228:
presence of the king was typically required) and rarely performed their traditional duties to the
Babylonian cults through the construction of temples and giving of cultic gifts to the city's gods. As such, the Babylonians might have interpreted them as failing in their duties as kings and thus not having the necessary divine endorsement to be considered true kings of Babylon. In response to this, Babylon revolted several time against Persian rule in an attempt to regain its independence, though known revolts (with the possible exception of Nidin-Bel's revolt) are restricted to the early Persian period. The Persian king
292:
493:. If Nidin-Bel was a real Babylonian rebel, he might have assumed the name in honour of Nebuchadnezzar III's anti-Persian rebellion nearly two hundred years prior. Safaee interpreted the name choice as the rebel indicating that he intended to finish the work of his ancient predecessor in overthrowing Persian rule of Babylonia. If this is the case, Nidin-Bel followed in his predecessor's footsteps through choosing a name with historical significance (the original Nidintu-BĂȘl having chosen the regnal name Nebuchadnezzar).
452:, wrote that Nidin-Bel being a Babylonian rebel king revolting against Darius III was a "strong possibility". Stolper noted in that it was possible that Nidin-Bel might have been "an otherwise unrecorded local usurper who claimed power in Babylon during the unstable period of the assassinations that brought Darius III to the throne" but also noted that it was possible that Nidin-Bel was the same person as Nebuchadnezzar III, misplaced in the chronology of kings by later scribes.
482:, gaining the throne after having been in open revolt against Artaxerxes IV. Nidin-Bel's potential rule of Babylon can be dated by the information in the king list. The king lists accords Darius III a reign of five years, which must refer to 335/334â331/330 BC. As Darius III was in control of the city in 335 BC, Nidin-Bel's revolt and brief rule over Babylon, if historical, must have taken place in the autumn of 336 BC and/or in the subsequent winter of 336/335 BC.
2997:
117:
224:), retaining some importance through not being relegated to just a provincial city, the Persian conquest introduced a ruling class which was not absorbed by the native Babylonian culture, instead maintaining their own additional political centers outside of Mesopotamia. Since the new rulers did not rely on Babylon's significance for their continued rule, the city's prestige had been irreversibly diminished.
31:
162:, a Babylonian rebel who revolted against the Persians in the 6th century BC. Before assuming the regnal name Nebuchadnezzar, Nebuchadnezzar III's original name was Nidintu-BĂȘl. The lack of references to Nidin-Bel outside of the Uruk King List might be due to his revolt being defeated quickly by Darius III.
211:
would never again rise to become the single capital of an independent kingdom, much less a great empire. The city, owing to its prestigious and ancient history, continued to be an important site, however, with a large population, defensible walls and a functioning local cult for centuries. Though the
308:
king lists typically recorded the genealogy of the
Assyrian kings in great detail as connection to the royal bloodline granted the Assyrian ruler their legitimacy. Though considerably rarer than during previous periods, there are surviving examples of Mesopotamian king lists written in the centuries
170:
documents refer to
Artaxerxes by that name and due to the name being similar to Nidintu-BĂȘl, the name of a rebel and pretender. It is also possible that the name is a scribal error, intended to refer to Nebuchadnezzar III but misplaced in the chronology of kings by the scribes that made the list. It
469:
Artaxerxes IV was assassinated in 336 BC, which caused the empire to undergo a period of chaos. This tumultuous transition of power from
Artaxerxes IV to Darius III does leave sufficient room for a short-lived Babylonian revolt and there were more well-recorded contemporary uprisings in the Persian
227:
Throughout the period of
Persian rule over Babylonia, the Babylonians came to resent their new overlords. The Persian kings had capitals elsewhere in their empire, rarely partook in Babylon's traditional rituals (meaning that these rituals could not be celebrated in their traditional form since the
465:
might thus simply have been associated with the wrong Darius by the scribes who made the list. Safaee did not consider this conclusion satisfactory, noting that the lack of evidence of Nidin-Bel beyond the Uruk King List could be attributed to the unstable political situation at the time and that
303:
In ancient
Mesopotamia, king lists were used to recount the sequences of kings and record how long each king ruled. Structure and the level of detail (some lists, for instance, provided genealogical information) varied from list to list and purposes were often not only historiographical, but also
447:
If Nidin-Bel was not
Artaxerxes IV, it is thus possible that he was a native Babylonian rebel. Oppenheim considered it to be "quite possible" that the line in the Uruk King List was "evidence for another Babylonian usurper of Achaemenian rule whose short reign preceded that of Darius III". A. B.
385:'s conquest of the Persian Empire) and records events from the reigns of Darius III and Alexander. The tablet is badly damaged, but the fragmentary line 14 (the meaning of which is unclear on account of it being incomplete) ends with "-BĂȘl, his son, to the office of satrap".
270:. The revolts against Xerxes in particular led the Persians to incur retribution on the Babylonians. Notably, Xerxes divided the previously large Babylonian satrapy (before accounting for most of the Neo-Babylonian Empire's territory) into smaller sub-units
456:
wrote in 2007 that there was no evidence to support the existence of Nidin-Bel as a rebel during the reign of Darius III and that a scribal error might be a more likely explanation. The rebels from the reign of Darius I, Nebuchadnezzar III and
153:
Scholars are divided in how the reference is best interpreted. Several researchers do consider it possible that Nidin-Bel was a historical
Babylonian rebel, revolting against Darius III in the chaotic aftermath of
165:
Some researchers dispute the existence of a
Babylonian rebel in the 4th century BC. It has been suggested that Nidin-Bel was the regnal name of Artaxerxes IV in Babylonia but this seems unlikely as no other
158:'s (Darius III's predecessor) fall from power and assassination. If he was a real king, the Uruk King List indicates that Nidin-Bel was a regnal name, possibly assumed by the king to honour the preceding
436:
and Yazdan Safaee have concluded that Nidin-BĂȘl being the
Babylonian regnal name of Artaxerxes is unlikely. Oppenheim noted that it is made especially unlikely since the name closely resembles
978:
275:
and enacted some form of targeted revenge on Babylonia's most prominent families, whose preserved archival records all end in 484 BC. According to ancient writers such as the Greek historian
389:
believes that this figure, whose name ended with "-BĂȘl" might be Nidin-Bel. Names ending in "-BĂȘl" were not rare in Babylonia, however, with several hundred individuals with the
1151:
Waerzeggers, Caroline (2018). "The Network of Resistance: Archives and Political Action in Babylonia Before 484 BCE". In Waerzeggers, Caroline; Seire, Maarja (eds.).
1002:
Nielsen, John P. (2015). ""I Overwhelmed the King of Elam": Remembering Nebuchadnezzar I in Persian Babylonia". In Silverman, Jason M.; Waerzeggers, Caroline (eds.).
413:
3024:
310:
136:
36:
466:
Darius III might have quickly crushed the rebel soon after consolidating his rule, so that no traces of the revolt were left in other sources.
1152:
1114:
2634:
1396:
1221:
1113:
Waerzeggers, Caroline (2018). "Introduction: Debating Xerxes' Rule in Babylonia". In Waerzeggers, Caroline; Seire, Maarja (eds.).
1165:
1127:
728:
1011:
967:
943:
1041:
917:
135:
in the region. The only known surviving reference which points to there being a ruler by this name in Babylon is the
1025:
309:
after the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. The foremost example of a list in regards to the Persian period is the
339:
246â225 BC). The tablet containing the list is fragmentary; only recording the first three Persian rulers (Cyrus,
374:". The damaged line in the Uruk King List is the only known surviving reference to a king by the name Nidin-Bel.
2655:
1389:
957:
928:
907:
424:
used by Artaxerxes IV in Babylonia, but this hypothesis cannot be substantiated since no other sources in
2138:
39:(IM 65066). The first line on this side of the tablet is the fragmentary line which references Nidin-Bel.
150:
336â330 BC), the last Achaemenid king, is immediately preceded by a fragmentary reference to Nidin-Bel.
2206:
354:
336â330 BC). Darius III's line is immediately preceded by a damaged line of text which can be read as "
262:
486â465 BC), also faced two Babylonian revolts, two contemporary uprisings in 484 BC led by the rebels
1051:
Parker, Bradley J. (2011). "The Construction and Performance of Kingship in the Neo-Assyrian Empire".
191:
empire to be ruled by monarchs native to Mesopotamia itself and the final and most spectacular era in
3019:
3000:
2943:
2790:
2567:
1889:
1382:
343:
and Darius I) before breaking off, with surviving fragments not resuming until the line that records
200:
132:
2936:
2922:
2736:
2268:
1861:
1415:
1242:
2971:
2880:
2627:
2560:
2031:
1420:
2246:
2908:
2783:
2648:
2641:
2613:
1985:
1944:
1876:
329:
1171:
1133:
461:, are conspicuously absent in the Uruk King List; Kuhrt considered it plausible that the name
139:, which records rulers of Babylon from the 7th to 3rd centuries BC. In this list, the rule of
2866:
2821:
2757:
2620:
2553:
2290:
2192:
2187:
2168:
1567:
1484:
184:
2697:
2056:
2036:
1980:
1884:
1837:
489:
appears to have been a assumed regnal name and it may be a corrupted or colloquial form of
111:
8:
2809:
2662:
2546:
2155:
2120:
2061:
1894:
1802:
1302:
953:
449:
382:
378:
296:
172:
2606:
2587:
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2417:
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2008:
1990:
1914:
1842:
1817:
1792:
1084:
1076:
994:
894:
479:
441:
240:
159:
2026:
1262:
2683:
2669:
2594:
2429:
2373:
2318:
2106:
2091:
2046:
1962:
1924:
1909:
1822:
1812:
1757:
1747:
1364:
1339:
1161:
1123:
1088:
1068:
1037:
1007:
963:
939:
913:
458:
425:
314:
244:
96:
69:
1282:
2578:
2305:
2081:
2051:
2041:
1919:
1904:
1899:
1762:
1202:
1060:
1029:
1021:
990:
886:
429:
229:
2727:
2712:
2690:
2494:
2397:
2218:
2149:
2101:
2076:
2066:
2000:
1934:
1847:
1827:
1787:
1729:
1660:
1611:
1499:
1348:
1064:
433:
325:
204:
196:
127:
who in the autumn of 336 BC and/or the winter of 336â335 BC attempted to restore
124:
45:
453:
291:
279:, Xerxes destroyed Babylon's fortifications and damaged the temples in the city.
2537:
2487:
2333:
2213:
2071:
1832:
1807:
1782:
1719:
1711:
1691:
386:
3013:
2480:
2441:
2275:
2162:
1957:
1952:
1678:
1626:
1616:
1580:
1333:
1072:
402:
267:
175:, also references Nidin-Bel, but the relevant line of text is badly damaged.
155:
63:
313:(IM 65066, also known as King List 5), which records rulers of Babylon from
2964:
2950:
2828:
2452:
2446:
2313:
2254:
2238:
2086:
2018:
1972:
1929:
1777:
1767:
1706:
1696:
1588:
1557:
1527:
1034:
The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 2: The Median and Achaemenian Periods
263:
30:
2957:
2894:
2852:
2776:
2764:
2743:
2404:
2328:
2323:
2224:
2181:
1797:
1772:
1752:
1724:
1686:
1575:
1552:
1547:
1537:
979:"The Chaldean Assyrian Syriac people of Iraq: an ethnic identity problem"
421:
340:
188:
167:
1080:
2915:
2901:
2887:
2859:
2797:
2507:
2231:
2096:
1742:
1512:
1358:
1206:
898:
344:
213:
140:
81:
116:
2873:
2845:
2676:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2338:
2261:
2174:
1621:
1603:
1598:
1542:
1532:
1507:
440:, the original name of the 6th-century anti-Persian Babylonian rebel
276:
248:
192:
128:
1190:
1097:
890:
874:
485:
As the text of the king list indicates ("whose second name is..."),
2929:
2435:
2423:
2198:
1734:
1645:
1631:
1593:
1522:
1374:
252:
217:
212:
city did become one of the Achaemenid Empire's capitals (alongside
2411:
1701:
1668:
471:
377:
The tablet BCHP 1 (alternatively BM 36304 or ABC 8, known as the
305:
251:, Babylon's last independent king. Darius I's son and successor,
208:
2360:
1673:
1517:
517:
475:
393:
being recorded from the preceding Neo-Babylonian period alone.
390:
381:) was written in Babylon during the Hellenistic period (after
2750:
704:
1098:"A Local Revolt in Babylonia during the Reign of Darius III"
1026:"The Babylonian Evidence of Achaemenian Rule in Mesopotamia"
750:
692:
299:), which might contain a fragmentary reference to Nidin-Bel.
221:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
428:
refer to him by that name. Several researchers, including
1191:"Going Native: Ć amaĆĄ-ĆĄuma-ukÄ«n, Assyrian King of Babylon"
762:
680:
781:
779:
777:
470:
Empire; notably, Egypt was in open revolt under Pharaoh
829:
827:
825:
800:
798:
796:
794:
716:
656:
634:
632:
593:
562:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
810:
909:
Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great
839:
774:
668:
851:
822:
791:
629:
617:
533:
512:
might be a corrupted or colloquial form of the name
605:
448:Bosworth, author of a 1988 history of the reign of
644:
367:", restored and translated as " second name (is)
131:as an independent kingdom and end the rule of the
740:
738:
396:
3011:
1004:Political Memory in and After the Persian Empire
735:
401:Darius III's predecessor as Persian ruler was
1390:
247:(521 BC), both of whom claimed to be sons of
2362:Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC â AD 224)
1154:Xerxes and Babylonia: The Cuneiform Evidence
1150:
1116:Xerxes and Babylonia: The Cuneiform Evidence
959:A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire
879:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
727:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDandamaev1993 (
710:
1112:
686:
16:Possible King of Babylon from 336 to 335 BC
1397:
1383:
926:
599:
29:
1300:
1280:
1260:
1240:
1020:
952:
845:
785:
756:
722:
698:
674:
587:
556:
3025:Rebellions against the Achaemenid Empire
905:
816:
474:. Darius III himself was originally the
290:
1001:
662:
638:
623:
295:Reverse side of the tablet BCHP 1 (the
3012:
1443:
1095:
1050:
976:
872:
857:
833:
804:
768:
611:
286:
55:Autumn 336 BC and/or winter 336â335 BC
2359:
1378:
866:
171:is possible that another tablet, the
1404:
1214:
1188:
650:
239:522â486 BC) faced the rebellions of
1053:Journal of Anthropological Research
875:"Babylonian Chronology and History"
13:
2726:
1659:
1220:
995:10.1111/j.1949-3606.2008.tb00145.x
744:
14:
3036:
2387:
2134:
2996:
2995:
2304:
115:
407:
349:
334:
319:
257:
234:
207:in 539 BC. After its conquest,
195:history, was ended through the
145:
1222:"BCHP 1 (Alexander Chronicle)"
1036:. Cambridge University Press.
912:. Cambridge University Press.
503:
397:Interpretation and speculation
1:
983:Digest of Middle East Studies
527:
178:
1243:"Arakha (Nebuchadnezzar IV)"
1065:10.3998/jar.0521004.0067.303
934:. In Hetzron, Robert (ed.).
927:Buccellati, Giorgio (1997).
7:
10:
3041:
123:) might have been a rebel
2993:
2711:
2577:
2568:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
2536:
2521:
2372:
2368:
2355:
2289:
2119:
2017:
1999:
1971:
1943:
1875:
1860:
1644:
1566:
1498:
1483:
1434:
1430:
1410:
1355:
1346:
1330:
1323:
906:Bosworth, A. B. (2001) .
304:political. For instance,
201:Persian Achaemenid Empire
133:Persian Achaemenid Empire
95:
91:
77:
59:
51:
44:
28:
23:
1862:Middle Babylonian period
1416:List of kings of Babylon
1301:Lendering, Jona (2005).
1281:Lendering, Jona (2004).
1261:Lendering, Jona (2001).
1241:Lendering, Jona (1998).
496:
35:The reverse side of the
2032:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
1096:Safaee, Yazdan (2017).
516:, which means "gift of
416:suggested in 1962 that
2649:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
2642:Seleucus IV Philopator
2614:Seleucus II Callinicus
1986:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
1160:. Peeters Publishers.
1122:. Peeters Publishers.
954:Dandamaev, Muhammad A.
414:Johannes J.A. van Dijk
405:(also known as Arses,
330:Seleucus II Callinicus
300:
2758:Antiochus VII Sidetes
2621:Seleucus III Ceraunus
2554:Philip III Arrhidaeus
2291:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2193:Marduk-apla-iddina II
2188:Marduk-zakir-shumi II
2169:Marduk-apla-iddina II
1485:Old Babylonian Empire
1353:336 BC or 336â335 BC
977:Hanish, Shak (2008).
936:The Semitic Languages
294:
185:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2698:Demetrius II Nicator
2057:Marduk-zakir-shumi I
2037:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
1981:Eulmash-shakin-shumi
1885:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
1838:Marduk-apla-iddina I
1189:Zaia, Shana (2019).
112:Babylonian cuneiform
2663:Antiochus V Eupator
2628:Antiochus III Megas
2156:Tiglath-Pileser III
2121:Neo-Assyrian period
2062:Marduk-balassu-iqbi
1895:Ninurta-nadin-shumi
1803:Shagarakti-Shuriash
873:Bertin, G. (1891).
771:, pp. 357â386.
759:, pp. 532â533.
701:, pp. 185â186.
450:Alexander the Great
383:Alexander the Great
379:Alexander Chronicle
324:668â648 BC) to the
297:Alexander Chronicle
287:Historical evidence
197:conquest of Babylon
173:Alexander Chronicle
86:(Achaemenid Empire)
2607:Antiochus II Theos
2588:Seleucus I Nicator
2523:Hellenistic period
2418:Nebuchadnezzar III
2009:Mar-biti-apla-usur
1991:Shirikti-shuqamuna
1915:Marduk-shapik-zeri
1890:Itti-Marduk-balatu
1843:Zababa-shuma-iddin
1818:Kadashman-Harbe II
1793:Kadashman-Enlil II
1207:10.1017/irq.2019.1
867:Cited bibliography
442:Nebuchadnezzar III
301:
241:Nebuchadnezzar III
160:Nebuchadnezzar III
3007:
3006:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2718:(141 BC â AD 224)
2707:
2706:
2684:Demetrius I Soter
2670:Demetrius I Soter
2595:Antiochus I Soter
2517:
2516:
2430:Nebuchadnezzar IV
2363:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2319:Nebuchadnezzar II
2285:
2284:
2115:
2114:
2107:Nabu-suma-ukin II
2092:Nabu-shuma-ishkun
2047:Nabu-shuma-ukin I
1963:Kashshu-nadin-ahi
1925:Marduk-ahhe-eriba
1910:Marduk-nadin-ahhe
1856:
1855:
1823:Adad-shuma-iddina
1813:Enlil-nadin-shumi
1758:Kadashman-Enlil I
1748:Kadashman-Harbe I
1640:
1639:
1479:
1478:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1365:Achaemenid Empire
1356:Succeeded by
1343:
1340:Achaemenid Empire
1215:Cited web sources
1167:978-90-429-3670-6
1129:978-90-429-3670-6
1030:Gershevitch, Ilya
1022:Oppenheim, A. Leo
713:, pp. 90â91.
711:Waerzeggers 2018b
665:, pp. 55â57.
459:Nebuchadnezzar IV
366:
357:
315:Shamash-shum-ukin
245:Nebuchadnezzar IV
187:, the last great
105:
104:
87:
73:
70:Achaemenid Empire
3032:
3020:Kings of Babylon
2999:
2998:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2207:AĆĄĆĄur-nÄdin-ĆĄumi
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2082:Marduk-apla-usur
2052:Nabu-apla-iddina
2042:Shamash-mudammiq
1920:Adad-apla-iddina
1905:Enlil-nadin-apli
1900:Nebuchadnezzar I
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1763:Burna-Buriash II
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1585:Unknown king (?)
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1405:Kings of Babylon
1399:
1392:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1362:
1337:
1331:Preceded by
1321:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1303:"Uruk King List"
1297:
1295:
1293:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1210:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1170:. Archived from
1159:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1132:. Archived from
1121:
1109:
1092:
1047:
1017:
998:
973:
949:
933:
923:
902:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
820:
814:
808:
802:
789:
783:
772:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
733:
732:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
687:Waerzeggers 2018
684:
678:
672:
666:
660:
654:
648:
642:
636:
627:
621:
615:
609:
603:
597:
591:
585:
560:
554:
521:
507:
430:A. Leo Oppenheim
411:
409:
364:
355:
353:
351:
338:
336:
323:
321:
261:
259:
238:
236:
149:
147:
119:
85:
67:
33:
21:
20:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2977:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2713:Parthian period
2703:
2691:Alexander Balas
2573:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2513:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2364:
2343:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2281:
2247:Ć amaĆĄ-ĆĄuma-ukin
2219:Mushezib-Marduk
2150:Nabu-mukin-zeri
2143:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2111:
2102:Nabu-nadin-zeri
2077:Marduk-bel-zeri
2067:Baba-aha-iddina
2027:NabĂ»-mukin-apli
2013:
1995:
1967:
1939:
1935:Nabu-shum-libur
1866:
1865:
1864:
1852:
1848:Enlil-nadin-ahi
1828:Adad-shuma-usur
1788:Kadashman-Turgu
1730:Kashtiliash III
1650:
1649:
1648:
1636:
1612:Peshgaldaramesh
1562:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1437:
1426:
1425:
1406:
1403:
1369:
1361:
1352:
1349:King of Babylon
1344:
1336:
1326:
1311:
1309:
1291:
1289:
1271:
1269:
1251:
1249:
1231:
1229:
1217:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1157:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1119:
1044:
1014:
970:
946:
931:
920:
891:10.2307/3678045
869:
864:
856:
852:
844:
840:
832:
823:
815:
811:
803:
792:
784:
775:
767:
763:
755:
751:
743:
736:
726:
721:
717:
709:
705:
697:
693:
685:
681:
673:
669:
661:
657:
653:, pp. 6â7.
649:
645:
637:
630:
622:
618:
610:
606:
600:Buccellati 1997
598:
594:
586:
563:
555:
534:
530:
525:
524:
508:
504:
499:
434:Matthew Stolper
406:
399:
348:
333:
318:
289:
256:
233:
205:Cyrus the Great
181:
144:
125:king of Babylon
84:
66:
46:King of Babylon
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3038:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3005:
3004:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2944:Parthamaspates
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2801:
2794:
2791:Mithridates II
2787:
2780:
2773:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2732:
2730:
2721:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2542:
2540:
2531:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2498:
2491:
2488:Artaxerxes III
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2427:
2420:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2391:
2382:
2374:Persian period
2366:
2365:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2334:Labashi-Marduk
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2299:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2269:Sßn-ƥumu-līƥir
2265:
2258:
2251:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2216:
2214:Nergal-ushezib
2211:
2202:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2072:Ninurta-apla-X
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1870:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1808:Kashtiliash IV
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1783:Nazi-Maruttash
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1720:Burnaburiash I
1717:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1692:Kashtiliash II
1689:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1654:
1651:(1729â1157 BC)
1646:Kassite period
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1493:
1490:(1894â1595 BC)
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1357:
1354:
1345:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1298:
1278:
1258:
1238:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1186:
1166:
1148:
1128:
1110:
1093:
1059:(3): 357â386.
1048:
1042:
1018:
1013:978-0884140894
1012:
999:
974:
969:978-9004091726
968:
950:
945:978-0415057677
944:
924:
918:
903:
868:
865:
863:
862:
850:
846:Lendering 2001
838:
821:
809:
790:
786:Lendering 2005
773:
761:
757:Oppenheim 1985
749:
734:
723:Dandamaev 1993
715:
703:
699:Dandamaev 1989
691:
679:
675:Lendering 1998
667:
655:
643:
628:
616:
604:
592:
590:, p. 533.
588:Oppenheim 1985
561:
557:Lendering 2004
531:
529:
526:
523:
522:
501:
500:
498:
495:
398:
395:
387:Jona Lendering
311:Uruk King List
288:
285:
180:
177:
137:Uruk King List
103:
102:
99:
93:
92:
89:
88:
79:
75:
74:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
42:
41:
37:Uruk King List
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3037:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3002:
2992:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2937:Vologases III
2934:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2923:Artabanus III
2920:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2737:Mithridates I
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2547:Alexander III
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2495:Artaxerxes IV
2492:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2481:Artaxerxes II
2478:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2442:Shamash-eriba
2440:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2358:
2354:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2277:
2276:Sinsharishkun
2273:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2163:Shalmaneser V
2160:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:Ea-mukin-zeri
1956:
1954:
1953:Simbar-shipak
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1867:(1157â732 BC)
1863:
1859:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:Kadashman-Sah
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:Kashtiliash I
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:Melamkurkurra
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1617:Ayadaragalama
1615:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:Itti-ili-nibi
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1457:foreign ruler
1452:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1366:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1334:Artaxerxes IV
1329:
1322:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1268:
1264:
1263:"Nidintu-BĂȘl"
1259:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1177:on 2020-12-09
1173:
1169:
1163:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1139:on 2020-12-09
1135:
1131:
1125:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1043:0-521-20091-1
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1006:. SBL Press.
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
971:
965:
961:
960:
955:
951:
947:
941:
938:. Routledge.
937:
930:
925:
921:
919:0-521-40679-X
915:
911:
910:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
870:
860:, p. 54.
859:
854:
847:
842:
836:, p. 53.
835:
830:
828:
826:
819:, p. 34.
818:
817:Bosworth 1988
813:
807:, p. 52.
806:
801:
799:
797:
795:
787:
782:
780:
778:
770:
765:
758:
753:
746:
741:
739:
730:
725:, p. 41.
724:
719:
712:
707:
700:
695:
689:, p. 12.
688:
683:
676:
671:
664:
659:
652:
647:
641:, p. 54.
640:
635:
633:
626:, p. 53.
625:
620:
614:, p. 32.
613:
608:
602:, p. 80.
601:
596:
589:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
558:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
532:
519:
515:
511:
506:
502:
494:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
467:
464:
460:
455:
451:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
412:338â336 BC).
404:
403:Artaxerxes IV
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
370:
363:
360:
346:
342:
331:
327:
316:
312:
307:
298:
293:
284:
283:
282:
278:
274:
273:
269:
268:Shamash-eriba
265:
254:
250:
246:
243:(522 BC) and
242:
231:
225:
223:
219:
215:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
176:
174:
169:
163:
161:
157:
156:Artaxerxes IV
151:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
109:
100:
98:
94:
90:
83:
80:
76:
71:
65:
64:Artaxerxes IV
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
43:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2972:Artabanus IV
2970:
2965:Vologases VI
2963:
2956:
2951:Vologases IV
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2881:Artabanus II
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:Phraates III
2827:
2820:
2815:
2808:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2566:
2561:Alexander IV
2559:
2552:
2545:
2528:(331â141 BC)
2506:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2453:Artaxerxes I
2451:
2447:Bel-shimanni
2434:
2422:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2379:(539â331 BC)
2314:Nabopolassar
2296:(626â539 BC)
2274:
2267:
2260:
2255:Ashurbanipal
2253:
2245:
2244:
2239:Ashurbanipal
2237:
2230:
2223:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2180:
2173:
2161:
2154:
2126:(732â626 BC)
2087:Eriba-Marduk
1930:Marduk-zer-X
1778:Kurigalzu II
1768:Kara-hardash
1716:Unknown king
1707:Harba-Shipak
1697:Urzigurumash
1683:Unknown king
1589:Damqi-ilishu
1558:Samsu-Ditana
1528:Sin-Muballit
1463:
1456:
1453:Kings
1421:Royal titles
1347:
1310:. Retrieved
1306:
1290:. Retrieved
1286:
1270:. Retrieved
1266:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:
1230:. Retrieved
1225:
1198:
1194:
1179:. Retrieved
1172:the original
1153:
1141:. Retrieved
1134:the original
1115:
1105:
1101:
1056:
1052:
1033:
1003:
989:(1): 32â47.
986:
982:
958:
935:
908:
882:
878:
853:
841:
812:
764:
752:
718:
706:
694:
682:
670:
663:Nielsen 2015
658:
646:
639:Nielsen 2015
624:Nielsen 2015
619:
607:
595:
513:
509:
505:
490:
486:
484:
468:
462:
454:Amélie Kuhrt
446:
437:
417:
400:
376:
371:
368:
361:
358:
302:
281:
280:
272:
271:
264:Bel-shimanni
226:
189:Mesopotamian
182:
168:Mesopotamian
164:
152:
120:
107:
106:
18:
2958:Vologases V
2909:Vologases I
2895:Gotarzes II
2853:Phraates IV
2784:Artabanus I
2777:Hyspaosines
2765:Phraates II
2744:Phraates II
2405:Cambyses II
2329:Neriglissar
2324:Amel-Marduk
2225:Sennacherib
2182:Sennacherib
1833:Meli-Shipak
1798:Kudur-Enlil
1773:Nazi-Bugash
1753:Kurigalzu I
1725:Ulamburiash
1712:Shipta'ulzi
1687:Abi-Rattash
1576:Ilum-ma-ili
1553:Ammi-Saduqa
1548:Ammi-Ditana
1538:Samsu-iluna
1464:vassal king
1283:"Nidin-BĂȘl"
1201:: 247â268.
1108:(4): 51â56.
858:Safaee 2017
834:Safaee 2017
805:Safaee 2017
769:Parker 2011
612:Hanish 2008
514:Nidintu-BĂȘl
491:Nidintu-BĂȘl
438:Nidintu-BĂȘl
422:regnal name
60:Predecessor
3014:Categories
2916:Pacorus II
2902:Vonones II
2888:Vardanes I
2867:Orodes III
2860:Phraates V
2835:Piriustana
2822:Sinatruces
2804:Asi'abatar
2798:Gotarzes I
2508:Darius III
2232:Esarhaddon
2097:Nabonassar
1743:Karaindash
1513:Sumu-la-El
1359:Darius III
1325:Nidin-Bel
1181:2020-08-16
1143:2020-08-16
929:"Akkadian"
528:References
345:Darius III
214:Pasargadae
193:Babylonian
179:Background
141:Darius III
82:Darius III
2874:Vonones I
2846:Orodes II
2840:Teleuniqe
2816:Ispubarza
2677:Timarchus
2656:Antiochus
2635:Antiochus
2501:Nidin-Bel
2474:Darius II
2467:Sogdianus
2460:Xerxes II
2339:Nabonidus
2262:Kandalanu
2175:Sargon II
1622:Akurduana
1604:Gulkishar
1599:Shushushi
1543:Abi-Eshuh
1533:Hammurabi
1508:Sumu-abum
1312:13 August
1292:13 August
1272:11 August
1252:11 August
1232:13 August
1089:145597598
1073:0091-7710
1024:(2003) .
962:. BRILL.
651:Zaia 2019
510:Nidin-BĂȘl
487:Nidin-BĂȘl
463:Nidin-BĂȘl
418:Nidin-BĂȘl
277:Herodotus
249:Nabonidus
129:Babylonia
121:Nidin-BĂȘl
108:Nidin-Bel
101:Nidin-BĂȘl
78:Successor
24:Nidin-Bel
3001:Category
2930:Osroes I
2810:Orodes I
2601:Seleucus
2436:Xerxes I
2424:Darius I
2398:Cyrus II
2199:Bel-ibni
1735:Agum III
1632:Ea-gamil
1608:DIĆ +U-EN
1594:Ishkibal
1523:Apil-Sin
1081:41303323
956:(1989).
885:: 1â52.
426:Akkadian
420:was the
341:Cambyses
326:Seleucid
306:Assyrian
253:Xerxes I
230:Darius I
218:Ecbatana
97:Akkadian
2412:Bardiya
1702:Agum II
1669:Gandash
1470:female)
1445:Dynasty
1032:(ed.).
899:3678045
480:Armenia
472:Khabash
410:
362:Ni-din-
359:ĆĄĂĄ-nu-Ăș
352:
337:
322:
260:
237:
209:Babylon
199:by the
148:
2771:Ubulna
1674:Agum I
1518:Sabium
1436:Period
1307:Livius
1287:Livius
1267:Livius
1247:Livius
1228:. 2004
1226:Livius
1164:
1126:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1040:
1010:
966:
942:
916:
897:
745:BCHP 1
476:satrap
391:suffix
369:Nidin-
203:under
2751:Rinnu
1175:(PDF)
1158:(PDF)
1137:(PDF)
1120:(PDF)
1102:Dabir
1085:S2CID
1077:JSTOR
1028:. In
932:(PDF)
895:JSTOR
497:Notes
328:king
52:Reign
2579:XIII
2019:VIII
1314:2020
1294:2020
1274:2020
1254:2020
1234:2020
1195:IRAQ
1162:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1069:ISSN
1038:ISBN
1008:ISBN
964:ISBN
940:ISBN
914:ISBN
729:help
266:and
222:Susa
220:and
183:The
2728:XIV
2538:XII
2503:(?)
2001:VII
1661:III
1203:doi
1061:doi
991:doi
887:doi
518:BĂȘl
478:of
372:BĂȘl
3016::
2389:XI
2139:IX
1973:VI
1877:IV
1568:II
1305:.
1285:.
1265:.
1245:.
1224:.
1199:81
1197:.
1193:.
1104:.
1100:.
1083:.
1075:.
1067:.
1057:67
1055:.
987:17
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981:.
893:.
881:.
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432:,
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350:r.
335:r.
320:r.
258:r.
235:r.
216:,
146:r.
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2306:X
1945:V
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1296:.
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