:

publicly denounced Wilson, while leaking details of their latest missile design, the

648:

project. The project had moved several times, and was now in late development as the

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The Troubled Alliance: Turkish-American Problems in Historical Perspective 1945–1971

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The Hercules system was compared to threats ranging from the relatively short-range

760:

had been the "most costly waste of funds in the history of the Defense Department."

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A Corporal missile engaged by a Nike Hercules in a test at White Sands, 3 June 1960

911: 696: 575: 519: 365: 289: 73: 959:, and finally the long-range (for battlefield concerns) 200 mi (320 km) 4891: 4876: 4846: 4787: 4735: 4730: 4684: 4599: 4554: 4457: 4302: 4272: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4081: 4066: 4061: 4036: 4026: 3999: 3964: 3929: 3897: 3882: 3629: 3609: 3604: 3579: 3574: 3554: 3539: 3523: 3458: 3448: 3423: 3362: 3352: 3327: 3109: 2996: 2941: 2789: 2656: 2616: 2596: 2135: 2085: 1936: 1820: 1803: 1246: 1104: 960: 952: 948: 899:) were subsequently fitted with upgraded internal guidance systems, the original 881: 744: 726: 718: 659:

In a famous event, the Air Force interviewed for an article that appeared in the

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Hercules missiles were normally stored in a "safe" mode, using various keys and

1265:

neared the intercept point a command signal was sent to the missile to explode.

4953: 4851: 4777: 4750: 4679: 4544: 4452: 4411: 4379: 4364: 4322: 4217: 4192: 4177: 4141: 4131: 4096: 4071: 4051: 4016: 3969: 3934: 3892: 3544: 3483: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3453: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3357: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3134: 1307: 920: 885: 704: 680: 661: 527: 500: 472: 465: 270: 2362:

December 23, 1959, p. 50; Irving Heymont, "The NATO Nuclear Bilateral Forces"

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Approximately 25,000 Nike Hercules were manufactured. Early models cost about

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To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program

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To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program

1998: 1777: 1514: 924: 700: 649: 623: 318: 218: 214: 204: 200: 2937: 2793: 2677: 2216: 2089: 1932: 1224:

Once a target was found on the LOPAR, it could be identified with aid of an

687:

systems to the Air Force, and to limit the range of their ABM developments.

4917: 4901: 4881: 4871: 4861: 4822: 4772: 4762: 4715: 4649: 4619: 4579: 4564: 4401: 4354: 4307: 4282: 4247: 4167: 4056: 3974: 3887: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3498: 3393: 3297: 3220: 3210: 3190: 3101: 2965: 2945: 2163: 1940: 1807: 1653: 1211: 1108: 1085: 1005: 956: 779: 591: 425: 390: 1036: 988: 558: 41: 4589: 4359: 4349: 4252: 4040: 3989: 3959: 3954: 3939: 3914: 3660: 3624: 3614: 3549: 3478: 3170: 3150: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 1782:

Nuclear Weapons Databook: Volume I - U.S. Nuclear Forces and Capabilities

1449: 1436: 1253: 1009: 928: 900: 357: 353: 266: 641:, and continued to denigrate Nike in the press over the next few years. 4391: 4292: 4262: 3775: 3230: 3215: 3205: 3180: 3165: 599: 567: 550:, it was given 1A priority by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in March 1953. 440: 2556: 1056: 4973: 4187: 4136: 3200: 3175: 3124: 1001: 972:

earlier system required manual switching that took about 30 seconds.

838: 606:

As part of the upgrade project, the original missile became known as

531: 504: 476: 335:

Hercules was originally developed as a simple upgrade to the earlier

199:

Hercules M42 solid-fueled rocket cluster (4× M5E1 Nike boosters) 978

4836: 3155: 1712:

The "simulated target" appears to be purely simulated, not a drone.

1336: 1303: 1132: 671: 2929: 2907:

Seize the High Ground: The U. S. Army in Space and Missile Defense

1924: 1902:

Seize the High Ground: The U. S. Army in Space and Missile Defense

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Walker, James; Bernstein, Lewis; Lang, Sharon (19 January 2005).

2610:"Nike Hercules Booster Motor Assembly Markings and Paint Schemes" 2139:. Vol. 169, no. 3. 1 September 1956. pp. 152–155. 1899:

Walker, James; Bernstein, Lewis; Lang, Sharon (19 January 2005).

1384: 1371: 1358: 1069: 837:

were also a consideration, but these were being addressed by the

630: 405: 2777: 2073: 679:

All of this was part of a larger fight going on over the Army's

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addition of new holes to bolt them together, creating the M5E.

526:. Instead of the basic W-7, development of an improved 20 417: 3022: 1784:. Vol. I (First ed.). Ballinger Publishing Company. 4998: 4948: 4943: 4046: 3984: 3979: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1691: 1475: 1423: 1410: 1151:

Tracking radar of the Nike Hercules system on its own trailer

1065: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 1625:

MTR operator console. The MTR was operated by one operator.

845:

improvements to the X-band TTR/MTR radars to increase range

834: 830: 684: 444: 314: 260: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2343: 2341: 1764: 3038: 2752:

Lonnquest, John C.; Winkler, David F. (1 November 1996).

2048:

Lonnquest, John C.; Winkler, David F. (1 November 1996).

1958: 1658: 614:

approximately 20,000 feet (6,100 m) 20,000 ft.

539: 322: 175: 3057:

Files of Holm Hinrichs, project manager on Nike Hercules

3043: 2462: 2426: 2397: 2294:"Nickerson Accuses Wilson Of 'Grave Errors' On Missiles" 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 5068:

United States tri-service rocket designations post-1963

2537: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2338: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 1118:

each, while most recent cost estimate, from Japan, was

2735:(Report). Denver National Park Service. Archived from 2457:"Naval Forces' Capability for Theater Missile Defense" 2182: 1068:

Hercules batteries, with the exception of the ones in

725:

Eventually, in November the new Secretary of Defense,

699:. The resulting flap led to calls for Nickerson to be 317:

armed forces for medium- and high-altitude long-range

125:

26 feet 10 inches (8.18 m) second stage

5100:

Cold War surface-to-air missiles of the United States

1894: 1892: 1890: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1207:

Nike Hercules guidance schematic, surface-to-air mode

2733:

Last Line Of Defense: Nike Missile Sites In Illinois

2513: 2438: 2409: 2373: 2012: 159:

6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) second stage

3858:

1963 United States Tri-Service missile designations

2903: 2532:"The Nike Hercules of the Italian Air Force Museum" 2366:94:4 Winter 1966, pp. 1025–1041; George S. Harris, 2170: 1898: 2211: 2209: 1887: 1870: 1775: 598:produced the T48E1 and E2 designs for Ajax used a 420:won the contract for a long-range design known as 2394:April 9, 1959, p. 7 and December 23, 1959, p. 50. 2203:, Federation of American Scientists, 29 June 1999 1245:As soon as the TTR was locked on to a target, an 903:systems being replaced with transistorized ones. 5086: 2751: 2047: 617: 213:Sustainer: Thiokol M30 solid-fueled rocket 44.4 156:11 feet 6 inches (3.51 m) booster 2629:"SF-88 NIKE MISSILE ASSEMBLY and SERVICE AREAS" 2206: 586:During this period, some effort was put into a 5095:Cold War nuclear missiles of the United States 3090: 2488:"Nike-Hercules Anti-Aircraft Missile Launched" 2246:"Air Force Calls Army Unfit to Guard Nation". 412:Official requirements were published in 1945; 3842: 3267: 3076: 2970:. Redstone Arsenal: U.S. Army Missile Command 2912:United States Army Center of Military History 2268:"New Battle Looms Over Army's Newest Missile" 1907:United States Army Center of Military History 1758:United States Army Center of Military History 379: 1060:MIM-14C on display at JASDF Museum Hamamatsu 951:through medium-range systems like Corporal, 895:The Hercules missile systems sold to Japan ( 783:29 July launched two missiles against three 2730: 2577: 2550: 2115:"Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons" 1589:MIM-14 Nike-H missile at Okinawa, June 1967 800:first deployments in Europe began in 1959. 5115:Military equipment introduced in the 1950s 3849: 3835: 3274: 3260: 3083: 3069: 2967:History of the Nike Hercules Weapon System 2320:"Army Weights Court-Martial Over Missiles" 1969:sfn error: no target: CITEREFLeonard2011 ( 1748: 1746: 1288: 1174:The four Ajax M5E1 boosters of the missile 3285:missile and rocket designations 1948–1963 2731:Carlson, Christina; Lyon, Robert (1996). 2534:, The Aviationist, Retrieved: 2012-11-26. 2261: 2259: 2117:, Nuclear Weapon Archive, 14 October 2006 1198: 1107:batteries were deployed. NATO units from 1008:that saw considerable service during the 803: 3039:The last operational North American unit 2696: 2694: 2131:"Will NIKE Protect Us from Red Bombers?" 1335: 1210: 1202: 1169: 1146: 1055: 1035: 1027: 987: 910: 906: 866: 807: 557: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 1993:: 295–299, 302–303. 25 September 1959. 1964: 1861: 1841:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 201. 1743: 1576:(note the above ground storage shelter) 1340:Map with former MIM-14 operators in red 14: 5087: 2812: 2265: 2256: 2125: 2123: 1780:; Hoenig, Milton M. (1 January 1984). 1325:Songdo International Business District 1297: 763: 364:role later emerged as the much larger 3830: 3255: 3064: 2963: 2800:from the original on 18 February 2021 2691: 2519: 2504:"Missile Fired from Mobile Transport" 2475: 2444: 2432: 2420: 2403: 2379: 2347: 2188: 2176: 2096:from the original on 18 February 2021 1836: 2853: 2816:Nike Zeus: The U.S. Army's First ABM 2760:Defense Technical Information Center 2661: 2217:"NIKE HERCULES SYSTEMS CAPABILITIES" 2056:Defense Technical Information Center 1881: 1040:A relic Nike as a monument near the 454: 142:second stage 21 inches (530 mm) 2120: 1344: 24: 2854:Technical Editor (2 August 1962). 1864:"Alaska's Cold War Nuclear Shield" 1268: 983: 25: 5126: 5074:Drones designated in UAV sequence 3044:Ed Thelen's Nike Missile Web Site 2984: 2636:Ed Thelen's Nike Missile Web Site 2266:Larsen, Douglas (1 August 1957). 2201:"Nike Ajax (SAM-A-7) (MIM-3, 3A)" 1821:HERCULES MIM-14, MIM-14A, MIM-14B 321:. It was normally armed with the 139:booster 31.5 inches (800 mm) 2459:, National Academies Press, 2001 1630: 1618: 1606: 1594: 1582: 1574:Dutch Nike site in West Germany 1567: 1555: 1543: 1536:NATO Missile Firing Installation 1534:Nike Hercules after take-off at 1527: 1507: 1494: 1481: 1468: 1455: 1442: 1429: 1416: 1403: 1390: 1377: 1364: 1351: 1098:Second Allied Tactical Air Force 1094:Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force 422:Ground-to-Air Pilotless Aircraft 397:(USAAF) concluded that existing 40: 4483:BGM-109/AGM-109/RGM-109/UGM-109 2723: 2650:"Index of Nike-Hercules Images" 2642: 2621: 2602: 2583: 2525: 2497: 2481: 2450: 2385: 2353: 2312: 2286: 2239: 2227: 2194: 2108: 1715: 1706: 1697: 1676: 1023: 384: 1977: 1855: 1830: 1814: 1664:List of Nike missile locations 1125: 360:. Another development for the 27:Type of surface-to-air missile 13: 1: 5105:Nuclear anti-aircraft weapons 2599:, TM-9-1410-250-12/1, US Army 2508:Daytona Beach Morning Journal 2326:. 25 February 1957. p. 1 1732: 1637:Coder decoder group AN/MSQ-18 790: 618:Bomarc / Hercules controversy 553: 424:, or GAPA. GAPA moved to the 111:10,710 pounds (4,860 kg) 2300:. 28 June 1957. p. B-14 1737: 1331: 1226:Identification friend or foe 740:Suffolk County Missile Annex 707:court-martial in the 1920s. 449:English Electric Thunderbird 255:100,000 feet (30,000 m) 7: 3639:Unguided rockets, 1940–1963 2822:. Fall's Church, Virginia: 2758:. USA-CERL Special Report. 2492:Charleston News and Courier 2054:. USA-CERL Special Report. 1825:The Nike Historical Society 1642: 1550:Two Nikes on transport rail 1240: 923:while the Army started its 122:41 feet (12 m) overall 10: 5131: 3019:at Designation-Systems.net 1866:. Nike Historical Society. 1682:Examples include the US's 1520: 1235:electronic countermeasures 1165: 827:electronic countermeasures 621: 380:Development and deployment 5057: 4931: 4910: 4703: 4435: 4155: 3865: 3810: 3784: 3638: 3532: 3386: 3290: 3143: 3100: 3033:Encyclopedia Astronautica 2813:Kaplan, Lawrence (2006). 2702:"Incheon Bridge at Night" 2252:. 21 May 1956. p. 1. 1046:White Sands Missile Range 499:warhead of up to 40 281: 259: 251: 239: 231: 191: 186: 166: 149: 132: 115: 107: 102: 92: 66: 61: 51: 39: 32: 3533:1955–1963 missile system 3387:1951–1955 missile system 3291:1948–1951 missile system 2494:, 2 October 1961, p. 3A. 1839:A Dictionary of Aviation 1837:Wragg, David W. (1973). 1669: 1138: 1082:Everglades National Park 1004:vehicle, an articulated 703:and was compared to the 524:Douglas Aircraft Company 84:Douglas Aircraft Company 3023:Nike Historical Society 3002:considered for deletion 2578:Carlson & Lyon 1996 2551:Carlson & Lyon 1996 2510:, 2 October 1961, p. 1. 1289:Surface-to-surface mode 753:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 654:policy by press release 313:(SAM) used by U.S. and 301:, initially designated 182:M17 blast-fragmentation 3051:at TheMilitaryStandard 2824:Missile Defense Agency 2236:, 6 April 1953, p. 15. 1754:Army Missiles Handbook 1341: 1217: 1208: 1199:Detection and tracking 1175: 1152: 1061: 1049: 1033: 993: 916: 872: 814: 804:Improved Nike Hercules 735:McGuire Air Force Base 563: 546:in Albuquerque and at 362:anti-ballistic missile 311:surface-to-air missile 247:90 miles (140 km) 56:Surface-to-air missile 5044:M30 GMLRS/M31 GMLRS-U 3817:Designation uncertain 1862:Raichle, Bob (2012). 1339: 1214: 1206: 1173: 1150: 1059: 1039: 1031: 991: 914: 907:Anti-missile upgrades 870: 811: 693:John C. Nickerson Jr. 561: 437:Strategic Air Command 404:As early as 1944 the 352:replacements for the 46:Nike Hercules missile 34:MIM-14 Nike Hercules 4328:AGM-84/RGM-84/UGM-84 3241:Taurus Nike Tomahawk 2964:Cagle, Mary (1973). 2861:Flight International 2324:St. Petersburg Times 2298:The News and Courier 1990:Flight International 1776:Cochran, Thomas B.; 1259:Rules of Engagements 1048:, New Mexico in 2009 823:radar cross sections 771:Eglin Air Force Base 667:Charles Erwin Wilson 633:and the Air Force's 269: 4 (3,045 174:(2.5 or 28 kt later 2841:on 19 February 2013 2478:, pp. 190–196. 2435:, pp. 169–171. 2406:, pp. 163–164. 1967:, pp. 3–4, 18. 1320:The Washington Post 1315:Inchon, South Korea 1298:Accidental launches 764:Operation SNODGRASS 635:Air Defense Command 544:Sandia Laboratories 3785:Undesignated types 3283:United States Army 2895:has generic name ( 2655:2012-07-01 at the 2615:2014-01-08 at the 2595:2014-01-08 at the 2580:, Nike Operations. 2392:The New York Times 2360:The New York Times 2350:, pp. 98–120. 2249:The New York Times 1342: 1218: 1209: 1176: 1153: 1062: 1050: 1034: 994: 917: 873: 815: 785:F-80 Shooting Star 717:ARAACOM commander 564: 513:stand-off missiles 484:"gun-type" warhead 399:anti-aircraft guns 330:surface-to-surface 62:Production history 5082: 5081: 3824: 3823: 3249: 3248: 3095:family of rockets 2708:on 31 August 2012 2191:, pp. 67–78. 1778:Arkin, William M. 1760:. 1 January 1960. 1721:According to the 1690:, and the USSR's 1577: 1437:Republic of Korea 884:, a drone, and a 713:Chicago Sun-Times 588:frangible booster 455:Ajax and Hercules 414:Bell Laboratories 395:US Army Air Force 295: 294: 79:Bell Laboratories 16:(Redirected from 5122: 5069: 3851: 3844: 3837: 3828: 3827: 3621: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3571: 3561: 3520: 3510: 3495: 3490: 3445: 3349: 3276: 3269: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3161:Nike-Black Brant 3144:Sounding rockets 3085: 3078: 3071: 3062: 3061: 3005: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2960: 2957:Internet Archive 2954: 2952: 2900: 2894: 2890: 2888: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2840: 2834:. Archived from 2821: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2704:. 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White 727:Neil H. McElroy 719:Charles E. Hart 701:court-martialed 681:Jupiter missile 669:, who wrote in 626: 620: 556: 536:boosted fission 457: 387: 382: 373:MIM-104 Patriot 337:MIM-3 Nike Ajax 326:nuclear warhead 286: 284: 244: 242: 227: 222: 208: 187: 162: 145: 128: 97: 88: 47: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5128: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4954:Common Missile 4951: 4946: 4941: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4008: 4007: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3860:, 1963–present 3854: 3853: 3846: 3839: 3831: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3279: 3278: 3271: 3264: 3256: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3106: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3080: 3073: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3025: 3020: 3014: 2986: 2985:External links 2983: 2981: 2980: 2961: 2921:978-1508421665 2920: 2901: 2851: 2810: 2769:978-0976149453 2768: 2749: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2719: 2690: 2660: 2641: 2620: 2601: 2590:"Overall View" 2582: 2555: 2536: 2524: 2512: 2496: 2480: 2461: 2449: 2447:, p. 171. 2437: 2425: 2423:, p. 167. 2408: 2396: 2384: 2382:, p. 186. 2372: 2352: 2337: 2311: 2285: 2255: 2238: 2226: 2205: 2193: 2181: 2169: 2119: 2107: 2065:978-0976149453 2064: 2011: 1976: 1957: 1916:978-1508421665 1915: 1886: 1884:, p. 165. 1869: 1854: 1847: 1829: 1813: 1791:978-0884101734 1790: 1763: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1714: 1705: 1696: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1581: 1579: 1573: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1542: 1540: 1533: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1504: 1491: 1478: 1465: 1452: 1439: 1426: 1413: 1400: 1387: 1374: 1361: 1346: 1343: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1317:. Reported in 1312: 1299: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1270: 1267: 1242: 1239: 1200: 1197: 1167: 1164: 1140: 1137: 1127: 1124: 1025: 1022: 985: 982: 921:Project Wizard 908: 905: 856: 855: 852: 849: 846: 805: 802: 792: 789: 765: 762: 705:Billy Mitchell 662:New York Times 622:Main article: 619: 616: 555: 552: 492:implosion-type 490:The competing 456: 453: 386: 383: 381: 378: 293: 292: 287: 282: 279: 278: 263: 261:Maximum speed 257: 256: 253: 252:Flight ceiling 249: 248: 245: 240: 237: 236: 233: 229: 228: 226: 225: 220: 211: 206: 203:(220,000 196: 193: 189: 188: 184: 183: 168: 164: 163: 161: 160: 157: 153: 151: 147: 146: 144: 143: 140: 136: 134: 130: 129: 127: 126: 123: 119: 117: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 103:Specifications 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 87: 86: 81: 76: 70: 68: 64: 63: 59: 58: 53: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5127: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 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mover 945:Honest John 941:Little John 929:Warsaw Bloc 901:vacuum tube 451:in the UK. 358:MIM-23 Hawk 354:vacuum tube 350:solid state 319:air defense 241:Operational 215:kilonewtons 201:kilonewtons 96:1958–1970s 5089:Categories 4746:AGM-158A/B 4062:AQM-35 (I) 3231:Nike-Viper 3216:Nike Smoke 3206:Nike-Orion 3181:Nike-Hydac 3166:Nike-Cajun 2930:2005364289 2712:5 December 2520:Cagle 1973 2476:Cagle 1973 2445:Cagle 1973 2433:Cagle 1973 2421:Cagle 1973 2404:Cagle 1973 2380:Cagle 1973 2348:Cagle 1973 2189:Cagle 1973 2177:Cagle 1973 1925:2005364289 1800:1065028322 1733:References 1688:Blue Steel 1116:US$ 55,250 791:Deployment 600:fiberglass 568:hypergolic 554:Solid fuel 548:Los Alamos 503:(170 447:, and the 441:S-75 Dvina 341:solid fuel 305:and later 235:solid fuel 232:Propellant 170:initially 5062:See also: 4974:Have Dash 4338:AGM-84H/K 4037:MGM-31A/B 3802:Ping-Pong 3201:Nike-Nike 3176:Nike-Hawk 3125:Nike Zeus 3110:Nike Ajax 3000:is being 2974:1 January 2870:0015-3710 2832:232605150 2794:31971243M 2786:889997003 2743:1 January 2153:488612811 2145:0161-7370 2090:31971243M 2082:889997003 1999:0015-3710 1882:Zeus 1962 1738:Citations 1538:in Greece 1332:Operators 1122:million. 1044:entry to 1002:M520 Goer 861:direction 839:Nike Zeus 594:concern. 530:(84 475:(63 195:Booster: 4837:AIM-174B 4751:AGM-158C 4488:BGM-109G 4385:"AIM-92" 3524:SSM-A-27 3514:SAM-A-25 3504:SSM-A-23 3484:SAM-A-19 3479:SAM-A-18 3474:SSM-A-17 3469:SSM-A-16 3464:SSM-A-15 3459:SSM-A-14 3454:SSM-A-13 3449:SSM-A-12 3378:SSM-G-17 3373:SSM-G-16 3368:SSM-G-15 3363:SSM-G-14 3358:SSM-G-13 3353:SSM-G-12 3343:RTV-G-10 3156:Nike-Asp 2993:template 2946:7380755M 2938:57711369 2798:Archived 2778:96036508 2653:Archived 2613:Archived 2593:Archived 2094:Archived 2074:96036508 1941:7380755M 1933:57711369 1808:8192870M 1643:See also 1304:Naha AFB 1241:Guidance 1133:cold war 961:Redstone 953:Sergeant 949:Lacrosse 672:Newsweek 309:, was a 303:SAM-A-25 283:Guidance 150:Wingspan 133:Diameter 93:Produced 5039:Wagtail 5019:OpFires 4939:Aequare 4923:MIM-401 4918:AIM-260 4902:AGM-187 4897:MQM-186 4892:MQM-185 4887:RGM-184 4882:AGM-183 4877:LGM-182 4872:AGM-181 4867:AGM-180 4862:AGM-179 4857:MQM-178 4852:BQM-177 4847:AGM-176 4842:MQM-175 4833:RIM-174 4828:GQM-173 4823:FGM-172 4818:MQM-171 4813:MQM-170 4808:AGM-169 4803:MGM-168 4798:BQM-167 4793:MGM-166 4788:RGM-165 4783:MGM-164 4778:GQM-163 4773:RIM-162 4768:RIM-161 4763:ADM-160 4758:AGM-159 4741:MGM-157 4736:RIM-156 4731:BQM-155 4726:AGM-154 4721:AGM-153 4716:AIM-152 4711:FQM-151 4704:151–200 4695:PQM-150 4690:PQM-149 4685:FGM-148 4680:BQM-147 4675:MIM-146 4670:BQM-145 4665:ADM-144 4660:MQM-143 4655:AGM-142 4650:ADM-141 4645:MGM-140 4640:RUM-139 4635:CEM-138 4630:AGM-137 4625:AGM-136 4620:ASM-135 4615:MGM-134 4610:UGM-133 4605:AIM-132 4600:AGM-131 4595:AGM-130 4590:AGM-129 4585:AQM-128 4580:AQM-127 4575:BQM-126 4565:AGM-124 4560:AGM-123 4555:AGM-122 4545:AIM-120 4540:AGM-119 4535:LGM-118 4530:FQM-117 4525:RIM-116 4520:MIM-115 4515:AGM-114 4510:RIM-113 4505:AGM-112 4500:BQM-111 4495:BGM-110 4478:BQM-108 4473:MQM-107 4468:BQM-106 4463:MQM-105 4458:MIM-104 4453:AQM-103 4448:PQM-102 4443:RIM-101 4436:101–150 4427:LIM-100 4333:AGM-84E 4137:XLIM-49 4041:MGM-31C 4005:LGM-25C 4000:HGM-25A 3792:Dervish 3499:RV-A-22 3439:RV-A-10 3434:SSM-A-9 3424:SAM-A-7 3338:SSM-G-9 3333:SSM-G-8 3328:SAM-G-7 3323:RTV-G-6 3318:CTV-G-5 3313:RTV-G-4 3308:RTV-G-3 3303:RTV-G-2 3298:RTV-G-1 3135:Spartan 3030:at the 1521:Gallery 1385:Germany 1372:Denmark 1359:Belgium 1308:Okinawa 1166:Missile 1120:US$ 3.0 1070:Florida 631:ARAACOM 406:US Army 389:During 167:Warhead 5034:Sprint 4422:LIM-99 4417:YQM-98 4412:AIM-97 4407:UGM-96 4402:AIM-95 4397:YQM-94 4392:XQM-93 4380:FIM-92 4375:AQM-91 4370:BQM-90 4365:UGM-89 4360:AGM-88 4355:AGM-87 4350:AGM-86 4345:RIM-85 4323:AGM-83 4318:AIM-82 4313:AQM-81 4308:AGM-80 4303:AGM-79 4298:AGM-78 4293:FGM-77 4288:AGM-76 4283:BGM-75 4278:BQM-74 4273:UGM-73 4268:MIM-72 4263:BGM-71 4258:LEM-70 4253:AGM-69 4248:AIM-68 4243:RIM-67 4238:RIM-66 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2685:2012 2332:2013 2306:2013 2280:2013 2160:2021 2149:OCLC 2141:ISSN 2102:2021 2078:OCLC 2070:LCCN 2060:ISBN 2006:2013 1995:ISSN 1971:help 1948:2021 1929:OCLC 1921:LCCN 1911:ISBN 1843:ISBN 1796:OCLC 1786:ISBN 1072:and 1064:All 955:and 947:and 833:and 813:MTR. 758:SAGE 685:IRBM 646:GAPA 522:and 497:XW-7 481:WX-9 445:USSR 433:Nike 315:NATO 297:The 275:km/h 267:Mach 265:> 108:Mass 52:Type 4984:KEI 4979:JSM 4959:GBI 3776:M74 3771:M73 3766:M72 3761:M61 3756:M60 3751:M55 3746:M51 3741:M50 3736:M47 3731:M31 3726:M30 3721:M29 3716:M28 3711:M27 3706:M26 3701:M25 3696:M21 3691:M20 3686:M17 3681:M16 3676:M12 3671:M10 3630:M19 3625:M18 3620:M17 3615:M16 3610:M15 3605:M14 3600:M13 3595:M12 3590:M11 3585:M10 3010:at 1659:W31 1080:in 969:PPI 540:W31 323:W31 271:mph 176:W31 5091:: 3666:M9 3661:M8 3656:M7 3651:M6 3646:M2 3580:M9 3575:M8 3570:M7 3565:M6 3560:M5 3555:M4 3550:M3 3545:M2 3540:M1 3004:.› 2942:OL 2940:. 2932:. 2924:. 2914:. 2910:. 2889:: 2887:}} 2883:{{ 2858:. 2826:. 2796:. 2790:OL 2788:. 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