MIM-3 Nike Ajax - Knowledge

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bases. There was no fixed number of Nike batteries in a Defense Area and the actual number of batteries varied from a low of 2 in the Barksdale AFB Defense Area to a high of 22 in the Chicago Defense Area. In the US the sites were numbered from 01 to 99 starting at the north and increasing clockwise. The numbers had no relation to actual compass headings, but generally Nike sites numbered 01 to 25 were to the northeast and east, those numbered 26 to 50 were to the southeast and south, those numbered 51 to 75 were to the southwest and west, and those numbered 76 to 99 were to the northwest and north. The Defense Areas were identified by a one- or two-letter code which were related to the city name. Thus those Nike sites starting with C were in the Chicago Defense Area, those starting with HM were in the Homestead AFB/Miami Defense Area, those starting with NY were in the New York Defense Area, and so forth. As an example Nike Site SF-88L refers to the launcher area (L) of the battery located in the northwestern part (88) of the San Francisco Defense Area (SF).

1170: 1103:) of thrust for three seconds. The booster pushed the missile through the sound barrier, and it remained supersonic for the rest of its flight. The MTR picked up the missile as the booster fell away, and then tracked it continually after that point. Data from the TTR and MTR were sent to the analog tracking computer, which continually calculated the impact point and sent radio commands to the missile to guide it. In order to maximize range, the missile was normally flown almost vertically to a higher altitude than the target, where the thinner air lowered drag and allowed the missile to descend on its target. At the correct time, the missile's three warheads were triggered by a signal from the computer. The warheads were surrounded by metal cubes providing a blast-fragmentation effect. 924: 911: 1142: 1158: 990:

into the air, the booster engine was replaced with a new design using four of the original boosters strapped together. The new missile offered interception altitudes well above 100,000 feet (30 km) and ranges on the order of 75 miles (121 km). A new long-range search radar was introduced, the HIPAR, but the original AQU radar was retained as well, now known as LOPAR. The tracking radars were also upgraded to higher power. But with those exceptions, Hercules was operationally similar to Ajax, and designed to operate at existing Ajax sites, using their launchers and underground facilities.

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When an alert was received, the missiles were transferred to the surface one at a time using an elevator, then pushed along rails on the surface leading to the launchers. The launchers bisected the rails, so the missiles were simply pushed over the launchers, connected to the electrical hookups, and then raised to about 85 degrees by the launchers. The missile launch area also contained a separate fueling area surrounded by a large berm, a required safety precaution given the

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month after that date. In January 1951, Wilson approved the plan, in spite of additional testing being required. A new test series of the proposed production model was carried out starting in October, and on 27 November 1951, Nike successfully intercepted a QB-17 target drone. Twenty-two further tests followed that year. In the new year a new test series started, including a live-fire attack on a QB-17 in April 1952 that was viewed by visiting brass.

631: 1040: 946: 574: 1115:, with commands from a central manual plotting room being sent to batteries over telephone lines. This was clearly inadequate, and in the late 1950s the Interim Battery Data Link was introduced to share data between batteries. This allowed command to be devolved to the battery commanders, who could see which targets other batteries were attacking. This system was further improved with the introduction of the 33: 711:) of booster power would accelerate the missile to supersonic speeds of 1,750 feet per second (1,190 mph; 530 m/s) at the end of a booster phase of 1.8 seconds, increasing almost continually to about 2,500 feet per second (1,700 mph; 760 m/s) at the end of the liquid engine's firing, then decreasing to 1,150 feet per second (780 mph; 350 m/s) during the zooming period. 870:

directed that most deployments would use this option. The system used a basic building block with four above-ground launching stations over an underground battery with additional missiles. Missiles were raised to the surface on an elevator and then pushed, by hand, along rails to their launchers. Stations normally consisted of four to six of these basic building blocks.

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bunkers. The park, over 100 acres (40 hectares) in size, offers different recreational activities and features softball and soccer fields, basketball, volleyball, and tennis courts, picnic areas, nature and mountain bike trails, skate park, playgrounds, senior center and a recreation hall. In addition, there are fishing opportunities in Jones Creek.

910: 1234:. The site is a museum and contains the missile bunkers, and control area, as well as period uniforms and vehicles that would have operated at the site. The site has been preserved in the condition it was in at the time it was decommissioned in 1974. The site began as a Nike Ajax base and was later converted to Nike Hercules. 858:, it became clear that Lake Michigan would force sites protecting approach from the east to be located in the city itself. Moreover, various scenarios demonstrated that having a staggered two-layer layout of the sites would offer much greater protection, which argued for some bases to be located closer to the urban centers. 1073:

operations center, or IFC. Most sites placed the A and IFC on one parcel of land with the L on another, but some sites used three entirely separate areas. The IFC was located between 1,000 yards and a mile from the launchers, but had to be within the line-of-sight so the radars could see the missiles as they launched.

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the Army Ground Forces sent the Army Service Forces (ASF) a request for information on the possibility of building a "major caliber anti-aircraft rocket torpedo". The ASF concluded that it was simply too early to tell if this was possible, and suggested concentrating on a program of general rocket development instead.

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The Nike Ajax system could attack only one target at a time, a problem it shared with its descendants. As the various Ajax missile sites were overlapped, this led to the possibility that two sites might attack one target while another flew past both. ARADCOM initially set up a coordination system not

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Eventually, the team was forced to give up on the clustered booster concept. Invariably small differences in thrust between the different JATO bottles would lead to significant thrust asymmetries, ones that overwhelmed the stabilizing effect of the fins in spite of them being very large. Instead, the

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system for Nike. Two systems were considered, one using phased signals, and another using signal timing known as the "amplitude null system", with the latter being selected. This study resulted in the development of tunable magnetrons for the 250 kilowatt X-band radars for tracking, and 1000 kilowatt

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A supersonic rocket missile should be vertically launched under the thrust of a solid-fuel booster which was then to be dropped; thence, self-propelled by a liquid-fuel motor, the missile should be guided to a predicted intercept point in space and detonated by remote control commands; these commands

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for much of the war and their anti-aircraft systems did not see as much pressure to improve. Nevertheless, by the mid-war period, the US Army had reached the same conclusion as their German counterparts: artillery-based anti-aircraft weapons were simply no longer useful. Accordingly, in February 1944

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roughly double the speed and altitude over piston-powered designs, limiting the number of shells so greatly that the chance of hitting the bomber dropped almost to zero. As early as 1942, German flak commanders were keenly aware of the problem, and expecting to face jet bombers, they began developing

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The Nike batteries were organized in Defense Areas and placed around population centers and strategic locations such as long-range bomber and important military/naval bases, nuclear production facilities and (later) ICBM sites. The Nike sites in a Defense Area formed a circle around these cities and

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Unlike the earlier Nike efforts, the Zeus would never reach operational status. Like the Ajax and Hercules, Zeus could only attack a single target at a time, although by deploying multiple radars it was expected that up to six missiles could be guided at once. This was fine when the threat was a few

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The launch area normally consisted of two or three underground facilities and their aboveground launchers. Sites with four to six launchers were not unknown. A single launcher site normally held twelve missiles, eight in the service area and four in the underground ready area or on their launchers.

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As early as April 1952, planners expressed concerns over the Ajax's ability to pick out targets in a packed formation. The Nike radar would see several nearby targets as a single larger one, unable to resolve the individual aircraft. The warhead's lethal range was smaller than the resolution, so it

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For range safety reasons, launch sites had to have considerable empty land around them in the event of an accidental warhead or fuel explosion. Originally this would require about 119 acres (48 ha) of land per site. This presented a serious problem for the planners, and especially the Corps of

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Keller examined the various ongoing projects and decided that Nike was the best developed. He recommended that development of Nike be accelerated and that an initial production run of 60 launch stations and 1,000 missiles should be completed by 31 December 1952, with continued production of 1,000 a

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Flying faster means that the aircraft passes through the range of a gun more rapidly, reducing the number of rounds a particular gun can fire at that aircraft. Flying at higher altitudes often has a similar effect, as it requires larger shells to reach those altitudes, and this typically results in

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The nuclear-armed Nike B was originally going to be a slightly larger Nike I, just wide enough to carry the new warhead. But during early development, the decision was made to move to a solid fuel upper stage. This required a larger fuselage and was heavier as well. In order to get the new missile

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might not approach any one of the aircraft close enough to damage it. This led to suggestions about equipping the Nike with a nuclear warhead, which would be able to attack the entire formation with a single round. Bell was asked to study this in May, and they considered two options; one using the

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on 17 September 1946 and then returned to Douglas in California for study. The next week an unguided example was launched, and similar tests followed until 28 January 1947, ending the first test series. During one test a missile reached an altitude of 140,000 feet. A second test series followed in

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Conversion from Ajax to Hercules began in June 1958. Initially, the Hercules was deployed at new bases, providing coverage over existing Ajax areas. But plans had been made to convert existing Ajax sites to Hercules where possible, or close the Ajax base where it was not. As the Hercules had over

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Parks and Recreation Department. Many buildings still stand including the barracks, mess hall, administration and recreation building and officer/non-commissioned officer family housing. Visitors can also see the fueling area and concrete slabs that mark the location of the underground missile

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A complete Nike Ajax system consisted of several radars, computers, missiles, and their launchers. Sites were generally arranged in three major sections, the administration area, area A, the magazine and launcher area with the missiles, L, and the Integrated Fire Control area with the radar and

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means that when shells reach their targets they are effectively randomly distributed in the target area. This distribution is much larger than the lethal radius of any given shell, so the chance that any one shell will damage or destroy its target is very small. Successful anti-aircraft gunnery

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Technological development during the 1950s quickly rendered the MIM-3 obsolete. It was unable to defend against more capable bombers or multiple targets in formation, and had relatively short range. Even while Nike was being deployed, these concerns led to the contracts for the greatly improved

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This Nike Ajax site has only two launch areas, the oval-shaped areas in the middle of the image. The rectangular openings are elevators that raise the missiles from their underground storage areas, and the four launchers are the small squares on either side. To the left of the launchers is the

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the bomber in order to properly intercept it. Bell proposed a system using two radars, one tracking the target, and another tracking the missile. An analog computer would calculate the impact point and send guidance signals to the missile encoded in the second radar's signals, and detonate the

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As the missile batteries were now protected and accidental explosions would be contained, the safe area was dramatically reduced, and that cut the land requirement down to 40 acres (16 ha). This was the system tested at White Sands in 1953 and with its success, on 28 October 1953 ARAACOM

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A new series of test firings started in September 1948 but were stopped until May 1949 after a number of modifications were carried out. Funding problems then delayed the program until January 1950. From late January through April another 16 missiles were fired, with much better results.

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Production was launched in August 1952. By the end of the year, three complete ground systems and 1,000 missiles had been delivered to White Sands. The complete system was set up by January 1953, and an underground launch site first fired on 5 June 1953. Crew training was carried out at

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Bell accepted the challenge, and Project Nike was officially formed on 8 February 1945. The Bell team was given the task of attacking bombers flying at 500 mph (800 km/h) or more, at altitudes between 20,000 and 60,000 feet (6,100 and 18,300 m), and performing a 3

635: 603:(GAPA), a slightly longer-range system based on what was essentially a drone aircraft. Bell had been invited to take part in GAPA as well, but declined as they wanted to concentrate on Nike. GAPA was opened to tender, and was picked up by other companies, notably 1051:

As Ajax missiles were removed from service, thousands of unused booster rockets were left over from the program, and more when the Hercules was removed from service years later. These proved perfect for all sorts of roles, notably as the boosters for various

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Studies throughout the Nike project considered mobile launchers, but none were developed for the Ajax system. Missile sites were "relocatable" or "transportable", and all of the support equipment was built into trailers or otherwise provided road wheels.

881:. This site reached initial operational status in March 1954, and went on full round-the-clock combat status on 30 May. The Army considers 30 May to be the "birth date" of the Nike system. On 15 November 1956 the missile was officially renamed as the 1027:

dozen enemy ICBMs, but as it became clear that the Soviets were placing almost all of their effort into ICBMs, Zeus looked increasingly unable to deal with the hundreds of targets that would result. Serious technical problems also arose, including

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This Nike Ajax site is on full alert, with missiles ready for launch on all sixteen launch sites. This image appears to be taken from the control area (IFC) which was separated from the launch area to allow its radars to see the missiles as they

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Through early development, the Nike project had not been considered very important. A series of events in the late 1940s led to a re-appraisal of the situation, including the Soviet atomic test in 1949, the communist victory in China, and the

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S-band radar for target detection. Experiments demonstrated that the radar return from the missile at high altitudes was limited, and when calls for an extended altitude of 150,000 feet (46,000 m) were added to the requirements, a

526:, British anti-aircraft gunners fired 49,044 shells in January 1941 for 12 kills, almost 4,100 shells per success. German gunners did better against Allied daylight raids, firing an estimated average of 2,800 shells to down a single 1320:

Nike was initially designated SAM-G-7, and later changed to SAM-A-7. Originally the Air Force used A while the Army used G, but the Air Force abandoned the 1947 tri-service designation system in 1951 and the Army took over the A

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The introduction of German jet-powered bombers late in 1944 led to a re-evaluation of this policy, and on 26 January 1945 the Army Chief of Ordnance issued a requirement for a new guided missile system. The request was passed to

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September and October 1947, including several improvements in the design in order to address problems with the booster. A further series in 1948, originally planned for 1946, continued to demonstrate problems.

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and little interest in the threat of bombers remained. Even before Hercules deployed, Bell was once again asked to consider the new threat. They concluded that the Nike B (Hercules) could be adapted into an

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with relatively few changes to the missile. The role would require considerably greater upgrades to the radars and computers instead. These efforts gave rise to the Nike II project in 1958, soon known as

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Over the next four years, 265 batteries were constructed around the majority of major northern and coastal cities. They replaced 896 radar-guided anti-aircraft guns, leaving only a handful of 75 mm

2878: 500:'s missiles, and was enlarged for the Nike efforts. The rocket was so useful that it found numerous applications outside the military world as the Ajax missiles were decommissioned in the 1960s. Many 832:

with the missiles fired toward White Sands. Service deliveries began that year, and eventually, a total of 350 launch systems and 13,714 missiles were produced over the production run. In 1957, the

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These changes, and many more, were summarized in a 28 January 1946 report. The project called for four rounds of test launches starting in 1946, with the aim of having a production design by 1949.

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would split development based on whether or not the design "depend for sustenance primarily on the lift of aerodynamic forces" like GAPA, or "primary on the momentum of the missile" like Nike.

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tracking radars were used, the Target Tracking Radar (TTR) to track the target handed off by the LOPAR, and the Missile Tracking Radar (MTR) to track the missile as it flew toward the target.

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method did not supply the performance needed for a high-speed missile. In particular, conical scanning radars required some time to settle on an accurate track. The decision was made to use a

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double the range of the Ajax, fewer sites were needed to provide the same coverage. A total of 134 Hercules bases were commissioned, down from Ajax's 240. The last US Ajax site, outside

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and similar effects that blocked radar, questions about the missile's ability to damage enemy warheads, and above all, rapidly rising costs. Development was canceled in January 1963.

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bomber attacks, though it was later deployed overseas to protect US military bases, and was also sold to various allied militaries. Some examples remained in use until the 1970s.

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Although none of the references state the reason for keeping the AQU radar, it appears this was in order to avoid having to upgrade certain displays in the control centers.

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turn at 40,000 feet (12,000 m). Bell reported back on 14 May 1945 (and a formal report the next day) that such a development was indeed possible. They concluded that:

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was known as "Nike Hercules". The Army selected the Hercules option, ordering it into development in December 1952. At the time, the missiles were officially known as

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Several Nike Ajax missiles exploded accidentally at a battery in Leonardo, New Jersey on 22 May 1958, killing 6 soldiers and 4 civilians. A memorial can be found at

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should be transmitted by radio signals determined by a ground-based computer associated with radar which would track both the target and the missile in flight.

854:(ARAACOM). ARAACOM initially proposed a series of widespread bases surrounding cities and major military sites. However, while planning the deployment around 1044: 1760: 4326: 3520: 3488: 1245:. The site has been restored and contains the original missile bunkers, as well as three Nike Ajax and a Nike Hercules on display. The site is on the 3715: 3710: 3595: 3550: 435:

and altitudes above 50,000 feet (15 km). Nike entered service in 1954 and was initially deployed within the United States to defend against

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As the original Bell Nike team worked on Hercules, the nature of the strategic threat was changing. By the late 1950s the concern was the

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emplacements as the only anti-aircraft artillery remaining in use by the US. All of the Skysweepers were removed from service by 1960.

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The ACQ radar was the primary search radar for the Ajax, and was also used for short-range duties with the Hercules as LOPAR.

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Long distance surveillance was handled by the ACQ or LOPAR radar, short for "Low-Power Acquisition Radar." LOPAR included an

2245: 3353: 1246: 1223: 4069: 3943: 2015: 833: 2052: 1958: 2121: 2073: 763:, creating a new version known as the Allegheny JATO T39 2.6DS-51,000. The Navy's similar booster can be seen on the 608: 2847: 1682: 3989: 3833: 3545: 901: 1768: 427:. The world's first operational guided surface-to-air missile, the Nike Ajax was designed to attack conventional 1708: 4024: 2666: 2287: 2272: 2097: 1257: 665: 4094: 3746: 3731: 862:

Engineers Real Estate Offices. As early as 1952 they had asked for a solution, which led to design architect

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project started to address these. All of the Nike projects were led by Bell Labs, due to their early work in

458:(Surface-to-air, Army, design 7) as part of an early tri-service identification system, but later changed to 985:

Nike site D-57/58 was used for both Ajax and Hercules until 1974, and is now in an advanced state of decay.

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made of thin metal plates arranged in a frame. The feed horn is at the bottom of the A-shaped supports.

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Launch of the missile was accomplished by lighting the solid fuel booster, which provided 59,000

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system, which replaced manual plotting with a computer-run system, and then the simpler and smaller

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was asked to calculate the proper warhead shaping to maximize the chance of a hit. Once determined,

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on the existing missile, which they called "Nike Ajax", while a slightly enlarged missile with the

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used the booster as their first or second stage, and many of those used "Nike" in their name.

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The early model Nike had eight JATO bottles in a cluster, demanding large fins for stability.

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An accidental launch of a Nike-Ajax missile occurred on April 14, 1955, at the W-25 site at

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Donald Baucom, "The Origins of SDI, 1944–1983", University Press of Kansas, 1992, page 19.

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to the newly created position of Director of Guided Weapons to speed their development.

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brought all of this to a head and new urgency was given to US defense. In October 1950,

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started taking over the anti-aircraft role, replacing regular army units at Bliss.

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Mach 2.25 (2,760 km/h; 1,710 mph) (@ 50,000 ft (15,000 m))

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motor used for the missile's booster. This had originally been designed for the

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refueling area, surrounded by a high berm in case one of the missiles exploded.

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Early in the program, it was realized that existing radar systems based on the

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Cagle says 600 mph (970 km/h), but many other sources put it at 500

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To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program

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would provide the missile airframe and carry out aerodynamic studies, while

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Rings of Supersonic Steel: Air Defenses of the United States Army 1950–1979

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The Nike missile family, with the Zeus B in front of the Hercules and Ajax.

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Test launch of the production model Nike Ajax missile with the new booster.

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rocket will take enough time to reach the target that the missile needs to

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History of Strategic and Ballistic Missile Defense: Volume II: 1956–1972

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Considerable detail on the battlefield control systems are available in

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system and a system for handing off targets to the tracking radars. Two

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slower firing rates for a variety of practical reasons. Aircraft using

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Seize the High Ground: The U. S. Army in Space and Missile Defense

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therefore requires as many rounds to be fired as possible. During

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The Rockets and Missiles of White Sands Proving Grounds 1945-1958

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Nike bases were arranged around major cities and military sites.

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operated theirs until they were replaced by the Hercules-based

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The first test firing of a static round was carried out at the

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The second best preserved Nike installation is site NY-56 at

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Nike Ajax Explosion Marker: Gateway National Recreation Area

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in 1948, when that force evolved out of the Army Air Force.

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This was not the only Army missile project at the time; the

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project selected a larger booster being developed by the

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Part of the Nike Ajax development program designed a new

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Deployment of the Nike I was under the direction of the

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United States tri-service rocket designations post-1963

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Walker, James; Bernstein, Lewis; Lang, Sharon (2010).

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The initial design used a thin upper stage with eight

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Cold War surface-to-air missiles of the United States

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Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History

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Nike Ajax test firing against a B-17 Flying Fortress.

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1963 United States Tri-Service missile designations

2106: 1981:. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History. 1531: 2233:is available for free viewing and download at the 1968:Federation of American Scientists (20 June 1999). 1953:. Las Cruces, New Mexico: Fiddlebike Partnership. 1422: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1385: 646:At the ranges and speeds being considered, even a 2005:Lonnquest, John; Winkler, David (November 1996). 1492: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1365: 4298: 2116:. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History. 2004: 1832:, US Army Air Defense Digest, 1966, pages 34–41. 1725: 1649: 1579: 873:The first site to build their Nike I system was 16:First operational guided surface-to-air missile 4307:Cold War nuclear missiles of the United States 4135: 2086:Flak: German Anti-Aircraft Defenses, 1914–1945 1412:"Nike Ajax has altered war's character vastly" 1362: 727:was added to the missile to boost the return. 4121: 2863: 2288: 2170:United States Army Center of Military History 2153:"Nike: the U.S. Army's Guided Missile System" 1218:The best preserved Nike installation is site 2061: 1816: 1804: 1792: 1611: 128: (equivalent to $ 644,194 in 2023) total 1761:"SUPARCO – The formative years (1961–1967)" 774: 4327:Military equipment introduced in the 1950s 4128: 4114: 2870: 2856: 2295: 2281: 2241:Nike Ajax the first surface-to-air missile 2062:Morgan, Mark; Berhow, Mark (1 June 2002). 2306:missile and rocket designations 1948–1963 2082: 1544:"GAPA (Ground-to-Air Pilotless Aircraft)" 1486: 1474: 866:developing an underground configuration. 2257:The last operational North American unit 2192:) is being considered for deletion. See 1226:in the Marin Headlands just west of the 1203: 1038: 980: 944: 818: 778: 737: 629: 572: 454:. It was initially given the identifier 2230:Big Picture: Pictorial Report Number 20 1995: 1976: 1931: 1830:"Air Defense Artillery Control Systems" 1758: 1737: 1519: 1081:fuels, and a variety of service areas. 4299: 2159:The Continental Air Defense Collection 1948: 1709:"Nike Ajax Explosion - Sandy Hook, NJ" 1208:Nike site SF-88L missile status board. 1181: 618:, GAPA was handed to the newly formed 4109: 2851: 2276: 2042: 1944:. U.S. Army Ordnance Missile Command. 1937: 1857:"Nike History, The One That Got Away" 1683:""Nike Battery NY-53 Middletown, NJ"" 1594: 1562: 1507: 1431: 1410:Pease, Harry S. (26 September 1960). 1409: 1403: 1845:, Ed Thelen's Nike Missile Web Site. 1307: 1247:National Register of Historic Places 1224:Golden Gate National Recreation Area 657:warhead on command (as opposed to a 625: 1967: 1868:, Ed Thelen's Nike Missile Web Site 1752: 1397: 1043:A Nike Ajax missile at the Belgian 194:20 ft 11 in (6.38 m) 13: 2146: 1445:"Western Electric MIM-3 Nike Ajax" 201:13 ft 2 in (4.01 m) 187:32 ft 8 in (9.96 m) 14: 4338: 4095:Drones designated in UAV sequence 2262:Ed Thelen's Nike Missile Web Site 2196:to help reach a consensus. › 2175: 1970:"Nike Ajax (SAM-A-7) (MIM-3, 3A)" 1896:Site NY-56 Sandy Hook, New Jersey 1623: 1532:Walker, Bernstein & Lang 2003 1298:, Soviet counterparts to the Ajax 885:, as part of DA Circular 700–22. 539:missiles to supplant their guns. 2213:Western Electric MIM-3 Nike Ajax 1759:Mustafa, Tariq (30 March 2012). 1168: 1156: 1140: 1034: 922: 909: 902:Gateway National Recreation Area 688:booster for initial launch, and 601:Ground-to-Air Pilotless Aircraft 31: 3504:BGM-109/AGM-109/RGM-109/UGM-109 1901: 1889: 1871: 1848: 1835: 1822: 1743: 1701: 1675: 1655: 1617: 1537: 1465:, Pen & Sword, 2007, p. 75. 1337: 1324: 1252:Nike-Ajax Missile Site N-75 in 792:. The June 1950 opening of the 696:for the upper stage sustainer. 672:would produce the warhead, and 599:was involved in studies of the 562: 37:A Nike Ajax in firing position. 2092:. University Press of Kansas. 1941:Nike Ajax Historical Monograph 1455: 1437: 1314: 1147:The TTR and MTR radars used a 1067: 1064:, Nike-Smoke and many others. 900:in the Sandy Hook Unit of the 666:Ballistics Research Laboratory 542:The western allies maintained 367:70,000 ft (21,000 m) 1: 4317:Nuclear anti-aircraft weapons 2181: 1350: 934: 839: 814: 512: 314:55,000 lbf (240 kN) 1977:Kennedy, Gregory P. (2009). 1938:Cagle, Mary (30 June 1959). 1726:Lonnquest & Winkler 1996 1669:, May/June 1995, Chapter 3, 1650:Lonnquest & Winkler 1996 1580:Lonnquest & Winkler 1996 1355: 1282:English Electric Thunderbird 1199: 823:The Nike Ajax assembly line. 442:Originally known simply as " 162:1,000 lb (0.454 t) 7: 2660:Unguided rockets, 1940–1963 1630:Fort George G. Meade Museum 1449:www.designation-systems.net 1265: 528:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress 517:The inherent inaccuracy of 321:2,600 lbf (12 kN) 155:2,460 lb (1.12 t) 10: 4343: 2083:Westerman, Edward (2001). 2068:. Hole In The Head Press. 1302:List of Nike missile sites 1111:'s plotting room from the 938: 852:Army Anti-Aircraft Command 846:List of Nike missile sites 843: 748:White Sands Proving Ground 733: 566: 507: 226:16.2 in (0.41 m) 219:14.6 in (0.37 m) 169:1,460 lb (0.7 t) 4188: 4145: 4078: 3952: 3931: 3724: 3456: 3176: 2886: 2831: 2805: 2659: 2553: 2407: 2311: 2251:Encyclopedia Astronautica 2043:Moore, Jean-Paul (1998). 1898:, Nike Historical Society 1663:"Vigilant and Invincible" 1232:San Francisco, California 1000:Japan Self-Defense Forces 395: 381: 371: 363: 351: 332: 292: 287: 273: 262: 237: 212: 180: 148: 143: 135: 112: 91: 86: 75: 67: 62: 53:Place of origin 52: 42: 30: 23: 2554:1955–1963 missile system 2408:1951–1955 missile system 2312:1948–1951 missile system 2194:templates for discussion 1817:Morgan & Berhow 2002 1805:Morgan & Berhow 2002 1793:Morgan & Berhow 2002 1612:Morgan & Berhow 2002 1212: 1193:National Security Agency 775:Accelerating development 577:MIM-3 Nike on a launcher 485:guidance systems during 104:Douglas Aircraft Company 2218:Nike Hercules in Alaska 2208:Nike Historical Society 1996:Leonard, Barry (2011). 798:US Secretary of Defense 519:anti-aircraft artillery 415:was an American guided 404:fixed erector/launchers 359:30 mi (48 km) 251:76 in (1.9 m) 244:50 in (1.3 m) 2269:at TheMilitaryStandard 1243:Sandy Hook, New Jersey 1209: 1048: 1016:anti-ballistic missile 986: 950: 824: 784: 743: 676:would provide a fuse. 643: 593: 578: 479:anti-ballistic missile 417:surface-to-air missile 47:Surface-to-air missile 4065:M30 GMLRS/M31 GMLRS-U 2838:Designation uncertain 1418:. p. 10, part 1. 1207: 1042: 1029:electromagnetic pulse 984: 948: 844:Further information: 822: 782: 741: 641: 588: 576: 305:liquid fuel sustainer 4286:Taurus Nike Tomahawk 3349:AGM-84/RGM-84/UGM-84 2045:The Malpais Missiles 1951:Pocketful Of Rockets 1949:Eckles, Jim (2013). 1932:General bibliography 1843:"Nike was 'mobile'?" 1636:on 22 February 2013. 1278:, Ajax's successors. 1272:MIM-14 Nike Hercules 1258:Isle of Wight County 1254:Carrollton, Virginia 1189:Fort George G. Meade 468:MIM-14 Nike Hercules 300:Solid rocket booster 2164:9 June 2019 at the 2133:on 17 February 2013 2047:. Jean-Paul Moore. 2000:. DIANE Publishing. 1652:, pp. 570–572. 1191:which contains the 1182:Accidental launches 761:Operation Bumblebee 419:(SAM) developed by 2806:Undesignated types 2304:United States Army 2155:, Western Electric 2018:on 3 October 2012. 1771:on 9 November 2013 1713:www.waymarking.com 1689:on 13 October 2015 1286:Bristol Bloodhound 1228:Golden Gate Bridge 1210: 1049: 987: 974:and Nike B became 951: 864:Leon Chatelain Jr. 825: 785: 744: 694:liquid fuel rocket 644: 616:Key West Agreement 579: 498:United States Navy 446:", it gained the " 425:United States Army 87:Production history 80:United States Army 4294: 4293: 4140:family of rockets 4103: 4102: 2845: 2844: 1988:978-0-7643-3251-7 1661:Stephen Moeller, 1416:Milwaukee Journal 1308:Explanatory notes 1288:, UK counterparts 1113:Battle of Britain 996:Norfolk, Virginia 801:Charles E. Wilson 686:solid fuel rocket 674:Frankford Arsenal 670:Picatinny Arsenal 639: 626:Building the team 597:US Army Air Force 557:Hendrik Wade Bode 494:solid fuel rocket 409: 408: 266:3 warheads using 4334: 4206:Nike-Black Brant 4189:Sounding rockets 4130: 4123: 4116: 4107: 4106: 4090: 2872: 2865: 2858: 2849: 2848: 2642: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2592: 2582: 2541: 2531: 2516: 2511: 2466: 2370: 2297: 2290: 2283: 2274: 2273: 2235:Internet Archive 2142: 2140: 2138: 2132: 2126:. Archived from 2115: 2103: 2091: 2079: 2058: 2039: 2033: 2029: 2027: 2019: 2014:. Archived from 2013: 2001: 1992: 1973: 1964: 1945: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1915:on 25 March 2015 1911:. Archived from 1905: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1875: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1852: 1846: 1839: 1833: 1826: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1781: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1767:. Archived from 1765:The Friday Times 1756: 1750: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1685:. Archived from 1679: 1673: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1638: 1637: 1632:. 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1943: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1897: 1892: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1858: 1851: 1844: 1838: 1831: 1825: 1819:, p. 15. 1818: 1813: 1807:, p. 17. 1806: 1801: 1795:, p. 10. 1794: 1789: 1787: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1755: 1746: 1739: 1734: 1728:, p. 57. 1727: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1671:Modernization 1668: 1664: 1658: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1624:Merle, Cole. 1620: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1582:, p. 56. 1581: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1545: 1540: 1534:, p. 39. 1533: 1528: 1521: 1516: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1489:, p. 11. 1488: 1483: 1476: 1471: 1464: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1417: 1413: 1406: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1361: 1340: 1333: 1327: 1317: 1313: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1206: 1195:headquarters. 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1171: 1166: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1143: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1074: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1046: 1041: 1035:Nike boosters 1032: 1030: 1024: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 991: 983: 979: 977: 976:Nike Hercules 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 947: 942: 941:Nike Hercules 925: 920: 912: 907: 906: 905: 903: 899: 894: 892: 886: 884: 880: 876: 871: 867: 865: 859: 857: 853: 847: 837: 835: 831: 821: 812: 808: 806: 802: 799: 795: 791: 781: 772: 768: 766: 765:RIM-2 Terrier 762: 758: 752: 749: 740: 731: 728: 726: 721: 717: 712: 710: 706: 702: 697: 695: 691: 690:Bell Aircraft 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 655: 654: 649: 623: 621: 617: 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 592: 587: 585: 575: 570: 560: 558: 554: 548: 545: 540: 537: 531: 529: 525: 520: 505: 503: 499: 495: 490: 488: 484: 480: 477: 473: 469: 463: 461: 457: 453: 452:Nike Hercules 449: 445: 440: 438: 434: 430: 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Retrieved 1687:the original 1677: 1670: 1667:ADA Magazine 1666: 1657: 1634:the original 1629: 1619: 1614:, p. 9. 1539: 1527: 1520:Leonard 2011 1515: 1482: 1470: 1457: 1448: 1439: 1415: 1405: 1339: 1331: 1326: 1321:designation. 1316: 1239:Fort Hancock 1149:Fresnel lens 1133: 1129: 1105: 1094: 1083: 1075: 1071: 1050: 1047:in Brussels. 1025: 1008: 992: 988: 975: 971: 967: 963: 960:XW-7 warhead 956:WX-9 warhead 952: 898:Fort Hancock 895: 887: 882: 872: 868: 860: 849: 826: 809: 786: 769: 753: 745: 729: 713: 698: 663: 651: 645: 620:US Air Force 613: 594: 589: 580: 569:Project Nike 563:Project Nike 549: 541: 532: 516: 491: 487:World War II 464: 459: 455: 441: 412: 410: 92:Manufacturer 76:Used by 18: 4216:Nike-Deacon 4196:Nike-Apache 4050:Senior Prom 3088:LGM-35 (II) 2182:‹ The 2032:|work= 1883:www.nps.gov 1854:Ed Thelen, 1841:Ed Thelen, 1461:Ian White, 1292:S-25 Berkut 1107:unlike the 1068:Description 1062:Nike-Apache 725:transponder 536:jet engines 353:Operational 347:(sustainer) 4301:Categories 4276:Nike-Viper 4261:Nike Smoke 4251:Nike-Orion 4226:Nike-Hydac 4211:Nike-Cajun 3767:AGM-158A/B 3083:AQM-35 (I) 2099:0700614206 1595:Cagle 1959 1563:Cagle 1959 1508:Cagle 1959 1432:Cagle 1959 1351:References 1296:S-75 Dvina 1099:(260 1079:hypergolic 1058:Nike-Cajun 939:See also: 935:After Ajax 891:Skysweeper 875:Fort Meade 840:Deployment 830:Fort Bliss 815:Production 803:appointed 707:(410 648:supersonic 513:Background 474:, and the 333:Propellant 275:Detonation 126:US$ 61,000 120:US$ 19,300 82:and allies 25:Nike Ajax 4246:Nike-Nike 4221:Nike-Hawk 4170:Nike Zeus 4155:Nike Ajax 4083:See also: 3995:Have Dash 3359:AGM-84H/K 3058:MGM-31A/B 2823:Ping-Pong 2034:ignored ( 2024:cite book 1919:7 January 1356:Citations 1200:Survivors 1127:systems. 1090:monopulse 972:Nike Ajax 917:launched. 883:Nike Ajax 794:Korea War 553:Bell Labs 524:the Blitz 462:in 1962. 421:Bell Labs 413:Nike Ajax 325:sustainer 277:mechanism 248:sustainer 223:sustainer 198:sustainer 166:sustainer 99:Bell Labs 71:1954–1970 4201:Nike-Asp 3858:AIM-174B 3772:AGM-158C 3509:BGM-109G 3406:"AIM-92" 2545:SSM-A-27 2535:SAM-A-25 2525:SSM-A-23 2505:SAM-A-19 2500:SAM-A-18 2495:SSM-A-17 2490:SSM-A-16 2485:SSM-A-15 2480:SSM-A-14 2475:SSM-A-13 2470:SSM-A-12 2399:SSM-G-17 2394:SSM-G-16 2389:SSM-G-15 2384:SSM-G-14 2379:SSM-G-13 2374:SSM-G-12 2364:RTV-G-10 2184:template 2162:Archived 1862:28 March 1775:30 March 1546:, Boeing 1398:FAS 1999 1266:See also 423:for the 399:platform 383:Guidance 238:Wingspan 213:Diameter 136:Produced 4180:Spartan 4060:Wagtail 4040:OpFires 3960:Aequare 3944:MIM-401 3939:AIM-260 3923:AGM-187 3918:MQM-186 3913:MQM-185 3908:RGM-184 3903:AGM-183 3898:LGM-182 3893:AGM-181 3888:AGM-180 3883:AGM-179 3878:MQM-178 3873:BQM-177 3868:AGM-176 3863:MQM-175 3854:RIM-174 3849:GQM-173 3844:FGM-172 3839:MQM-171 3834:MQM-170 3829:AGM-169 3824:MGM-168 3819:BQM-167 3814:MGM-166 3809:RGM-165 3804:MGM-164 3799:GQM-163 3794:RIM-162 3789:RIM-161 3784:ADM-160 3779:AGM-159 3762:MGM-157 3757:RIM-156 3752:BQM-155 3747:AGM-154 3742:AGM-153 3737:AIM-152 3732:FQM-151 3725:151–200 3716:PQM-150 3711:PQM-149 3706:FGM-148 3701:BQM-147 3696:MIM-146 3691:BQM-145 3686:ADM-144 3681:MQM-143 3676:AGM-142 3671:ADM-141 3666:MGM-140 3661:RUM-139 3656:CEM-138 3651:AGM-137 3646:AGM-136 3641:ASM-135 3636:MGM-134 3631:UGM-133 3626:AIM-132 3621:AGM-131 3616:AGM-130 3611:AGM-129 3606:AQM-128 3601:AQM-127 3596:BQM-126 3586:AGM-124 3581:AGM-123 3576:AGM-122 3566:AIM-120 3561:AGM-119 3556:LGM-118 3551:FQM-117 3546:RIM-116 3541:MIM-115 3536:AGM-114 3531:RIM-113 3526:AGM-112 3521:BQM-111 3516:BGM-110 3499:BQM-108 3494:MQM-107 3489:BQM-106 3484:MQM-105 3479:MIM-104 3474:AQM-103 3469:PQM-102 3464:RIM-101 3457:101–150 3448:LIM-100 3354:AGM-84E 3158:XLIM-49 3062:MGM-31C 3026:LGM-25C 3021:HGM-25A 2813:Dervish 2520:RV-A-22 2460:RV-A-10 2455:SSM-A-9 2445:SAM-A-7 2359:SSM-G-9 2354:SSM-G-8 2349:SAM-G-7 2344:RTV-G-6 2339:CTV-G-5 2334:RTV-G-4 2329:RTV-G-3 2324:RTV-G-2 2319:RTV-G-1 2248:at the 2186:below ( 2168:at the 1332:or more 856:Chicago 757:US Navy 734:Testing 682:Aerojet 508:History 456:SAM-A-7 318:booster 263:Warhead 255:booster 230:booster 205:booster 191:overall 173:booster 4175:Nike-X 4165:Nike J 4055:Sprint 3443:LIM-99 3438:YQM-98 3433:AIM-97 3428:UGM-96 3423:AIM-95 3418:YQM-94 3413:XQM-93 3401:FIM-92 3396:AQM-91 3391:BQM-90 3386:UGM-89 3381:AGM-88 3376:AGM-87 3371:AGM-86 3366:RIM-85 3344:AGM-83 3339:AIM-82 3334:AQM-81 3329:AGM-80 3324:AGM-79 3319:AGM-78 3314:FGM-77 3309:AGM-76 3304:BGM-75 3299:BQM-74 3294:UGM-73 3289:MIM-72 3284:BGM-71 3279:LEM-70 3274:AGM-69 3269:AIM-68 3264:RIM-67 3259:RIM-66 3254:AGM-65 3249:AGM-64 3244:AGM-63 3239:AGM-62 3234:MQM-61 3229:AQM-60 3224:RGM-59 3219:MQM-58 3214:MQM-57 3209:PQM-56 3204:RIM-55 3199:AIM-54 3194:AGM-53 3189:MGM-52 3184:MGM-51 3177:51–100 3168:RIM-50 3163:LIM-49 3153:AGM-48 3148:AIM-47 3143:MIM-46 3138:AGM-45 3133:UUM-44 3128:FIM-43 3123:MQM-42 3118:AQM-41 3113:MQM-40 3108:MQM-39 3103:AQM-38 3098:AQM-37 3093:MQM-36 3078:AQM-34 3073:MQM-33 3068:MGM-32 3053:LGM-30 3048:MGM-29 3043:AGM-28 3038:UGM-27 3033:AIM-26 3016:RIM-24 3011:MIM-23 3006:AGM-22 3001:MGM-21 2996:ADM-20 2991:PGM-19 2986:MGM-18 2981:PGM-17 2976:CGM-16 2971:RGM-15 2966:MIM-14 2956:AGM-12 2951:PGM-11 2946:CIM-10 2818:Lobber 2450:RV-A-8 2440:RV-A-6 2435:RV-A-5 2430:RV-A-4 2425:RV-A-3 2420:RV-A-2 2415:RV-A-1 2203:Curlie 2189:Curlie 2137:13 May 2120: 2096: 2072: 2051: 1985: 1957: 1693:23 May 1597:, VII. 1565:, III. 1125:BIRDIE 1004:Nike J 968:Nike B 964:Nike I 605:Boeing 437:Soviet 397:Launch 385:system 323: 316: 293:Engine 268:Comp B 253: 246: 228: 221: 203: 196: 189: 181:Length 171: 164: 157: 4070:GLSDB 4030:NCADE 4020:MA-31 3970:Brazo 3965:ASALM 2941:AIM-9 2936:RIM-8 2929:RIM-7 2924:AIM-7 2919:RGM-6 2914:MGM-5 2909:AIM-4 2904:MIM-3 2899:RIM-2 2894:MGM-1 2131:(PDF) 2114:(PDF) 2090:(PDF) 2012:(PDF) 1434:, VI. 1220:SF88L 1213:Bases 483:radar 472:ICBMs 460:MIM-3 355:range 159:total 4138:Nike 4136:The 4045:PrSM 4035:NLOS 4025:MSDM 4015:LRHW 4010:LREW 3990:HACM 3985:HALO 3932:201– 2887:1–50 2540:A-26 2530:A-24 2515:A-21 2510:A-20 2465:G-11 2369:G-11 2267:Nike 2139:2013 2118:ISBN 2094:ISBN 2070:ISBN 2049:ISBN 2036:help 1983:ISBN 1955:ISBN 1921:2015 1864:2022 1777:2017 1695:2013 1510:, I. 1294:and 1284:and 1274:and 1123:and 1011:ICBM 966:and 701:JATO 664:The 653:lead 448:Ajax 444:Nike 411:The 345:RFNA 343:and 341:UDMH 337:JP-4 149:Mass 139:1952 43:Type 4005:KEI 4000:JSM 3980:GBI 2797:M74 2792:M73 2787:M72 2782:M61 2777:M60 2772:M55 2767:M51 2762:M50 2757:M47 2752:M31 2747:M30 2742:M29 2737:M28 2732:M27 2727:M26 2722:M25 2717:M21 2712:M20 2707:M17 2702:M16 2697:M12 2692:M10 2651:M19 2646:M18 2641:M17 2636:M16 2631:M15 2626:M14 2621:M13 2616:M12 2611:M11 2606:M10 2201:at 1241:in 1230:in 1097:lbf 1086:IFF 759:'s 705:lbf 661:). 559:). 4303:: 2687:M9 2682:M8 2677:M7 2672:M6 2667:M2 2601:M9 2596:M8 2591:M7 2586:M6 2581:M5 2576:M4 2571:M3 2566:M2 2561:M1 2028:: 2026:}} 2022:{{ 1881:. 1785:^ 1763:. 1711:. 1665:, 1642:^ 1628:. 1602:^ 1587:^ 1570:^ 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