Nguyễn Khánh - Knowledge

1152:, visited South Vietnam for four days to assess the military situation and to let the South Vietnamese people know that the United States was firmly behind Khánh. Speaking carefully memorized phrases in badly mangled Vietnamese (McNamara kept forgetting Vietnamese is a tonal language) in a series of speeches McNamara praised Khánh as the "best possible leader" that South Vietnam had and urged all South Vietnamese people to back his government. McNamara's visit was a disaster for Khánh's image as the Americans believed that the South Vietnamese people would back his government more effectively if they knew that the United States was supporting him; to Vietnamese ears, McNamara's speeches came across as arrogant and colonialist as it seemed that he was telling the Vietnamese that they should follow Khánh because the United States wanted them to do. As a result, Khánh came to be seen as an American stooge by many of his people. Upon his return to Washington, McNamara told President Johnson that the situation had "unquestionably been growing worse" since his last trip to South Vietnam in December 1963; that 40% of the countryside was under "Vietcong control or predominant influence"; while the Vietcong was "recruiting energetically" desertions in the South Vietnamese Army were "high and increasing"; and finally the South Vietnamese people were overcome by "apathy and indifference" as no one it seemed really wanted to save South Vietnam. Despite his public praise of Khánh, McNamara told Johnson that the "greatest weakness" was the "uncertain viability of Khánh's regime, which might crumble at any moment in another coup". However, McNamara's conclusion was that the weakness of Khánh's regime meant that the United States should increase its involvement in Vietnam as McNamara recommend that the United States should drastically increase its military and economic aid to South Vietnam, advice that was accepted in an "action memorandum" issued by the National Security Council shortly afterwards. 1186:

medical care, new wells, and ultimately hydroelectricity in the rural areas collapsed in 1964 as the money intended for "rural pacification" was instead stolen by corrupt officials. As it was repeatedly promised that with American assistance South Vietnam would be soon making the transition from a Third World to a First World country, the collapse of the "rural pacification" schemes left many ordinary people disillusioned. Khánh promised McNamara during his visit that he would put South Vietnam on a "war footing" by mobilizing the entire male population of military age to fight against the Vietcong. Khánh passed a national service law which in theory would have conscripted all South Vietnamese men of military age, but he never fully implemented it, blaming "complicated bureaucratic procedures" left over from French rule. In fact, Khánh came under pressure from the many wealthy South Vietnamese families to spare their sons from being drafted, and to keep their support, Khánh provided many exemptions in his national service law to allow the sons of middle and upper-class families from being conscripted. The way in which the burden of conscription fell only upon the sons of poorer families made Khánh unpopular with the poor who complained about the way in which the sons of better off families escaped military service.

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dissolution of the council, saying "We know you want stability, but you cannot have stability until you have unity". He claimed that some HNC members were disseminating coup rumors and creating doubt among the population and that "both military and civilian leaders regard the presence of these people in the High National Council as divisive of the Armed Forces due to their influence". Kỳ then promised that he would explain the decision at a media conference and that he and his colleagues would return to their military roles in the near future. Thiệu said "I do not see how our action has hurt the Hương government ... Hương now has the full support of the Army and has no worries from the High National Council, which we have eliminated". When Taylor said that the moves detracted from Hương and Sửu's powers, the generals disagreed, and said that they supported the pair in full and that Hương had approved of the deposal of the HNC. Taylor was unimpressed by the reassurances, saying at the meeting's end, "I don't know whether we will continue to support you after this ... ou people have broken a lot of dishes and now we have to see how we can straighten out this mess".

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officials and American advisers. In late February 1964, the government suffered a humiliating debacle when an outnumbered Viet Cong battalion in the Mekong delta were surrounded by 3, 000 of the "best" South Vietnamese troops. Despite being outnumbered and outgunned, the Viet Cong fought off the attacks and were able to escape from the pocket as the South Vietnamese Army were unwilling to fight without air support and artillery support. The fact that the troops engaged in this operation had been graded as among the very "best" soldiers in the entire South Vietnamese Army by the American advisers who had trained them added to the humiliation. In the aftermath, Khánh sacked 3 out of the 4 corps commanders and 5 out of the 9 division commanders, complaining that the army was led by officers unwilling to fight. In Washington, the news that despite the fact that South Vietnam had received American military aid worth hundreds of millions of dollars and had its army trained by American officers that the South Vietnamese Army was still incapable of winning battles provoked much worry about what was going on in South Vietnam.

1093:, and claimed it to be suicide. On 31 January 1964, Nhung was forced to kneel in a garden behind a Saigon villa and was shot once in the head by one of Khánh's bodyguards, through the official story was that Nhung had hanged himself out of guilt for executing the Diệm brothers. Karnow wrote that Nhung was a "professional assassin" known for his love of killing, but his symbolic importance outweighed his unsavory and brutal life. Nhung had become a symbol of anti-Diệmism, and his execution lead to fears that Diệm's policies and loyalists would return. This resulted in riots in Saigon, notably among Buddhists who were persecuted by Diệm. Of the 14 Buddhist sects in South Vietnam, the heads of 11 of them agreed to form an alliance to oppose the Khánh regime, which was seen as favoring the same Vietnamese Catholics who had been favored under Diệm. Tri Quang, the Buddhist monk who had organized protests against Diệm in 1963, was planning to go on a pilgrimage to "bury my life" in India, Japan and Ceylon when he heard of Nhung's execution, and instead decided to stay in South Vietnam to challenge the new government. 1243:

from two containers representative the divided nation, and mixed them together to promote his reunification plan, under anti-communist rule. He said, "We have often heard that the people have called for the war to be carried to the North ... The government cannot remain indifferent before the firm determination of all the people who are considering the push northward as an appropriate means to fulfil out national history." He then led the demonstrators in shouting, "To the North" repeatedly. Khánh's call for an invasion of North Vietnam, deeply worried President Johnson, who feared an invasion of North Vietnam would cause a war with China in the same way that the approach of U.S. forces upon the Yalu river caused China to intervene in the Korean War in 1950. Johnson told Khánh that he should focus on "pacifying" his own country and the United States was opposed to his plans to invade North Vietnam. In a radio broadcast, the North Vietnamese leader

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political campaigning and community meetings. He frequently flew around the countryside, meeting peasants, shaking hands and making speeches. In August, he became the first leader of South Vietnam to tour the central coast; Diệm had never bothered to visit the public. He made appearances on the streets of Saigon, speaking to the by passers and asking them for their opinions on the state of the nation. However, Khánh remained hesitant on democracy, saying, "we cannot achieve full democracy for some time, perhaps for another generation or two". Lodge agreed and privately said that the war effort had to come first, and thus a police state, curtailment of civil rights and crackdowns on opposition politicians were reasonable in order to effectively counter the communists. During this time, Khánh's régime suffered several military setbacks, such as the

1105:(Greater Vietnam Nationalist Party). Hoàn had been exiled in Paris during the Diệm era, but remained active, publishing a magazine and keeping up to speed with developments in Vietnam. Hoàn had generated little popular following during his campaign for power in the 1940s and 1950s and was unable to form a government as prime minister when he returned. Hoàn was unpopular with the younger members of the Đại Việt who complained that he was too old and had spent too much time in exile to really understand modern Vietnam. Khánh decided to act as both Prime Minister and chairman of the reorganised MRC, which he expanded to include 17 generals and 32 further officers, giving a total of 50 members. 1182:

decried what they saw as a reversion to Diệmism, Khánh stopped this practice, and removed some of the Diệm supporters that he had reappointed. He then jailed some Diệm supporters. Khánh installed some officers based on loyalty rather than competency as he feared a coup. This compounded the already problematic lack of trained civil servants, a problem that had existed since the French era. Khánh adopted some of Diệm's conservative social policies, reinstating the ban on dancing "The Twist". Karnow wrote that Khánh as leader "...spent most of his time maneuvering against internal rivals, with the result that he neglected his administrative duties, which bored him anyway".

1479:, who felt that the disputes between the junta's senior officers were derailing the war effort. Only a few days later Westmoreland had invited him and the generals to a dinner and asked for an end to the changes in leadership, which Khánh and his men assured would be the case. Westmoreland warned them that persistent instability would turn American political and public opinion against Saigon, fearing it would be useless to support such a regime. Initially Taylor issued a thinly disguised threat to cut aid, releasing a public statement saying that Washington might reconsider its military aid if "the fabric of legal government" was not reinstated. 1057:(who helped to plan the coup against Diệm) in December 1963 that he intended to hold a coup, it was filed away among the many political rumour documents that were received by the American representatives. Following the coup, he was promoted by the Americans as South Vietnam's new hope. In a dispatch to Washington, Cabot Lodge wrote: "We have everything we need in Vietnam. The United States has provided military advice, training, equipment, economic and social help, and political advice...Therefore, our side knows how to do it. We have the means to it. We simply need to do it. This requires a tough and ruthless commander. Perhaps Khánh is it". 1276:

on 7 August, empowering the police to ban protests, search properties under any circumstances and arbitrarily jail "elements considered as dangerous to national security". He imposed censorship to stop "the circulation of all publications, documents, and leaflets considered as harmful to public order". Taylor reported to President Johnson that Khánh regime was "an ineffective government beset by inexperienced ministers who are also jealous and suspicious of each other"." However, Taylor despite his doubts, advised Johnson that Khánh was the best leader for South Vietnam at the present and to change the leadership again would be a "disaster".

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confidant, to go to the military airport at Đà Lạt to convince the Vietnamese general to resign and allow a new military leadership to take the reins. Khánh finally agreed to leave if he was given a dignified send-off, so the other generals arranged a ceremony at Tan Son Nhut, where military bands serenaded him. He theatrically bent down and picked up some loose dirt before putting it in his pocket, saying that he was taking his beloved homeland with him. His enemies, the remaining Vietnamese officers and Taylor, all met him at the airport. He then left as Ambassador-at-Large, and was sent on a world tour, starting with a report at the

1372:. American officials flew after Khánh to encourage him to return to Saigon and reassert his control. He refused to do so unless the Americans publicly announced their support for him to the nation. They then asked Khánh about his plans for the future, but felt that he was directionless. After talking to Phát and Đức, they concluded the same, thus deciding to publicly release a statement through the embassy endorsing Khánh. This helped deter ARVN officers from joining Phát and Đức, who decided to give up. Khánh returned to Saigon and put down the putsch, aided mainly by the Vietnamese Air Force, under the leadership of Air Marshal 1511:

those arrested in the coup. Hương said he would be willing to reorganize his administration to the wishes of the military. Taylor warned that the US did not agree with military rule as a principle, and might reduce aid, but Hương was unmoved and said that the Vietnamese people "take a more sentimental than legalistic approach" and that the existence of civilian procedure and the HNC was much less pressing than the "moral prestige of the leaders". American military advisers and intelligence officers who liaised with senior junta members found out that they were unconcerned with any possible legal ramifications of their actions.

4667: 4298: 862:. Khánh arrived on the scene and climbed over the palace wall to reach Diệm during the siege. Khánh lived close to the palace, and the plotters had tried to put him under house arrest at the start of the coup, but were unaware that he moved houses. Khánh proceeded to coordinate the loyalist defenders, along with Ky Quan Liem, the deputy director of the Civil Guard. During the standoff, Khánh met with rebel officers to keep abreast of their demands that Diệm share power. He then advised Diệm to resign due to the demands of the rebel forces and protestors outside the palace, but the president refused. 971:, who led the 1960 coup attempt against Diệm. Mậu persuaded the junta to install Thi as Khánh's deputy in the I Corps. He tricked the junta into doing so by reasoning that Khánh had largely been responsible for putting down the 1960 revolt and that Thi would be an ideal mechanism to keep Khánh, whom the MRC distrusted, in check. Mậu's real reason was to use Thi would be a bridge between himself and Khánh. He was correct in thinking that the 1960 conflict would be irrelevant in the shifting allegiances over time and that the pair would work together for their current aims. 496: 1010:, who supported such a solution in order to remove the US presence. De Gaulle had just recognized the People's Republic of China as the legitimate government of China, a move that angered the US government, which still recognized the Republic of China on Taiwan as the rightful government of China, and was supporting the neutralization of South East Asia. The French recognition of the People's Republic of China led American officials to see de Gaulle's neutralist plans as pro-communist. Khánh's allies concocted documents purporting to show that Generals Minh, 4694: 1288:", which would have augmented his personal power and hamstrung Minh of what authority he had left. However, this only served to weaken Khánh as large demonstrations and riots broke out in the cities, with the Buddhists prominent, calling for an end to the state of emergency and the new constitution. Thích Trí Quang thought that, as Khánh would not use his power to remove Diệmists, it was merely an expression of megalomania. Some of the riots were sectarian, resulting in several deaths. Information Ministry buildings and radio stations were set on fire. 1137:, which still had remnants of their private armies intact after their dismantling by Diệm in 1955. Although Khánh insisted that he had no party affiliation, the orientation of his government was toward the Đại Việt, who held many key posts. This provoked bitterness from other anti-communist nationalists and groups that were banned under the Diệm period and were seeking a greater role in the public life of South Vietnam, as well as from younger citizens who felt that the established nationalist parties were responsible for divisions in the country. 1581:

be released. This resulted in an official announcement by Hương and Khánh three days later, in which the military again reiterated their commitment to civilian rule through an elected legislature and a new constitution, and that "all genuine patriots" would be "earnestly assembled" to collaborate in making a plan to defeat the communists. The Americans were unimpressed with the statement, which was shown to Taylor before it was made public; the State Department dourly announced that "it appears to represent some improvement to the situation".

1335:, also a Catholic, called for the replacement of Khánh with Minh, but the latter refused. Minh reportedly claimed that Khánh was the only one who would get funding from Washington, so they support him, prompting Khiêm to angrily declare that "Obviously, Khánh is a puppet of the US government, and we are tired of being told by the Americans how we should run our internal affairs". Feeling under pressure after the condemnations of his colleagues, Khánh said that he would resign. However no remedy was formulated and another meeting was convened. 1046:. Meanwhile, Khiêm had overslept when he was supposed to seal off the homes of the junta members. Despite this, by daybreak, Khánh had taken over the government without a shot having been fired. In his first radio broadcast on the same morning, Khánh assailed the MRC's performance during its three months at the top. He said, "The political, economic, and social situation in the countryside still offers no promising prospect. There has not been one single compensation worthy of the sacrifices accepted daily by the soldiers." 1169:

reconvened for the verdict, Khánh stated, "We ask that once you begin to serve again in the army, you do not take revenge on anybody". The tribunal "congratulated" the generals, but found that they were of "lax morality", unqualified to command due to a "lack of a clear political concept". They were chastised for being "inadequately aware of their heavy responsibility" and of letting "their subordinates take advantage of their positions". They were allowed to remain in Đà Lạt under surveillance with their families.

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to. Under this plan, the new constitution would be repealed, and the MRC would dissolve itself. He then paid US$ 300,000 to Buddhist groups in return for their public endorsement, which Khánh publicly used to highlight his support. In return, Khánh promised to create a National Assembly within a year. Many senior officers decried what they viewed as a handing of power to the Buddhist leaders, who alleged that the concessions were playing into the hands of neutralists, easing the pressure on communist activities.

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pride, they resented being treated in ways that reminded them of their almost total dependence on an alien power. How could they preserve a sense of sovereignty when Taylor, striving to push them into 'getting things done', behaved like a viceroy?" Thi was seen by a CIA officer soon after, grinning. When asked why he was happy, Thi said "Because this is one of the happiest days of my life ... Today I told the American ambassador that he could not dictate to us."

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Khánh stated he became disillusioned when he learned that as an Asian man the French would always look down on him, which led him to favor the idea of a "third force" of anti-Communist Vietnamese nationalists who would be equally opposed to the French. In common with the other newly independent states in Africa and Asia, in the State of Vietnam there was a shortage of officers, especially for high command positions, and Khánh rose rapidly up the ranks. After the

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them as a condition for his cooperation. Khánh attempted to avoid the issue of substantiating the alleged plot as long as he could, and then claimed that French agents were attempting to assassinate him and implement neutralism. Khánh offered no evidence, only claiming that the French had paid a hit man US$ 1,300 to kill him, before later inflating the supposed reward for his assassination. US intelligence officials in Vietnam found the story spurious.

1463:. As Thi was active in the purge, it was believed that the Quyến had fallen out with Thi in I Corps. At this point, Khánh had not spoken up and allowed the impression that the moves have been against his will, and a move on the part of other officers to take power for themselves. Huong had actually privately endorsed the dissolution of the HNC, as both he and the Young Turks thought it would allow them to gain more power and thus influence over Khánh. 1542:

imagination". Justifying the removal of the HNC, Khánh said they were "exploited by counter-revolutionary elements who placed partisan considerations above the homeland's sacred interest". Taylor responded by stating that generals had participated in "improper interference" into the purview of civilian government, while embassy staff said that their head had done nothing improper, as did the State Department, effectively again threatening to cut aid.

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representatives of Washington to individually lobby the officers to change their stance. The next day, the generals changed their mind and when they called on Huong at his office, only called on him to formally denounce Taylor's behaviour in his meeting with Khánh and his quartet and to "take appropriate measures to preserve the honor of all the Vietnamese armed forces and to keep national prestige intact". On the same day, the

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names for confirmation. Taylor did so, unaware that Khánh was taping the dialogue. Afterwards, Khánh played back the tape out of context to his colleagues, giving them the impression that Taylor was calling for them to be expelled. Khánh asked his colleagues to participate in a campaign of fomenting anti-American street protests and to give the impression that the country did not need aid from Washington.

1078:, the interior minister and police chief, respectively, of the MRC. However, Khánh was unable to produce any proof that Đôn and Kim had been working with the French agents to create a neutralist government in Saigon, and the case collapsed in court, with Khánh instead pressing for charges of "lax morality" to compensate for his failure to find any evidence supporting his claim of a French conspiracy. 4455: 1495:

forever if you do things like this." Taylor believed that the HNC was an essential part of the governance of the country, because as an American, he believed that civilian legitimacy was necessary. He declared that if the military did not transfer some powers or advisory capacity to the HNC or another civilian institution, then aid would be withheld, and some planned military operations against the

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whole story, but someday I will tell it to you". He began to plot against Minh's junta. Khánh claimed that "After the November coup, there was much relaxation, wining and dining, and little prosecution of the war effort." He claimed he had built up intelligence infrastructure to weed out the Việt Cộng under Diệm's rule, but that the other generals had disbanded it and released communist prisoners.

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Embassy yesterday." He threatened to expel Taylor, who said that his forced departure would mean the end of US support for South Vietnam. However, Khánh later said he was open to the possibility of going abroad and asked Taylor if he thought this would be good for the country, to which the ambassador replied in the affirmative. Khánh ended the meeting, saying that he would think about his future.

1256:, was yet to arrive. When Taylor arrived, the US tried to publicly distance itself from Khánh's demands to invade North Vietnam and to downplay it, as it wanted to portray the communists as the only aggressors and that they had no intentions of going on the attack in any form, but they were sympathetic to his sentiment. Privately, they did not rule out a policy along Khánh's line. 1388:

to stop, after Khánh made concessions. On 20 September, the Vietnamese Confederation of Labor and their 300,000 members staged a general strike for two days, causing electricity in the cities to be cut for two days. This prompted Khánh to make concessions to laborers. This was followed by other protests and riots in some cities, the largest being in the southern coastal town of

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of the military headquarters at Tân Sơn Nhứt, the post office and the radio station of Saigon. He surrounded Khánh's home, and Sửu's residence. When spotted by the press, he emerged from a tank to quip that the "operation is to expel Nguyên Khánh from the government". Thảo said he was going to bring Khiêm back from his post as Ambassador to the US, catching Khiêm asleep in his

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and some loyal to Kỳ from Biên Hòa in the north. Whether the rebels were genuinely defeated or a deal was struck with Kỳ to end the revolt in exchange for Khánh's removal is disputed. Before fleeing, Thảo broadcast a message stating that the coup had been effective in removing Khánh. This was not the case, but the chaos led the Armed Forces Council to adopt a vote of

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government-moderated press, and some generals expressed similar sentiments. Khánh then told Taylor that he had to allow Southerners to express their aspirations to unify Vietnam on their own terms and that plans were being explored. He thus refused to publicly renege from his calls for an attack on North Vietnam. In August, the Vietnam War expanded with the

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Khiêm and Thảo were plotting against him. Fearing he would be arrested upon arrival, Thảo went underground upon returning to Saigon. In mid-January 1965, Khánh called for Thảo to report to his superiors in the ARVN, warning that he would be "considered guilty of abandoning his post with all the consequences of such a situation" if he failed to do so.

967:, one of the principal tacticians in the removal of Diệm. Mậu had been the head of military security under Diệm and had a deep understanding of most of the senior officers and their strengths and weaknesses. The MRC feared Mậu and sidelined him, causing him to plot. Mậu began to recruit rebels. The most important link in Mậu's plan was Colonel 1561:, where United States officers were billeted. As a result, there was a suspicion among a minority that Khánh's junta had been behind the attack, even though the Viet Cong had claimed responsibility through a radio broadcast. When the Americans started making plans to retaliate against North Vietnam, they did not tell Khánh and his junta. 840:, Japan, and he graduated from the US High Command as Chief of Staff in France. In 1957, he was assigned as Region Commander of the Hậu Giang region, consisting of Kiến Hòa, Mỹ Tho and Vĩnh Long. He was appointed Secretary General of the Defense Ministry in 1959. In 1960, Khánh was promoted to major general and made ARVN Chief of Staff. 1627:. His plane lifted off from Tân Sơn Nhứt Air Base just as rebel tanks were rolling in, attempting to block the runway. Thảo made a radio announcement stating that the sole objective of his military operation was to get rid of Khánh, whom he described as a "dictator". Thảo did this in league with General 1515:

coup against the HNC, condemning the advisory body and asserting the army's right to step into government matters if "disputes and differences create a situation favorable to the common enemies: Communism and colonialism." They announced that they had formed a new body called the Armed Forces Council.

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Khánh decided to have the armed forces take over the government, and remove Hương. On the morning of 27 January, Khánh staged a bloodless putsch with the support of Thi and Kỳ. He promised to leave politics once the situation was stabilized and hand over power to a civilian body. It was believed some

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to meet the generals to mend fences. Throckmorton told the Vietnamese generals that they had read too much into Taylor's comments and that the US had no intention of pressuring them out of power. Khánh appeared reassured by this and made a public statement on 30 December, saying he was not as hostile

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and expel him from South Vietnam. They were confident that Hương could not reject them and side with a foreign power at the expense of the military that installed him, and made preparations to meet him the next day. However, someone in the junta was a CIA informant and reported the incident, allowing

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On 24 December, he issued a declaration of independence from "foreign manipulation", and condemned "colonialism". At the time, Khánh was also secretly negotiating with the communists, hoping to put together a peace deal so he could expel the Americans from Vietnam, although this did not lead anywhere

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Later, Khánh phoned Taylor from his office and expressed his desire to resign and go abroad along with several other generals, asking for the Americans to fund the costs of travel. He then Taylor the list of generals for whom arrangements needed to be made, and then asked the ambassador to repeat the

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Khánh bristled and said that "You should keep to your place as Ambassador ... as Ambassador, it is really not appropriate for you to be dealing in this way with the commander-in-chief of the armed forces on a political matter, nor was it appropriate for you to have summoned some of my generals to the

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Khánh's concessions sparked opposition from Khiêm and Thiệu, both Catholic. They tried to remove him in favour of Minh, and they recruited many officers into their plot. Khiêm and Thiệu sought out Taylor and sought a private endorsement for a coup against Khánh, however the US ambassador did not want

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During one protest in which thousands of people were chanting "down with military dictatorship", Khánh confronted the crowd and joined the opposition in their shouting, claiming that he was not what they claimed him to be, rather than cracking down on them. Fearing he could be toppled by the momentum

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was given more military powers as a result of the incident. After the second incident (which is believed to have been false), Johnson replied with air strikes, which Khánh praised. Seeing the tense situation as an opportunity to concentrate more power in his hands, Khánh declared a state of emergency

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By 1964, the United States was giving South Vietnam aid worth some $ 2 million per day, yet owing to rampant corruption in the government most South Vietnamese civil servants were paid late if at all. The ambitious plans for "rural pacification" which called for the United States to provide free

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was appointed, but was hindered by vetoes by the generals. All twelve generals in the MRC had equal power and the power of veto. The press strongly attacked Thơ, accusing his government of being "tools" of the MRC. Minh was criticised for being lethargic and uninterested in running the country, while

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Khánh's actions gained him a reputation of having helped the president, but he was later criticised for having a foot in both camps. Critics claimed that Khánh had been on good terms with the rebels and decided against rebelling when it was clear that Diệm would win. Khánh was later dispatched to the

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From 1949 to 1952, he was a lieutenant and commanded the first airborne unit in the VNA after being sent to France for training. He was then promoted to the rank of captain and commanded the first ever VNA airborne drop, participating in the Hòa Bình Operation in northern Vietnam under the command of

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while at the head of a military junta from January 1964 until February 1965. He was involved in or against many coup attempts, failed and successful, from 1960 until his defeat and exile from South Vietnam in 1965. Khánh lived out his later years with his family in exile in the United States. He died

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Between January and February 1965, Thảo began plotting against Khánh. Thảo consulted Kỳ, who wanted to seize power for himself before the plot, and exhorted him to join the coup, but Kỳ claimed he would remain neutral. Shortly before noon on 19 February, Thảo used tanks and infantry to seize control

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The only concession the AFC made was on 6 January, when they made the ostensible move of officially renouncing all their power to Hương, who was asked to organize elections. They also agreed that a new appointed civilian body would be created in the meantime and that those arrested in December would

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Taylor met Hương and urged the prime minister to reject the dissolution of the HNC. Hương said that he and Suu had not been notified of the moves, but agreed to step in to take over the work of the body. Taylor asked Hương to publicly condemn the deposal of the HNC and to call on the army to release

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deplored the repeated concessions, saying that "Khánh contributes further to the atmosphere of weakness that increasingly surrounds him" and that he "has survived only by making virtually unending concessions to every pressure group that has presented itself. There is general recognition that such a

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In July, Khánh called for the expansion of the war into North Vietnam. At a rally on 19 July in Saigon that attracted around 100,000 people, he said that the "Communists are the aggressors, not us ... If we were to go back to the north, it should be termed a counterattack." He symbolically took soil

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All four were barred from commanding troops for various periods. Offices were prepared for the quartet so that they could participate in "research and planning". Khánh made some preliminary arrangements to send the generals to the United States for military study so that they could not stage a coup,

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Khánh presided over the trial of the MRC members, which took place in May 1964. Minh was accused of misusing money before being allowed to serve as an advisor on the trial panel. The generals were interrogated for five and a half hours, and the military court deliberated for over nine hours. When it

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Before dawn, there were troop movements in the capital, as the junta deposed the civilians. The operation was commanded by Thi, who had travelled into Saigon from I Corps, and Kỳ. The national police, which was under the control of the army, moved through the streets, arresting five HNC members and

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By the end of the year, Khánh had sidelined Khiêm and Minh. He despatched Khiêm to Washington as the ambassador with Thảo, his main confidant, as his press attaché. In late December 1964, Khánh summoned Thảo back to Saigon. Thảo suspected Khánh was attempting to have him killed, while Khánh thought

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serving in the armed forces took place. The indigenous paramilitaries took control of four military camps in Darlac Province, killing 70 ARVN troops of Vietnamese ethnicity, and then taking a number of others and their US advisers hostage. However, the Americans eventually convinced the Montagnards

1338:

After more arguing between the senior officers, they agreed that Khánh, Minh, and Khiêm would rule as a triumvirate for two months, until a new civilian government could be formed. The trio then brought paratroopers into Saigon to end the rioting. However, the triumvirate did little else due to the

1309:

recommended that Khánh ignore the demands, as he regarded the Buddhist activists as a minority group, but Khánh thought to dampen religious tensions by agreeing to the Buddhist proposals. Khiêm claimed "Khánh felt there was no choice but to accept, since the influence of Trí Quang was so great that

1159:

However, Khánh received little assistance from Minh, who resented his deposal by a younger officer whom he viewed as an unscrupulous upstart. Minh was also upset with the detention of his colleagues and around 30 of his junior officers. The latter were set free when Minh demanded that Khánh release

1155:

Khánh promised that the village elections that were abolished under Diệm would be held as soon as feasible and that a new National Assembly would be elected within a year. He started by abolishing the Council of Notables, an advisory body. Many Vietnamese and American observers considered this rash

808:

in 1966, Khánh spoke with much pride of his service under de Lattre de Tassigny, saying "We campaigned together all over the country", though Karnow noted that Khánh was being somewhat misleading in suggesting that he and de Lattre de Tassigny were friends. In another interview with Karnow in 1981,

1656:

was the nominal head as Commander in Chief of the armed forces. Khánh was then north of Saigon, inspecting a display of captured communist weapons. When he heard what was happening, he refused to accept his fate and used his personal aircraft to fly to different provinces, trying to rally support,

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surrounding the capital disliked both Khánh and the rebels, and took no action. At 20:00, Phát and Thảo met with Kỳ in a meeting organised by the Americans, and insisted that Khánh be removed from power. The coup collapsed when, around midnight, loyal ARVN forces swept into the city from the south

1588:

In late January 1965, Buddhist protests against Prime Minister Hương broke out across South Vietnam, and were at their largest in central Vietnam in I Corps. In Huế, matters degenerated into a riot as 5,000 demonstrators attacked the US Information Service Library and burned 8,000 books. Khánh and

1432:

One of the aims of this was to remove Generals Đôn, Minh, Kim and Xuân, who Khánh had put under arrest after his January coup but had now released and put into meaningless desk jobs with no work to do, although they were still being paid. According to Khánh and the "Young Turks", the group, led by

1428:

Khánh and a group of younger officers called the "Young Turks", led by Kỳ and Thiệu wanted to forcibly retire officers with more than 25 years of service, as they thought them to be lethargic and ineffective. Most of the older officers had more experience under the French colonial era, and some of

1317:

after the meeting, promising to revise the constitution, liberalise the press, permit protests and start special courts to look into past grievances. This prompted more protests by activists and Khánh responded with wider concessions, which he convinced the Military Revolutionary Council to assent

1193:

continued to criticise Khánh and accused him of jailing Buddhists. Khánh was in a quandary, as he could be perceived as being too soft on Diệm supporters, or being vindictive towards Roman Catholics. To placate Trí Quang, Khánh agreed to remove all Roman Catholic chaplains from the military. Khánh

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close to Saigon, where most of the unconventional fighting was taking place. In an interview with journalist Robert Shaplen, Khánh made no attempt to hide his annoyance at not being given a more important job. With respect to the 1963 coup, he cryptically commented, "It is too soon yet to tell the

1534:

On 22 December, Khánh went back on his promise to leave the country and announced on Radio Vietnam that "We make sacrifices for the country's independence and the Vietnamese people's liberty, but not to carry out the policy of any foreign country". He said it was "better to live poor but proud as

1514:

Later, the quartet called a media conference, where they maintained that the HNC had been dissolved in the nation's interest and vowed to stand firm and not renege on their decision, although they proclaimed their ongoing confidence for Sửu and Hương. Two days later, went public in support of the

1436:

The HNC turned down the request, which was speculated to be due to the fact that many of them were themselves old, and did not appreciate the negative attitude towards seniors; some South Vietnamese called the HNC the High National Museum. On 19 December, a Sunday, the generals dissolved the High

1181:

As with the Minh junta, Khánh's ascension resulted in the replacement of a large number of province and district chiefs, causing disruption to the functioning of the government. Khánh initially appointed some pro-Diệm officials who had been relieved by Minh, but after protests from Buddhists, who

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when his plane had no fuel left, and no pumps were open at the time, so he was marooned there for the night. Fearing a Khánh comeback, the AFC met again and unanimously resolved to make contingency plans to repel any counter-insurrection by Khánh. Westmoreland sent Colonel Wilson, Khánh's former

1564:

As a result of these tensions, a standoff started between the Americans and the Vietnamese generals. The US had hoped the generals would relent because they could not survive without aid from Washington, and that they would not be able to repel the communists or rival officers without bending to

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on 23 December saying "if Taylor did not act more intelligently, Southeast Asia would be lost", and that the US could not expect to succeed by modelling South Vietnam on American norms. He added that Taylor's "attitude during the last 48 hours-as far as my small head is concerned—has been beyond

1506:

Khánh's quartet of delegates responded to Taylor by responding in a circumlocutory way. They remained calm and did not resort to direct confrontation. Kỳ said the change was necessary, as "the political situation is worse than it ever was under Diệm". Kỳ explained that the situation mandated the

1502:

The four officers were taken aback by Taylor's searing words and felt that they had been humiliated. A decade after the incident, Kỳ wrote that Taylor was "the sort of man who addressed people rather than talked to them", referencing the confrontation. Karnow said that "For the sake of their own

1364:

commander. Both were removed as known Diệmists due to pressure from Buddhist activists. Disgruntled, the pair launched a coup attempt before dawn on 13 September, using ten army battalions that they had recruited. They took over the city without any firing, and used the national radio station to

1330:

The division among the generals came to a head at a meeting of the MRC on 26/27 August. Khánh claimed that the government instability was due to troublemaking by Đại Việt members, whom he accused of putting partisan plotting ahead of the national interest and the struggle against the communists.

795:

Khánh was part of the first batch of Vietnamese officers trained by the French in the country. Of the 17 students who started the course, only 11 passed. The six that failed to finish and eight of the graduates defected and joined the Việt Minh. Khánh was one of only three to join the VNA. Khánh

1494:

and they a group of cadets caught cheating". He said "I told you all clearly at General Westmoreland's dinner we Americans were tired of coups. Apparently I wasted my words." He decried the removal of the HNC as "totally illegal" and said that "... you have made a real mess. We cannot carry you

1403:

Khánh and his generals created a semblance of civilian rule by creating the High National Council, an appointed advisory body. He put Minh in charge of picking the 17 members of the group, and he filled it with figures sympathetic to him. They then made a resolution to recommend a model with a

1096:

Khánh proclaimed himself as the new head of state and chairman of the MRC, replacing Minh. Khánh later managed to persuade Minh to remain as a figurehead head of state due to American pressure. They reasoned that the popular Minh would be a unifying and stabilising factor in the new régime and

748:

offered him more opportunities for advancement and better pay. Another account says that Khánh's unit was relieved by a larger and stronger unit that was better trained and indoctrinated in communist ideology, and that Khánh's band were "too tired" after their tour of duty and did not have the

1584:

The South Vietnamese won in large part because the Americans had spent so much on the country, and could not afford to abandon it and lose to the communists over the matter of military rule, as it would be a big public relations coup for the Soviet bloc. According to Karnow, for Khánh and his

1238:

for anti-communist incursions into eastern Laos, but the Americans stopped him and leaked false reports to the media that he was reluctant to attack. As a result, Khánh concluded that a military victory might not be feasible and one of his officials made contacts with the communists to see if

1140:

In the meantime, the government continued to lose the war against the guerrillas of the National Liberation Front, better known as the Viet Cong, which increased the tempo of their operations in the countryside and began a campaign of assassinations and bombings in Saigon targeting government

1221:

Khánh had no prior political experience and turned to Lodge for advice. Lodge advised him to pursue a policy of inclusion of the various groups in Vietnamese society, and Khánh followed this counsel. Upon American advice, Khánh tried to generate a popular rapport by engaging in Western-style

1145:, the inspector-general of the CIA, visited the American embassy in Saigon that same month, and reported to Washington that he was "...shocked by the number of our people and of the military, even those whose job is always to say that we are winning, who feel the tide is against us". 1097:

provide continuity. However, Khánh soon came to dominate the MRC. Khánh turned out to be far more politically astute and vigorous than his predecessors, seeking out veteran Vietnamese politicians and technicians to create a new government. A week after coming to power, Khánh summoned

1259:

In part, the American reluctance to escalate was due to the impending elections and a desire to not scare the electorate. In a meeting with Ambassador Taylor, Khánh assured the American envoy that his was a political gesture that should be seen as a show. However, it spread to the

1264:, a disputed encounter between North Vietnamese and American naval vessels in which Washington accused the communists of attacking their boats in international waters. Khánh publicly called on the Americans to strike back in order to project a strong image and avoid resembling a " 1173:

but this fell through. Khánh's actions left divisions among the officer corps of the ARVN. When Khánh was himself deposed in 1965, he handed over dossiers proving that the generals were innocent. Shaplen said "the case ... continued to be one of Khánh's biggest embarrassments".

1339:

lack of unity in the ruling triumvirate. Khánh dominated the decision-making and sidelined Khiêm and Minh. He also released many of the rioters who had forced him to back down on his powergrab and liberalised the press after more anti-government protests. US military commander

1218:, who thought that it was best for Khánh to take a mild line to dampen religious tensions. Cẩn was executed by firing squad on 9 May. Thích Trí Quang remained critical of what he saw as a lack of vigour on the part of Khánh in removing Diệmists from positions of authority. 1404:

powerful head of state, which would likely be Minh. Khánh did not want his rival taking power, so he and the Americans convinced the HNC to dilute the powers of the position so as to make it unappealing to Minh, who was then sent on an overseas diplomatic goodwill tour.

1233:

and North Vietnam near the border with South Vietnam to stop communist infiltration, saying that it was pointless to keep fighting defensively within the country without taking the initiative to stop incoming forces. Khánh made plans with conservative Laotian General

1065:

Khánh used de Gaulle's policy plans to enact retribution against Generals Đôn and Kim. Khánh had them arrested on grounds of neutralism. Khánh noted that they had served in the French-backed VNA, although he did as well. The generals were flown to My Khe beach, near

1247:

mocked Khánh for his "sheer stupidity", sneeringly asking "How can he talk about marching north when he cannot even control areas in the immediate vicinity of Saigon?" At the time, the US had no ambassador in Saigon, as Lodge had returned home to campaign for the

1380:, sent a message to Taylor to deliver to Khánh stating: "The United States has not provided massive assistance to South Vietnam, in military equipment, economic resources, and personnel in order to subsidize continuing quarrels among South Vietnamese leaders. 1420:

of being a Communist, who in turn charged Hương with being a Diệmist, and responded with mass protests against the new civilian administration, calling for its removal. Huong used the army to break up the demonstrations, resulting in violent confrontations.

1128:

Khánh selected a cabinet of thirteen ministers and two Secretaries of State at Cabinet level and chose new provincial and district chiefs. He originally tried to include members of a variety of political and religious groups including representatives of the

1549:

Khánh's defiance of Taylor saw his approval rise among the fellow generals, as the ambassador's actions were seen as being an insult to the nation. On the night of 23 December, Khánh convinced his colleagues to join him in lobbying Hương to declare Taylor

1034:

On 28 January, Khánh flew from Huế to Saigon in civilian clothes, ostensibly for a dental appointment. A number of American officers and embassy officials were alerted to be in their offices at two o'clock in the morning of 30 January. The US Ambassador,

1343:

deplored the concessions Khánh made to political opponents and began to lobby Washington to allow him to attack North Vietnam, saying that Khánh could not survive. He gained some support among Johnson's advisors, but the president resisted the pressure.

1300:

to hold talks with him at Vũng Tàu on 24 August. They refused and Khánh had to go to Saigon to try to get them to stop protesting against him, demonstrating his weakness. They asked him to repeal the new constitution, reinstate civilian rule, and remove

1518:

The day after the press conference, Taylor met Khánh in a private meeting at the latter's office. He complained about the dissolution of the HNC and said that it did not accord with the values of the alliance and the loyalty that Washington expected of

760:) in France. In 1947, he graduated from the Vien Dong (Dap Da) Military Academy and Saumur (France) Military Academy, with the rank of lieutenant. His first assignment was as a Platoon Leader of the 1st Battalion, Attaché Officer to the Prime Minister. 1716: 1108:

Khánh made Hoàn the first Deputy Prime Minister in charge of rural pacification. Khánh gave Hoàn five ministries, including the Interior, National Defense and Rural Affairs and two special commissions, which were primarily engaged in consolidating the

1577:

to the Americans as reported, and he wanted Thiệu and Cang to meet the Americans to relieve any tension that remained. The generals eventually won out, as the Americans did not move against them in any way for their refusal to reinstate the HNC.

1415:

as Prime Minister, a position with greater power, but the generals and Khánh retained the real power. At the same time, a group of Catholic officers was trying to replace Khánh with Thiệu. Hương took a firm line against the Buddhists, accusing

1593:

of the officers supported Khánh's return to power so that it would give him an opportunity to fail and be removed permanently. Khánh persisted with the facade of civilian government by retaining Sửu and replacing Huong with the economist

804:. Khánh jumped with his paratroopers into the Hòa Bình after a heavy French defeat and carried out a rearguard action to cover the French retreat. He was wounded and ended as a regimental combat team. In an interview with the journalist 1458:

area, while other military officers were simply imprisoned. They arrested around 100 members of the National Salvation Council of Lê Khắc Quyến, a new party active in central Vietnam with an anti-war ideology, aligned with Thi and

1651:

in Khánh the following day. This motion was precipitated by Thi, who gained the support of Kỳ, and the final vote was unanimous. Kỳ assumed control of a junta that continued with Suu and Quat as a civilian front, although General

732:. In his early military years, Khánh came across many other young recruits who would rise up the ranks alongside him and variously become allies and bitter rivals. One of Khánh's Việt Minh instructors was his future enemy 1657:

promising to promote those which would be natural allies, but received little support. Having ousted Khánh, the generals made a press conference in the afternoon, but claimed that no decision had been definitively made.

915:

that deposed Diệm, playing a minor role. Khánh expected a large reward, but the junta instead sidelined him, excluding him from the twelve-man Military Revolutionary Council (MRC). In mid-December he was moved from the

982:

that surrounded Saigon. Khiêm readily joined the plot and controlled the troops near the capital. Khiêm, Khánh and Mậu kept in touch surreptitiously on a regular basis, supplementing their forces with an assortment of

743:

However, Khánh soon left Hồ's forces after 15 months. He claimed that he had left the Việt Minh because of its communist inclinations, but critics claimed that he was simply switching sides because the French-backed

1724: 1018:

were making neutralist moves, and the papers were leaked to some senior American officials. Khánh sometimes plotted while in Saigon on military affairs, and told various American officials that Đôn, Kim and General

1365:

proclaim the deposal of Khánh's junta. Phat said that he would use the ideology and legacy of Diệm to lay the foundation for his new junta. There was little reaction from most of the military commanders.

978:, who had worked with Mậu during the November coup. Khiêm had assisted Diệm in putting down the 1960 plot and had since been demoted from being Chief of Staff of the ARVN to the commander of the 1635:

to prevent Kỳ from mobilising air power against them. Phát and others made pro-Diệm announcements, saying " ... was wrong in encouraging the coup against Diệm rather than correcting mistakes".

1437:

National Council, a civilian advisory body. In any case, the HNC had already ceased to function in a meaningful way, as only 9 of the 17 members were still occasionally attending its meetings.

1433:

Minh, who had returned from his overseas tour, had been making plots with the Buddhists to regain power. Sửu's signature was required to pass the ruling, but he referred the matter to the HNC.

1585:

officers, "their weakness was their strength". An anonymous South Vietnamese government official said "Our big advantage over the Americans is that they want to win the war more than we do."

4920: 4446: 1589:

Thi turned a blind eye to the rioting and destruction of property. It was believed that they did so to allow the disorder to ruin the Hương government and allow them to inherit power.

1535:

free citizens of an independent country rather than in ease and shame as slaves of the foreigners and Communists". Khánh explicitly denounced Taylor in an interview published in the

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and premature, as promises of elections had been frequently broken and the council had at least been an effective forum for dissent in the absence of parliamentary representation.

940:

in the far north of the Republic of Vietnam. This, it was speculated, was to keep him as far away from Saigon as possible, as he was regarded by the others as being untrustworthy.

1331:

Khiêm blamed Khánh's weakness in dealing with Buddhist activists as the reason for the demonstrations in the cities and the rural losses against the communists. Thiệu and General

1125:, who was associated with the Đại Việt. Oánh was charged with managing the finance and economy of the country. Mậu was the third deputy, overseeing social and cultural affairs. 1486:, the commander of the navy. He asked the four to sit down and then asked "Do all of you understand English?". The ambassador then angrily denounced the generals. According to 1392:

where the public service stopped functioning for a short period. In some areas of I Corps, the commanders were not disturbed by the unrest so they did nothing to stop them.

796:

claimed he tried to dissuade his classmates to not join the Việt Minh as they were communist, but he also briefly rejoined Hồ's side before being commissioned with the VNA.

996: 824:

From 1956 to 1957, he was promoted to colonel and commanded the First Infantry Division stationed at the 17th Parallel. In 1957, he was chosen to attend the US Army

1594: 3904: 1305:

members from power. They asked Khánh to announce these measures publicly, else they would organize a widespread movement of passive resistance. US Ambassador

865:

Khánh used the remaining communication lines to appeal to other senior officers outside Saigon to help, and two divisions near Saigon complied. He convinced

4633: 885:. His American advisers were impressed with him and regarded him as an effective force against the Việt Cộng. Khánh also tried to win over the indigenous 688:, and lived away from the family home in the deep south. Khánh's father was a wealthy landlord who lived in the Mekong Delta with a mistress, the popular 4264: 1006:

At the time, there was innuendo that the MRC would become neutralist and stop fighting the communists, and that they were plotting with French President

873:

to contribute. Diệm advised Khánh to continue negotiating, and a ceasefire was organised. Diệm promised reforms, but then reneged and crushed the coup.

5093: 4001: 1297: 5043: 3991: 1023:, along with Minh, were "pro-French and pro-neutralist" and part of de Gaulle's plan. Khánh claimed the fact that Đôn had invited two members of the 1293: 1235: 736:, who later joined the anti-communist forces while remaining a Việt Minh agent. Khánh's unit became the 410th Battalion and went on to fight near 3961: 716:

In late 1945, Khánh finished his secondary studies and he and around 20 fellow high school graduates left Saigon to join the communist-dominated

4611: 1102: 4242: 1572:

The South Vietnamese eventually had their way. Seeing that the generals and Hương were not willing to reinstate the HNC Taylor sent General

1565:

receive support. On the other hand, Khánh hoped the Americans would become more worried about the communists first and acquiesce to their

728:

had just occurred and Hồ had declared independence from France in the aftermath of World War II in September under the newly proclaimed

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process cannot continue indefinitely and still have anything left deserving the name of a government. We are now close to that stage".

753: 5103: 5083: 4725: 3910: 3852: 3787: 1310:

he could not only turn the majority of the people against the government but could influence the effectiveness of the armed forces".

5073: 5058: 4626: 3561:

Logevall, Fredrik (2006). "The French recognition of China and its implications for the Vietnam War". In Roberts, Priscilla (ed.).

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other politicians and student leaders they deemed to be an obstacle. Minh and the other older generals were arrested and flown to

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any more changes in leadership, fearing a corrosive effect on the government. This deterred Khiêm's group from staging a coup.

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However, Phát and Đức could not apprehend Khánh, who had escaped the capital and flew to the central highlands resort town of

495: 5053: 3383: 1638:

The attempt to seize Biên Hòa failed, and Kỳ circled Tân Sơn Nhứt, threatening to bomb the rebels. Most of the forces of the

3875: 1878: 3885: 4619: 454: 3723: 3025: 1702: 4250: 902: 855: 849: 740:, the southernmost part of Vietnam. They started with only pieces of bamboo and had to capture or steal their weapons. 999:. He was under investigation by the junta for swindling military funds and was readily converted. Another was General 4280: 3707: 3688: 3657: 3570: 3551: 3525: 3503: 3443: 3424: 3405: 825: 3737: 704:

and the family moved between both countries. Khánh began his education in Cambodia and when he grew up, he moved to

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home, off-guard. When informed of what was happening, Khiêm sent a cable pledging "total support" to the plot.

729: 4525: 4272: 3760: 238: 4471: 3936: 3845: 988: 818: 3926: 749:"proper discipline". Khánh claimed they were removed because they were nationalists rather than communists. 3971: 1027:, both from de Gaulle's party, to dine with him, Kim and Minh as proof. The American ambassador in Saigon, 17: 3941: 1451: 1357: 1000: 921: 878: 681: 46:

in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the

4866: 4579: 4567: 4555: 4427: 4174: 4154: 4076: 3676: 1681:(née Phạm) had six children and one stepdaughter; one son died in a drowning accident in South Vietnam. 975: 353: 5098: 4961: 4911: 4509: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4462: 4342: 4159: 3814: 1606: 955:

At the time, Saigon was plagued by infighting. A civilian government and cabinet led by Prime Minister

908: 898: 801: 733: 330: 4991: 4861: 4836: 4816: 4432: 4046: 3895: 3797: 3780: 1833: 1412: 956: 220: 158: 4996: 4906: 4841: 4826: 4649: 4561: 4531: 4337: 3732: 1639: 1558: 1122: 979: 821:. He took a crash course in flying, and took to the air unaccompanied after 11 hours of instruction. 145: 120: 4936: 4856: 4573: 4543: 4164: 4041: 1101:, a Roman Catholic who was one of the former leaders of the southern branch of the Catholic-aligned 1071: 814: 4734: 4711: 4537: 4231: 3890: 3880: 3838: 1643: 1476: 1361: 1110: 1098: 1024: 944: 917: 882: 769: 483: 185: 115: 4871: 4179: 4139: 4026: 1623:

having been appointed prime minister just three days earlier. Khánh managed to escape and flee to

1332: 1207: 1015: 4775: 1537: 1261: 1214:

warlord of central Vietnam, to death. This occurred over the private objections of US Ambassador

1199: 925: 4770: 4716: 4701: 4149: 1082: 1031:, believed in the rumors that Kim and Đôn favored neutrality for South Vietnam in the Cold War. 968: 643:; 8 November 1927 – 11 January 2013) was a South Vietnamese military officer and 4675: 4169: 1632: 441: 5001: 4808: 4751: 4437: 4417: 4404: 4391: 4359: 4119: 3753: 1049:

US officials in Washington were caught off guard by the coup. Although Khánh had already told

912: 133: 4928: 4851: 4706: 4422: 4011: 3770: 3487: 3453: 1705:[General Nguyen Khanh passed away] (in Vietnamese). British Broadcasting Corporation. 1408: 1373: 1285: 1215: 1117:

into the renamed New Rural Life Hamlets. A second Deputy Prime Ministerial post was given to

1043: 1036: 1028: 5038: 5033: 4976: 4971: 4765: 4066: 1573: 1482:

Taylor summoned the generals to his office, and Khánh sent Thi, Kỳ, Thiệu and Vice Admiral

1460: 1455: 1407:

The HNC, which covered a wide cross-section of different social groups, selected the aging

1340: 1190: 886: 866: 810: 657: 420: 4986: 4124: 4036: 3728: 1628: 1353: 1114: 1086: 8: 4876: 4519: 4383: 4109: 4086: 3981: 1223: 992: 785: 639: 614: 584: 523: 4893: 4513: 4503: 4325: 3456:(1979). "Political Polarization in South Vietnam: U.S. Policy in the Post-Diem Period". 1075: 1020: 4685: 4210: 3633: 3601: 3475: 3436:

Death of a Generation: how the assassinations of Diem and JFK prolonged the Vietnam War

3417:

Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963

1206:

on 8 May 1963 to a life sentence of hard labour, and sentenced Diệm's younger brother,

1118: 837: 689: 677: 4760: 4368: 4306: 1490:, Taylor "launched into a tirade, scolding them as if he were still superintendent of 1195: 777: 721: 4658: 4289: 4081: 4071: 4061: 4021: 3976: 3703: 3684: 3653: 3637: 3605: 3566: 3547: 3521: 3499: 3439: 3420: 3401: 3379: 1552: 1496: 1302: 1142: 1007: 725: 4114: 964: 110: 4743: 4351: 4205: 4006: 3807: 3625: 3593: 3467: 3371: 1067: 937: 829: 773: 745: 693: 518: 401: 4966: 4953: 4846: 4785: 4479: 4129: 3616:(2004). "Political Monks: The Militant Buddhist Movement during the Vietnam War". 1620: 1347: 1090: 4780: 4134: 4016: 3996: 3966: 3861: 3540: 3492: 3458: 3271: 3030: 2210: 1839: 1417: 1149: 1011: 859: 757: 544: 70: 31: 1678: 1499:

that was being used to infiltrate communists into the south would be suspended.

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In March, Khánh began privately advocating that the US attack jungle areas in

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Behind the bamboo curtain : China, Vietnam, and the world beyond Asia

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Before dawn on 30 January, Khánh surrounded the military headquarters at

589: 397: 3582:"'Only Religions Count in Vietnam': Thich Tri Quang and the Vietnam War" 1389: 756:

and was promoted to "Indochine", and the Ecole des Troupes Aéroportées (

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Into the Quagmire: Lyndon Johnson and the Escalation of the Vietnam War

3645: 3613: 3479: 1491: 1085:, the bodyguard of Minh, shot. Nhung had executed Diệm and his brother 47: 1089:

in the 1963 coup, as well as the loyalist Special Forces head Colonel

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communist attacks increased and the military situation deteriorated.

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to study at an elite French school, boarding with wealthy relatives.

3471: 3376:

The Making of a Quagmire: America and Vietnam during the Kennedy Era

995:

officers. Another notable recruit was the chief of the Civil Guard,

737: 3581: 1613: 701: 676:

region in the far south of Vietnam (then under jurisdiction of the

3830: 4945: 1546:

in the two months before Khánh was eventually forced from power.

933: 724:, which sought to gain independence from French colonialism. The 35: 1717:"Former General Nguyen Khanh died in San Jose, at the age of 86" 1475:, the US ambassador to South Vietnam and former Chairman of the 1661: 1520: 1447: 1369: 1348:

Attempted coup by Generals Phát and Đức and further instability

705: 685: 1384: 1239:

negotiation was possible, but nothing came of this approach.

817:

as the inaugural commander (titled "Chief of Staff") of the

27:

South Vietnamese military officer and politician (1927–2013)

3370: 1429:

the younger men saw them as too detached from the new era.

1230: 943:

This was contrary to Khánh's request for a transfer to the

3494:

Intervention : how America became involved in Vietnam

1050: 5069:

Non-U.S. alumni of the Command and General Staff College

3184: 963:

At the end of December, Khánh was approached by General

1440: 752:

In 1946, he graduated from the French Military Academy

780:. The State of Vietnam was an associated state of the 974:

Mậu recruited a second figure in the form of General

3624:(4). New York: Cambridge University Press: 749–784. 3592:(4). New York: Cambridge University Press: 751–782. 1148:

Starting on 8 March 1964, the US Defense Secretary,

3738:

Interview with General Nguyen Khanh, April 29, 1981

3565:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 1865:Trần Ngọc Thống, Hồ Đắc Huân, Lê Đình Thụy (2011). 3539: 3491: 3486: 3023: 1832: 1198:, the Roman Catholic officer who had overseen the 764:Early years in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam 3579: 3560: 1466: 1313:Needing support to stay afloat, Khánh released a 1003:, who had recently returned from exile in Paris. 5025: 1284:Khánh drafted a new constitution, known as the " 1039:, was kept fully informed throughout the night. 3675: 3534: 2607: 2605: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2263: 2261: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1252:'s presidential nomination, and his successor, 3761:Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Council 3724:Official Facebook page of General Nguyễn Khánh 3419:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 3378:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 1619:The country was still seeking stability, with 239:Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Council 198:Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Council 130:Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Council 4627: 4258: 3846: 3398:A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963 843: 3650:Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 3264: 3262: 2602: 2462: 2360: 2318: 2258: 2218: 2208:"South Viet Nam: The U.S. v. the Generals". 1892: 889:tribesmen, trying to learn their languages. 680:). His mother was a property manager in the 647:general who served in various capacities as 3612: 3466:(4). Vancouver, British Columbia: 647–673. 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1352:In September 1964, Khánh dismissed General 700:stepmother. Trà Vinh is a border town near 663: 99:3 September 1964 – 26 October 1964 4634: 4620: 4265: 4251: 3853: 3839: 2203: 2201: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1202:of Buddhists protesting Diệm's ban on the 1163: 292:30 January 1964 – 8 February 1964 69: 5094:Vietnamese emigrants to the United States 4726:Provisional Central Government of Vietnam 3911:Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem 3788:Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam 3697: 3338: 3336: 3259: 3129: 3127: 2270: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 171:8 February 1964 – 29 August 1964 5044:Army of the Republic of Vietnam generals 3652:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3269:"South Viet Nam: A Trial for Patience". 3252: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3150: 3148: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3026:"South Vietnamese Gen. Nguyen Chanh Thi" 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2884: 2882: 2863: 2861: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2683: 2681: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2619: 2617: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2495: 2493: 2423: 2421: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2295: 2293: 2291: 854:In November 1960, mutinous paratroopers 251:16 August 1964 – 29 August 1964 3666: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2044: 2042: 2032: 2030: 2028: 1991: 1989: 1979: 1977: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1953: 1951: 1932: 1930: 1792: 1383:On 19/20 September, an armed revolt by 1060: 776:under the leadership of former Emperor 14: 5026: 3669:The Lost Revolution: Vietnam 1945–1965 3512: 3414: 3392: 3333: 3288: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3193: 3124: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2178: 1834:"South Viet Nam: Toward the Showdown?" 1776: 1774: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 892: 4615: 4246: 3834: 3702:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3644: 3452: 3438:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3433: 3345: 3324: 3306: 3279: 3247: 3233: 3202: 3175: 3166: 3157: 3145: 3110: 3084: 3070: 3045: 3017: 2975: 2957: 2879: 2858: 2788: 2699: 2678: 2669: 2653: 2614: 2557: 2511: 2502: 2490: 2418: 2387: 2378: 2288: 1911: 1909: 1762: 1753: 1703:"Đại tướng VNCH Nguyễn Khánh qua đời" 1660:By the end of the evening, he was in 638: 2941: 2923: 2909: 2891: 2822: 2804: 2770: 2754: 2738: 2729: 2713: 2635: 2593: 2584: 2548: 2532: 2520: 2444: 2430: 2342: 2302: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2169: 2160: 2142: 2133: 2101: 2087: 2069: 2060: 2051: 2039: 2025: 2016: 1986: 1974: 1960: 1948: 1927: 1852: 1850: 1441:Deposal of the High National Council 1411:as chief of state, and Sửu selected 1356:as Interior Minister, while General 1292:of the protests, Khánh asked Quang, 788:alongside French forces against the 3860: 3211: 3024:Sullivan, Patricia (26 June 2007). 3001: 2870: 1771: 1731: 1321: 1279: 24: 4952: 4927: 4892: 4807: 4750: 4692: 4665: 4478: 4453: 4390: 4358: 4324: 4296: 3886:Self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức 3546:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1906: 1867:Lược sử Quân lực Việt Nam Cộng hòa 1783: 903:January 1964 South Vietnamese coup 850:1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt 711: 25: 5115: 5089:20th-century Vietnamese diplomats 5079:People of the First Indochina War 3901:1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état 3717: 2236: 1847: 1559:Việt Cộng bombed the Brinks Hotel 826:Command and General Staff College 564:1st Infantry Division (1956–1957) 5104:Vietnamese expatriates in France 5084:Prime ministers of South Vietnam 4643: 4414:Provisional Leadership Committee 4274: 3297: 3136: 3061: 1672: 1631:, who was supposed to seize the 871:Republic of Vietnam Marine Corps 813:, Khánh was chosen by President 494: 5059:Heads of state of South Vietnam 3542:Our Vietnam: the war, 1954–1975 2849: 2840: 2831: 2813: 2779: 2690: 2644: 2626: 2575: 2409: 2351: 2279: 2151: 2124: 2115: 2078: 2007: 1998: 1939: 1918: 1883: 1872: 1859: 930:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 653:prime minister of South Vietnam 645:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 331:Government of Free Vietnam 87:Prime Minister of South Vietnam 5064:Leaders who took power by coup 4886:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 4317:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 3876:Huế Phật Đản (Vesak) shootings 3364: 1879:Associated States of Indochina 1709: 1695: 1467:Falling out with the Americans 730:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 696:. Khánh was brought up by his 13: 1: 5074:People from Trà Vinh province 5015:head of a military government 4946:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 4472:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1684: 1189:The activist Buddhist leader 1121:trained banker and economist 819:Republic of Vietnam Air Force 558:11th Mobile Group (1953–1954) 42:, but is often simplified to 5054:South Vietnamese politicians 3374:; Singal, Daniel J. (2008). 1689: 7: 3520:. New York: Penguin Books. 1600: 1471:The infighting exasperated 1360:was about to be removed as 834:Joint & Combined School 772:(VNA) of the French-backed 10: 5120: 4650:Prime ministers of Vietnam 3815:Government of Free Vietnam 3580:McAllister, James (2008). 3400:. New York: E. P. Dutton. 2696:Moyar (2004), pp. 762–763. 2650:Moyar (2004), pp. 760–761. 2581:Moyar (2006), pp. 310–311. 1924:Moyar (2006), pp. 108–111. 1607:1965 South Vietnamese coup 1604: 909:1963 South Vietnamese coup 907:Khánh participated in the 899:1963 South Vietnamese coup 896: 847: 844:Anti-coup loyalist in 1960 802:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 29: 5009: 4944: 4932:Republic of South Vietnam 4921:Republic of South Vietnam 4919: 4884: 4799: 4742: 4724: 4684: 4657: 4594: 4470: 4447:Republic of South Vietnam 4445: 4382: 4350: 4315: 4288: 4281:Heads of state of Vietnam 4224: 4188: 4095: 3950: 3937:Krulak–Mendenhall mission 3919: 3868: 3821: 3812: 3804: 3794: 3785: 3777: 3767: 3758: 3750: 3745: 3733:National Security Archive 3698:VanDeMark, Brian (1995). 3630:10.1017/S0026749X04001295 3598:10.1017/s0026749x07002855 3303:Moyar (2006), pp. 363–64. 3190:Moyar (2004), pp. 774–75. 3067:Moyar (2006), pp. 344–45. 2837:Moyar (2004), pp. 766–67. 2819:Moyar (2004), pp. 765–66. 2785:Moyar (2006), pp. 327–28. 2004:Moyar (2006), pp. 112–15. 1945:Moyar (2006), pp. 109–10. 628: 624: 598: 577: 551: 540: 532: 511: 506: 502: 490: 479: 471: 461: 448: 437: 427: 410: 380: 375: 371: 359: 347: 336: 328: 318: 308: 296: 285: 275: 265: 255: 244: 236: 232:Nguyễn Xuân Oánh (acting) 226: 214: 197: 175: 164: 152: 139: 129: 103: 92: 84: 80: 68: 61: 4232:Persecution of Buddhists 3891:Double Seven Day scuffle 3671:. London: André Deutsch. 3667:Shaplen, Robert (1966). 1477:US Joint Chiefs of Staff 1025:French National Assembly 881:as the commander of the 856:attempted to depose Diệm 770:Vietnamese National Army 664:Early life and education 640:[ŋwiəŋ˨˩˦kʰan˦˥] 561:Vietnam Air Force (1955) 5049:Diabetes-related deaths 4697:Republic of Cochinchina 4686:Republic of Cochinchina 4512:(1987–1992) (Chairman: 4502:(1981–1987) (Chairman: 3942:McNamara–Taylor mission 1538:New York Herald Tribune 1262:Gulf of Tonkin incident 1176: 1164:Trial of rival generals 405:(now Trà Vinh, Vietnam) 4958: 4933: 4898: 4813: 4756: 4698: 4671: 4484: 4459: 4396: 4364: 4330: 4302: 3434:Jones, Howard (2003). 2255:Langguth, pp. 289–291. 1768:Langguth, pp. 160–162. 1103:Đại Việt Quốc Dân Dảng 1070:, along with Generals 924:to the command of the 768:Khánh then joined the 4956: 4931: 4896: 4811: 4754: 4696: 4669: 4603:collective leadership 4482: 4457: 4394: 4362: 4328: 4300: 4012:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 3729:JFK and the Diem Coup 3681:Journal of a Vietcong 3415:Jacobs, Seth (2006). 3342:Langguth, pp. 346–47. 3321:Moyar (2006), p. 364. 3294:Moyar (2004), p. 777. 3256:Moyar (2006), p. 363. 3199:Moyar (2004), p. 775. 3172:Moyar (2006), p. 350. 3163:Moyar (2006), p. 348. 3154:Moyar (2006), p. 347. 3133:Moyar (2004), p. 771. 3107:Moyar (2006), p. 346. 3058:Moyar (2006), p. 345. 3014:Langguth, pp. 322–25. 2972:Moyar (2004), p. 770. 2906:Moyar (2006), p. 344. 2888:Moyar (2004), p. 769. 2828:Moyar (2006), p. 334. 2810:Moyar (2006), p. 328. 2801:Moyar (2004), p. 765. 2776:Moyar (2006), p. 326. 2767:Moyar (2006), p. 327. 2735:Moyar (2006), p. 319. 2726:Moyar (2006), p. 318. 2710:Moyar (2004), p. 763. 2687:Moyar (2004), p. 762. 2666:Moyar (2004), p. 761. 2641:Moyar (2006), p. 316. 2632:Moyar (2004), p. 758. 2599:Moyar (2006), p. 313. 2590:Moyar (2006), p. 311. 2572:Moyar (2004), p. 757. 2554:Moyar (2006), p. 309. 2529:Moyar (2006), p. 307. 2508:Moyar (2004), p. 755. 2459:Moyar (2006), p. 295. 2441:Moyar (2006), p. 296. 2427:Moyar (2004), p. 754. 2406:Shaplen, pp. 244–245. 2384:Shaplen, pp. 238–239. 2299:Shaplen, pp. 236–237. 2121:Shaplen, pp. 231–232. 2084:Shaplen, pp. 221–224. 2048:Moyar (2006), p. 294. 1995:Moyar (2006), p. 112. 1971:Moyar (2006), p. 110. 1957:Moyar (2006), p. 111. 1889:Shaplen, pp. 228–229. 1759:Shaplen, pp. 309–310. 1216:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 1081:Khánh also had Major 1044:Tân Sơn Nhứt Air Base 1037:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 1029:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 605:Prime Minister (1964) 533:Years of service 329:2nd President of the 3881:Hue chemical attacks 3618:Modern Asian Studies 3586:Modern Asian Studies 3230:Shaplen, pp. 310–12. 2867:Shaplen, pp. 308–09. 2545:Moyar (2006), p. 308 1915:Tucker, pp. 526–533. 1856:Karnow, pp. 354–355. 1341:William Westmoreland 1061:Setting up the junta 858:, and laid siege to 811:partition of Vietnam 754:Saint-Cyr/Coëtquidan 658:San Jose, California 567:II Corps (1962–1963) 421:San Jose, California 4801:Republic of Vietnam 4550:Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh 4384:Republic of Vietnam 3982:W. Averell Harriman 3896:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 3498:. New York: Knopf. 3275:. 26 February 1965. 2675:McAllister, p. 763. 2623:McAllister, p. 762. 2517:McAllister, p. 761. 2499:McAllister, p. 760. 2013:Hammer, pp. 127–28. 1677:Khánh and his wife 1224:Battle of Long Dinh 1200:Huế Vesak shootings 893:1963 and 1964 coups 786:First Indochina War 615:Ambassador-at-large 585:First Indochina War 570:I Corps (1963–1964) 524:Republic of Vietnam 4959: 4934: 4899: 4814: 4757: 4699: 4672: 4485: 4460: 4397: 4365: 4331: 4303: 4211:Marguerite Higgins 3746:Political offices 3731:– Provided by the 3518:Vietnam: A history 3488:Kahin, George McT. 3454:Kahin, George McT. 3142:Kahin. pp. 294–99. 2357:Karnow pp. 360–361 2157:Karnow pp. 357–358 1669:in New York City. 1119:Harvard University 869:, the head of the 784:and fought in the 678:French Cochinchina 668:Khánh was born in 366:Position abolished 5099:Vietnamese exiles 5021: 5020: 4670:Empire of Vietnam 4659:Empire of Vietnam 4609: 4608: 4532:Nguyễn Minh Triết 4301:Empire of Vietnam 4290:Empire of Vietnam 4240: 4239: 4082:William Trueheart 4072:Maxwell D. Taylor 4062:Frederick Nolting 4052:Nguyễn Đình Thuận 4022:Joseph Mendenhall 3977:Michael Forrestal 3829: 3828: 3822:Succeeded by 3795:Succeeded by 3768:Succeeded by 3385:978-0-7425-6007-9 3372:Halberstam, David 3330:VanDeMark, p. 82. 3244:VanDeMark, p. 81. 2415:Langguth, p. 347. 2285:Langguth, p. 279. 2214:. 1 January 1965. 2148:Logevall, p. 162. 2022:Logevall, p. 161. 1780:VanDeMark, p. 80. 1727:on 12 April 2013. 1633:Biên Hòa Air Base 1574:John Throckmorton 1569:against the HNC. 1553:persona non grata 1497:Hồ Chí Minh trail 1452:Central Highlands 1143:Lyman Kirkpatrick 1111:strategic hamlets 1008:Charles de Gaulle 922:central highlands 879:Central Highlands 726:August Revolution 682:Central Highlands 632: 631: 475:6; 1 stepdaughter 16:(Redirected from 5111: 4997:Nguyễn Xuân Phúc 4907:Huỳnh Thúc Kháng 4867:Trần Thiện Khiêm 4842:Nguyễn Xuân Oánh 4827:Nguyễn Xuân Oánh 4766:Nguyễn Phan Long 4744:State of Vietnam 4702:Nguyễn Văn Thinh 4648: 4647: 4646: 4636: 4629: 4622: 4613: 4612: 4562:Nguyễn Xuân Phúc 4556:Nguyễn Phú Trọng 4510:Council of State 4500:Council of State 4428:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 4352:State of Vietnam 4338:Huỳnh Thúc Kháng 4279: 4278: 4277: 4267: 4260: 4253: 4244: 4243: 4206:David Halberstam 4175:Trần Thiện Khiêm 4155:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 4150:Nguyễn Văn Nhung 4007:Victor H. Krulak 4002:Thich Tinh Khiet 3927:Joint Communiqué 3855: 3848: 3841: 3832: 3831: 3808:Nguyen Huu Chanh 3805:Preceded by 3778:Preceded by 3751:Preceded by 3743: 3742: 3713: 3694: 3683:. London: Cape. 3672: 3663: 3641: 3609: 3576: 3557: 3545: 3531: 3509: 3497: 3483: 3449: 3430: 3411: 3394:Hammer, Ellen J. 3389: 3359: 3358:Shaplen, p. 312. 3356: 3343: 3340: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3266: 3257: 3254: 3245: 3242: 3231: 3228: 3209: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3182: 3181:Shaplen, p. 298. 3179: 3173: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3122: 3121:Shaplen, p. 296. 3119: 3108: 3105: 3082: 3081:Shaplen, p. 297. 3079: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3021: 3015: 3012: 2999: 2996: 2973: 2970: 2955: 2954:Shaplen, p. 295. 2952: 2939: 2936: 2921: 2920:Shaplen, p. 294. 2918: 2907: 2904: 2889: 2886: 2877: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2856: 2855:Tang, pp. 56–57. 2853: 2847: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2752: 2749: 2736: 2733: 2727: 2724: 2711: 2708: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2676: 2673: 2667: 2664: 2651: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2612: 2609: 2600: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2530: 2527: 2518: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2488: 2485: 2460: 2457: 2442: 2439: 2428: 2425: 2416: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2385: 2382: 2376: 2373: 2358: 2355: 2349: 2348:Shaplen, p. 237. 2346: 2340: 2337: 2316: 2313: 2300: 2297: 2286: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2268: 2265: 2256: 2253: 2234: 2231: 2216: 2215: 2205: 2176: 2175:Shaplen, p. 234. 2173: 2167: 2166:Shaplen, p. 233. 2164: 2158: 2155: 2149: 2146: 2140: 2139:Shaplen, p. 232. 2137: 2131: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2099: 2098:Shaplen, p. 231. 2096: 2085: 2082: 2076: 2075:Shaplen, p. 223. 2073: 2067: 2066:Shaplen, p. 221. 2064: 2058: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2037: 2036:Shaplen, p. 230. 2034: 2023: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2005: 2002: 1996: 1993: 1984: 1981: 1972: 1969: 1958: 1955: 1946: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1925: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1904: 1901: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1876: 1870: 1863: 1857: 1854: 1845: 1844: 1843:. 7 August 1964. 1836: 1829: 1790: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1769: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1751: 1750:Shaplen, p. 228. 1748: 1729: 1728: 1723:. Archived from 1713: 1707: 1706: 1699: 1595:Nguyễn Xuân Oanh 1322:Junta infighting 1286:Vũng Tàu Charter 1280:Vũng Tàu Charter 1250:Republican Party 1194:sentenced Major 1123:Nguyễn Xuân Oánh 1083:Nguyễn Văn Nhung 976:Trần Thiện Khiêm 969:Nguyễn Chánh Thi 830:Fort Leavenworth 774:State of Vietnam 746:State of Vietnam 642: 519:State of Vietnam 498: 432:South Vietnamese 417: 406: 402:French Indochina 390: 388: 376:Personal details 362: 354:Nguyễn Hữu Chánh 350: 341: 321: 311: 299: 290: 278: 268: 258: 249: 229: 217: 190:Nguyễn Xuân Oánh 169: 155: 146:Nguyễn Xuân Oánh 142: 121:Nguyễn Xuân Oánh 97: 73: 59: 58: 21: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5005: 5002:Phạm Minh Chính 4992:Nguyễn Tấn Dũng 4940: 4915: 4880: 4817:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ 4795: 4738: 4735:Nguyễn Văn Xuân 4728: 4720: 4712:Nguyễn Văn Xuân 4680: 4653: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4610: 4605: 4590: 4580:Võ Thị Ánh Xuân 4568:Võ Thị Ánh Xuân 4538:Trương Tấn Sang 4466: 4441: 4378: 4346: 4311: 4284: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4241: 4236: 4220: 4184: 4097: 4091: 4077:Trần Văn Chương 4067:Thích Trí Quang 4047:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ 4017:Robert McNamara 3997:John F. Kennedy 3992:Thich Thien Hoa 3972:Thích Quảng Đức 3954: 3952: 3946: 3915: 3864: 3862:Buddhist crisis 3859: 3825: 3818: 3810: 3800: 3791: 3783: 3781:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ 3773: 3764: 3756: 3720: 3710: 3691: 3677:Trương Như Tảng 3660: 3573: 3554: 3536:Langguth, A. J. 3528: 3514:Karnow, Stanley 3506: 3472:10.2307/2757066 3459:Pacific Affairs 3446: 3427: 3408: 3386: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3346: 3341: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3268: 3267: 3260: 3255: 3248: 3243: 3234: 3229: 3212: 3208:Karnow, p. 400. 3207: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3125: 3120: 3111: 3106: 3085: 3080: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3031:Washington Post 3022: 3018: 3013: 3002: 2998:Karnow, p. 399. 2997: 2976: 2971: 2958: 2953: 2942: 2938:Karnow, p. 398. 2937: 2924: 2919: 2910: 2905: 2892: 2887: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2846:Tucker, p. 325. 2845: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2755: 2751:Karnow, p. 396. 2750: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2714: 2709: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2615: 2610: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2533: 2528: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2463: 2458: 2445: 2440: 2431: 2426: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2319: 2315:Karnow, p. 355. 2314: 2303: 2298: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2276:Karnow, p. 354. 2275: 2271: 2266: 2259: 2254: 2237: 2232: 2219: 2207: 2206: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2112:Karnow, p. 352. 2111: 2102: 2097: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2040: 2035: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1987: 1983:Jacobs, p. 118. 1982: 1975: 1970: 1961: 1956: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936:Hammer, p. 132. 1935: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1907: 1902: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1873: 1869:. Trang 99-103. 1864: 1860: 1855: 1848: 1831: 1830: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1732: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1675: 1609: 1603: 1469: 1461:Thích Trí Quang 1443: 1418:Thích Trí Quang 1350: 1324: 1282: 1191:Thích Trí Quang 1179: 1166: 1150:Robert McNamara 1099:Nguyễn Tôn Hoàn 1063: 957:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ 932:, based around 911:led by General 905: 897:Main articles: 895: 867:Lê Nguyên Khang 860:Gia Long Palace 852: 846: 766: 758:Airborne forces 714: 712:Việt Minh years 684:resort town of 666: 620: 599:Other work 594: 573: 528: 507:Military career 484:Nguyễn Lưu Viên 450: 449:Other political 438:Political party 419: 415: 414:11 January 2013 404: 392: 391:8 November 1927 386: 384: 360: 348: 342: 337: 319: 309: 297: 291: 286: 276: 266: 256: 250: 245: 227: 221:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ 215: 210: 193: 186:Nguyễn Tôn Hoàn 170: 165: 153: 140: 125: 116:Nguyễn Tôn Hoàn 98: 93: 76: 64: 55: 32:Vietnamese name 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5117: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4951: 4949: 4948:(1976–present) 4942: 4941: 4939: 4937:Huỳnh Tấn Phát 4926: 4924: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4891: 4889: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4862:Trần Văn Hương 4859: 4857:Nguyễn Văn Lộc 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4837:Trần Văn Hương 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4806: 4804: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4776:Nguyễn Văn Tâm 4773: 4768: 4763: 4749: 4747: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4732: 4730: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4691: 4689: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4676:Trần Trọng Kim 4664: 4662: 4655: 4654: 4639: 4638: 4631: 4624: 4616: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4588:(2024-present) 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4544:Trần Đại Quang 4541: 4535: 4529: 4526:Trần Đức Lương 4523: 4517: 4507: 4497: 4494:Nguyễn Hữu Thọ 4491: 4477: 4475: 4474:(1976–present) 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463:Nguyễn Hữu Thọ 4452: 4450: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438:Dương Văn Minh 4435: 4433:Trần Văn Hương 4430: 4425: 4420: 4418:Dương Văn Minh 4415: 4412: 4407: 4405:Dương Văn Minh 4402: 4389: 4387: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4357: 4355: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4322: 4320: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4295: 4293: 4286: 4285: 4270: 4269: 4262: 4255: 4247: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4201:Malcolm Browne 4198: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4170:Trần Kim Tuyến 4167: 4162: 4160:Phạm Ngọc Thảo 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4120:Dương Văn Minh 4117: 4112: 4107: 4101: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3958: 3956: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3858: 3857: 3850: 3843: 3835: 3827: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3798:Trần Văn Hương 3796: 3793: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3766: 3757: 3754:Dương Văn Minh 3752: 3748: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3726: 3719: 3718:External links 3716: 3715: 3714: 3708: 3695: 3689: 3673: 3664: 3658: 3642: 3610: 3577: 3571: 3558: 3552: 3532: 3526: 3510: 3504: 3484: 3450: 3444: 3431: 3425: 3412: 3406: 3390: 3384: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3360: 3344: 3332: 3323: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3278: 3258: 3246: 3232: 3210: 3201: 3192: 3183: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3144: 3135: 3123: 3109: 3083: 3069: 3060: 3044: 3016: 3000: 2974: 2956: 2940: 2922: 2908: 2890: 2878: 2869: 2857: 2848: 2839: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2803: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2753: 2737: 2728: 2712: 2698: 2689: 2677: 2668: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2613: 2601: 2592: 2583: 2574: 2556: 2547: 2531: 2519: 2510: 2501: 2489: 2461: 2443: 2429: 2417: 2408: 2386: 2377: 2359: 2350: 2341: 2317: 2301: 2287: 2278: 2269: 2257: 2235: 2217: 2177: 2168: 2159: 2150: 2141: 2132: 2123: 2114: 2100: 2086: 2077: 2068: 2059: 2057:Jones, p. 437. 2050: 2038: 2024: 2015: 2006: 1997: 1985: 1973: 1959: 1947: 1938: 1926: 1917: 1905: 1891: 1882: 1871: 1858: 1846: 1791: 1782: 1770: 1761: 1752: 1730: 1708: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1679:Nguyễn Lê Trần 1674: 1671: 1667:United Nations 1605:Main article: 1602: 1599: 1488:Stanley Karnow 1473:Maxwell Taylor 1468: 1465: 1442: 1439: 1413:Trần Văn Hương 1397:Maxwell Taylor 1349: 1346: 1323: 1320: 1307:Maxwell Taylor 1281: 1278: 1273:Lyndon Johnson 1254:Maxwell Taylor 1236:Phoumi Nosovan 1178: 1175: 1165: 1162: 1062: 1059: 997:Dương Ngọc Lâm 993:Special Forces 913:Dương Văn Minh 894: 891: 848:Main article: 845: 842: 806:Stanley Karnow 765: 762: 734:Phạm Ngọc Thảo 713: 710: 665: 662: 630: 629: 626: 625: 622: 621: 619: 618: 612: 606: 602: 600: 596: 595: 593: 592: 587: 581: 579: 575: 574: 572: 571: 568: 565: 562: 559: 555: 553: 549: 548: 542: 538: 537: 534: 530: 529: 527: 526: 521: 515: 513: 509: 508: 504: 503: 500: 499: 492: 488: 487: 481: 477: 476: 473: 469: 468: 463: 459: 458: 452: 446: 445: 439: 435: 434: 429: 425: 424: 418:(aged 85) 412: 408: 407: 382: 378: 377: 373: 372: 369: 368: 363: 357: 356: 351: 345: 344: 334: 333: 326: 325: 324:Dương Văn Minh 322: 316: 315: 314:Dương Văn Minh 312: 306: 305: 300: 298:Prime Minister 294: 293: 283: 282: 281:Dương Văn Minh 279: 273: 272: 271:Dương Văn Minh 269: 263: 262: 259: 257:Prime Minister 253: 252: 242: 241: 234: 233: 230: 224: 223: 218: 212: 211: 209: 208: 205: 204:Dương Văn Minh 201: 199: 195: 194: 192: 191: 188: 183: 179: 177: 173: 172: 162: 161: 159:Trần Văn Hương 156: 150: 149: 143: 137: 136: 134:Dương Văn Minh 131: 127: 126: 124: 123: 118: 113: 107: 105: 101: 100: 90: 89: 82: 81: 78: 77: 74: 66: 65: 62: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5116: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4987:Phan Văn Khải 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4962:Phạm Văn Đồng 4960: 4955: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4938: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4912:Phạm Văn Đồng 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4897:North Vietnam 4895: 4890: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4872:Nguyễn Bá Cẩn 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4852:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 4850: 4848: 4847:Phan Huy Quát 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4812:South Vietnam 4810: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4791:Ngô Đình Diệm 4789: 4787: 4786:Phan Huy Quát 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4755:South Vietnam 4753: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4637: 4632: 4630: 4625: 4623: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4574:Võ Văn Thưởng 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4488:Tôn Đức Thắng 4486: 4481: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4423:Phan Khắc Sửu 4421: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4400:Ngô Đình Diệm 4398: 4395:South Vietnam 4393: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4374:Ngô Đình Diệm 4372: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4363:South Vietnam 4361: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4343:Tôn Đức Thắng 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4329:North Vietnam 4327: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4268: 4263: 4261: 4256: 4254: 4249: 4248: 4245: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4165:Tôn Thất Đính 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4140:Nguyễn Hữu Có 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4130:Lê Quang Tung 4128: 4126: 4125:Huỳnh Văn Cao 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4105:Lucien Conein 4103: 4102: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4042:Ngô Đình Thục 4040: 4038: 4037:Ngô Đình Nhu 4035: 4033: 4032:Ngô Đình Diệm 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3987:Roger Hilsman 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3962:Bui Van Luong 3960: 3959: 3957: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3837: 3836: 3833: 3817: 3816: 3809: 3803: 3799: 3790: 3789: 3782: 3776: 3772: 3771:Phan Khắc Sửu 3763: 3762: 3755: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3711: 3709:0-19-509650-9 3705: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3690:0-224-02819-7 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3659:0-521-86911-0 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3572:0-8047-5502-7 3568: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3553:0-684-81202-9 3549: 3544: 3543: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3527:0-670-84218-4 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3505:0-394-54367-X 3501: 3496: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3445:0-19-505286-2 3441: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3426:0-7425-4447-8 3422: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3407:0-525-24210-4 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3368: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3327: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3300: 3291: 3285:Tang, p. 363. 3282: 3274: 3273: 3265: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3205: 3196: 3187: 3178: 3169: 3160: 3151: 3149: 3139: 3130: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3064: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3020: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2885: 2883: 2873: 2864: 2862: 2852: 2843: 2834: 2825: 2816: 2807: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2782: 2773: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2732: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2693: 2684: 2682: 2672: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2647: 2638: 2629: 2620: 2618: 2611:Karnow p. 367 2608: 2606: 2596: 2587: 2578: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2551: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2514: 2505: 2496: 2494: 2487:Karnow p. 363 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2412: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2381: 2375:Karnow p. 361 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2354: 2345: 2339:Karnow p. 360 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2282: 2273: 2267:Karnow p. 359 2264: 2262: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2233:Karnow p. 358 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2213: 2212: 2211:Time Magazine 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2172: 2163: 2154: 2145: 2136: 2130:Karnow p. 357 2127: 2118: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2081: 2072: 2063: 2054: 2045: 2043: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2019: 2010: 2001: 1992: 1990: 1980: 1978: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1954: 1952: 1942: 1933: 1931: 1921: 1912: 1910: 1903:Karnow p. 355 1900: 1898: 1896: 1886: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1862: 1853: 1851: 1842: 1841: 1835: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1786: 1777: 1775: 1765: 1756: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1704: 1698: 1694: 1682: 1680: 1673:Personal life 1670: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1655: 1654:Trần Văn Minh 1650: 1649:no confidence 1645: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1621:Phan Huy Quát 1617: 1615: 1608: 1598: 1596: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1567:fait accompli 1562: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1464: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1409:Phan Khắc Sửu 1405: 1401: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1374:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 1371: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1358:Dương Văn Đức 1355: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1334: 1333:Nguyễn Hữu Có 1328: 1319: 1316: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1289: 1287: 1277: 1274: 1271:US President 1269: 1267: 1263: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1240: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204:Buddhist flag 1201: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1174: 1170: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1094: 1092: 1091:Lê Quang Tung 1088: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1072:Tôn Thất Đính 1069: 1058: 1056: 1055:Lucien Conein 1052: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1002: 1001:Dương Văn Đức 998: 994: 990: 986: 981: 977: 972: 970: 966: 961: 958: 953: 950: 946: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 914: 910: 904: 900: 890: 888: 884: 880: 874: 872: 868: 863: 861: 857: 851: 841: 839: 835: 832:, Kansas, US 831: 827: 822: 820: 816: 815:Ngô Đình Diệm 812: 807: 803: 797: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 761: 759: 755: 750: 747: 741: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 661: 660:, at age 85. 659: 654: 650: 649:head of state 646: 641: 636: 627: 623: 616: 613: 610: 609:Head of state 607: 604: 603: 601: 597: 591: 588: 586: 583: 582: 580: 576: 569: 566: 563: 560: 557: 556: 554: 550: 546: 543: 539: 535: 531: 525: 522: 520: 517: 516: 514: 510: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 482: 478: 474: 470: 467: 464: 460: 456: 453: 447: 443: 440: 436: 433: 430: 426: 422: 413: 409: 403: 399: 395: 383: 379: 374: 370: 367: 364: 358: 355: 352: 346: 340: 335: 332: 327: 323: 317: 313: 307: 304: 301: 295: 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Retrieved 3029: 3019: 2876:Tang, p. 57. 2872: 2851: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2806: 2781: 2772: 2731: 2692: 2671: 2646: 2637: 2628: 2595: 2586: 2577: 2550: 2513: 2504: 2411: 2380: 2353: 2344: 2281: 2272: 2209: 2171: 2162: 2153: 2144: 2135: 2126: 2117: 2080: 2071: 2062: 2053: 2018: 2009: 2000: 1941: 1920: 1885: 1874: 1866: 1861: 1838: 1789:Tang, p. 44. 1785: 1764: 1755: 1725:the original 1721:VietVungVinh 1720: 1711: 1697: 1676: 1659: 1637: 1629:Lâm Văn Phát 1618: 1610: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1571: 1566: 1563: 1551: 1548: 1544: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1481: 1470: 1444: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1406: 1402: 1394: 1382: 1367: 1354:Lâm Văn Phát 1351: 1337: 1329: 1325: 1314: 1312: 1290: 1283: 1270: 1258: 1241: 1228: 1220: 1211: 1208:Ngô Đình Cẩn 1188: 1184: 1180: 1171: 1167: 1158: 1154: 1147: 1139: 1127: 1115:Ngô Đình Nhu 1107: 1095: 1087:Ngô Đình Nhu 1080: 1076:Mai Hữu Xuân 1064: 1048: 1041: 1033: 1021:Mai Hữu Xuân 1016:Trần Văn Đôn 1005: 973: 962: 954: 949:Mekong Delta 942: 906: 875: 864: 853: 823: 798: 794: 782:French Union 767: 751: 742: 715: 697: 674:Mekong Delta 667: 635:Nguyễn Khánh 634: 633: 578:Battles/wars 466:Madame Khánh 457:(until 1965) 451:affiliations 444:(since 1965) 416:(2013-01-11) 365: 361:Succeeded by 338: 320:Succeeded by 302: 287: 277:Succeeded by 246: 228:Succeeded by 166: 154:Succeeded by 94: 63:Nguyễn Khánh 56: 51: 43: 39: 18:Nguyen Khanh 5039:2013 deaths 5034:1927 births 4982:Võ Văn Kiệt 4972:Võ Văn Kiệt 4923:(1975–1976) 4902:Ho Chi Minh 4888:(1945–1976) 4803:(1955–1975) 4746:(1949–1955) 4729:(1948–1949) 4688:(1946–1949) 4576:(2023–2024) 4564:(2021–2023) 4558:(2018–2021) 4546:(2016–2018) 4540:(2011–2016) 4534:(2006–2011) 4528:(1997–2006) 4522:(1992–1997) 4514:Võ Chí Công 4496:(1980–1981) 4490:(1976–1980) 4449:(1969–1976) 4386:(1955–1975) 4354:(1949–1955) 4333:Ho Chi Minh 4319:(1945–1976) 4189:Journalists 3646:Moyar, Mark 3614:Moyar, Mark 3365:Works cited 1395:Ambassador 1385:Montagnards 1266:paper tiger 1245:Ho Chi Minh 722:Hồ Chí Minh 656:in 2013 in 617:(1965–1975) 590:Vietnam War 547:(Đại tướng) 442:Independent 428:Nationality 398:Cochinchina 349:Preceded by 310:Preceded by 267:Preceded by 216:Preceded by 141:Preceded by 5028:Categories 4877:Vũ Văn Mẫu 4652:since 1945 4520:Lê Đức Anh 4283:since 1945 4135:Lê Văn Kim 4110:Đỗ Cao Trí 4087:Vũ Văn Mẫu 4057:Madame Nhu 3819:2005–2013 3037:11 October 1685:References 1492:West Point 1456:Montagnard 1454:town in a 1315:communiqué 1012:Lê Văn Kim 887:Montagnard 692:performer 512:Allegiance 387:1927-11-08 48:given name 4967:Phạm Hùng 3953:religious 3932:Cable 243 3638:145723264 3606:145595067 1690:Citations 1378:Dean Rusk 989:Air Force 980:III Corps 790:Việt Minh 720:, led by 718:Việt Minh 690:cải lương 536:1950–1965 491:Signature 480:Relatives 343:2005–2013 339:In office 288:In office 247:In office 167:In office 95:In office 4600:military 4096:Military 3905:reaction 3679:(1986). 3648:(2006). 3538:(2000). 3516:(1997). 3490:(1986). 3396:(1987). 1644:IV Corps 1625:Vũng Tàu 1614:Maryland 1601:Downfall 1390:Quy Nhơn 1362:IV Corps 1212:de facto 1053:officer 945:IV Corps 918:II Corps 883:II Corps 800:General 702:Cambodia 698:de facto 694:Phùng Há 670:Trà Vinh 552:Commands 472:Children 455:Military 394:Trà Vinh 148:(acting) 85:2nd 30:In this 4977:Đỗ Mười 4957:Vietnam 4781:Bửu Lộc 4761:Bảo Đại 4483:Vietnam 4369:Bảo Đại 4307:Bảo Đại 4225:Related 4098:figures 3967:Bửu Hội 3955:figures 3480:2757066 1303:Cần Lao 1196:Đặng Sỹ 1135:Hòa Hảo 1131:Cao Đài 1068:Đà Nẵng 947:in the 938:Đà Nẵng 928:of the 926:I Corps 920:in the 838:Okinawa 778:Bảo Đại 672:in the 545:General 486:(uncle) 261:Himself 207:Himself 36:surname 5012:acting 4661:(1945) 4597:acting 4586:Tô Lâm 4582:(2024) 4570:(2023) 4552:(2018) 4292:(1945) 4115:Đỗ Mậu 3920:Policy 3869:Events 3824:Vacant 3706: 3687: 3656: 3636: 3604: 3569: 3550: 3524: 3502: 3478: 3442: 3423: 3404: 3382: 1662:Đà Lạt 1521:Saigon 1448:Pleiku 1370:Đà Lạt 1210:, the 985:Marine 965:Đỗ Mậu 738:Cà Mau 706:Saigon 686:Đà Lạt 611:(1964) 462:Spouse 303:Vacant 182:Đỗ Mậu 176:Deputy 111:Đỗ Mậu 104:Deputy 44:Nguyen 40:Nguyễn 34:, the 3792:1964 3765:1964 3634:S2CID 3602:S2CID 3476:JSTOR 52:Khánh 3704:ISBN 3685:ISBN 3654:ISBN 3567:ISBN 3548:ISBN 3522:ISBN 3500:ISBN 3440:ISBN 3421:ISBN 3402:ISBN 3380:ISBN 3272:Time 3039:2009 1840:Time 1642:and 1484:Cang 1450:, a 1298:Minh 1296:and 1294:Chau 1231:Laos 1177:Rule 1133:and 1074:and 1014:and 991:and 936:and 901:and 651:and 541:Rank 423:, US 411:Died 381:Born 237:2nd 4458:FNL 3626:doi 3594:doi 3468:doi 1640:III 1268:". 1113:of 1051:CIA 934:Huế 836:in 38:is 5030:: 3632:. 3622:38 3620:. 3600:. 3590:42 3588:. 3584:. 3474:. 3464:52 3462:. 3347:^ 3335:^ 3308:^ 3261:^ 3249:^ 3235:^ 3213:^ 3147:^ 3126:^ 3112:^ 3086:^ 3072:^ 3047:^ 3028:. 3003:^ 2977:^ 2959:^ 2943:^ 2925:^ 2911:^ 2893:^ 2881:^ 2860:^ 2790:^ 2756:^ 2740:^ 2715:^ 2701:^ 2680:^ 2655:^ 2616:^ 2604:^ 2559:^ 2534:^ 2522:^ 2492:^ 2464:^ 2446:^ 2432:^ 2420:^ 2389:^ 2362:^ 2320:^ 2304:^ 2290:^ 2260:^ 2238:^ 2220:^ 2180:^ 2103:^ 2089:^ 2041:^ 2027:^ 1988:^ 1976:^ 1962:^ 1950:^ 1929:^ 1908:^ 1894:^ 1849:^ 1837:. 1794:^ 1773:^ 1733:^ 1719:. 1597:. 1226:. 987:, 828:, 792:. 400:, 396:, 50:, 4635:e 4628:t 4621:v 4516:) 4506:) 4266:e 4259:t 4252:v 3907:) 3903:( 3854:e 3847:t 3840:v 3712:. 3693:. 3662:. 3640:. 3628:: 3608:. 3596:: 3575:. 3556:. 3530:. 3508:. 3482:. 3470:: 3448:. 3429:. 3410:. 3388:. 3041:. 637:( 389:) 385:( 54:. 20:)

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