476:. A second effect, called superelasticity or pseudoelasticity, is also observed in nitinol. This effect is the direct result of the fact that martensite can be formed by applying a stress as well as by cooling. Thus in a certain temperature range, one can apply a stress to austenite, causing martensite to form while at the same time changing shape. In this case, as soon as the stress is removed, the nitinol will spontaneously return to its original shape. In this mode of use, nitinol behaves like a super spring, possessing an elastic range 10 to 30 times greater than that of a normal spring material. There are, however, constraints: the effect is only observed up to about 40 °C (72 °F) above the A
535:(VIM) is done by using alternating magnetic fields to heat the raw materials in a crucible (generally carbon). This is also done in a high vacuum. While both methods have advantages, it has been demonstrated that an industrial state-of-the-art VIM melted material has smaller inclusions than an industrial state-of-the-art VAR one, leading to a higher fatigue resistance. Other research report that VAR employing extreme high-purity raw materials may lead to a reduced number of inclusions and thus to an improved fatigue behavior. Other methods are also used on a boutique scale, including plasma arc melting, induction skull melting, and e-beam melting.
418:
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material for the technology. The process begins with tensile loading on the wire, which causes fluid (within the wire) to flow to HHEX (hot heat exchanger). Simultaneously, heat will be expelled, which can be used to heat the surrounding. In the reverse process, tensile unloading of the wire leads to fluid flowing to CHEX (cold heat exchanger), causing the NiTi wire to absorb heat from the surrounding. Therefore, the temperature of the surrounding can be decreased (cooled).
441:, which consists of the rearrangement of atomic planes without causing slip, or permanent deformation. It is able to undergo about 6–8% strain in this manner. When martensite is reverted to austenite by heating, the original austenitic structure is restored, regardless of whether the martensite phase was deformed. Thus the shape of the high temperature austenite phase is "remembered," even though the alloy is severely deformed at a lower temperature.
596:. As in all other metals and alloys, inclusions can be found in nitinol. The size, distribution and type of inclusions can be controlled to some extent. Theoretically, smaller, rounder and few inclusions should lead to increased fatigue durability. In literature, some early works report to have failed to show measurable differences, while novel studies demonstrate a dependence of fatigue resistance on the typical inclusion size in an alloy.
272:
upon removal of the external load. Nitinol can deform 10 to 30 times as much as ordinary metals and return to its original shape. Whether nitinol behaves with shape memory effect or superelasticity depends on whether it is above its transformation temperature during the action. Action below the transformation temperature exhibits the shape memory effect and above the transformation temperature it behaves superelastically.
27:
1700:
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and higher surface-to-volume ratio (improvements up to 3.3 Hz with very thin wires and up to 100 Hz with thin films of nitinol). The fastest nitinol actuation recorded was carried by a high voltage capacitor discharge which heated an SMA wire in a manner of microseconds, and resulted in a complete phase transformation (and high velocities) in a few milliseconds.
457:. In an ordinary alloy, the constituents are randomly positioned in the crystal lattice; in an ordered intermetallic compound, the atoms (in this case, nickel and titanium) have very specific locations in the lattice. The fact that nitinol is an intermetallic is largely responsible for the complexity in fabricating devices made from the alloy.
820:: a collapsed stent can be inserted into an artery or vein, where body temperature warms the stent and the stent returns to its original expanded shape following removal of a constraining sheath; the stent then helps support the artery or vein to improve blood flow. It is also used as a replacement for
432:
Crucial to nitinol properties are two key aspects of this phase transformation. First is that the transformation is "reversible", meaning that heating above the transformation temperature will revert the crystal structure to the simpler austenite phase. The second key point is that the transformation
271:
at one temperature, stay in its deformed shape when the external force is removed, then recover its original, undeformed shape upon heating above its "transformation temperature." Superelasticity is the ability for the metal to undergo large deformations and immediately return to its undeformed shape
803:
for brackets and wires connecting the teeth. Once the SMA wire is placed in the mouth its temperature rises to ambient body temperature. This causes the nitinol to contract back to its original shape, applying a constant force to move the teeth. These SMA wires do not need to be retightened as often
615:
Recent advances have shown that processing of nitinol can expand thermomechanical capabilities, allowing for multiple shape memories to be embedded within a monolithic structure. Research on multi-memory technology is on-going and may deliver enhanced shape memory devices in the near future, and the
611:
Actuation frequency of nitinol is dependent on heat management, especially during the cooling phase. Numerous methods are used to increase the cooling performance, such as forced air, flowing liquids, thermoelectric modules (i.e. Peltier or semiconductor heat pumps), heat sinks, conductive materials
542:
Heat treating nitinol is delicate and critical. It is a knowledge intensive process to fine-tune the transformation temperatures. Aging time and temperature controls the precipitation of various Ni-rich phases, and thus controls how much nickel resides in the NiTi lattice; by depleting the matrix of
523:
Nitinol is exceedingly difficult to make, due to the exceptionally tight compositional control required, and the tremendous reactivity of titanium. Every atom of titanium that combines with oxygen or carbon is an atom that is robbed from the NiTi lattice, thus shifting the composition and making the
686:
Superelastic materials undergo stress-induced transformation and are commonly recognized for their "shape-memory" property. Due to its superelasticity, NiTi wires exhibit "elastocaloric" effect, which is stress-triggered heating/cooling. NiTi wires are currently under research as the most promising
559:
and electromechanical microactuators), it is necessarily exposed to much greater fatigue strains compared to other metals. While the strain-controlled fatigue performance of nitinol is superior to all other known metals, fatigue failures have been observed in the most demanding applications; with a
452:
A great deal of pressure can be produced by preventing the reversion of deformed martensite to austenite—from 240 MPa (35,000 psi) to, in many cases, more than 690 MPa (100,000 psi). One of the reasons that nitinol works so hard to return to its original shape is that it is not
699:
In 1989 a survey was conducted in the United States and Canada that involved seven organizations. The survey focused on predicting the future technology, market, and applications of SMAs. The companies predicted the following uses of nitinol in a decreasing order of importance: (1) Couplings, (2)
580:
layer that acts as an effective and self-healing barrier against ion exchange; repeatedly showing that nitinol releases nickel at a slower pace than stainless steel, for example. Early
Nitinol medical devices were made without electropolishing, and corrosion was observed. Today's nitinol vascular
1500:
Robertson, Scott W.; Launey, Maximilien; Shelley, Oren; Ong, Ich; Vien, Lot; Senthilnathan, Karthike; Saffari, Payman; Schlegel, Scott; Pelton, Alan R. (2015-11-01). "A statistical approach to understand the role of inclusions on the fatigue resistance of superelastic
Nitinol wire and tubing".
495:
Nitinol is typically composed of approximately 50 to 51% nickel by atomic percent (55 to 56% weight percent). Making small changes in the composition can change the transition temperature of the alloy significantly. Transformation temperatures in nitinol can be controlled to some extent, where
844:
Superelastic nitinol finds a variety of applications in civil structures such as bridges and buildings. One such application is
Intelligent Reinforced Concrete (IRC), which incorporates NiTi wires embedded within the concrete. These wires can sense cracks and contract to heal macro-sized
883:
has registered a US patent for what it calls a "bicycle derailleur apparatus for controlling bicycle speed". Filed on 22 April 2019, the patent depicts a front derailleur for a bicycle, devoid of cables, instead using two nitinol wires to provide the movement needed to shift
1258:
Spini, Tatiana
Sobottka; Valarelli, Fabrício Pinelli; Cançado, Rodrigo Hermont; Freitas, Karina Maria Salvatore de; Villarinho, Denis Jardim; Spini, Tatiana Sobottka; Valarelli, Fabrício Pinelli; Cançado, Rodrigo Hermont; Freitas, Karina Maria Salvatore de (2014-04-01).
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due to its specific cooling power (at 2 Hz), which is 70X better (7 kWh/kg vs. 0.1 kWh/kg). However, elastocaloric device made with NiTi wires also have limitations, such as its short fatigue life and dependency on large tensile forces (energy consuming).
335:
While potential applications for nitinol were realized immediately, practical efforts to commercialize the alloy did not take place until a decade later in the 1980s, largely due to the extraordinary difficulty of melting, processing and machining the alloy.
1810:
382:(daughter phase). There are four transition temperatures associated to the austenite-to-martensite and martensite-to-austenite transformations. Starting from full austenite, martensite begins to form as the alloy is cooled to the so-called
781:
and has properties suitable for use in orthopedic implants. Due to nitinol's unique properties it has seen a large demand for use in less invasive medical devices. Nitinol tubing is commonly used in catheters, stents, and superelastic
429:. The hysteresis width depends on the precise nitinol composition and processing. Its typical value is a temperature range spanning about 20–50 °C (36–90 °F) but it can be reduced or amplified by alloying and processing.
599:
Nitinol is difficult to weld, both to itself and other materials. Laser welding nitinol to itself is a relatively routine process. Strong joints between NiTi wires and stainless steel wires have been made using nickel filler.
812:
procedure. Because of the high fatigue tolerance and flexibility of nitinol, it greatly decreases the possibility of an endodontic file breaking inside the tooth during root canal treatment, thus improving safety for the
563:
Nitinol is half nickel, and thus there has been a great deal of concern in the medical industry regarding the release of nickel, a known allergen and possible carcinogen. (Nickel is also present in substantial amounts in
1769:
Rahim, M.; Frenzel, J.; Frotscher, M.; Pfetzing-Micklich, J.; Steegmüller, R.; Wohlschlögel, M.; Mughrabi, H.; Eggeler, G. (2013-06-01). "Impurity levels and fatigue lives of pseudoelastic NiTi shape memory alloys".
515:. The R-phase is another martensitic phase that competes with the martensite phase mentioned above. Because it does not offer the large memory effects of the martensite phase, it is usually of non practical use.
690:
Elastocaloric devices are often compared with magnetocaloric devices as new methods of efficient heating/cooling. Elastocaloric device made with NiTi wires has an advantage over magnetocaloric device made with
827:
Similarly, collapsible structures composed of braided, microscopically-thin nitinol filaments can be used in neurovascular interventions such as stroke thrombolysis, embolization, and intracranial angioplasty.
436:
Martensite's crystal structure (known as a monoclinic, or B19' structure) has the unique ability to undergo limited deformation in some ways without breaking atomic bonds. This type of deformation is known as
332:, was passed around and flexed by the participants. One of them applied heat from his pipe lighter to the sample and, to everyone's surprise, the accordion-shaped strip contracted and took its previous shape.
700:
Biomedical and medical, (3) Toys, demonstration, novelty items, (4) Actuators, (5) Heat
Engines, (6) Sensors, (7) Cryogenically activated die and bubble memory sockets, and finally (8) lifting devices.
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A process of making parts and forms of Type 60 Nitinol having a shape memory effect, comprising: selecting a Type 60 Nitinol. Inventor G, Julien, CEO of
Nitinol Technologies, Inc. (Washington State)
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Fatigue failures of nitinol devices are a constant subject of discussion. Because it is the material of choice for applications requiring enormous flexibility and motion (e.g., peripheral
531:(VAR) is done by striking an electrical arc between the raw material and a water-cooled copper strike plate. Melting is done in a high vacuum, and the mold itself is water-cooled copper.
1199:
Chluba, Christoph; Ge, Wenwei; Miranda, Rodrigo Lima de; Strobel, Julian; Kienle, Lorenz; Quandt, Eckhard; Wuttig, Manfred (2015-05-29). "Ultralow-fatigue shape memory alloy films".
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have been built which use nitinol wire to produce mechanical energy from hot and cold heat sources. A prototype commercial engine developed in the 1970s by engineer
Ridgway Banks at
220:
Nitinol properties are particular to the precise composition of the alloy and its processing. These specifications are typical for commercially available shape memory nitinol alloys
1415:
1335:
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Daly, M.; Pequegnat, A.; Zhou, Y. N.; Khan, M. I. (2012), "Fabrication of a novel laser-processed NiTi shape memory microgripper with enhanced thermomechanical functionality",
2016:
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nickel, aging increases the transformation temperature. The combination of heat treatment and cold working is essential in controlling the properties of nitinol products.
500:
temperature ranges from about −20 to +110 °C (−4 to 230 °F). Thus, it is common practice to refer to a nitinol formulation as "superelastic" or "austenitic" if A
761:
incorporates nitinol actuators, which replaced heavier motorized actuators to open and close the hatch vent that releases air from the trunk, making it easier to close.
248:, where the two elements are present in roughly equal atomic percentages. Different alloys are named according to the weight percentage of nickel; e.g., nitinol 55 and
1591:
937:
Buehler, W. J.; Gilfrich, J. W.; Wiley, R. C. (1963). "Effects of Low-Temperature Phase
Changes on the Mechanical Properties of Alloys Near Composition TiNi".
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Daly, M.; Pequegnat, A.; Zhou, Y.; Khan, M. I. (2012), "Enhanced thermomechanical functionality of a laser processed hybrid NiTi–NiTiCu shape memory alloy",
1653:
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have been made between NiTi tubes and stainless steel tubes. More research is ongoing into other processes and other metals to which nitinol can be welded.
301:
2066:
Vollach, Shahaf, and D. Shilo. "The mechanical response of shape memory alloys under a rapid heating pulse." Experimental
Mechanics 50.6 (2010): 803-811.
1118:
Hornbogen, E.; Wassermann, G. (1956). "Über den Einfluβ von
Spannungen und das Auftreten von Umwandlungsplastizität bei β1-β-Umwandlung des Messings".
2351:
472:
To fix the original "parent shape," the alloy must be held in position and heated to about 500 °C (930 °F). This process is usually called
824:—nitinol wire can be woven through two structures then allowed to transform into its preformed shape, which should hold the structures in place.
504:
is lower than a reference temperature, while as "shape memory" or "martensitic" if higher. The reference temperature is usually defined as the
492:, since martensite is no longer formed, the only response to stress is slip of the austenitic microstructure, and thus permanent deformation.
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Nitinol is deformed at a low temperature, remains deformed, and then is heated to recover its original shape through the shape memory effect.
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as other wires because they can contract as the teeth move unlike conventional stainless steel wires. Additionally, nitinol can be used in
1905:
Wellman PS, Peine WJ, Favalora G, Howe RD (1997). "Mechanical Design and Control of a High-Bandwidth Shape Memory Alloy Tactile Display".
328:
of nickel and titanium could do the job, in 1961 he presented a sample at a laboratory management meeting. The sample, folded up like an
2997:
2040:
Winzek B; Schmitz S; Rumpf H; Sterzl T; Ralf Hassdorf; Thienhaus S (2004). "Recent developments in shape memory thin film technology".
1422:
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Pequegnat, A.; Daly, M.; Wang, J.; Zhou, Y.; Khan, M. I. (2012), "Dynamic actuation of a novel laser-processed NiTi linear actuator",
1870:
Tadesse Y, Thayer N, Priya S (2010). "Tailoring the response time of shape memory alloy wires through active cooling and pre-stress".
1174:
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Turok, David K.; Nelson, Anita L.; Dart, Clint; Schreiber, Courtney A.; Peters, Kevin; Schreifels, Mary Jo; Katz, Bob (April 2020).
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application of new materials and material structures, such hybrid shape memory materials (SMMs) and shape memory composites (SMCs).
2023:
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show no evidence of corrosion or nickel release, and outcomes in patients with and without nickel allergies are indistinguishable.
484:, which corresponds to the highest temperature in which it is still possible to stress-induce the formation of martensite. Below M
1671:. Proceedings of the MRS International Meeting on Advanced Materials. Vol. 9. Materials Research Society. pp. 257–262.
62:
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Kauffman, G. B.; Mayo, I. (1997). "The Story of Nitinol: The Serendipitous Discovery of the Memory Metal and Its Applications".
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Romano R, Tannuri EA (2009). "Modeling, control and experimental validation of a novel actuator based on shape memory alloys".
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367:, between two different martensite crystal phases, requiring 69–138 MPa (10,000–20,000 psi) of mechanical stress.
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1989:
An L, Huang WM, Fu YQ, Guo NQ (2008). "A note on size effect in actuating NiTi shape memory alloys by electrical current".
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1974:
Chee Siong L, Yokoi H, Arai T (2005). "Improving heat sinking in ambient environment for the shape memory alloy (SMA)".
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1701:"The Influence of Microcleanliness on the Fatigue Performance of Nitinol - Conference Proceedings - ASM International"
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1386:"The effect of temperature on the elastic responses to longitudinal torsion of rectangular nickel titanium archwires"
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Wang, F. E.; Buehler, W. J.; Pickart, S. J. (1965). "Crystal Structure and a Unique Martensitic Transition of TiNi".
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Gerald Julien, Nitinol Technologies, Inc Edgewood, Wa. Us patent" 6422010 Manufacturing of Nitinol Parts & Forms
785:
In colorectal surgery, the material is used in devices for reconnecting the intestine after removing the pathogens.
2326:
2211:
Tao T, Liang YC, Taya M (2006). "Bio-inspired actuating system for swimming using shape memory alloy composites".
2615:
1592:"Carbon and Oxygen Levels in Nitinol Alloys and the Implications for Medical Device Manufacture and Durability"
1385:
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374:(also known as the parent phase). At low temperatures, nitinol spontaneously transforms to a more complicated
2909:
1547:
Pelton, A.; Russell, S.; DiCello, J. (2003). "The Physical Metallurgy of Nitinol for Medical Applications".
848:
Another application is active tuning of structural natural frequency using nitinol wires to damp vibrations.
375:
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364:
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Nitinol's unusual properties are derived from a reversible solid-state phase transformation known as a
2876:
2632:
1849:"Fusion welding of nickel–titanium and 304 stainless steel tubes: Part II: tungsten inert gas welding"
1805:
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Miyazaki, S.; Sugaya, Y.; Otsuka, K. (1989). "Mechanism of Fatigue Crack Nucleation in Ti-Ni Alloys".
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SMST-2006 Proceedings of the International Conference on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies
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Boeing engineers successfully flight-tested SMA-actuated morphing chevrons on the Boeing 777-300ER
796:, blocking a blood vessel that bypasses the lungs and has failed to close after birth in an infant.
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Similar to free recovery, except that recovery is rigidly prevented and thus a stress is generated.
605:
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398:. When the alloy is fully martensite and is subjected to heating, austenite starts to form at the
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Urbano, Marco; Coda, Alberto; Beretta, Stefano; Cadelli, Andrea; Sczerzenie, Frank (2013-09-01).
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Nickel-titanium alloy is used in aerospace applications such as aircraft pipe joints, spacecraft
758:
573:
145:
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There are constant and long-running discussions regarding inclusions in nitinol, both TiC and Ti
560:
great deal of effort underway to better understand and define the durability limits of nitinol.
370:
At high temperatures, nitinol assumes an interpenetrating simple cubic structure referred to as
1808:, Hall, P. C., "Method of Welding Titanium and Titanium Based Alloys to Ferrous Metals"
1146:
1065:
454:
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Zhang, Xuexi; Qian, Mingfang (2021). "Chapter 7-Application of Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys".
3047:
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2378:"Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of a New Low-Dose Copper and Nitinol Intrauterine Device"
339:
The discovery of the shape-memory effect in general dates back to 1932, when Swedish chemist
135:
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Sang, D.; Ellis, P.; Ryan, L.; Taylor, J.; McMonagle, D.; Petheram, L.; Godding, P. (2005).
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The alloy is allowed to recover, but to do so it must act against a force (thus doing work).
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first observed the property in gold–cadmium alloys. The same effect was observed in Cu-Zn (
89:
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8:
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Shape memory materials : May 31-June 3, 1988, Sunshine City, Ikebukuro, Tokyo, Japan
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which can be used by amateur and stage magicians to demonstrate "psychic" powers or as a
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1826:"Fusion welding of nickel–titanium and 304 stainless steel tubes: Part I: laser welding"
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in 1959. Buehler was attempting to make a better missile nose cone, which could resist
210:
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Otsuka, K.; Ren, X. (2005). "Physical Metallurgy of Ti-Ni-based Shape Memory Alloys".
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1091:Ölander, A. (1932). "An Electrochemical Investigation of Solid Cadmium-Gold Alloys".
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Engineering Materials Technology: Structure, Processing, Properties & Selection
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916:, fasteners, connecting components, electrical connections, and electromechanical
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Low Temperature Creep of Hot-extruded Near-stoichiometric NiTi Shape Memory Alloy
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2002:
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488:, martensite formation under load allows superelasticity due to twinning. Above M
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and cobalt-chrome alloys also used in the medical industry.) When treated (via
444:
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The word "nitinol" is derived from its composition and its place of discovery: (
2053:
1825:
1261:"Transition temperature range of thermally activated nickel-titanium archwires"
898:
Due to the high damping capacity of superelastic nitinol, it is also used as a
892:
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2079:
Methods and Systems for Processing Materials, Including Shape Memory Materials
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808:, where nitinol files are used to clean and shape the root canals during the
778:
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638:
42:
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390:, and the temperature at which the transformation is complete is called the
2824:
Brook, G.B. (1983). "Applications of titanium-nickel shape memory alloys".
2419:
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800:
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1955:
Russell RA, Gorbet RB (1995). "Improving the response of SMA actuators".
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2327:"The inventions of the Bolivian doctor who saved thousands of children"
2230:. Survey Reports. Vol. 89. Future Technology Surveys. p. 17.
1726:"Academic paper (PDF): Smartflex NiTi Wires for Shape Memory Actuators"
1589:
971:
809:
736:, where the material both acts as a temperature sensor and an actuator.
692:
448:
2D view of nitinol's crystalline structure during cooling/heating cycle
426:
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Nitinol alloys exhibit two closely related and unique properties: the
2968:
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Application of nitinol wire in female contraception, specifically in
740:
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329:
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3D view of austenite and martensite structures of the NiTi compound.
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Vimeo posting of "The Individualist", documentary on Ridgway Banks
1624:
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Jones, G.; Falvo, M. R.; Taylor, A. R.; Broadwell, B. P. (2007).
512:
52:
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There are four commonly used types of applications for nitinol:
511:
One often-encountered effect regarding nitinol is the so-called
26:
682:
Nitinol acts as a super spring through the superelastic effect.
241:
869:
Nitinol is also popular in extremely resilient glasses frames.
2906:
Shape Memory Alloys: Manufacture, Properties and Applications
2526:
817:
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Another significant application of nitinol in medicine is in
552:
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Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
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The Effect of Inclusions on Fatigue Properties for Nitinol
508:
or the human body temperature (37 °C or 99 °F).
2538:"Single wire nitinol engine", Ridgway M. Banks, US Patent
1499:
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1904:
1441:
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due to its small, flexible nature and its high efficacy.
754:
for comfort seating and has become an industry standard.
2225:
1028:
905:
Nickel titanium can be used to make the underwires for
2352:"Nitinol Micro-Braids for Neurovascular Interventions"
2137:
Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures
1872:
Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures
1853:
Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures
1830:
Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures
1590:
Morgan, N.; Wick, A.; DiCello, J.; Graham, R. (2006).
1198:
453:
just an ordinary metal alloy, but what is known as an
2998:
Society of Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies
2719:
Brady, G. S.; Clauser, H. R.; Vaccari, J. A. (2002).
267:). Shape memory is the ability of nitinol to undergo
2289:
Nitinol: The Shape Memory Effect and Superelasticity
852:
421:
Thermal hysteresis of nitinol's phase transformation
3028:
How NASA Reinvented The Wheel - Shape Memory Alloys
2682:"Is Ford about to reinvent the bicycle derailleur?"
1973:
1723:
703:
308:, discovered its properties during research at the
2258:
1869:
651:bent and recovered after being placed in hot water
527:There are two primary melting methods used today.
2324:
1652:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1495:
1493:
1384:R Meling, Torstein; Ødegaard, Jan (August 1998).
1136:
480:temperature. This upper limit is referred to as M
3034:
1907:International Symposium on Experimental Robotics
1730:Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance
1383:
2286:Bill Hammack (engineerguy) (October 25, 2018).
1847:Fox, Gordon; Hahnlen, Ryan (October 29, 2012).
1824:Hahnlen, Ryan; Fox, Gordon (October 29, 2012).
732:Nitinol springs are used in thermal valves for
2075:
1490:
1437:
1435:
1330:
1328:
2975:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2942:, Springer Science+Business Media LLC, 2008,
2605:
1954:
1919:
1360:"Fabrication & Heat Treatment of Nitinol"
887:It is used in some novelty products, such as
576:), nitinol forms a very stable protective TiO
2925:Shape Memory Materials and Its Applications
2210:
1988:
1724:Fumagalli, L.; Butera, F.; Coda, A. (2009).
709:Nitinol can be used to replace conventional
1432:
1325:
1090:
1846:
1823:
464:The effect of nitinol composition on the M
25:
2850:
2782:
2578:
2483:
2409:
1542:
1540:
1292:
1150:
839:Damping systems in structural engineering
788:Nitinol is used for devices developed by
766:Biocompatible and biomedical applications
57:6.45 g/cm (0.233 lb/cu in)
1315:
1093:Journal of the American Chemical Society
459:
443:
425:The cooling/heating cycle shows thermal
416:
354:
2606:Jacobs, James; Kilduff, Thomas (1996).
1804:
1601:. ASM International. pp. 821–828.
555:, heart valves, smart thermomechanical
3035:
2927:, Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2002,
2877:"Nitinol – Amazing Shape Memory Alloy"
2630:
2484:Banks, R. (1975). "The Banks Engine".
1537:
1320:, University of Tokyo, pp. 7, 176
799:In dentistry, the material is used in
2823:
2712:
2465:. Images Scientific Instruments. 2007
864:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
743:actuator in action cameras and as an
433:in both directions is instantaneous.
2957:, Cambridge University Press, 1998,
2749:
2042:Materials Science and Engineering: A
539:is also used on a laboratory scale.
2953:K. Ōtsuka & C.M. Wayman, eds.,
2855:. Springer Singapore. p. 256.
1177:. Nitinol.com. 2013. Archived from
1063:
16:Alloy known for shape-memory effect
13:
3013:Nitinol Technical Resource Library
2898:
2226:Miller, R. K.; Walker, T. (1989).
1934:10.1016/j.mechatronics.2009.03.007
524:transformation temperature lower.
14:
3074:
2991:
2349:
2292:. youtube. Event occurs at 9:18.
2259:Actuator Solutions (2015-12-18),
2022:(PDF). SAES Group. Archived from
853:Other applications and prototypes
2923:Y.Y. Chu & L.C. Zhao, eds.,
2325:Alejandra Martins (2014-10-02).
2076:Khan, M. I.; Zhou Y. N. (2011),
704:Thermal and electrical actuators
637:
628:
518:
109:Coefficient of thermal expansion
2869:
2844:
2817:
2688:
2674:
2650:
2624:
2599:
2589:from the original on 2021-12-13
2572:
2557:
2542:
2531:
2520:
2477:
2455:
2426:
2369:
2343:
2318:
2296:
2279:
2269:from the original on 2021-12-13
2252:
2219:
2204:
2162:
2128:
2086:
2069:
2060:
2033:
2009:
1982:
1967:
1948:
1913:
1898:
1863:
1840:
1817:
1798:
1762:
1717:
1693:
1660:
1583:
1408:
1377:
1352:
1309:
1265:Journal of Applied Oral Science
1251:
1192:
874:Quiet Technology Demonstrator 2
619:
583:self-expandable metallic stents
3008:Physical properties of nitinol
2762:. Nelson Thornes. p. 80.
2610:. Prentice Hall. p. 305.
2435:Shape Memory Alloy Engineering
2354:. US BioDesign. Archived from
2171:Smart Materials and Structures
2095:Smart Materials and Structures
1976:Intelligent Robots and Systems
1167:
1130:
1111:
1084:
1057:
1022:
1000:
965:
930:
606:tungsten inert gas (TIG) welds
1:
2910:Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
2631:Trento, Chin (Dec 27, 2023).
2228:Survey on Shape Memory Alloys
2191:10.1088/0964-1726/21/9/094004
2115:10.1088/0964-1726/21/4/045018
1792:10.1016/j.actamat.2013.02.054
1161:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2004.10.001
1139:Progress in Materials Science
924:
866:, was named the Banks Engine.
546:
392:martensite finish temperature
47:1,310 °C (2,390 °F)
2853:Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys
2838:10.1016/0261-3069(83)90185-1
2791:"Nanomaterials: Memory Wire"
2633:"An Overview of the Nitinol"
2394:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003756
2003:10.1016/j.matdes.2007.09.001
1072:. Royal Society of Chemistry
1014:, 1968-09-13, archived from
408:austenite finish temperature
384:martensite start temperature
376:monoclinic crystal structure
350:
7:
2797:. NSTA Press. p. 109.
2637:Stanford Advanced Materials
2082:, WO Patent WO/2011/014,962
1515:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.07.003
1316:Funakubo, Hiroyasu (1984),
1120:Zeitschrift für Metallkunde
400:austenite start temperature
10:
3079:
3018:Literature on Nitinol Wire
2881:Advanced Refractory Metals
2441:. 2014. pp. 369–401.
2054:10.1016/j.msea.2003.09.105
1008:"The Alloy That Remembers"
974:Journal of Applied Physics
939:Journal of Applied Physics
769:
537:Physical vapour deposition
365:martensitic transformation
324:. Having found that a 1:1
275:
2658:"Boeing Frontiers Online"
2463:"Nitinol Heat Engine Kit"
2382:Obstetrics and Gynecology
2304:"NiTi Surgical Solutions"
1742:10.1007/s11665-009-9407-9
1569:10.1007/s11837-003-0243-3
1277:10.1590/1678-775720130133
310:Naval Ordnance Laboratory
219:
209:
201:
190:
182:
171:
159:
144:
134:
122:
107:
99:
88:
76:
61:
51:
41:
36:
24:
3003:Nitinol Resource Library
2727:McGraw-Hill Professional
2579:Hero Khan (2013-11-01),
2549:"Metals that Remember",
2149:10.1177/1045389X12444492
1884:10.1177/1045389x09352814
1705:www.asminternational.org
794:patent ductus arteriosus
772:Nitinol biocompatibility
745:optical image stabilizer
721:, etc.), such as in the
533:Vacuum induction melting
2564:"Engine Uses No Fuel",
2486:Die Naturwissenschaften
1957:Robotics and Automation
1609:(inactive 2024-09-12).
1454:10.1520/STP155920120189
1221:10.1126/science.1261164
759:2014 Chevrolet Corvette
146:Magnetic susceptibility
3058:Nickel–titanium alloys
2955:Shape Memory Materials
2826:Materials & Design
2262:SMA AF / OIS Mechanism
2017:"SmartFlex Datasheets"
1991:Materials & Design
1421:. 2013. Archived from
1390:The Angle Orthodontist
1341:. 2013. Archived from
469:
455:intermetallic compound
449:
422:
406:, and finishes at the
360:
347:) in the early 1950s.
63:Electrical resistivity
2979:Glenn Research Center
1806:US patent 6875949
1607:10.1361/cp2006smst821
1043:10.1007/s00897970111a
1031:The Chemical Educator
463:
447:
420:
358:
136:Magnetic permeability
2938:D.C. Lagoudas, ed.,
2308:www.nitisurgical.com
2213:Int J Automat Comput
1416:"Nitinol SE508 Wire"
1336:"Nitinol SM495 Wire"
1018:on November 23, 2008
858:Demonstration model
832:intrauterine devices
667:Constrained recovery
529:Vacuum arc remelting
90:Thermal conductivity
2940:Shape Memory Alloys
2696:"Memory Golf Clubs"
2498:1975NW.....62..305B
2183:2012SMaS...21i4004P
2107:2012SMaS...21d5018D
1784:2013AcMat..61.3667R
1561:2003JOM....55e..33P
1318:Shape memory alloys
1213:2015Sci...348.1004C
1207:(6238): 1004–1007.
1105:10.1021/ja01349a004
986:1965JAP....36.3232W
951:1963JAP....34.1475B
889:self-bending spoons
37:Material properties
21:
2722:Materials Handbook
2568:, December 5, 1973
2506:10.1007/BF00608890
1448:. pp. 18–34.
881:Ford Motor Company
777:Nitinol is highly
470:
450:
423:
361:
302:William J. Buehler
19:
2948:978-0-387-47684-1
2918:978-1-60741-789-7
2804:978-1-933531-05-2
2795:Nanoscale Science
2769:978-0-7487-7996-3
2736:978-0-07-136076-0
2725:(15th ed.).
2684:. 6 October 2021.
2566:Milwaukee Journal
1778:(10): 3667–3686.
1678:978-1-55899-038-8
1616:978-0-87170-862-5
1463:978-0-8031-7545-7
1426:(properties, PDF)
1346:(properties, PDF)
1099:(10): 3819–3833.
994:10.1063/1.1702955
980:(10): 3232–3239.
959:10.1063/1.1729603
790:Franz Freudenthal
747:in mobile phones.
320:and the force of
306:Frederick E. Wang
224:
223:
103:0.086 W/cm·K
3070:
3043:Dental materials
2904:H.R. Chen, ed.,
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2883:. 18 August 2020
2873:
2867:
2866:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2821:
2815:
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2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2700:spinoff.nasa.gov
2692:
2686:
2685:
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2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2654:
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2597:
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2570:
2561:
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2529:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
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2452:
2440:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2310:. Archived from
2300:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2215:. 3page=366-373.
2208:
2202:
2201:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1997:(7): 1432–1437.
1986:
1980:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1928:(7): 1169–1177.
1917:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1736:(5–6): 691–695.
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1627:. Archived from
1596:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1467:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1420:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1323:
1321:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1296:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1154:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1004:
998:
997:
969:
963:
962:
945:(5): 1475–1477.
934:
752:pneumatic valves
641:
632:
570:electropolishing
506:room temperature
265:pseudoelasticity
229:, also known as
197:195–690 MPa
166:
154:
129:
117:
95:0.18 W/cm·K
83:
71:
29:
22:
18:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3063:Smart materials
3033:
3032:
2994:
2901:
2899:Further reading
2896:
2886:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2849:
2845:
2822:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2787:
2783:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2754:
2750:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2729:. p. 633.
2717:
2713:
2704:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2666:
2664:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2590:
2582:Nitinol Glasses
2577:
2573:
2562:
2558:
2551:Popular Science
2547:
2543:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2521:
2482:
2478:
2468:
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2461:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2374:
2370:
2361:
2359:
2348:
2344:
2335:
2333:
2323:
2319:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2270:
2257:
2253:
2238:
2224:
2220:
2209:
2205:
2167:
2163:
2133:
2129:
2091:
2087:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2010:
1987:
1983:
1972:
1968:
1953:
1949:
1918:
1914:
1903:
1899:
1868:
1864:
1845:
1841:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1772:Acta Materialia
1767:
1763:
1754:
1752:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1679:
1665:
1661:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1634:on 14 July 2011
1631:
1617:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1545:
1538:
1498:
1491:
1479:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1314:
1310:
1256:
1252:
1197:
1193:
1184:
1182:
1175:"Nitinol facts"
1173:
1172:
1168:
1152:10.1.1.455.1300
1135:
1131:
1116:
1112:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1070:Chemistry World
1064:Withers, Neil.
1062:
1058:
1027:
1023:
1006:
1005:
1001:
970:
966:
935:
931:
927:
855:
841:
774:
768:
706:
679:Superelasticity
673:Work production
655:
654:
653:
652:
644:
643:
642:
634:
633:
622:
595:
591:
579:
566:stainless steel
549:
521:
503:
499:
491:
487:
483:
479:
467:
413:
405:
397:
389:
353:
278:
261:superelasticity
227:Nickel titanium
211:Poisson's ratio
205:70–140 MPa
173:Elastic modulus
164:
152:
127:
115:
81:
69:
32:
20:Nickel Titanium
17:
12:
11:
5:
3076:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3053:Intermetallics
3050:
3045:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3023:Nitinol-Tubing
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2993:
2992:External links
2990:
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2843:
2832:(4): 835–840.
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2687:
2673:
2662:www.boeing.com
2649:
2623:
2616:
2598:
2571:
2556:
2553:, January 1988
2541:
2530:
2519:
2492:(7): 305–308.
2476:
2454:
2447:
2425:
2388:(4): 840–847.
2368:
2350:Smith, Keith.
2342:
2317:
2314:on 2007-12-08.
2295:
2278:
2251:
2236:
2218:
2203:
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2143:(8): 984–990,
2127:
2085:
2068:
2059:
2048:(1–2): 40–46.
2032:
2029:on 2017-04-06.
2008:
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1489:
1480:|journal=
1462:
1431:
1428:on 2011-07-14.
1407:
1396:(4): 357–368.
1376:
1351:
1348:on 2011-07-14.
1324:
1308:
1271:(2): 109–117.
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1129:
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770:Main article:
767:
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755:
750:It is used in
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739:It is used as
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192:Yield strength
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186:28–40 GPa
184:
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178:75–83 GPa
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3037:Categories
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2775:2009-05-09
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2705:2017-04-05
2667:2017-04-05
2617:0852929269
2593:2017-04-05
2362:2017-02-22
2336:2015-03-30
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1370:2017-03-28
1185:2010-12-04
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1076:29 January
925:References
810:root canal
693:gadolinium
647:A nitinol
547:Challenges
427:hysteresis
380:martensite
250:nitinol 60
140:< 1.002
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1942:109783521
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296:rdnance
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2887:Aug 29,
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