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values leading to a sharp drop in farm income and increasing penury. Bernal notes, however, that most of the rural population appears to have been only slightly affected during the duration of the revolt because the Great
Depression only took effect in Nghệ An and Hà Tĩnh, as in the rest of Indochina, only in the mid-1930s. The depression nevertheless affected the central Vietnamese local population in some ways. Firstly, poverty and density population had led many peasants to seek employment in plantations and factories which had to retrench or reduce the wages of their workers due to a fall in global and local demand for their products. Cutbacks on commercial agriculture in Cochinchina led to the return of labourers to their homes in Nghệ An and Hà Tĩnh, exerting greater pressure on the already densely populated and famine ridden land. Secondly, the colonial regime which was more immediately affected by the downturn sharply accelerated the rate of tax increases and exaggerated the already regressive nature of taxation in order to increase state revenue.
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pillaged police stations. Some mandarins took a conciliatory stance towards the movement through fear or sympathy, and because in many parts the movement was gaining strength and the initially weak colonial police presence was only being reinforced as the revolt progressed. Certain village notables also often refused to suppress the disorders and sometimes joined in. Where mandarins and village notables had not fled or cooperated, many were beaten, assassinated or executed. It is worth noting that much of the rebellious action could only aim indirectly against the French who were present in very few numbers in these provinces, and it was generally the
Vietnamese landlords, the despised mandarins and native officials who worked for the French at the lower echelons of the administration who received the brunt of the violence.
619:, as early as 16 January 1930, wrote the following in response to a general French demand for revenge against nationalists who then had only committed a few isolated acts of terrorism: “There is another means to make oneself feared: terror. Corporal punishment, tortures, brutal methods will teach the crowds cowardly enough to listen to the inciters of rebellion that we, too, are terrible in repression and that the last word will be ours.” In total, over a thousand Vietnamese lives were lost, but only one Frenchman was killed in the uprisings in 1930 and another during the military action against the rebellious provinces in 1931. Buttinger writes, “There is indeed no darker year in the entire period of French rule in Vietnam than 1931.”
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mushrooming in many places, the
Central Committee soon changed its approach and advised local Communist members to covertly direct and support the peasant association leaders in the soviets to “maintain and strengthen the influence of the party”. However, these associations tended to reassert traditional values in general, and did not establish new ones. In the case of the redistribution of land, for example, the local party leadership attempted to enforce a relatively moderate policy: provincial party directives called for the seizure of previously communal lands, but not for the confiscation of all landlords' lands. These “village peasant sections” or “soviets” survived in west
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651:, or communal temple, and electing a directing committee to replace the existing village council of elders. Most of the new soviets were dominated by the poorer peasants in the village. As a result, there was much pressure to seize communal lands earlier confiscated by wealthy families and return them to the peasants. There were also calls for the annulment of local taxes, the lowering of rents, and the distribution of excess rice to the needy. Other activities included the digging of wells and dykes and the establishment of schools. In addition, village militias called
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rise up in large scale protest. Some contend that the revolt was spontaneous and reflected the anger of poor peasants and workers at deteriorating economic and social conditions, which had by 1930 surpassed a critical threshold. Others are convinced that the mobilizing and organizational efforts of local
Communist cadres was a major and decisive factor in the uprising. Such differing, historical viewpoints are not surprising, for contemporary observers were similarly divided.
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notables and local officials within the French administration benefited from colonial policy, unlike the general population, and they too came to be resented for their corruption, their unjust confiscation of communal agricultural lands and their connection to the French colonizers. Given the concentration of
Frenchmen in the cities and their small presence throughout the provinces, it was the native officials who often came to be seen as the face of the colonial regime.
582:, however, and a new wave of demonstrations broke out around May Day. Just two months before in the month of March, public anger in Hue, Saigon and France at the brutality of the French Foreign Legion had forced the authorities to restrict it to the barracks, providing a lull during which the movement was able to regain some strength. During the May Day demonstrations, they had returned to duty and over 500 people were killed.
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424:, where the revolt mainly took place. Demonstrations expressed the general anger against French colonial policies such as heavy taxation and state monopolies on certain goods, as well as the corruption and perceived unfairness of local notables and mandarins. Demonstrators, while violent, were armed with little more than basic farm weapons, and were brutally suppressed by the overwhelming military strength of the
444:) and Bến Thuỷ within two months. The demonstrations spread quickly to the rural areas (districts of Thanh Chương, Nam Đàn and Nghi Lộc) and peasants demanded a moratorium on the payment of personal taxes, for an end to corvée labour and for rich landowners to return the communal lands which they had taken away. When demands were ignored, demonstrations escalated and they soon spread to the adjacent province of
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prohibitions such as the banning of brewing alcohol at home. Taxation was perhaps the most resented of all, as evidenced from the frequent destruction of tax registers by demonstrators during the revolt. New types of taxes were introduced over the years, such as a market tax and taxation of wood from the mountains, which was previously free.
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It is reasonable to believe that at least certain quarters within the French administration were aware of the excesses that would occur given the overwhelming superiority of their military strength against the peasants and workers. Nevertheless, such brutal tactics of repression were pursued. A local
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By early 1932, tens of thousands of peasants had been put in prisons or makeshift concentration camps with high mortality rates and 99 percent of the cadres of the ICP had been killed or arrested. Bernal estimates that over 1300 men, women and children were killed and around a thousand people died of
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The three demonstrations on May Day 1930 which began the movement in Nghệ An and Hà Tĩnh were planned and organized by the party in places where they knew people had acute grievances. Their reinforcement of genuine popular feelings appears to have been crucial. The role of the ICP in revolt was that
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Some scholars, including Duiker and Scott, see a more direct relation between the Great
Depression and precariousness of village livelihoods during this period. They explain that the Depression exacerbated the general economic malaise of the poorer classes, citing the falling of rice prices and land
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There was a great deal of resentment against the policies of the colonial administration which imposed a further burden on the already precarious livelihoods of the rural and urban populations. Such state policies included demands for corvée labour, monopolies on alcohol, salt and opium, and certain
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Some believe that this persistent state of poverty and famine was what had facilitated a strong tradition of resistance and rebellion in these areas. As far back as the 19th century, there had been significant anti-French resistance there, led by patriotic scholars. To this day, the two provinces of
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The imperial court at Hue was still in existence during this time but its power had been waning significantly. There was significant corruption among the mandarins and they were generally despised for their weakness in the face of the French and their adherence to outmoded traditions. Local village
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Public reaction to this atrocity led to Le Fol’s dismissal and the administration promised an official
Commission of Inquiry. However, Yves Chatel who took over Le Fol’s residency only proved to be more brutal subsequently and the Commission of Inquiry whitewashed the repression. In May 1931, mass
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exploded. Anger and discontent continued to grow with the increasing repression and ignorance of demands. Peasants and workers demonstrated against county offices and even military posts, burned down administrative buildings, town halls and railway stations, destroy tax and other tax registers, and
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However, it is difficult to verify if the mobilizing activities of communist cadres raised the level of discontentment in these areas, even if it is recognised that they did provide a certain degree of leadership and organization in the uprisings and the village peasant sections (or soviets) which
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It is generally agreed that it is difficult and unfruitful to isolate single causes, and there is a consensus on the conditions that facilitated the revolt. Disagreement, however, lies in what was the critical factor which pushed an otherwise relatively quiescent, albeit discontented, populace to
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There were consequently severe disruptions to local administration. By
September 1930, all administration below the county level disappeared or was paralysed in some counties, as many village notables were forced to retire, discredited both by their economic exploitation of the villages and their
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of Annam) was characterized by brutality. Aerial bombardments and the firing of machine guns were used to disperse demonstrations. Villages were burned down and cadres of political groups were executed when caught. This was largely the work of the French
Foreign Legion, reinforced by the colonial
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The following day, there was an outcry at the court in Huế. In addition to this, the fear of public opinion in France on the severity of the repression against largely unarmed demonstrators forced Le Fol to prohibit the use of bombing. Nevertheless, during the months to follow, the French
Foreign
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These differing perspectives regarding the critical factor which led to the uprisings may be seen within the larger debate about the attitudes of workers and rural folk, and the reasons for which they revolt. This debate has occurred among Moral Economists, Rational Choice Theorists and Marxists
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By January 1931, the French were able to redeploy their forces and their repression became more effective. The police detached from Northern Vietnam (then also known by the French as Tonkin) set up an efficient dossier system and issued identity cards to the population in the affected areas as a
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August 1930 saw further attacks on county offices and the depots of the French alcohol monopoly – a much detested colonial institution which banned the Vietnamese from producing their own alcohol and enforced the selling of wine produced by the state and the privileged few who held the monopoly.
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Economic hardship as well as discontentment with the French colonial administration and the local Annamite authorities had already been growing prior to these strikes and it was only a matter of time before two of the most explosive provinces in Vietnam would rise in protest yet again. Communist
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had also already been mobilising workers and peasants and fanning discontent in these areas. In 1929, pagodas and places of meeting within the village were burnt down by radicals in the rural areas who saw these as symbols of the power of superstition and exploitative village notables. Tensions
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it created clear organizational links which unified and coordinated previously disparate protests, explaining and generalising individual and local discontent. Also, it explicitly linked social justice to national independence and encouraged non-literati to join and lead the national struggle.
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and that it was shaped, co-ordinated and for the most part controlled by the Communist Party. The critical factor that caused the rebellion was the foundation and activities of the Communist Party, even if these themselves may have been precipitated by the international crisis of capitalism.
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Bad weather led to harvest failures; in Nghệ An, the tenth-month rice harvest of 1929 and the fifth-month harvest of 1930 were both bad, a sequence that had not occurred for over a decade. In Hà Tĩnh, the failure was less striking, although the general level of poverty was even lower. These
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The ICP provided leadership to these associations. Bernal notes that the central committee was not in favour of this rapid dismantling of county administrations and the setting up of “soviets” because the “time for revolution was not yet ripe”. However, since these peasant associations were
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Nghệ An and Hà Tĩnh were the among poorest of the provinces inhabited by ethnic Vietnamese, with extreme variations of harvest and a shortage of land. Wealthy landlords took over communal lands as farmers were unable to repay their debts and tenancy became a common feature in rural areas.
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Patricia M. Pelley Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past - 2002 - Page 207 "This larger revolution was manifested in the Nghệ Tĩnh Soviets of 1930–1931 and in the mass literacy campaigns of the 1930s which, in an unprecedented way, drew together rural and urban
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agricultural failures intensified hatred of the French, particularly because of the latter’s unwillingness to build irrigation works, as they had in Thanh-Hoa, the province immediately to the north, and in sharp contrast to their road and rail construction in Nghệ Tĩnh.
469:, particularly by communist groups, in the form of mass organizations, trade unions, peasant associations, and women’s and youth groups. These various factors were the historical conditions under which the strikes of early 1931 and the demonstrations to follow occurred.
636:), were formed rather spontaneously throughout the two provinces to fill this vacuum and were the only form of organization available in some places. These associations have been often remembered as the “Soviets”, or more specifically, the “Nghe Tinh Soviets” (
611:. Although the French forces were spread relatively thinly throughout Vietnam, they were consolidated in central Vietnam during this period to repress the uprisings, and the superiority of their weaponry clearly overpowered the largely unarmed demonstrators.
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appeared during that time. During this period, correspondences between regional communist party and the Central Communist Party situated in Hong Kong show that the ICP hoped to achieve mobilization in the demonstrations of 1930 and 1931, and
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violence erupted yet again. By this time however, fierce retaliation from the French, the arrests and executions of numerous demonstrators and party cadres as well as the worsening famine caused the revolt to be on the wane.
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in alignment with other communist parties around the world commemorating May Day. (The Vietnamese Communist Party was the party under which the three competing communist factions – namely the Annam Communist Party,
532:) had earlier requested for a squadron of planes to be sent to Vinh to help in repressing the strikes. These same planes dropped six bombs on the demonstrators, killing 140-200 people and wounding hundreds more.
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Vietnamese historians tend to stress the importance of anti-French traditions and the strength of party organization. They insist that although there was mass enthusiasm for the movement, it was not a simple
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between the authorities and the students had also increased as a number of Thanh Nien, Tan Viet and other communist student activists were arrested. Also, there was a great deal of mobilization in both
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in February had encouraged these groups to organize and mobilize the masses with the eventual goal of revolution. The three demonstrations of April were dispersed when the French-led
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Others scholars, on the other hand, have pointed out that when the uprising began, the communist party had yet to establish itself deeply in the areas of unrest. Although the French
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Legion and French-led Vietnamese troops reoccupied forts used at the turn of the century for “pacification” and established new ones. By early 1931, there were 68 military posts in
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disease and malnutrition in the prisons and concentration camp. On the French side, less than 200 soldiers were killed, of whom only one was French. The
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On 7 November 1930, the anniversary of the October Revolution, 1500 people revolted in Phú Diên and 600 more attacked the post at Can Lộc (
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594:̣(the intelligence branch of the colonial French police) recorded 161 demonstrations and attacks from 1 May 1930 to 11 September 1931.
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497:– had been reunited earlier in February of the same year. A few months later, in October 1930, the party would rename itself the
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relations with the Annamite administration and the French. Peasant associations, calling themselves “village peasant sections” (
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attributed the revolt largely to communist activity, much of what happened was very much beyond the control of the party.
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521:(native gendarmerie) fired on the crowds killing a total of 27 men, women and children and injuring many more.
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On 12 September, another mass demonstration in Hưng Nguyên (three kilometres from Vinh) took place. Le Fol (
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The Nghệ-Tinh Soviets Project Page (with an option to translate into French and Vietnamese from English)
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means of controlling the population. A new, pro-French governor Nguyen Khoa Ky was also appointed to
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Nghệ An and Hà Tĩnh have a reputation for having been the short fuses of Vietnam throughout history.
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including Vinh, the provincial capital, weakened the movement considerably by the spring of 1931.
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Viêt Nam : 1920-1945 : révolution et contre-révolution sous la domination coloniale
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These were usually formed by calling for a meeting of village residents in the local village
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655:, usually armed with sticks and spears or knives, were formed for self-defence purposes.
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The revolt intensified in the Sông Cả valley in the west and in the adjacent province of
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for a moral economy approach to explaining peasant rebellion, and Samuel Popkin (1984)
155:
3009:
2499:
2184:
2136:
1998:
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644:), although this was only a name given to them by the leaders of the Communist Party.
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2598:
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2003:
1936:
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1345:
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full-scale revolution, which was still set in an indeterminate future at this point.
715:
2414:
2130:
1634:
1472:
1214:
28:
3178:
2906:
2569:
2311:
1988:
1963:
1914:
1680:
1161:
The moral economy of the peasant : rebellion and subsistence in Southeast Asia
1086:
801:
392:
133:
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1447:
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1919:
1644:
1260:
413:
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2142:
174:
2233:
1670:
1608:
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387:) was the series of uprisings, strikes and demonstrations in 1930 and 1931 by
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The rational peasant : the political economy of rural society in Vietnam
428:. The revolt waned by the second half of 1931 due to famine and suppression.
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1993:
1924:
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1124:(1. paperback print. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
544:. The degree of repression surpassed that experienced at Cổ Am during the
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1675:
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572:
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552:
537:
485:
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441:
417:
364:
52:
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1639:
359:
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1649:
1081:
Bernal, Martin (Aug 1981). "The Nghe-Tinh Soviet Movement 1930-1931".
2253:
2201:
509:).) Other disturbances against the colonial regime, particularly the
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for a Rational Choice reaction against the moral economy approach.
1351:
Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
1209:
716:
Discontent with the mandarins, native officials and local notables
436:
The revolt started in March 1930 when five strikes in occurred in
2082:
Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
1870:
1245:
571:. As a result of massive French pressure in the eastern parts of
388:
2828:
838:
Nguyễn Phong Sắc of the ICP had set up the first party cell in
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Series of uprisings in early 1930s by Vietnamese working class
1942:
Nguyễn dynasty's persecution of Catholics in the 19th century
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Buttinger, Joseph (1967). London: The Pall Mall Press Limited
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747:
602:
The retaliatory action of the French regime under Le Fol (
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690:
Approximately half of the rural population was landless.
1204:
472:
In late April 1930, the Annam regional committee of the
3230:
Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking
941:"Xô Viết Nghệ Tĩnh - đỉnh cao của phong trào Cách mạng"
622:
2312:
Names of the Nguyễn dynasty state (Việt Nam / Đại Nam)
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1143:(8. ed.). Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
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1205:The Nghệ Tinh Soviets Museum (only in Vietnamese)
391:peasants, workers, and intellectuals against the
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925:
923:
3215:Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth
1105:(2. ed.). Boulder, Col.: Westview Press.
548:and the brutality had anything but decreased.
2998:Confucian court examination system in Vietnam
1811:
1230:
1013:
1011:
971:
969:
920:
1037:
1035:
1025:
1023:
978:
959:
957:
883:
881:
859:
857:
2239:House of People's Representatives of Annam
1818:
1804:
1237:
1223:
452:groups such as the Annam Communist Party,
3005:Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted
1825:
1044:
1008:
992:
990:
966:
911:
670:
3210:Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884
2067:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
1341:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
1122:Vietnamese tradition on trial, 1920-1945
1062:
1032:
1020:
999:
954:
902:
895:
893:
878:
871:
869:
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734:among others. See James C. Scott (1977)
484:) planned three major demonstrations in
358:
3010:Société d’Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin
823:
748:Role of the Indochinese Communist Party
3268:
2962:Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục
1138:
1103:The communist road to power in Vietnam
1100:
1080:
987:
707:Resentment of French colonial policies
3184:Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam
2019:Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League
2009:History of Vietnam during World War I
1799:
1417:Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League
1218:
1157:
890:
866:
679:
597:
431:
407:
1164:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1119:
1053:
623:Village peasant sections and soviets
266:Governor-General of French Indochina
1178:
938:
13:
2676:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)
2641:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)
14:
3337:
2738:Uprising of the Nghệ-Tĩnh soviets
2636:Anouvong's Rebellion against Siam
1930:Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam
1198:
412:) is a compound name for the two
377:uprising of the Nghệ-Tĩnh soviets
3326:Vietnamese independence movement
2972:Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty
2611:Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia
2212:Court of Imperial Entertainments
2051:French Indochina in World War II
1883:
1876:
1869:
1266:Capture of the Citadel of Saigon
737:The Moral Economy of the Peasant
347:
338:
329:
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149:
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127:
115:
104:
93:
82:
27:
3281:1831 labor disputes and strikes
3172:Orders, decorations, and medals
2616:Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)
2604:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh
932:
725:Effects of the Great Depression
2822:Special administrative regions
832:
813:
615:French newspaper of the time,
1:
2681:Bombardment of Tourane (1847)
2249:Imperial Household Department
2227:Office of the National Altars
1947:Tự Đức's Catholic persecution
1848:French protectorates of Annam
1705:French protectorate of Tonkin
1074:
262:Pierre Marie Antoine Pasquier
2752:Prominent military personnel
2708:Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương
2222:Court of Imperial Sacrifices
1717:French colony of Cochinchina
1693:French protectorate of Annam
1276:Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương
495:Communist Party of Indochina
491:Indochinese Communist League
458:Communist Party of Indochina
454:Indochinese Communist League
385:Phong trào Xô Viết Nghệ-Tĩnh
145:French protectorate of Annam
7:
2834:Principality of Thuận Thành
2317:Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty
1101:Duiker, William J. (1996).
797:Annam (French protectorate)
792:Indochinese Communist Party
780:
499:Indochinese Communist Party
440:(the provincial capital of
100:Indochinese Communist Party
10:
3342:
3102:French Indochinese piastre
2671:Cambodian rebellion (1840)
2621:Cambodian rebellion (1820)
2217:Court of the Imperial Stud
2034:Communist Party of Vietnam
1974:French conquest of Vietnam
1865:
1432:Communist Party of Vietnam
1139:Popkin, Samuel L. (1984).
684:
667:till the end of the year.
530:Resident-Superior of Annam
474:Vietnamese Communist Party
279:Resident-Superior of Annam
89:Communist Party of Vietnam
3197:
3171:
3130:
3114:
3094:
3063:
3030:
3023:
2980:
2934:
2899:
2876:
2869:
2821:
2751:
2591:
2582:
2379:
2358:
2332:Provincial administration
2330:
2282:
2195:Ministries & agencies
2194:
2103:
2094:
2072:Vietnamese famine of 1945
2059:
1962:
1899:
1892:
1834:
1773:
1732:
1663:
1627:
1526:
1440:
1374:
1336:1940 Cochinchina uprising
1306:1916 Cochinchina uprising
1253:
693:
663:until August 1931 and in
161:
75:
35:
26:
21:
3276:1930 in French Indochina
2870:Palaces & mausoleums
2651:Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion
2631:Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion
2207:Court of Judicial Review
1984:Great Hanoi Rat Massacre
1158:Scott, James C. (1976).
807:
507:Đảng Cộng sản Đông Dương
277:Aristide Eugène Le Fol (
111:Communist Party of Annam
3291:20th-century rebellions
3286:20th century in Vietnam
3225:Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi
2957:Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí
2841:Principality of Hà Tiên
2400:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau
2014:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
1412:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
1361:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
1120:Marr, David G. (1984).
3255:Vietnamese nationalism
2947:Đại Nam nhất thống chí
2718:Pacification of Tonkin
2646:Nduai Kabait rebellion
2024:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
1964:French protectorate(s)
1422:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
1281:Pacification of Tonkin
1248:independence movements
671:Reasons for the revolt
641:
633:
515:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
506:
482:Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam
481:
393:colonial French regime
384:
372:
205:Nguyễn Phong Sắc
162:Commanders and leaders
122:Red Self-Defense Force
3321:Rebellions in Vietnam
2988:Imperial Academy, Huế
2935:Society & culture
2359:French administration
2264:Ministry of Education
2077:Abdication of Bảo Đại
1784:independence movement
1091:10.1093/past/92.1.148
362:
191:Nguyễn Đức Cảnh
3301:Communist rebellions
3296:Communism in Vietnam
3220:House of Nguyễn Phúc
2993:Imperial examination
2884:Imperial City of Huế
2728:Vue Pa Chay's revolt
2723:Thái Nguyên uprising
2713:Yên Thế Insurrection
2686:Cochinchina campaign
1311:Thái Nguyên uprising
1296:Yên Thế Insurrection
1271:Cochinchina Campaign
742:The rational peasant
551:After this, most of
371:(Orange) in Vietnam.
3205:Domain of the Crown
3095:Colonial currencies
3050:Khải Định Thông Bảo
2907:Thien Tho Mausoleum
2661:Ja Thak Wa uprising
2656:Katip Sumat's Jihad
2626:Ja Lidong rebellion
2244:Imperial Clan Court
2029:Le Travail movement
1900:Sovereign Việt Nam
1356:First Indochina War
1316:Bazin assassination
1183:. Paris: Nautilus.
984:Scott, pp. 127-149.
617:Dépêche d’Indochine
67:Uprising suppressed
3015:Tonkin Free School
2851:Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá
2696:Garnier Expedition
2666:Lê Văn Khôi revolt
2425:Michael Hồ Đình Hy
2405:Jean Marie Despiau
1574:Nguyễn Thượng Hiền
1498:Nguyễn Thiện Thuật
1407:Tonkin Free School
929:Buttinger, p. 219.
842:in September 1929.
680:General conditions
604:résident supérieur
598:French retaliation
432:Sequence of events
373:
3311:Conflicts in 1931
3306:Conflicts in 1930
3263:
3262:
3110:
3109:
3055:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
2930:
2929:
2846:Sip Song Chau Tai
2817:
2816:
2809:Trương Minh Giảng
2799:Nguyễn Tri Phương
2743:August Revolution
2578:
2577:
2555:Trương Minh Giảng
2505:Nguyễn Tri Phương
2322:Vietnamese dragon
2090:
2089:
2004:Hanoi Poison Plot
1954:Văn Thân movement
1937:Citadel of Saigon
1858:Empire of Vietnam
1793:
1792:
1518:Nguyễn Trung Trực
1453:Nguyễn Quang Bích
1397:Empire of Vietnam
1366:Geneva Conference
1346:August Revolution
1326:Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets
1291:Hanoi Poison Plot
1179:Van, Ngo (2000).
642:Xô Viết Nghệ Tĩnh
607:infantry and the
513:organized by the
409:[ŋêˀtǐŋˀ]
399:, and landlords.
357:
356:
251:Nguyễn Thị Nhuyễn
219:Lê Viết Mao
71:
70:
22:Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets
3333:
3040:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
3028:
3027:
2952:Đại Nam thực lục
2874:
2873:
2784:Nguyễn Văn Thành
2779:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức
2592:Battles and wars
2589:
2588:
2570:Philippe Vannier
2565:Nguyễn Văn Tường
2455:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức
2450:Nguyễn Trường Tộ
2390:Bạch Xuân Nguyên
2366:Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ
2305:Provincial flags
2101:
2100:
1989:Hanoi Exhibition
1967:(Pháp thuộc, 法屬)
1897:
1896:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1750:Nguyễn Trọng Hợp
1686:Governor-General
1681:French Indochina
1569:Nguyễn Thần Hiến
1554:Huỳnh Thúc Kháng
1441:Uprising Leaders
1286:Bãi Sậy uprising
1239:
1232:
1225:
1216:
1215:
1194:
1175:
1154:
1135:
1116:
1094:
1083:Past and Present
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1030:
1027:
1018:
1015:
1006:
1003:
997:
994:
985:
982:
976:
973:
964:
961:
952:
951:
949:
947:
936:
930:
927:
918:
915:
909:
906:
900:
899:Ngo Van, p. 175.
897:
888:
885:
876:
875:Ngo Van, p. 174.
873:
864:
861:
852:
849:
843:
836:
830:
827:
821:
817:
802:French Indochina
411:
406:
352:
351:
350:
343:
342:
341:
334:
333:
332:
325:
324:
323:
316:
315:
314:
307:
306:
305:
298:
297:
296:
289:
288:
287:
276:
275:
274:
260:
259:
258:
250:
249:
248:
241:
240:
239:
232:
231:
230:
224:
218:
217:
216:
210:
204:
203:
202:
196:
190:
189:
188:
182:
173:
172:
171:
154:
153:
152:
143:
142:
141:
134:French Indochina
132:
131:
130:
120:
119:
118:
109:
108:
107:
98:
97:
96:
87:
86:
85:
57:Hà Tĩnh Province
37:
36:
31:
19:
18:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3316:Peasant revolts
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3193:
3167:
3126:
3106:
3090:
3059:
3019:
2976:
2926:
2912:Khiêm Mausoleum
2895:
2865:
2813:
2794:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn
2774:Nguyễn Cư Trinh
2747:
2701:Sino-French War
2691:Tonkin campaign
2574:
2530:Tôn Thất Thuyết
2515:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ
2500:Phan Thanh Liêm
2495:Phan Thanh Giản
2490:Phan Đình Phùng
2470:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn
2375:
2371:Thống sứ Bắc Kỳ
2354:
2326:
2278:
2190:
2086:
2060:Japanese period
2055:
1966:
1958:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1842:Sovereign state
1830:
1824:
1794:
1789:
1779:Wars in Vietnam
1775:
1769:
1728:
1659:
1623:
1614:Phan Văn Trường
1579:Nguyễn Thái Học
1527:Revolutionaries
1522:
1513:Đinh Công Tráng
1503:Tôn Thất Thuyết
1483:Phan Đình Phùng
1468:Nguyễn Hữu Huân
1436:
1370:
1261:Siege of Saigon
1249:
1243:
1201:
1191:
1172:
1151:
1132:
1113:
1085:(92): 148–168.
1077:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:Bernal, p. 157.
1049:
1045:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1017:Bernal, p. 158.
1016:
1009:
1004:
1000:
995:
988:
983:
979:
975:Bernal, p. 155.
974:
967:
962:
955:
945:
943:
937:
933:
928:
921:
917:Bernal, p. 161.
916:
912:
908:Bernal, p. 154.
907:
903:
898:
891:
887:Bernal, p. 153.
886:
879:
874:
867:
863:Bernal, p. 152.
862:
855:
851:Bernal, p. 151.
850:
846:
837:
833:
828:
824:
818:
814:
810:
783:
750:
727:
718:
709:
696:
687:
682:
673:
625:
600:
434:
404:
353:Nguyễn Văn Liêm
348:
346:
345:
339:
337:
336:
330:
328:
327:
321:
319:
318:
312:
310:
309:
303:
301:
300:
294:
292:
291:
285:
283:
282:
272:
270:
269:
256:
254:
246:
244:
243:
237:
235:
234:
228:
226:
225:
214:
212:
211:
200:
198:
197:
186:
184:
183:
169:
167:
150:
148:
147:
139:
137:
136:
128:
126:
116:
114:
113:
105:
103:
102:
94:
92:
91:
83:
81:
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3339:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3235:Thoại Hà Canal
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3064:Currency units
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3045:Tự Đức Bảo Sao
3042:
3036:
3034:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2880:
2878:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2861:Trấn Tây Thành
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2789:Nguyễn Văn Tồn
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2733:Yên Bái mutiny
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2595:
2593:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:Trương Tấn Bửu
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:Trần Trọng Kim
2532:
2527:
2522:
2520:Thoại Ngọc Hầu
2517:
2512:
2510:Thân Văn Nhiếp
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2485:Phạm Thận Duật
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2465:Nguyễn Văn Tồn
2462:
2460:Nguyễn Văn Tâm
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2410:Hoàng Cao Khải
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1906:thời độc lập,
1894:
1890:
1889:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1827:Nguyễn dynasty
1823:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1755:Huỳnh Công Tấn
1752:
1747:
1742:
1740:Hoàng Cao Khải
1736:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1673:
1671:Albert Sarraut
1667:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1609:Phan Chu Trinh
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1589:Nguyễn An Ninh
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1493:Hoàng Hoa Thám
1490:
1485:
1480:
1478:Nguyễn Xuân Ôn
1475:
1473:Phan Xích Long
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1402:Nguyễn dynasty
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1321:Yên Bái mutiny
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1199:External links
1197:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1176:
1170:
1155:
1149:
1136:
1130:
1117:
1111:
1098:
1095:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1068:Duiker, p. 39.
1061:
1052:
1043:
1041:Scott, p. 135.
1031:
1029:Duiker, p. 34.
1019:
1007:
1005:Scott, p. 128.
998:
986:
977:
965:
963:Duiker, p. 38.
953:
931:
919:
910:
901:
889:
877:
865:
853:
844:
831:
829:Duiker, p. 37.
822:
811:
809:
806:
805:
804:
799:
794:
789:
787:Yên Bái mutiny
782:
779:
749:
746:
726:
723:
717:
714:
708:
705:
695:
692:
686:
683:
681:
678:
672:
669:
624:
621:
609:Garde Indigène
599:
596:
546:Yên Bái mutiny
519:garde indigène
511:Yên Bái mutiny
433:
430:
355:
354:
252:
164:
163:
159:
158:
156:Nguyễn dynasty
124:
78:
77:
73:
72:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
51:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3338:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3240:Vĩnh Tế Canal
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
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3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
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3129:
3123:
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3119:
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3113:
3103:
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3087:
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3016:
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3008:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
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2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2922:Ứng Mausoleum
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2890:
2889:Meridian Gate
2887:
2886:
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2882:
2881:
2879:
2875:
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2859:
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2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:Phan Văn Thúy
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:Hoàng Kế Viêm
2757:
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2528:
2526:
2525:Tôn Thất Đính
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
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2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:Phan Văn Thúy
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:Ngô Đình Khôi
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:Ngô Đình Diệm
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:Hoàng Kế Viêm
2418:
2416:
2413:
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2408:
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2296:
2295:Đăng đàn cung
2293:
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2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1944:
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1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:Collaborators
1731:
1723:
1722:Administrator
1720:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1710:Administrator
1708:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1698:Administrator
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1691:
1687:
1684:
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1682:
1679:
1677:
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1669:
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1664:French rulers
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1559:Vũ Hồng Khanh
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:Phan Bội Châu
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:Lương Văn Can
1532:
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1379:
1377:
1375:Organisations
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1202:
1192:
1190:2-84603-005-7
1186:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1171:0-300-01862-2
1167:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1150:0-520-03954-8
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1112:0-8133-8586-5
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1065:
1059:Marr, p. 378.
1056:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1026:
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531:
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522:
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508:
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483:
479:
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468:
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459:
455:
449:
447:
443:
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429:
427:
423:
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415:
410:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
370:
366:
361:
280:
267:
263:
253:
242:Nguyễn Văn Uy
233:Lê Viết Thuật
223:
209:
195:
181:
176:
166:
165:
160:
157:
146:
135:
125:
123:
112:
101:
90:
80:
79:
74:
66:
63:
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
46:
42:
39:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3198:Other topics
2917:An Mausoleum
2764:Lê Văn Duyệt
2737:
2599:Tây Sơn wars
2545:Đặng Huy Trứ
2540:Trần Cao Vân
2440:Ngô Đình Khả
2395:Cao Xuân Dục
2290:Coat of arms
2254:Quốc Tử Giám
2234:Hàn lâm viện
2039:Phú Riềng Đỏ
1915:Nguyễn lords
1904:(Nhà Nguyễn
1619:Trần Cao Vân
1599:Nguyễn Thành
1594:Nguyễn Quyền
1539:Trần Quý Cáp
1508:Cầm Bá Thước
1488:Tống Duy Tân
1458:Võ Duy Dương
1331:World War II
1325:
1180:
1159:
1140:
1121:
1102:
1082:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1001:
980:
944:. Retrieved
934:
913:
904:
847:
834:
825:
820:Vietnamese."
815:
774:
771:
766:
764:
760:
754:
751:
741:
735:
732:
728:
719:
710:
701:
697:
688:
674:
657:
652:
648:
646:
626:
616:
613:
608:
603:
601:
591:
588:
584:
577:
565:
558:
550:
534:
527:
523:
518:
471:
450:
435:
416:provinces,
400:
376:
374:
367:(Green) and
363:Location of
76:Belligerents
2769:Lê Văn Khôi
2550:Trương Định
2274:Viện cơ mật
2187:(1925–1945)
2181:(1916–1925)
2175:(1907–1916)
2169:(1889–1907)
2163:(1885–1889)
2157:(1884–1885)
2151:(1883–1884)
2133:(1847–1883)
2127:(1841–1847)
2121:(1820–1841)
2115:(1802–1820)
1999:Duy Tân Hội
1854:(1883–1945)
1844:(1802–1883)
1760:Nguyễn Thân
1745:Trần Bá Lộc
1676:Jean Decoux
1604:Tạ Thu Thâu
1584:Hồ Chí Minh
1463:Trương Định
1392:Duy Tân Hội
1301:World War I
405:Vietnamese:
397:mandarinate
3270:Categories
3032:Cash coins
2480:Phạm Quỳnh
2415:Hoàng Diệu
2380:Prominent
2167:Thành Thái
2161:Đồng Khánh
2096:Government
1920:Đàng Trong
1645:Thành Thái
1564:Ngô Đức Kế
1246:Vietnamese
1131:0520050819
1075:References
946:31 October
638:Vietnamese
634:xã bộ nông
630:Vietnamese
540:and 54 in
503:Vietnamese
478:Vietnamese
389:Vietnamese
381:Vietnamese
344:Hà Văn Bân
335:Lê Văn Trí
3250:Việt gian
3189:Kim Khánh
3122:Hương ước
2981:Education
2856:Trấn Ninh
2382:mandarins
2350:Tổng Trấn
2202:Censorate
2179:Khải Định
2149:Kiến Phúc
2125:Thiệu Trị
2119:Minh Mạng
2044:Việt Minh
1979:Cần Vương
1902:/ Đại Nam
1448:Phạm Bành
1427:Việt Minh
1382:Cần Vương
939:VNmedia.
755:jacquerie
653:đội tự vệ
401:Nghệ-Tĩnh
317:Trần Tiêu
308:Trần Dang
299:Trần Hiến
43:1930–1931
3245:Tôn Thất
3131:Treaties
3024:Currency
2967:Khăn vấn
2584:Military
2345:Tuần phủ
2155:Hàm Nghi
2143:Hiệp Hòa
2113:Gia Long
2105:Emperors
1925:Nam tiến
1835:Overview
1640:Hàm Nghi
1628:Emperors
1549:Cường Để
781:See also
493:and the
456:and the
175:Trần Phú
48:Location
2877:Palaces
2430:Lê Chất
2283:Symbols
2269:Nội các
2185:Bảo Đại
2173:Duy Tân
2137:Dục Đức
1994:Đông Du
1908:茹阮𥱯獨立)
1893:History
1765:Lê Hoan
1655:Bảo Đại
1650:Duy Tân
1387:Đông Du
996:Bernal.
840:Nghệ An
685:Poverty
665:Hà Tĩnh
661:Nghệ An
580:Hà Tĩnh
573:Nghệ An
569:Nghệ An
561:Hà Tĩnh
553:Nghệ An
542:Hà Tĩnh
538:Nghệ An
501:(ICP) (
486:Nghệ An
476:(VCP) (
467:Hà Tĩnh
463:Nghệ An
446:Hà Tĩnh
442:Nghệ An
422:Hà Tĩnh
418:Nghệ An
414:central
369:Hà Tĩnh
365:Nghệ An
326:Lê Toan
53:Nghệ An
3164:(1884)
3158:(1883)
3152:(1874)
3150:Saigon
3146:(1863)
3140:(1862)
3138:Saigon
2942:Áo dài
2829:Champa
2340:Đề Đốc
2259:Lục bộ
2145:(1883)
2139:(1883)
2131:Tự Đức
1860:(1945)
1852:Tonkin
1829:topics
1635:Tự Đức
1254:Events
1187:
1168:
1147:
1128:
1109:
767:Sûreté
694:Famine
592:Sûreté
426:French
395:, the
290:Trần Ủ
177:
64:Result
2900:Tombs
2300:Flags
808:Notes
3115:Laws
3086:Tiền
3081:Quán
3076:Mạch
1850:and
1185:ISBN
1166:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1107:ISBN
948:2012
649:đình
465:and
438:Vinh
420:and
375:The
55:and
40:Date
3179:Bai
3162:Huế
3156:Huế
3144:Huế
3071:Văn
1087:doi
775:not
563:).
3272::
1034:^
1022:^
1010:^
989:^
968:^
956:^
922:^
892:^
880:^
868:^
856:^
640::
632::
505::
480::
448:.
383::
281:)
1819:e
1812:t
1805:v
1238:e
1231:t
1224:v
1193:.
1174:.
1153:.
1134:.
1115:.
1093:.
1089::
950:.
403:(
379:(
268:)
264:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
